National Security Part 1: Deterrence"

Singapores National Security Strategy:" n prevent threats to national security from developing in the rst instance;" n protect Singapore against likely threats; and" n recover quickly as a community should an attack occur and return Singapore to a state of normalcy."
"

- National Security Coordination Secretariat"

Security Challenges"
n Uncertain
n Political

regional security landscape"

& economic crises"
n Possible

spillover from intra-state ethnic/religious conicts" over territory and scarce resources" proliferation" of transnational terrorism"

n Disputes

n WMD

n Growth

Security Challenges"
n Changing
n Rapid

nature of conventional warfare"

technological changes more precise, networked and information-driven" importance of defence technology and highly-skilled military personnel"

n Increased

n Limited
n Land

resources"
for combat and support "

for military installations and training"

n Manpower

How can singapore respond to these national security threats and challenges?"
Next: Singapores defence policy deterrence & diplomacy

Singapores Defence Policy "

"The aim of our defence policy is to ensure that Singapore enjoys peace and stability, and that Singapore's sovereignty and territorial integrity are protected. " "We also want to do our part to contribute to regional peace and security. Diplomacy and deterrence form the twin pillars of our defence policy. " "We develop and maintain good relations with other countries through diplomacy. These diplomatic efforts are wide-ranging and span many elds, not just in defence. " "At the same time, we try to deter threats from emerging by contributing to regional resilience and through our concept of Total Defence."

Keeping the Peace"

n Deterrence"
n Having

enough military capacity to dissuade aggression from potential enemies using the threat of force"

n Diplomacy"
n Resolving

disputes through dialogue and negotiation rather than military action" and maintaining links (economic, social & political) with other countries"

n Creating

To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace."
- George Washington "

"Deterrence consists essentially of an effort by one actor to persuade an opponent not to take action of some kind against his interests by convincing the opponent that the costs and risks of doing so will outweigh what he hopes to gain thereby. " - Gordon A. Craig "

Rational Deterrence Theory"

n Cold

War strategic concept used by US to prevent aggression by the USSR through use of nuclear weapons" aggressors compare expected benets against cost of any course of action (e.g. attack, invasion)" both actors think and will act rationally in their best interests"

n Potential

n Assumption:

Rational Deterrence Theory"

n 3

conditions for successful deterrence:"

n Communication

"" "Ability to clearly inform potential aggressor of what actions are unacceptable" n Capability" "Ability to carry out threat of force; threat must also be sufciently large enough" n Credibility" "Ability to convince potential aggressor of willingness to carry out threat"

People sleep peaceably in their beds at night only because rough men stand ready to do violence on their behalf.
- George Orwell

Elements of Deterrence"
n The

Singapore Armed Forces (SAF)"

Service (NS)" Technology"

n National n Defence n Military

Co-operation"

n Total

Defence"

"We have invested considerable resources into building up a defence force that can deter aggression. " "And should deterrence fail, the Singapore Armed Forces must be able to defeat the aggressor swiftly and decisively. "
- RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean "

Brief History of the SAF"

1965 " Independence; need to build up " " " armed forces" 1967 " National Service Act passed "" 1968 " Britain announces withdrawal" " " " Air Force and navy formed" " FPDA formed" 1971 " British troops withdraw from SG" 1975 " SAF formed (Army, RSN, RSAF)"

The SAF"
n Integrated

ghting system comprising the Army, Air Force (RSAF) and Navy (RSN)" 33,000 regulars + 40,000 NSF + 313,000 NSmen (reservists)" 6% of GDP (~$11.4bn in 2009)"

n Strength:

n Budget:

n Development

focus: " " " " capability and operational readiness"

The Army"
n Composition"
n 3 n 2 n 2

Combined Arms Divisions" Peoples Defence Force commands" Army Operational Reserve Divisions"

n Non-Divisional

units (artillery, armour, commando, engineer, logistics and signals battalions) ""

n Land

combat power based on manoeuvre, repower and information (3G SAF)"

The RSAF"
n Composition"
n 7

ghter aircraft squadrons" aircraft (transport, surveillance)" (attack, transport)"

n Support

n Helicopters n Air

defence artillery"

n Additional

training detachments in USA, France, Australia, and Brunei"

n Provides

surveillance, aerial defence and support to Army and RSN"

The RSN"
n Composition"
n Fleet:

1st/3rd Flotillas + submarine sqdn. (frigates, corvettes and submarines for antisea/air, escort and transportation)" Command"

n Coastal n Naval

Logistics and Training Commands"

n Provides

maritime defence (territorial waters & sea lanes) and supports Army"

National Service "

n Introduced

in 1967 to deal with post-1965 problems"

n No

large standing army = vulnerable to military threats"

n Poor

relationships with neighbours: tensions with Malaysia, Confrontation with Indonesia"

n Imminent

British withdrawal" $ for professional army"

n Insufcient

National Service "

n Compulsory n NSFs

enlistment of all 18-year-old male citizens" posted to various units & vocations in Army, Navy, Air Force or MINDEF after 4/9/17/19-week BMT" years of enlistment (now 2 years) until Run-Out Date (ROD; now Operationally-Ready Date or ORD)" reservist cycle after ORD"

n 2.5

n 13-year

Operational Readiness"
n Small

size = lack of strategic depth: limited space to manoeuvre and retreat" high state of combat readiness needed to respond to and repel surprise attacks" main components:"
response" and training just as in war" mobilisation"
n Immediate n Rapid

n Constant

n Three

n Organising

How National Service Contributes to Deterrence"

n Allows n The

the SAF to (affordably) raise enough manpower for a sizeable force" SAF is kept operationally ready to rapidly respond to threats"

"From the start, we recognised that technology would be crucial for overcoming the limitations of our small population. Technology would be our force multiplier."
- RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean "

Defence Technology"
n Post-1965
n Shortage

problem:"

of military weapons & equipment" n Designs not adapted to local needs"

n Solution:

develop local defence industry to acquire, upgrade, design and build weapons systems for the SAF"
n 1967:

Chartered Industries of Singapore" "(Ammunitions and small-arms)" " Now: ST Engineering" "(Electronics, vehicles, munitions) "

Defence Technology"
n Three

main entities"
(Defence Science & Tech Agency)"

n DSTA

"Acquisition, management and development of weapon systems & technologies"

n DSO

National Laboratories"

"Research and development of new tech."

n ST

Engineering"

"Design, production, upgrading and maintenance of weapon systems"

Defence Technology"
n Being

technologically advanced is a key strength of the SAF; " n New developments include:"
n Stand-off

precision (smart guided weapons)" n Protection (vehicle & body armour)" n Stealth (lower radar signature)" n Unmanned aircraft & vehicles" n Sensors & early warning systems" n Enhanced transportation capabilities" n Advanced modelling & simulators"

Primus Self-Propelled Howitzer"

SAR 21 rie"

Bionix IFV"

How Defence Technology Contributes to Deterrence"

n Better

weapon systems increases repower makes the SAF more deadly" stealth, protective & sensor tech. enhances survivability" provide necessary training and experience"

n Unmanned,

n Simulators

Advantages of local defence industry"

n Reduces

SAF dependence on foreign arms suppliers as countries may not be willing to share technology" and manufactures defence weapon system to suit local soldiers needs to ght effectively" and upgrades weapon systems to increase relevance" SAF maintain weapons and equipment"

n Designs

n Modies

n Helps

"Through solid economic reform over the past three decades, Singapore has been able to invest heavily in defence and now consistently spends about 5 per cent of its gross domestic product on developing its military far more than any other country in the region. This investment has seen its only dominant defence company - Singapore Technologies Engineering (ST Engineering) - become one of the world's most important defence rms, with more than 100 subsidiaries in 21 countries." "Through its Temasek Holidings investment company, the government of Singapore owns the majority share of ST Engineering. As a likely result of this, ST Engineering has a very close working relationship with the country's armed forces. The relationship between the two is described by Singaporeans themselves as a 'defence ecosystem'. " "Industry itself is completely dominated by the four arms of Singapore Technologies Engineering (ST Kinetics, ST Aerospace, ST Marine and ST Electronics), and the company liaises with the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) in user trials, and developing and producing systems and platforms. All are closely linked, from shared interests to cross-posted personnel." - Janes World Defence Industry "

"While the SAF's primary mission must still be the defence of Singapore's sovereignty and territorial integrity, we remain committed to contributing to international security operations as these too can affect the vital interests of Singapore."
RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean "

Military Co-operation"
n Defence

diplomacy develops SAF ability to work with friendly forces and builds close ties with other militaries" and activities include"

n Interactions
n Joint

exercises and training" visits" and talks" and courses"

n High-level n Seminars

n Attachments

Military Co-operation"
n Bilateral

exercises with Australia, India, NZ, Taiwan, USA" with UK, Australia, NZ, Malaysia (under FPDA) and Thailand " Force training facilities in Australia and USA; Army exercises in Thailand, Brunei, Australia and Taiwan"

n Alliances

n Air

Military Co-operation"
n Five

Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA)"

n Formed

in 1971 to preserve peace in the

region"
n Member n Member

countries: Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, UK" states obliged to consult each other on military matters/threats" against external threats to Singapore and Malaysia"

n Deterrence

Military Co-operation"
n UN

peacekeeping contributions"
n Over

800 personnel from 1989-1999 " (e.g. Kosovo, Kuwait & East Timor)"

n Humanitarian

aid

missions"
n 2004

Aceh tsunami" n 2005 hurricane Katrina"

Military Co-operation"
n 1991

US-Singapore Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)"

n Allows

US access to SG air and naval bases for training and resupply" US Navy logistics unit established in SG "

n 1992:

n 2005:

Strategic Framework Agreement signed to expand cooperation in defense and security"

How Military Co-operaiton Contributes to Deterrence"

n Joint

exercises and overseas training bases provides much-needed combat experience" allow access to training info, intelligence, and military hardware/tech" provide collective security against regional threats "

n Alliances

n Alliances

"Being a small state in a sometimes turbulent region, security is imperative for our very survival."
- RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean "

SCS book pg. 58

Total Defence"
n Framework

for a comprehensive & integrated response to various threats to SGs security introduced in 1984" elements of TD allow SG to effectively respond to a range of internal and external threats to national security and stability" importance of civilian role in SGs defence against military & non-military threats"

n Five

n Highlights

How Total Defence Contributes to Deterrence"

n Being

prepared to deal with a range of threats makes Singapore less vulnerable to unconventional attacks"

Structured Essay Question"

"Defence Technology is what makes the SAF a most effective military deterrent. " "Do you agree with the statement? Explain your answer. " [12]"