Oblique Shock Waves Text Chapter 9 The next topic to be uncovered in this class is the problem of oblique shock

waves. The motivation comes again from the quasione-dimensional nozzle flows that is shown below:

We considered the physical and theoretical reasons that normal shock waves form, summarized partly by the figure below:

This idea can be further expanded by considering the following figure:

in which we see the physical pattern that might occur if disturbances propagate in subsonic and supersonic flows. Relative to figure (b) we note that the lines extending from the disturbance outward at angles define two regions of the flow. Zone of action The region of the flow affected by disturbances. Zone of silence The region of the flow not affected by disturbances. The line separating the two regions defines the Mach Wave and is found from the equation:

sin =

at a 1 = = Vt V M

(9.1)

or

= sin 1

1 M

The Mach Wave is an infinitesimally weak shock wave. An actual oblique shock wave is formed from many such waves coalescing into finite disturbances, similar to the normal shock wave. The figure below relates the two types of waves:

The figure presents an interesting but somewhat confusing picture of oblique shock waves, since the Mach waves behind a shock wave have a much larger angle than those before. The Mach wave in the figure is drawn for conditions upstream of the shock wave. It is also important to note that Mach waves travel relative to the current flow conditions and the Mach angle is determined relative to those conditions not necessarily the horizontal.

A more accurate picture of shock and Mach waves is given below:

It is also important to note the flow direction as it is significant that it follows tangent to the surface.

It is curious in a way that the flow no longer remains horizontal in a two-dimensional shock wave, and is indicative of the fact that shock waves form for two reasons.

1. high pressure downstream 2. flow direction changes

However, it should be noted that it is more than a simple flow direction change that causes a shock wave, rather, it is flow turning into itself as shown in the left figure on the next page:

Flow turning away from itself results in an expansion wave. Properties change across an oblique shock wave in manner similar to normal shock waves, that is: M: M1>1 M2? p: p1<p2 T: T1<T2 : 1<2 u: u1>u2 a: a1<a2 po: p01<p02 T01=T02 To: ho: h01=h02 s: s1<s2 The major difference is the addition of a second velocity component v, a velocity perpendicular to the direction of flow, that acts like: v: 0

+v

Also note that this behavior has implications for the Mach number. We will find that the normal Mach number goes from supersonic to subsonic, but not necessarily the total Mach number.

The derivation of the equations is accomplished by again applying the governing equations, this time to the control volume shown below:

Noteworthy is that velocity is decomposed into normal and tangential components. The figure also introduces the angles:

- shock wave angle - flow deflection angle ( in older texts /NACA

reports)

Apply the continuity equation

r dS = 0 V n
S

(7.1)

b,c,e & f lie on a streamline 1u1 A + 0 + 0 + 2u2 A + 0 + 0

1u1 = 2u2
Momentum equation:

(9.2)

(
S

r r dS V = pn dS V n
S

(7.7)

Tangential Direction:

(
S

r dS w = ( pn dS )tan V n
S

Gives:

1 ( u1 A1 )w1 + 0 + 0 + 2 (u2 A2 )w2 + 0 + 0 = ( p f pb )Abf + ( pe pc )Ace

1u1w1 = 2u2 w2
Use (9.2)

w1 = w2

(9.4)

Therefore the tangential velocity component does not change across the oblique shock wave.
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Normal Direction:

(
S

r dS u = ( pn dS )normal V n
S

(9.5)

1 ( u1 A)u1 + 0 + 0 + 2 (u2 A)u2 + 0 + 0 = ( p1 A1 + p2 A2 )

(9.2)
2 2 p1 + 1u1 = p2 + 2 u2

(9.6)

Energy Equation V 2 r r r r e + V dS = pV dS 2 S S or

(7.8)

2 2 V V 1 2 u2 A = ( p1u1 A + p2 u2 A) u1 A + 2 e2 + 1 e1 + 2 2 (9.7)

or

1u1 e1 +
(9.2) def h

2 V12 p2 u2 =0 + + 2u2 e2 + + 1 2 2 2

p1

2 V12 V2 h1 + = h2 + = ho 2 2

(9.8)

We need next to consider the velocity: (9.4) So finally:

2 2 u1 u2 h1 + = h2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 V12 V2 = u1 + w1 u2 + w2 = u1 u2

)(

(9.9)

Then for a oblique shock wave the equations become:

1u1 = 2 u2
w1 = w2
2 2 p1 + 1u1 = p2 + 2 u2 2 2 u1 u2 h1 + = h2 + = ho 2 2

(9.2) (9.4) (9.6)

(9.9)

So that, with the exception of Eq. (9.4), the oblique shock jump relations are identical to the normal shock relations, provided that we use the normal velocity to define the conditions. That is:

M n1 = M 1 sin

(9.10)

Oblique Shock Relations So that Equations (8.50), (8.52), (8.57) and (8.59) become:

1 2 1+ M n 2 1 2 = Mn 2 1 2 M n 1 2

(9.11)

( + 1)M n1 2 = 1 2 + ( 1)M 2 n
2

(9.12)

p2 2 2 = 1+ Mn 1 ( + 1) 1 p1 T2 p2 1 = T1 p1 2

(9.13)

(9.14)

and finally from the geometry we define:

M2 =

sin( )

M n2

(9.15)

However, this is not quite enough to define everything we need for an oblique shock analysis. We still need a way to determine how the shock angle relates to the surface flow angle.

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--M Relation Returning back to the oblique shock relation:

u tan = 1 w1
u tan ( ) = 2 w2
Eq. (9.4)

(9.16)

(9.17)

tan( ) u2 1 = = tan u1 2

(9.18)

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2 tan( ) 2 + ( 1)M 1 sin 2 = Eq. (9.12) tan ( + 1)M12 sin 2

(9.19)

Or after significant manipulation:

tan = 2 cot

2 ( + cos 2 ) + 2 M1

2 M1 sin 2 1

(9.20)

--M Relation

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Observations on --M Equation 1. max Given M1 there is a maximum deflection angle that can occur, i.e., only detached shocks are possible.

2. Given M1 and <max there are two possible values: a. Lower - weak solutions b. Higher - strong solutions

3. M2 < 1 - All strong shock solutions and weak shock solutions near max.

4. M1 < the weak shock = for =0

5. =90 - strong shock solution, i.e., normal shock wave

6. Fixed : M M

for a weak solution for a strong solution

7. Fixed M:

for a weak solution, up to max for strong shock solutions, up to max

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Example 1 - A uniform supersonic stream with M1=3.0, p1=1atm, and T1=288K encounters a compression corner which deflects the stream by an angle =20. Calculate the shock wave angle, and p2, T2, M2, p02 and T02 behind the shock wave.

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Example 2 The flow deflection angle of Example 1 is increased to =30. Calculate the pressure and Mach number behind the wave, and compare these results with those of Example 1.

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Example 3 The free-stream Mach number in Example 1 is increased to 5. Calculate the pressure and Mach number behind the wave, and compare these results with those of Example 1.

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Example 4 Consider a Mach 2.8 supersonic flow over a compression corner with a deflection angle of 15. If the deflection angle is doubled to 30, what is the increase in shock strength (as measured by the pressure ratio)? Is it also doubled?

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Example 5 - Consider a compression corner with a deflection angle of 28. Calculate the shock strengths when M1=3.0 and when M1 is doubled to 6. Is the shock strength also doubled?

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Example 6 Consider a Mach 4 flow over a compression corner with a deflection angle of 32. Calculate the oblique shock wave angle for the weak shock case using (a) the --M chart, and (b) the --M equation. Compare the results from the two sets of calculations.

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Example 7 A 10 half-angle wedge is placed in a mystery flow of unknown Mach number. Using a Schlieren system, the shock wave angle is measured as 44. What is the free-stream Mach number?

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Example 8 Consider a 15 half-angle wedge at zero angle of attack. Calculate the pressure coefficient on the wedge surface in a Mach 3 flow or air.

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Example 9 Consider a 15 half-angle wedge at zero angle of attack in a Mach 3 flow of air. Calculate the drag coefficient. Assume that the pressure exerted over the base of the wedge, the base pressure, is equal to that of the free-stream pressure.

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