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PEDIATRIC SURGERY UPDATE VOLUME 06, 1996

VOL 06 NO 01 JANUARY 1996
Neonatal Jaundice

Jaundice in newborns is usually physiological, benign, and self-limiting. Persistent conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (greater than 20% of total or 1.5 mg%) must be urgently evaluation should include: welltaken history, physical exam, partial and total bilirubin determination, type and blood group, Coombs' test, reticulocyte cell count and a peri Cholestasis means a reduction in bile flow in the liver, which depends on the biliary excretion of the conjugated portion. Reduce flow causes progressive damage to hepatic of the cholestatic infant is classified as infectious, structural, metabolic and systemic. Structurally related etiologies are surgical causes (Biliary atresia). Non-surgical sour characterized by a sick, low weight infant jaundiced since birth. The diagnostic evaluation of the cholestatic infant should include a series of tests that can exclude perinata (TORCH titers, hepatitis profile), metabolic (alpha-1-antitrypsin levels), systemic and hereditary causes. Ultrasound of abdomen should be the first diagnostic imaging stu the presence of a gallbladder, identify intra or extrahepatic bile ducts dilatation, and liver parenchyma echogenicity. Nuclear studies of bilio-enteric excretion (DISIDA) af of the microsomal hepatic system with phenobarbital for 3-5 days should follow. Percutaneous liver biopsy and mini-laparotomy may give the final clue toward a structural laparoscopy has recently been found useful in the evaluation of the cholestatic infant.
References 1- Lugo-Vicente HL: Biliary Atresia: An Overview. Boletin AMPR 87(7,8,9): 147-153, 1995

Recurrent TEF

Esophageal atresia is the most common congenital anomaly of the esophagus. 85% of such newborns also have a tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) connecting the distal es trachea. Management consists of thoracotomy, closure of the TEF and primary end to end esophago-esophagostomy. The three most common anastomotic complications a frequency: stricture, leakage and recurrent TEF. Recurrent TEF after surgical repair for esophageal atresia occurs in approximately 3-15% of cases. Tension on the anas leakage may lead to local inflammation with breakage of both suture lines enhancing the chance of recurrent TEF. Once established, the fistula allows saliva and food into clinical suspicion of this diagnosis arises with recurrent respiratory symptoms associated with feedings after repair of esophageal atresia. Diagnosis is confirmed with cine esophagus or bronchoscopy. A second thoracotomy is very hazardous, but has proved to be the most effective method to close the recurrent TEF. Either a pleural or perica effectively isolate the suture line. Pericardial flap is easier to mobilize, provides sufficient tissue to use and serves as template for ingrowth of new mucosa should leakage alternatives are endoscopic diathermy obliteration, laser coagulation, or fibrin glue deposition.

References 1- Engum SA, Grosfeld JL, West KW, Rescorla FJ, Scherer LR 3rd: Analysis of morbidity and mortality in 227 cases of esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula over two decades. Arch Surg 130(5 9, 1995 2- Gutierrez C, Barrios JE, Lluna J, Vila JJ, Garcia-Sala C, Roca A, Ruiz Company S: Recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula treated with fibrin glue. J Pediatr Surg 29(12):1567-9, 1994 3- Wheatley MJ, Coran AG: Pericardial flap interposition for the definitive management of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 27(8):1122-5, 1992; discussion 1125-6 4- Schmittenbecher PP, Mantel K, Hofmann U, Berlien HP: Treatment of congenital tracheoesophageal fistula by endoscopic laser coagulation: preliminary report of three cases. J Pediatr Surg 27(1):26-8, 19 5- Makhoul I, Bar-Maor JA: [Recurrent esophago-respiratory tract fistula after repair of esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula] Harefuah 122(1):19-20, 1992 6- Ghandour KE, Spitz L, Brereton RJ, Kiely EM: Recurrent tracheo-oesophageal fistula: experience with 24 patients.J Paediatr Child Health 26(2):89-91, 1990 7- McKinnon LJ, Kosloske AM: Prediction and prevention of anastomotic complications of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 25(7):778-81, 1990 8- Soriano A, Hernandez-Siverio N, Carrillo A, Alarco A, Gonzalez Hermoso F: Intercostal pedicled flap in esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 22(2):115-6, 1987 9- Martin LW. Cox JA, Cotton R,Oldham KT: Transtracheal repair of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 21(5):402-3, 1986 10- Rangecroft L, Bush GH, Lister J, Irving IM: Endoscopic diathermy obliteration of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistulae. J Pediatr Surg 19(1):41-3, 1984

Anal Fissure

Anal fissure is the most common cause of rectal bleeding in the first two years of life. Outstretching of the anal mucocutaneous junction caused by passage of large hard st defecation produces a superficial tear of the mucosa in the posterior midline. Pain with the next bowel movement leads to constipation, hardened stools that continue to pro problems. Large fissures with surrounding bruising should warn against child abuse. Crohn's disease and leukemic infiltration are other conditions to rule-out. The diagnos inspection of the anal canal. Chronic fissures are associated with hypertrophy of the anal papilla or a distal skin tag. Management is directed toward the associated constip softeners and anal dilatations, warm perineal baths to relax the internal muscle spasm, and topical analgesics for pain control. If medical therapy fails excision of the fissur sphincterotomy is performed.
References 1- Rowe M:Essentials of Pediatric Surgery, Mosby Ed, 1995, pag 555-556. 2-Jones PG, Woodward AA, editors: Clinical Paediatric Surgery: Diagnosis and Management Blackwell Scientific Publications, Third Edition, 1986, Chapter 37, pag 321 3- Leape LL:Patient Care in Pediatric Surgery, Little Brown & Co pub, 1987, Cahpter 70, pag 347 4- Cohen A, Dehn TC: Lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy for treatment of anal fissure in children [see comments] Br J Surg 1995 Oct;82(10):1341-2 5- Jonides L: Rectal bleeding. J Pediatr Health Care 1992 Nov-Dec;6(6):377, 390 6- Palder SB, Shandling B, Bilik R, Griffiths AM, Sherman P: Perianal complications of pediatric Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Surg 26(5):513-5, 1991 7- Piazza DJ, Radhakrishnan J: Perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano in children. Dis Colon Rectum 33(12):1014-6, 1990

VOL 06 NO 02 FEBRUARY 1996

Cloacal Exstrophy

Cloacal exstrophy is the most severe presentation of a ventral abdominal wall defect. Formerly a fatal disorder it has yield to a higher survival during the past years with i quality of life. The incidence is between one in 200-400,000 live births. Premature rupture of the cloacal membrane before descend of the urorectal septum is the most plau the defect. The anomaly consists of a hypogastric omphalocele, two lateral hemibladders joined to a central strip of exstrophied intestinal epithelium (ileocecal plate) throu prolapses, imperforate anus, and ambiguous genitalia (see figure). Other associated anomalies are cardiac, orthopedic (equinovarus), and neurological (tethered cord synd Prenatal sonographic diagnosis has been reported. Radiological evaluation should include plain films of chest, spine and ultrasound of urinary tract. Optimal reconstruction around closure of the omphalocele, approximation of the symphysis pubis (iliac osteotomies may be needed with late repairs), establishment of intestinal continuity preserv bowel present with colostomy, and functional closure of the bladder. Infants with rudimentary genitalia are assigned the female gender, early gonadectomy is advised for g the preschool years reconstructions focus on urologic (intermittent catheterization) and fecal (pull-through) continence. Vaginal construction will be done later in life.
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References 1- Husmann DA, McLorie GA, Churchill BM, et al: Management of the Hindgut in Cloacal Exstrophy: Terminal Ileostomy Versus Colostomy. J Pediatr Surg 23(12): 1107-1113, 1988 2- Longaker MT, Harrison MR, Langer JC, et al: Appendicovesicostomy: A New Technique for Bladder Diversion During Reconstruction of Cloacal Exstrophy. J Pediatr Surg 24(7): 639-641, 1989 3- Ricketts RR, Wooddard JR, Zwiren GT, et al: Modern treatment of Cloacal Exstrophy. J Pediatr Surg 26(4): 444-450, 1991 4- Lund DP, Hendern WH: Cloacal Exstrophy: Experience With 20 Cases. J Pediatr Surg 28(10): 1360-1369, 1993 5- McKenna PH, Khoury AE, McLorie GA, Churchill BM, Babyn PB, Wedge JH: Iliac osteotomy: a model to compare the options in bladder and cloacal exstrophy reconstruction. J Urol 151(1):182-6; discussio 6- Richards DS, Langham MR Jr, Mahaffey SM: The prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of cloacal exstrophy. J Ultrasound Med 11(9):507-10, 1992 7- Hendren WH: Ileal nipple for continence in cloacal exstrophy. J Urol 148(2 Pt 1):372-9, 1992 8- Meglin AJ, Balotin RJ, Jelinek JS, Fishman EK, Jeffs RD, Ghaed V: Cloacal exstrophy: radiologic findings in 13 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 155(6):1267-72, 1990 9- Stolar CH, Randolph JG, Flanigan LP: Cloacal exstrophy: individualized management through a staged surgical approach. J Pediatr Surg 25(5):505-7, 1990

Burkitt's

Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is a highly malignant tumor first described during the late 50's in African children (jaw), endemic in nature, and composed of undifferentiated lym with uniform appearance. The American BL variety is non-endemic, mostly attacks children between 8-12 years of age, predominantly (>75%) with abdominal disease suc mass, pain, or intussusception. The head and neck region follows. The tumor can appear as a localized, diffuse (multifocal, non-resectable) or metastatic abdominal mass (b CNS). It's considered the fastest growing tumor in humans with a doubling time around 12-24 hrs. Chemotherapy is the primary treatment modality due to its effectiveness proliferating cells. The role of surgery is to establish the diagnosis (using open biopsy), stage the tumor, remove localized disease, relieve intestinal obstruction and provid Complete resection whenever possible offers the patient improved survival. Is more readily accomplished in patients with localized bowel involvement operated on an eme acute abdominal symptoms. The only predictor of event free survival is extent of abdominal disease at diagnosis. Debulking (cytoreductive) procedures increases morbidit initiation of chemotherapy worsening prognosis. Extensive tumors should be managed with minimal procedure and immediate chemotherapy (a/o radiotherapy). Bone marr involvement are ominous prognostic signs.
References 1- Pickleman JR, Straus FH, Griffin ED, et al: Burkitt's Lymphoma: An Unusual Childhood Tumor. Ann Surg 176(1): 25-29, 1972 2- Murphy SB: Management of Childhood Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Cancer Treat Rep 61(6): 1161-1173, 1977 3- Kemeny MM, Magrath IT, Brennan MF: The Role of Surgery in the Management of American Burkitt's Lymphoma and its Treatment. Ann Surg 196: 82-86, 1982 4- Al-Bahrani Z, Al-Mondhiry H, Al-Saleem T, et al: Primary Intestinal Lymphoma in Iraqui Children. Oncology 43: 243-250, 1986 5- Kaufman BH, Burgert EO, Banks PM: Abdominal Burkitt's Lymphoma: Role of early Aggresive Surgery. J Pediatr Surg 22(7): 671-674, 1987 6- Fleming ID, Turk, Murphy, et al: Surgical Implications of Primary Gastrointestinal Lymphoma of Childhood. Arch Surg 125: 252-256, 1990 7- Stovroff MC, Coran AG, Hutchinson RJ: The Role of Surgery in American Burkitt's Lymphoma in Children. J Pediatr Surg 26(10): 1235-1238, 1991 8- Stein JE, Schween MR, Jacir NN, et al: Surgical Restraint in Burkitt's Lymphoma in Children. J Pediatr Surg 26(11); 1273-1275, 1991 9- LaQuaglia MP, Stolar CJ, Krailo M, et al: The Role of Surgery in Abdominal Non-Hodkin's Lymphoma: Experience from the Childrens Cancer Study Group. J Pediatr Surg 27(2): 230-235, 1992

Liver FNH

Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH) is a benign liver tumors found in children. Most are female (80%) in their teen or childbearing age, asymptomatic or with non-tender ma Liver function tests are usually normal. Have no malignant potential but should be differentiated by imaging or biopsy from a liver cell adenoma. Is not a life threatening le women taking oral contraception that may develop hemorrhage. Diagnostic imaging is a CT showing a well circumscribe mass of low density, arteriogram a hypervascular uptake on liver nuclear scan. Laparoscopically guided needle or open biopsy should be done for diagnosis. Histology describes nodular aggregates of normal hepatocytes w intranodular bile duct proliferation. Asymptomatic lesions can be follow-up with ultrasound and resected if they enlarged or become symptomatic. Prognosis is excellent ev behind.

References 1-Chawla A, Kahn E, Becker J, Cohen H, Tint GS, Shefer S, Fisher SE: Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver and hypercholesterolemia in a child with VACTERL syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 17(4) 2- Hutton KA, Spicer RD, Arthur RJ, Batcup G: Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in childhood. Eur J Pediatr Surg 3(6):370-2, 1993 3- Callea F, Bonetti M, Medicina D, Alberti D, Fabbretti G, Brisigotti M: Hepatic tumor and tumor-like lesions in childhood. J Surg Oncol Suppl 3:170-2, 1993 4- Luks FI, Yazbeck S, Brandt ML, Bensoussan AL, Brochu P, Blanchard H: Benign liver tumors in children: a 25-year experience. J Pediatr Surg 26(11):1326-30, 1991 5- Pain JA, Gimson AE, Williams R, Howard ER: Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: results of treatment and options in management. Gut 32(5):524-7, 1991 6- Lack EE, Ornvold K: Focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma: a review of eight cases in the pediatric age group. J Surg Oncol 33(2):129-35, 1986 7- Ehren H, Mahour GH, Isaacs H Jr: Benign liver tumors in infancy and childhood. Report of 48 cases. Am J Surg 145(3):325-9, 1983 8- Stocker JT, Ishak KG: Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: a study of 21 pediatric cases. Cancer 48(2):336-45, 1981

VOL 06 NO 03 MARCH 1996

SVCS

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS), first described by Hunter in 1757, refers to a constellation of signs and symptoms caused by severe reduction in venous return from upper extremity. The pathogenesis relate to either extraluminal (tumor, mass) or intraluminal (thrombosis) compression of the superior vena cava. The term superior medi (SMS) is use interchangeably when tracheal compression causing extrinsic respiratory obstruction manifests. In children the most common initial symptom is cough, follow tachypnea, dyspnea, and orthopnea that aggravates lying down (supine) or bending forward. Face, neck and arm swelling may be present. Severity of the SVCS depends o occlusion and collateral vessel development. Most fear complications are cerebral and laryngeal edema or tracheal compression. Non-Hodgkin's mediastinal lymphoma is of SVCS in the pediatric age, followed by cardiac surgery, histoplasmosis mediastinal fibrosis and indwelling venous catheters. CT evaluation estimates the degree of trach The strategic approach toward mediastinal tumors causing SVCS/SMS is controversial; the result of the risk of unexpected tracheo-bronchial obstruction during muscle re diagnosis is needed to institute correct therapy. Least invasive diagnostic procedure such as bone marrow aspiration, peripheral lymph node biopsy (IV ketamine with loca diagnostic thoracentesis (surface marker analysis), or CT guided percutaneous biopsy avoiding profound sedation should be tried first. For open biopsy spontaneous ventil position should be preserved, lower extremity IV lines secure, muscle relaxant avoided, if possible, and bronchoscopic instrumentation available.
References 1- Nieto AF, Doty DB: Superior Vena Cava Obstruction: Clinical Syndrome, Etiology, and Treatment. Curr Probl Surg 10:442-484, 1986 2- Yellin A, Rosen A, Reichert N, et al: Superior Vena Cava Syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 141: 1114-1118, 1990 3- Ingram L, Rivera GK, Shapiro DN: Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Associated With Childhood Malignancy: Analysis of 24 Cases. Medical and Pediatr Oncology 18: 476-481, 1990 4- Ferrari LR, Bedford RF: General Anesthesia Prior to Treatment of Anterior Mediastinal Masses in Pediatric Cancer Patients. Anesthesiology 72:991-995, 1990 5- Yellin A, Mandel M, Rechavi G, et al: Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Associated with Lymphoma. AJDC 146:1060-1063, 1992 6- Jeng MJ, Chang TK, Hwang B: Superior Vena Cava Syndrome in Children with malignancy: Analysis of Seven Cases. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei) 50:214-218, 1992 7- Pullerits J, Holzman R: Anaesthesia for Patients with Mediastinal Masses. Can J Anaesth 36:681-688, 1989

Chylous Ascites

Chylous ascites (CA) is a rare clinical entity, the result of either intrinsic/extrinsic obstruction of lymphatic drainage or traumatic rupture of lymphatic channels in the mese through a fistulous tract, exudate through the wall of retroperitoneal lymphatic or from dilated lymphatic in the wall of the bowel or mesentery with proximal obstruction at
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mesentery, cisterna chyli or thoracic duct. Characteristically the fluid has: a milky appearance, separates on standing, fat content > 1 gm/dl, total protein > 3 gm/dl, high co chylomicrons, triglycerides and lymphocytes, and specific gravity above 1.012. Most cases in children are congenital in nature (lymphangiectasia, cystic hygroma of the ab dysplasia, etc.). Others have an inflammatory, traumatic, surgical, or neoplastic etiology. Infants are more commonly affected and boys outnumber girls 2:1. CA generally with painless abdominal distension (ascites), weight loss, increase abdominal girth, hypoproteinemia and inanition. Other patients develop acute abdominal symptoms when intestinal obstruction, intussusception or volvulus. Diagnosis relies on the character of the fluid on paracentesis. Lymphangiography can delineate the retroperitoneal lymp no direct access to mesenteric or bowel wall lymphatics. Management depends on effective alleviation of etiologic factors. If after extensive work-up the cause is unknown using low fat- high protein diet, bed rest, diuretics and repetitive paracentesis should be tried for four weeks. With no improvement, exploratory laparotomy should follow t diagnosis. Sudan III dye given by mouth six hours before surgery helps identify leaking ducts. Intractable ascites have been managed using peritoneo-venous shunting (Le results. Mortality is related to the specific underlying disease and has been cited as 24% in some series.
References 1-Vasko JS; Tapper RI: The surgical significance of chylous ascites. Arch Surg 95(3):355-68, 1967 2-Ryan JA Jr, Smith MD, Page CP: Treatment of chylous ascites with peritoneo-venous shunt. Am Surg 47(9):384-6, 1981 3- Guttman FM, Montupet P, Bloss RS: Experience with peritoneo-venous shunting for congenital chylous ascites in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 17(4): 368-372, 1982 4- Schwartz DL, So HB, Schneider KM, Becker JM: Recurrent chylous ascites associated with intestinal malrotation and lymphatic rupture. JPediatr Surg 18(2): 177-179, 1983 5- Smeltzer DM, Stickler GB, Fleming RE: Primary lymphatic dysplasia in children: chylothorax, chylous ascites, and generalized lymphatic dysplasia. Eur J Pediatr 145:286-292, 1986 6- Browse NL, Wilson NM, Russo F, al-Hassan H, Allen DR: Aetiology and treatment of chylous ascites.Br J Surg 79:1145-1150, 1992 7- Itoh K, Tanda K, Kato C, Kanagawa K, Seki T: Intraperitoneal leakage of technetium-99m-DTPA following renal transplantation: a sign of chylous ascites. J Nucl Med 35(1): 93-94, 1994

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VOL 6 NO 04 APRIL 1996

KTS

The Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) is a congenital angiodysplasia described in 1900 by two French physicians consisting of the following triad: 1) soft tissue and bone overgrowth of the extremity, 2) hemangiomas a/o lymphangiomas, and 3) venous varicosities. A mesodermal abnormality during fetal development leads to arterio-venous the limb bud producing the resulting KTS. Overgrowth of the unilateral lower extremity is commonly found. Hemangiomas are capillary or port-wine nevus (diffuse telangie superficial vessels of the dermis). Pelvic extension of hemangiomas may lead to rectal bleeding or hematuria. Varicosities are atypical, occurring in the lateral extremity a persistence of embryological (sciatic vein) venous channels. Additional anomalies: syndactylia, spina bifida, and equinovarus. Diagnostic work-up includes roentgenograms length discrepancy, non-invasive arterio-venous evaluation, venography, and MRI. Management is predominantly conservative such as elastic support for varicosities. Su selectively for cosmetic reasons, marked leg discrepancy, and complications of the hemangiomas or venous insufficiency.

References 1- Gloviczki P, Hollier LH, Telander RL, Kaufman B, Bianco AJ, Stickler GB: Surgical implications of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Ann Surg 197(3):353-362, 1983 2- Telander RL, Kaufman BH, Gloviczki P, Stickler GB, Hollier LH: Prognosis and management of lesions of the trunk in children with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome.J Pediatr Surg 19(4):417-22, 1984 3- Servelle M: Klippel and Trenaunay's syndrome. 768 operated cases. Ann Surg 201(3):365-73, 1985 4- Baskerville PA, Ackroyd JS, Lea Thomas M, Browse NL: The Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: clinical, radiological and haemodynamic features and management. Br J Surg 72(3):232-6, 1985 5- Baskerville PA. Ackroyd JS. Browse NL: The etiology of the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Ann Surg 202(5):624-7, 1985 6- Stringel G, Dastous J: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and other cases of lower limb hypertrophy: pediatric surgical implications. J Pediatr Surg 22(7):645-50, 1987 7- Lie JT: Pathology of angiodysplasia in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Pathol Res Pract 183(6):747-55, 1988 8- Paes EH, Vollmar JF: Aneurysma transformation in congenital venous angiodysplasias in lower extremities. Int Angiol 9(2):90-6, 1990 9- Gloviczki P, Stanson AW, Stickler GB, Johnson CM, Toomey BJ, Meland NB, Rooke TW, Cherry KJ Jr: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: the risks and benefits of vascular interventions. Surgery 110(3):46910- Samuel M, Spitz L: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: clinical features, complications and management in children. Br J Surg 82(6):757-61, 1995

Morgagni Hernias

First described in 1769, Morgagni Hernias (MH) are rare congenital diaphragmatic defects close to the anterior midline between the costal and sternal origin of the diaphr retrosternally in the midline or more commonly on either side (parasternally) of the junction of the embryologic septum transversum and thoracic wall (see the figure) repre 2% of all diaphragmatic defects. Almost always asymptomatic, typically present in older children or adults with minimal gastrointestinal symptoms or as incidental finding radiography (mass or air-fluid levels). Infants may develop respiratory symptoms (tachypnea, dyspnea and cyanosis) with distress. Cardiac tamponade due to protrusion in cavity has been reported. The MH defect contains a sac with liver, small/ large bowel as content. Associated conditions are: heart defects, trisomy 21, omphalocele, and C US and CT-Scan can demonstrate the defect. Management is operative. Trans-abdominal subcostal approach is preferred with reduction of the defect and suturing of the d undersurface of sternum and posterior rectus sheath. Large defects with phrenic nerve displacement may need a thoracic approach. Results after surgery rely on associat
References 1-Steiner Z, Mares AJ: Anterolateral diaphragmatic hernia: is it a Morgagni hernia? Eur J Pediatr Surg 3(2):112-4, 1993 2-Sinclair L, Klein BL: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia--Morgagni type.J Emerg Med 11(2):163-5, 1993 3- Sakalkale RP, Sankhe M, Nagral S; Patel CV: Obstructed Morgagni's hernia (a case report). J Postgrad Med 37(4):228B, 229-30, 1991 4- Stokes KB: Unusual varieties of diaphragmatic herniae. Prog Pediatr Surg 27:127-47, 1991 5- Groff DB: Diagnosis of a Morgagni hernia complicated by a previous normal chest x-ray. J Pediatr Surg 25(5):556-7, 1990 6- Pokorny WJ, McGill CW, Harberg FJ: Morgagni hernias during infancy: presentation and associated anomalies. J Pediatr Surg 19(4):394-7, 1984 7- Berman L, Stringer D, Ein SH, Shandling B: The late-presenting pediatric Morgagni hernia: a benign condition. J Pediatr Surg 24(10):970-2, 1989 8- Kheradpir MH, Ahmadi J: Morgagni-hernias during infancy. Int Surg 73(4):257-9, 1988

GD

Gallbladder Dyskinesia (GD) is uncommonly reported in the pediatric age group. Portrays a motility disorder of the biliary system characterized by poor contractility of th causing symptoms similar to those of gallstone disorders, but with a more protracted clinical course. Believed to be caused by spasm of the sphincter of Oddi associated to hypersentivity of the gallbladder or hyposensitivity of the sphincter of Oddi to cholecystokinin (CCK). The result is a gallbladder contracting against a closed biliary system is considered when the ejection fraction of the gallbladder content is less than 35% during a hepatobiliary scan (DISIDA) stimulated with CCK. Twelve children (14%) out laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) at San Pablo Medical Ctr. during a sixty-six-month period for GD. Mean age was 14 years and classic biliary symptoms predominated food intolerance). Mean ejection fraction was 16.8%. Pathology specimens showed ten cases with mild to moderate chronic cholecystitis (83%), and two unremarkable. Th correlated with the mean duration of symptoms. Clinical improvement after surgery was seen in most cases. We believe that LC should be offered to symptomatic children fractions if thorough work-up fails to show other GI disorder.
References 1- Lugo-Vicente HL: Gallbladder Dyskinesia in Children. Journal of Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons 1 (1): 61-65, 1997

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VOL 6 NO 05 MAY 1996

Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common solid tumor in infants. Originates from the neural crest: sympathetic ganglion chain and adrenal medulla. 75% arise in the retrop gland and paraspinal ganglia), 20% in the posterior mediastinum, and 5% in the neck or pelvis. NB is a solid, highly vascular tumor with a friable pseudocapsule. Most chi an abdominal mass, and one-fourth have hypertension. Other have: Horner's syndrome, Panda's eyes, anemia, dancing eyes or vaso-intestinal syndrome (VIP). Diagnosis the use of simple X-rays (stipple calcifications), ultrasound, and CT-Scan. Work-up should consider: bone marrow, bone scan, myelogram (if there is evidence of intraspina plasma/urine tumor markers level: VMA, HVA, VGA, DOPA. Management depends on stage of disease at diagnosis. Localized tumors receive surgical therapy. Partially unresectable cases need chemotherapy a/o radiotherapy after establishing a histologic diagnosis. Independent variables determining prognosis are age at diagnosis and st Young children with stage I/II have a better outcome. Poor outcome for greater stages, older patients, and those with bone cortex metastasis. Other prognostic variables a maturity of tumor, presence of positive lymph nodes, high levels of ferritin, neuron-specific enolase, and diploid DNA.

References 1- Grosfeld JL, Rescorla FJ, West KW, Goldman J: Neuroblastoma in the first year of life: clinical and biologic factors influencing outcome. Semin Pediatr Surg 2(1):37-46, 1993 2- Hartmann O, Favrot MC: [Neuroblastoma. Current clinical and therapeutic aspects. Contributions of modern biology] Rev Prat 43(17):2182-6, 1993 3- Azizkhan RG, Haase GM: Current biologic and therapeutic implications in the surgery of neuroblastoma. Semin Surg Oncol 9(6):493-501, 1993 4- Brodeur GM, Pritchard J, Berthold F, Carlsen NL, Castel V, Castelberry RP, De Bernardi B, Evans AE, Favrot M, Hedborg F, et al: Revisions of the international criteria for neuroblastoma diagnosis, stagin treatment [see comments] J Clin Oncol 11(8):1466-77, 1993 5- Philip T: Overview of current treatment of neuroblastoma. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 14(2):97-102, 1992 6- Castleberry RP: Clinical and biologic features in the prognosis and treatment of neuroblastoma. Curr Opin Oncol 4(1):116-23, 1992 7- Tracy T Jr, Weber TR: Current concepts in neuroblastoma. Surg Annu 1:227-45, 1992 8- Hata Y, Sasaki F, Naito H, Takahashi H, Namieno T, Uchino J: Late recurrence in neuroblastoma. J Pediatr Surg 26(12):1417-9, 1991

Duplications

Duplications of the gastrointestinal tract are considered uncommon congenital anomalies usually diagnosed or unexpectedly encountered intraoperatively during the first t duplicated bowel can occur anywhere in the GI tract, is attached to the mesenteric border of the native bowel, shares a common wall and blood supply, coated with smooth epithelial lining is GI mucosa. May contain ectopic gastric or pancreatic tissue. Most are saccular, other tubular. Theories on their origin (split notochord syndrome, twinin recanalization) do not explain all cases of duplicated bowel. Three-fourth are found in the abdomen (most commonly the ileum and jejunum), 20% in the thorax, the rest tho cervical. Symptoms vary according to the size and location of the duplication. Clinical manifestations can range from intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain, GI bleeding, ul mediastinal compression. Ultrasound confirms the cystic nature of the lesion (muscular rim sign) and CT the relationship to surrounding structures. Management consist o avoiding massive loss of normal bowel and removing all bowel suspect of harboring ectopic gastric mucosa.

References 1- Scheye T, Vanneuville G, Dechelotte P, Queroy-Malamenaide C, Aufauvre B: [Duplication of the digestive tract in children. Apropos of 12 Ann Chir 49:47-55, 1995 4- Segal SR, Sherman NH, Rosenberg HK, Kirby CL, Caro PA, Bellah RD, Sagerman JE, Horrow MM: Ultrasonographic features of gastrointestinal duplications. J Ultrasound Med 13(11): 863-870, 1994 5- Macpherson RI: Gastrointestinal tract duplications: clinical, pathologic, etiologic, and radiologic considerations. Radiographics 13(5): 1063-1080, 1993 6- Pinter AB, Schubert W, Szemledy F, Gobel P, Schafer J, Kustos G: Alimentary tract duplications in infants and children. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2(1): 8-12, 1992 7- Ildstad ST, Tollerud DJ, Weiss RG, Ryan DP, McGowan MA, Martin LW: Duplications of the alimentary tract. Clinical characteristics, preferred treatment, and associated malformations. Ann Surg 208(2): 8- Iyer CP, Mahour GH: Duplications of the alimentary tract in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 30(9): 1267-1270, 1995

Ankyloglossia

Inferior ankyloglossia, a condition more commonly known as tongue-tie, is common among infants. It is caused by a thin velum that fixes the tongue to the floor of the mou the neonate, it can disappear spontaneously or with sucking if the frenum is sufficiently thin. Other times it will persist causing sucking or swallowing problems, speech diso restriction of tongue movements. Frenulectomy is curative. Indications for frenulectomy are: articulation speech difficulties, mechanical limitations (inability to leak lips, p toilet, or play a wind instrument), and problems with either feeding or suction. Should never be done as an office procedure, but at OR under deep mask anesthesia, rapid t and electrocoagulation; no sutures are required.
References 1- Wright JE: Tongue-tie. J Paediatr Child Health 31(4): 276-278, 1995 2- Williams WN, Waldron CM: Assessment of lingual function when ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) is suspected. J Am Dent Assoc 110(3):353-6, 1985

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VOL 6 NO 06 JUNE 1996

Nodular Fasciitis

First reported in 1955 by Konwaler, Nodular fasciitis (NF) is a discrete, reactive pseudosarcomatous proliferation of fibroblasts. This soft tissue fibrous tumor portrays as solitary, slightly tender, soft tissue mass (or nodule) dating for 1-2 weeks. Forearm, thigh and upper arm nodules are the most common sites of presentation in young adult originates in the head and neck area between the age of 3 wks and six years (median 18 months). Males and females are equally affected, and lesions reach 0.5 to 9 cm in variety of NF (in the scalp) can cause erosion of the underlying outer table of the skull. Pathologically, NF shows a pattern of delicate fibroblasts in a focal myxoid matrix w hemorrhage, vascular proliferation, and chronic inflammation. Occasional cells with atypical nucleus are found, but mitotic figures are never seen. Management consists o of the mass (with local resection or curettage of affected bone). Clinical course is benign, and the lesion shows no aggressive behavior. Recurrences are uncommon, when question the original pathological diagnosis.
References 1- Louis P Dehner: Pediatric Surgical Pathology, 2nd ed, 1987, pag 917-918 2- Montgomery EA, Meis JM: Nodular fasciitis. Its morphologic spectrum and immunohistochemical profile. Am J Surg Pathol 15(10):942-8, 1991 3- DiNardo LJ, Wetmore RF, Potsic WP: Nodular fasciitis of the head and neck in children. A deceptive lesion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117(9):1001-2, 1991 4- Patterson JW, Moran SL, Konerding H: Cranial fasciitis. Arch Dermatol 125(5): 674-678, 1989 5- Bernstein KE, Lattes R: Nodular (pseudosarcomatous) fasciitis, a nonrecurrent lesion: clinicopathologic study of 134 cases. Cancer 49(8): 1668-1678, 1982 6- Shimizu S; Hashimoto H; Enjoji M: Nodular fasciitis: an analysis of 250 patients. Pathology 16(2): 161-166, 1984

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PSU Vol 06, 1996

Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome

The Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (SMAS), first described by Rokitanski in 1861, is infrequently seen in the pediatric age. Any condition that decreases the angl superior mesenteric artery and the aorta resulting in vascular compression of the third portion of the duodenum (nutcracker effect) causes SMAS. Underneath this angle l transverse portion of the duodenum, left renal vein, and uncinate process of the pancreas (see the figure). Conditions that predispose to SMAS are: wasting and dietary di nervosa), severe injury (burns and trauma), deformity of the spine (increased lordosis, spica cast), prolonged bed rest (paraplegia), and the postoperative state. Clinically t acute or chronic symptoms of partial high small bowel obstruction: postprandial nausea and bilious vomiting, epigastric discomfort, bloating, weight loss, and relief with sid chest position. UGIS is diagnostic demonstrating abrupt vertical obstruction of the duodenum with antiperistaltic flow (to and fro) of contrast material. Initial therapy shoul lying in prone/ left lateral position postprandially, and naso-jejunal feedings. No improvement may need surgical derotation of the proximal small bowel through the ligame it to an embryonic position, or bypass procedure (duodeno-jejunostomy).
References 1-Hines JR, Gore RM, Ballantyne GH: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Diagnostic criteria and therapeutic approaches. Am J Surg 148(5):630-2, 1984 2- AR Mansberger: Vascular Compression of the duodenum. In Sabiston's Textbook of Surgery, 1986, pag 970-975 3- Burrington JD, Wayne ER: Obstruction of the duodenum by the superior mesenteric artery--does it exist in children? J Pediatr Surg 9(5):733-41, 1974 4-Marchant EA; Alvear DT; Fagelman KM: True clinical entity of vascular compression of the duodenum in adolescence. Surg Gynecol Obstet 168(5):381-6, 1989 5-Philip PA: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a child with brain injury. Case report. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 70(5):280-2, 1991 6- Octavio de Toledo JM; Gomez Lorenzo F; Dominguez J; Cimadevila J; Bernardez J; Fernandez P [Vascular compression of the duodenum related to a plaster cast (the cast syndrome)] Rev Esp Enferm Dig 83(1):38-41, 1993

Laparoscopic Fundoplication

Fundoplication for the management of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is another procedure that has evolved recently taking advantage of minimally invasive Indications for performing either the open or laparoscopic fundoplication are the same, namely: life threatening GER (asthma, cyanotic spells), chronic aspiration syndrom with failure to thrive, and reflux induced esophageal stricture. Studies comparing the open versus the laparoscopic technique in the pediatric age have found a reduced mea postoperative stay with laparoscopy. The lap procedure seems similar to the open regarding efficacy and complication rates. Costs are not excessive, they are even lower consideration the shorter length of stay. Lower rate of adhesions, pulmonary and wound complications are another benefit of the lap technique suggested. Percutaneous la gastrostomy can be done concomitantly for those neurologically impeded children refer with feeding problems and GER. Whether to do a complete (Nissen) or partial (Tou Ochoa) wrap relies on the experience of the surgeon with the open procedure. He should continue to do whatever procedure he used to perform using open surgery. Long-t complications or recurrence of GER are still pending publication.
References 1- Lobe TE, Schropp KP, Lunsford K: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in childhood [see comments] J Pediatr Surg 28(3):358-60, 1993; discussion 360-1 2-Collins JB 3rd, Georgeson KE, Vicente Y, Hardin WD Jr: Comparison of open and laparoscopic gastrostomy and fundoplication in 120 patients. J Pediatr Surg 30(7):1065-70, 1995; discussion 1070-1 3- Collard JM, de Gheldere CA, De Kock M, Otte JB, Kestens PJ: Laparoscopic antireflux surgery. What is real progress? Ann Surg 220(2):146-54, 1994 4-Weerts JM, Dallemagne B, Hamoir E, et al: Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication: detailed analysis of 132 patients. Surg Laparosc Endosc 3(5): 359-364, 1993 5- Hinder RA, Filipi CJ, Wetscher G, Neary P, DeMeester TR, Perdikis G: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is an effective treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ann Surg 220(4):472-81; discussi

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