Chapter-9 Types Of Electrical Power & Energy.

9.1 Types Of Electrical Power As described in chapter-6, there are three components of power as illustrated by a Power Triangle ABC. Active Power Reactive Power Apparent Power

Fig : Power Triangle The energy components associated with the above three components of power are similarly. Active Energy Reactive Energy Apparent Energy 9-1

9.1.1

Active Power & Active Energy.

The base AB of the power triangle represents the Active Power. According to pathagourus theorem; ( KVA2 = KW2 + KVAr2 ) Or KVA = (KW 2 + KVAr2 ) It is designated by a capital letter P generally or with A in digital energy metering terminology. From this expression the Active Power Component (KW) can de easily derived as follows : KVA = ( KW2 + KVAr2 ) Taking square on both sides, we have ( KVA2 = KW2 + KVAr2 ) From above expression KW2 = KVA2 - KVAr2 Or KW = ( KVA2 - KVAr2 ) The units being watts. Bigger units are Kilo Watts (KW), Mega Watts ( MW) and Giga Watts (GW). Its mathematical representation is as given below: Power P = V . I . Cos

And energy derived from this active power is also an active energy. Hence, E = 0 T P. dt =

E I

Cos dt

i.e Active Energy is integral of active power over specific time interval. This component is actually watt full components i.e. do some useful work and actually is the power needed to drive the electrical appliances. Usually the nominal power ratings of consumer appliances are given in this component. 9-2

9.1.2

Reactive Power & Reactive Energy. The perpendicular AC of the power triangle represents the Reactive Power.

According to pathagourus theorem; ( KVA2 = KW2 + KVAr2 ) Or KVA = (KW2 + KVAr2 ) It is designated by a capital letter Q. From this expression the Reactive Power Component (KVAr) can de easily derived as follows : KVA = ( KW2 + KVAr2 ) Taking square on both sides, we have ( KVA2 = KW2 + KVAr2 ) From above expression KVAr2 = KVA2 - KW2 Or KVAr = ( KVA2 - KW2 )

The units being Volt-Ampere reactive (VAr). Bigger units are Kilo Volt-Ampere reactive (KVAr), Mega Volt-Ampere reactive(MVAr). Its mathematical representation is as given below: Reactive Power Q = V . I . Sin And energy derived from this Reactive Power is also a Reactive Energy. Hence, EQ = 0 T Q. dt =

E I

Sin dt

i.e Reactive Energy is integral of reactive power over specific time interval. This component (reactive energy) is actually waste full components i.e. can not do any useful work and actually is the power / energy just wondering to end fro in the system. It causes low power factor and voltage drop in the system.

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Reactive power also hampers the KVA or MVA rating of the electrical system ( Generator, transformer, transmission line etc.). It is being generated due to use of inductive and capacitive load causing lagging or leading power factor. Lightly loaded transmission lines act as charged capacitor due to closer vicinity of earth . This feature causes line charging current . 9.1.3 Apparent Power and Apparent Energy. As previously discussed, according to pathagourus theorem; ( KVA2 = = KW2 Active Power2 + KVAr2 ) Apparent Power2 + Reactive Power2

Or KVA = (KW2 + KVAr2 ) The units being Volt-Ampere (VA). Bigger units are Kilo Volt-Ampere (KVA), Mega Volt-Ampere ( MVA) and Giga Volt-Ampere( GVA). Its mathematical representation is as given below: Apparent Power S = V . I . And energy derived from this Apparent Power is also a Apparent Energy. Hence, Es= 0 T S. dt =

E I dt

i.e. Apparent Energy is integral of apparent power over specific time interval. 9.2 Types Of Electrical Power. Designation P Q S P+ PPower Type Active power (import / export). Reactive power (import / export). Apparent power (import / export). Active power (import). Active power (export). 9-4

Q+ Q-

Reactive power (import). Reactive power (export).

Quadrant Wise Reactive Power. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 9.3 Reactive power in power quadrant-I ( P+ Q+) Reactive power in power quadrant-II ( P- Q+) Reactive power in power quadrant-III ( P- Q-) Reactive energy in power quadrant-IV ( P+ Q-)

Types of Maximum Demands Indications and its implications. It is maximum power drawn by the load or passing through the energy

meter during some specific time i.e. Half an hour period. If the current half hour demand exceeds the any previous maximum demand, it will be replace with a new higher value of Max demand with time log. The diversity of individual consumer maximum demands, constitutes the maximum demand on the system for some specific period of time for which max capacity of the Generation, Transmission, and distribution system is being utilized. For rest of the non-peak hours (for most of the time) the capacity of the utility equipment lies idle i.e. use-less (or stand-by) for which utility has a heavy investment un-recovered. So as to recover this heavy idle capacity of the equipment, a penalty (max demand slab-wise) is imposed by the utility to its customers. This is to literate / compel the general consumers to put-on min load on the system, to manage the heavy countrywide load easily and to avoid black evil i.e. Load Shedding. 11.9.4.1 Designation P Q S Types Of Electrical Energy. Energy Type Active energy (import / export). Reactive energy (import / export). Apparent energy (import / export). 9-5

P+ PQ+ Q-

Active energy (import). Active energy (export). Reactive energy (import). Reactive energy (export).

Quadrant wise reactive energies Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Note: 1. Current values of energy means Current Month Present Values. means Previous Month Energy Values called as P.V (Previous Value) and represented by 01 i.e One month ago, 02: Two months ago. 3. Cumulative Energy means Summation of all previous month Energy. 4. MDI stands for Maximum Demand Indication during some predefined time interval i.e. half an hour. 2. Billing values of energy Reactive energy in power quadrant-I ( P+ Q+) Reactive energy in power quadrant-II ( P- Q+) Reactive energy in power quadrant-III ( P- Q-) Reactive energy in power quadrant-IV ( P+ Q-)

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