Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Chapter 4
1 a 2 a i
N H H H

Examiners tip
This question is about boiling points. In any question like this, ask yourself first, is the structure giant or simple? If the structure is simple, ask yourself, are the intermolecular forces van der Waals forces, polar forces or hydrogen bonds? If you dont know the significance of these two questions, discuss them with your teacher.

Number of electrons rises from helium to xenon; [1] increasing van der Waals forces with increasing number of electrons. [1] b i Bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons. [1]
F F Xe F

 correct structure of ammonia, i.e. N attached to 3 H atoms; [1]  correct 3-dimensional structure of ammonia; [1]  lone pair of electrons shown [1] ii 107 [1] b Nitrogen is more electronegative than H; [1] asymmetric distribution of electrons / centre of positive and negative charge does not coincide. [1] c i One atom donates both electrons / an electron pair to the bond. [1] ii
Cl Cl Al Cl H N H H

107

ii 

[1]

iii Examiners tip

Look at your answer to part ii and count the number of lone pairs and the number of bond pairs first.

 electron arrangement of ammonia correct;  electron arrangement of aluminium chloride correct;  both electrons in the co-ordinate bond come from the ammonia d Cl
Al Cl Cl Al Cl Cl Cl

[1] [1] [1]

planar; [1]  lone pairs repel each other more than lone pairbond pairs; [1]  lone pairs to get away as far as possible from each other to minimise repulsions [1] c i lone pairbond pair repulsion more than bond pairbond pair repulsion; [1]  so closes up O Xe O bond angle / oxygens pushed out of planar position / tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs distorted [1]
Xe O + + O O

[incorrect structure with lone pairs adjacent, 2 marks]

bridge structure correct; [1] co-ordinate bonds with both arrows in correct direction [1] Total = 12

3 a

Examiners tip
Definitions like this are common on A-level papers. They are easy marks. Learn them!

ii

The ability of a bonded atom to draw the pair of electrons in a covalent bond towards itself.

[1] [1]

 need to show partial charges correct on at least one Xe O bond; [1]  direction of overall dipole correct [1] Total = 11
AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 4

+ + H b i + H H ii F F F+ iii  C+ C+ C

I I I+ I+ + I I Cl Cl Cl

c i pyramidal; trigonal ii Lone pairs repel each other more than lone pairbond pairs;  lone pairs to get away as far as possible from each other to minimise repulsions. iii Allow between 95 and 100C d i Increased number of electrons from HCl to HI;  so increased van der Waals forces between the molecules. ii F atom is very electronegative;  hydrogen bond formed between fluorine atom of one H F molecule and an H atom on a neighbouring molecule.  Hydrogen bonds are stronger than van der Waals forces. e i Cl
Cl C
109.5

[3 correct for 2 marks; 2 correct for 1 mark; 0 or 1 correct for 0 marks]

[2]

d potassium larger ion than lithium ion; [1] potassium has lower charge density; [1] electrons more easily lost from potassium; [1] more electrons to act as charge carriers / conduct electricity in potassium [1] Total = 11 [1] [1]

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

5 a methane is a non-polar molecule; only weak attractive forces between methane molecules H b
H C
109.5

molecule with correct bonding; correct 3-dimensional shape of methane; bond angle 109.5 (allow 109) c perfumes need to be volatile / easily vaporised for people to smell; only structures which are simple molecules have low boiling points d
O C +

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

H3C Cl

CH3

Cl  correct arrangement of Cl and C atoms; [1]  correct 3-dimensional structure [1] ii Electron clouds (or charge) symmetrical / dipoles cancel each other out. [1] Total = 17 4 a metal cations; in sea of electrons / delocalised electrons; strong electrostatic force between the delocalised electrons and the ions b electrons are delocalised / not associated with any one atom; electrons are free to move c strong electrostatic forces between ions and delocalised electrons; lot of energy required to overcome these attractions / forces [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

correct diagram; [1] correct dipole shown; [1] + end of dipole attracted to negative charge on rod [1] Total = 10 6 a i
Mg 2+ O 2

ii
O + O O O O O

b sodium iodide is soluble and iodine is insoluble; sodium iodide has ions that can form bonds with water molecules; iodine is non polar / molecules cant disrupt hydrogen bonded structure of water

two oxygen atoms oxygen molecule (2,6) [1 mark for each correct structure] [2]

[1] [1] [1]

Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 4

AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press

Examiners tip
In any question about electrical conductivity you must state whether or not there are any mobile charged particles, which could be ions in a liquid, ions in solution or delocalised electrons. If there arent any, then the substance will not conduct electricity.

In molten sodium iodide the ions can move (to carry the charge); [1] iodine has no ions or mobile electrons to carry the charge. [1] d sodium iodide is ionic; [1] great force of attraction between ions and mobile electrons; [1] needs a lot of energy to overcome these strong forces of attraction; [1] iodine is a small molecule; [1] forces between molecules weak [1] Total = 12

8 a regular arrangement of ions; electrons dispersed between the ions b magnesium chloride is ionic; great force of attraction between ions and mobile electrons; needs a lot of energy to overcome these strong forces of attraction; bromine is a small molecule; forces between molecules weak c sodium has delocalised electrons which are free to move; in solid sodium chloride the ions are not free to move (and there are no mobile electrons) d i
O C O

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

7 a
S

 b H

H S H

[2]

 [1] ii linear; [1] iii only bonding pairs of electrons on carbon / no lone pairs on carbon; [1]  electrons pairs try to get as far away as possible from each other [1] e electrons in atoms constant movement; [1] temporary electron density in one part of atom/molecule greater than in another; [1] temporary dipole formed; [1] induces dipole on neighbouring atom/ molecule; [1] dipoles attract each other [1] Total = 18 9 a in ice, water molecules in fixed position / in lattice; caused by hydrogen bonds being in fixed positions; in liquid, structure is more open / water molecules not as close together b any two of: (relatively) high melting point (or boiling point) high surface tension (relatively) high viscosity c i one atom with hydrogen with covalent bond to very electronegative atom;  another electronegative atom with lone pair in adjacent molecule [1] [1] [1]

V-shaped molecule; [1] bond angle 90102 (actual value is 92); [1] partial charges correct; [1] direction of dipole correct [1] c i H2Se has larger molecule with more electrons; [1]  increased van der Waals forces in H2Se [1] ii oxygen very electronegative; [1]  water can form hydrogen bonds; [1]  between H of one molecule and O of another molecule; [1]  hydrogen sulfide has dipoledipole forces / van der Waals forces / no hydrogen bonds; [1]  hydrogen bonding stronger than other intermolecular forces [1] Total = 13

[2] [1] [1]

AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press

Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 4

 ii H3C
C H3C

+ H

O H

ii
pi bond

H C H C

H sigma bond H

 bond shown between oxygen of propanone and hydrogen of water;  hydrogen bond shown as dots and O H O bond angle of about 180 d i bond (sigma bond) from overlap of atomic orbital end-on / linearly;  bond (pi bond) formed from sideways overlap;  of p orbitals / orbitals other than s orbitals

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

 sigma bond shown between the two carbon atoms and labelled; [1]  electron clouds of pi bond shown above and below the plane of the ring; [1]  both cloud charges of the pi bond labelled as belonging to the pi bond [1]  Total = 15

Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 4

AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press