2.1.1 Biological Molecules 1. Name four functions of water. 2. Explain why there is polarity in water molecules 3.

Explain why the hydrogen bonds in water give it a high specific heat capacity 4. Why is water cohesive? 5. Explain how ions dissolve in water 6. Describe the general structure of an amino acid 7. Describe how amino acids join 8. What is the primary structure of a protein? 9. What happens to the primary structure of a protein to turn it into the secondary structure? 10. Describe the tertiary structure of amino acid 11. Explain, with an example, the quaternary structure of a protein 12. Describe the bonding in the primary and secondary structure of proteins 13. Describe the four different types of bonding in tertiary structure 14. Describe how the shape of collagen relates to its function 15. Describe how the shape of haemoglobin relates to its function 16. What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose? 17. Describe the formation polysaccharides from monosaccharides 18. Plants store excess glucose as starch (and then break it down to glucose when required). Describe the two polysaccharides of alpha glucose 19. Animals store excess glucose and glycogen. Describe the structure of glycogen and how it relates to its structure 20. Explain where you would find cellulose and describe its structure 21. Describe the structure of a triglyceride 22. Describe the structure of a phospholipid (found in cell membranes) 23. Describe the structure of cholesterol (found in cell membranes) 24. How is a triglyceride molecule good at being used as an energy storage molecule? 25. How is a phospholipid molecule effective at making up the bilayer and, ultimately being able to control what enters and leaves the cell? 26. Explain how cholesterol molecules help to strengthen the cell membrane 27. When would the Benedicts test be used and what would a positive result show? 28. What does the iodine test test for and what would a positive result show? 29. Which test tests for proteins and what would a positive result show? 30. Which test tests for lipids and what would a positive result show?

31. What will determine the concentration of a glucose solution and briefly describe how this is carried out 2.1.2 Nucleic Acids 1. What is the function of DNA? 2. Describe the structure of DNA 3. Describe how the two polynucleotide strands join together to form the double helix 4. What are the three main structural differences between RNA and DNA? 5. What happens in the first stage of protein synthesis? 6. Each original strand acts as a template for a new strand. True or false? 7. Once two single strands have formed, what happens? 8. Which enzyme catalyses the joining of the nucleotides to the new strand? 9. Once hydrogen bonds have reformed, it can be said that the DNA has replicated semi-conservatively. Why is this? 10. Briefly describe how the order of bases codes for a protein 11. Why must DNA be copied into RNA for protein synthesis? 2.1.3 Enzymes 1. Enzymes are globular proteins. True or false? 2. Describe how enzymes speed up a reaction, and thus act as biological catalysts 3. Describe the lock and key model 4. Why did scientists adapt the lock and key model and what was the new theory called? 5. Describe the induced fit theory 6. Explain how and why temperature has an influence on enzyme activity 7. Explain why pH affects enzyme activity 8. Why would the optimum pH of enzymes in the stomach be lower around pH 2? 9. How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction? 10. Explain why substrate concentration affects the rate of reaction up to a point 11. Give two ways in which the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction can be measured 12. Explain how cofactors work 13. Explain how coenzymes work 14. What is a competitive inhibitor and what do they do? 15. What is a non-competitive inhibitor and what do they do? 16. When can inhibition be reversible and when is it irreversible? 17. Explain how metabolic poisons work 18. Give an example of a metabolic poison

19. Give an example of a drug which works by inhibiting enzymes 2.2.1 Diet and Food Production 1. What is the purpose of carbohydrates? 2. What is the purpose of lipid? 3. Which nutrient is required for growth and repair? 4. Give an example of a vitamin and state its function 5. Give an example of mineral and state its function 6. What does fibre do? 7. Why do we need a constant supply of water? 8. State three things that could cause malnutrition 9. What is obesity defined and what are the main causes? 10. Which diseases can obesity increase the risk of? 11. What is CHD and what can it lead to? 12. State two ways which can increase the chance of CHD? 14. What sort of diet can increase LDL level? 15. Which sort of diet can increase HDL level? 16. Why do humans rely on plants? 17. How do fertilisers increase crop production? 18. How do pesticides increase crop production? 19. Why might animals be given antibiotics to increase food production? 20. In wheat crops, which three characteristics might be selectively bred for? 21. How would selective breeding of crops work? 22. Name some characteristics (from any animal) which may be selectively bred for in animals? 23. Name some foods which use microorganisms to be produced 24. State some advantages of making food using microorganisms 25. State some disadvantages of making food using microorganisms 26. Explain how salting and adding sugar can prevent food spoilage 27. Explain how freezing prevents food spoilage 28. What effect does pickling have on the growth of microorganisms? 29. How does heat treatment kill microorganisms? 30. How does irradiation prevent food spoilage? 2.2.2 Heath and Disease

1. State what is meant by health 2. What is meant by disease? 3. What is the difference between a disease and pathogen? 4. Name other ways in which a disease can be transmitted 5. What is the name of the parasite which causes malaria? 6. How is malaria transmitted? 7. What does the Plasmodium do once in the body? 8. What does HIV do? 9. Why can the HIV virus only reproduce inside hosts cells? 9. Name three ways in which HIV can be transmitted 10. How is TB spread? 11. Why is malaria, HIV and TB more common in developing countries? 12. Why does prevalence of these diseases slow economic growth? 13. Why is it important that global distribution of these diseases is studied? 14. What are the bodys two main primary defences and how do they protect the body? 15. What is an immune response? 16. What are antigens? 17. What is the first main stage of the immune response and briefly describe what happens? 18. Why does the phagocyte present the pathogens antigens? 19. What is the second main stage the immune response? 20. What may these T lymphocytes divide and differentiate into? 21. What is the third main stage of the immune response? 22. What is the final main stage of the immune response? 23. What are the three ways in which an antibody helps to clear infection? 24. Why is the primary response slow? 25. Why is the secondary response much faster? 26. What is active immunity? 27. What is passive immunity? 28. Why must new influenza vaccines be developed every year? 29. How does smoking cause atherosclerosis? 30. How does smoking cause CHD? 31. How does smoking increase the risk of strokes?

32. How does smoking increase the risk of lung cancer? 33. How can smoking increase the risk of chronic bronchitis? 34. What is emphysema and how can smoking increase the risk of it? 2.3.1 Biodiversity 1. What is biodiversity? 2. What is meant by the term species? 3. What is meant by the term habitat? 4. Briefly describe how you would sample an area to measure biodiversity 5. Which sampling technique would be appropriate for plants? 6. Which sampling technique would be appropriate for flying insects? 7. Which sampling technique would be appropriate for ground insects? 8. Which sampling technique would be appropriate for aquatic animals? 9. Why must the sample be random and what is the best way to achieve this? 10. What is species richness? 11. What is species evenness? 12. How is diversity measured? 13. Why do global estimates of biodiversity vary so much? 14. How does climate change affect biodiversity? 15. How can climate change affect the spread of disease? 16. How can climate change affect agricultural patterns? 17. What are the main economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity? 18. What are the main ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity? 19. What are the main ethical reasons for maintaining biodiversity? 20. For what aesthetic reason does maintaining biodiversity have? 21. What are the five main advantages that maintaining biodiversity has to agriculture? 22. In situ conservation keeps species in their natural habitat. What are some examples of in situ conservation methods? 23. Give an advantage and a disadvantage of in situ conservation 24. Ex situ conservation removes species from their natural habitat it is often the last resort. Name some methods of ex situ conservation 25. Name an advantage and disadvantage of ex situ conservation? 26. What does the Rio Conservation on Biodiversity do? 27. What does the CITES Agreement do?

2.3.2 Classification 1. What is classification? 2. What are the eight levels of classification? 3. What are the five kingdoms and give an advantage and feature of each? 4. What were early classification systems previously based on? 5. What does is Dichotomous Key used for? 6. Briefly describe how a dichotomous key identifies organisms 2.3.3 Evolution 1. What is continuous variation and give an example? 2. What is discontinuous variation and give an example? 3. How can genetic factors cause variation? 4. How can environmental factors cause variation? 5. Give two examples of how both genetic and environmental factors cause variation 6. How can an adaption make an organism well suited to their environment? 7. What is a behavioural adaptation? 8. What is a physiological adaptation? 9. What is an anatomical (structural) adaptation? 10. What were Darwins four observations? 11. What is speciation? 12. Describe Darwins Theory of Natural Selection 13. How does fossil record evidence support evolution? 14. How does DNA evidence support evolution? 15. How does molecular evidence support evolution? 16. How has evolution made some bacteria resistant to antibiotics?