Adaptation Research and Policy Network for Asia and the Pacific (ARPNAP)

ARPNAP aims to enhance interactions between researches and policy makers in the region and to promote regional cooperation in adaptation research and policy making. ARPNAP will build on its links to existing global change research programmes and networks to build capacity in the region through the APN Project on Strengthening Capacity for Policy Research on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Water Sectors. Members of ARPNAP are invited to participate and contribute their expertise in all activities organized by the group. Interested parties are requested to log on to http://www.ukm.my/apn for more information and registration. Founding members: Malaysia: LESTARI-UKM, Malaysia Role: Project coordination and implementation of activities in Malaysia and networking in Archipelagic Southeast Asia India: MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Role: Project implementation in India and networking in South Asia

No: 32 / Dec 2009

LANGKAWI AWARD goes to Prof. Dato Dr. Ibrahim Komoo

Vietnam: Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN), Vietnam Role: Project implementation in Vietnam and networking in Mekong countries Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Hayama Role: Project implementation in Japan, networking in East Asia and mentoring for developing methodologies in adaptation policy research

Prof. Dato Dr. Ibrahim Komoo was awarded the Langkawi Award by the Government of Malaysia on 21st October 2009. The award was presented to him at the launching ceremony of Malaysia Environmental Week National Level 2009 and the launching of Rakan Alam Sekitar Sarawak State Level by Y.B. Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Dr. George Chan Hong Nam, Deputy Chief Minister of Sarawak at the Borneo Convention Centre, Sarawak. The most prestigious environmental award in Malaysia, which includes a plaque, a certificate signed by D.Y.M.M. Seri Paduka Baginda Yang DiPertuan Agong and a cash prize, is given in recognition of significant contribution to the field of environmental management, conservation and protection, locally and globally.
- Wan Daraputri Razali

Sidang Penyunting / Editorial Board

Penasihat / Advisors Prof. Dr. Mazlin Bin Mokhtar Prof. Dr. Mohd Shafeea Leman Prof. Emeritus Dato Dr. Hood Salleh Penyunting / Editors Rospidah Ghazali Dr. Ahmad Hezri Adnan Penolong Editor / Editorial Assistant Wan Daraputri Razali Ketua Editor Keluar Khas No.32 (2009) / Special Publication Lead Editor for No.32 (2009) Prof. Dr. Joy Jacqueline Pereira Penolong Editor Keluaran Khas No.32 (2009)/ Special Publication Assistant Editor for No.32 (2009) Sh. Nur Eli Diyana bt Syed Ismail Rekabentuk dan Grafik / Design and Graphics Nik Mohd Noor Faizul Md Saad

Kandungan / Contents
Langkawi Award goes to Prof. Dato Dr. Ibrahim Komoo 1 Dari Meja Pengarah/ From The Director 2 Malaysian Network for Research on Climate, Environment and Development (MyCLIMATE) 3 Current Research Initiatives of LESTARI on Climate Change 4 Newly Awarded APN-Funded Project, 2009 5 MyCLIMATE Events 6 Workshop on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change In Agriculture and Water Sectors 7 MyCLIMATE in Action! 8 Consolidating the National View on REDD 10 Pendidikan Untuk 12 Penerbitan/ Publications Pembangunan Lestari 11 Kekurangan Bekalan dan Kenaikan Harga Beras: Punca dan Penyelesaian 14 15 Adaptation Research and Policy Network for Asia and the Pacific 16

Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI) (Institute for Environment and Development) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM BANGI, Selangor MALAYSIA Tel : +603 8921 4144 / 4149 Fax: +03892 55104 E-mail : lestari@ukm.my Website: www.ukm.my/lestari

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INSTITUT ALAM SEKITAR DAN PEMBANGUNAN

INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

Dari Meja Pengarah

Penerbitan Publications

From The Director

Dari Meja Pengarah

Pada 1 Oktober 2009, LESTARI telah menyambut ulang tahun penubuhannya yang ke-15. Memulakan operasinya dengan empat program penyelidikan, kini LESTARI telah mempunyai 9 Kumpulan Teras dibawah tiga buah Pusat Penyelidikan dengan lebih 30 buah projek, dibiayai oleh pelbagai agensi di peringkat kebangsaan dan antarabangsa. Pencapaian ini adalah membanggakan! Kami juga amat berbangga dengan kejayaan Prof. Dato Dr. Ibrahim Komoo, Felo Utama LESTARI dan Pengarah SEADPRI-UKM yang telah menerima Anugerah Langkawi 2009. Tahniah! Isu Salam LESTARI pada kali ini berfokus kepada salah satu Kumpulan Teras di LESTARI iaitu Malaysian Network for Research on Climate, Environment and Development (MyCLIMATE). MyCLIMATE ditubuhkan pada 2006 dengan kerjasama dan sokongan daripada Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar. Agenda-agenda mengenai perubahan iklim diperkasakan oleh MyCLIMATE di peringkat kebangsaan dan antarabangsa melalui penyelidikpenyelidiknya. Kajian Dasar Perubahan Iklim bertindak sebagai tunjang kepada Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara pada masa akan datang. Penyelidikan ini Prof. Dr. Mazlin Bin Mokhtar memberikan input kepada National Focal Point dibawah United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). MyCLIMATE kini menerajui sebuah projek yang dibiayai oleh APN bertemakan Strengthening Capacity for Policy Research in Mainstreaming Climate Change. Hasil yang dijangkakan daripada penyelidikan ini ialah satu rangkaian penyelidikan yang dinamakan Adaptation Research and Policy Network for Asia and the Pacific (ARPNAP) yang terdiri daripada penggerak utama agenda perubahan iklim di peringkat serantau. Melalui ARPNAP, penyelidik MyCLIMATE dapat menyalurkan hasil penyelidikan mereka kepada 5th Assessment Report of the Interngovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC) yang dijangka terbit pada 2013. Semoga MyCLIMATE terus maju dalam penyelidikannya untuk kesejahteraan manusia sejagat Terima kasih.

MANAGING CONSTRUCTION WASTE IN MALAYSIA Editors: Joy Jacqueline Pereira, Mohd Dahlan Jantan and Gerald Sundaraj This book is published by the Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, based on findings of the research project on Waste Minimisation and Recycling Potential of Construction Materials funded by the Construction Industry Board (CIDB), Malaysia. The book is divided into four main sections comprising 15 articles from numerous disciplines which discuss various issues on construction waste management. Papers in this book were presented at roundtable dialogues, seminars and workshops organized during the project period, from 2002 to 2005. The first section of this book contains five articles focused on policy and economic considerations. Section two presents five more articles related to rock aggregates and concrete. Three papers on timber and wood waste are included in the third section. The fourth section presents two articles on waste management experiences in Malaysia. THE POLITICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES AND MALAYSIA Author: Sham Sani This monograph is concerned with the politics of climate change. It examines international responses and Malaysias state of preparedness in coping with climate change issues both at home and abroad. The paper begins with some brief remarks about the science of climate change and its impacts and consequences both globally and locally in Malaysia. Against this background, the politics of climate change is discussed with a focus on three major areas i.e. the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, the development of international groupings and coalitions in the climate change regime, and the outcome of the recent UNFCCC meeting in Bali in December 2007. ROUND TABLE DIALOGUES NO. 17: A NEW APPROACH TO CLIMATE CHANGE: BALANCING ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION Editors: Raja Zaharaton Raja Zainal Abidin, Joy Jacqueline Pereira, Koh Fui Pin and Tan Ching Tiong The Roundtable Dialogue on A New Approach to Climate Change: Balancing Adaptation and Mitigation was held on 25 February 2008. It was jointly organized by the Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), UKM; the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE); the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Malaysia; and the Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS). About 50 participants from government agencies, research institutes, universities, corporate sector, non-governmental and inter-governmental organizations participated in this Round Table Dialogue. The group represented a multidisciplinary background ranging from the sciences, physical planning, economics and finance to social sciences. LESTARI ANNUAL REPORT 2008 Annual Report Comittee Members : Mazlin bin Mokhtar, Saiful Arif Abdullah, Ahmad Fariz Mohamed, Nik Mohd Noor Faizul Md Saad, Wan Daraputri Razali, Nurul Safaniza Che Ani, Bisharuzi Omar, Rd. Puteri Khairani Khirotdin, Akmalhisham Jasni and Sharina Abdul Halim. This annual report contains research and development activities which were conducted by Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) during the year 2008. This report also contains details of postgraduate programmes offered at LESTARI, seminars, workshops and symposium organized by LESTARI and a list of LESTARI publications during the year 2008.

LESTARI celebrated its 15th anniversary on 1 October 2009. From its humble beginnings of four research programmes, LESTARI now consists of three Reseach Centres, hosting nine Core Groups, with over 30 projects, annually funded by various national and international agencies. This is an achievement that we are proud of! We are also proud of Prof. Dato Dr. Ibrahim Komoo, Principal Fellow of LESTARI and Director of the Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Institute (SEADPRI-UKM), who received the Langkawi Award 2009. Congratulations! This issue of Salam LESTARI focuses on the Malaysian Network for Research on Climate, Environment and Development (MyCLIMATE), one of the nine Core Groups at LESTARI. MyCLIMATE was established in 2006 with support from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Through its researchers, MyCLIMATE has championed the climate change agenda at national and regional levels. The Policy Study on Climate Change has served as the basis for the upcoming National Policy on Climate Change. The study has also provided inputs to the National Focal Point of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in framing the countrys positions on that platform. MyCLIMATE now helms the prestigious APN-funded Project on Strengthening Capacity for Policy Research in Mainstreaming Climate Change. An expected outcome of this project is the Adaptation Research and Policy Network for Asia and the Pacific (ARPNAP), comprising the main movers of the climate change agenda in the region. LESTARI envisions that MyCLIMATE through ARPNAP, will mobilize key researchers in the region and channel their findings to the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is due in 2013. We wish MyCLIMATE all the best in their endeavours for the benefit of mankind.

Thank you.

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dengan barangan perkilangan yang mampu bertindakbalas pantas apabila berlakunya peningkatan permintaan. Kesediaan faktor-faktor pengeluaran seperti tanah, buruh, input-input pertanian, bekalan air dan faktor cuaca merupakan batasan-batasan kepada penyelesaian segera. Oleh demikian penyelesaian jangka panjang melibatkan penggubalan dasar dan strategi makro untuk menangani isu ini. Pertumbuhan output merupakan penyelesaian jangka panjang untuk menangani kekurangan bekalan dan kenaikan harga. Bagi menjayakannya sektor pertanian perlu diransang terutamanya kepada tanaman berasaskan bijirin. Usaha ini memerlukan pakej atau gabungan strategi merangkumi dasar, insentif dan galakan, R&D, khidmat pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan, pemasaran, infrastruktur dan kapasiti penyimpanan. Wujud pendapat bahawa Revolusi Hijau Fasa Kedua perlu dilancarkan untuk menangani masalah pertumbuhan output. Di kalangan negara maju, halangan dagangan sektor pertanian masih lagi tinggi walaupun beberapa perubahan di bawah perjanjian perdagangan serantau dan dua hala telah dimeterai merangkumi penghapusan subsidi, bayaran pindahan, kuota dan beberapa bentuk perlindungan lain. Namun jurang ketidaksamaan antara negara maju dan negara miskin masih luas dan pasaran eksport lebih berpihak kepada negara pertanian maju. Di bawah dasar liberalisasi perdagangan, ketidakadilan semakin melebar. Pembukaan pasaran domestik kepada negara luar menyebabkan produk tempatan perlu bersaing dengan produk eksport yang jauh lebih murah dan berkualiti. Negara pertanian miskin kurang cekap dalam pelbagai aspek terpaksa bersaing negara kaya yang mempunyai kelebihan seperti skala pengeluaran, adaptasi teknik dan teknologi moden, buruh mahir dan berilmu, tanah luas dan keupayaan modal. Oleh demikian, sektor pertanian negara miskin tidak mampu bersaing dan dalam jangka masa panjang petani terpaksa meninggalkan ladang mereka untuk mencari peluang-peluang penghidupan lain. Keadilan perdagangan antarabangsa perlu diwujudkan bukan sahaja untuk negara miskin tetapi kepada keselamatan dan kesejahteraan manusia sejagat. Negara Sedang Membangun perlu menambah pelaburan R&D pertanian, khidmat pengembangan, memperbaiki sistem infrastruktur pertanian dan kemudahan asas luar bandar dan juga akses pasaran untuk petani kecil. Setelah sekian lama pelaburan luar bandar diabaikan, maka ini adalah masa untuk mereka memperbaiki dan menyemak semula dasar pembangunan pertanian dan luar bandar di negara masing-masing. Pembaikan kemudahan luar bandar seperti bekalan air, elektrik, komunikasi juga harus dilakukan secara berterusan bagi meningkatkan akses penduduk kepada makanan dan seterusnya kualiti hidup mereka.- Rospidah Ghazali

Penyelidikan Research

MALAYSIAN NETWORK FOR RESEARCH ON CLIMATE, ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (MyCLIMATE)

The Malaysian Network for Research on Climate, Environment and Development (MyCLIMATE), aims to consolidate partnerships among researchers within UKM, strengthen linkages with government agencies, the private sector, non-government organisations, community-based organisations and universities, to conduct R&D that is policy relevant. MyCLIMATE is currently undertaking major initiatives at the national and regional levels. These include the following: Policy Study on Climate Change; Assessment of Socio-Economic Impacts and Responses, Vulnerability & Adaptation Working Group of Malaysias Second National Communication; and APN-CAPaBLE Programme: Strengthening Capacity for Policy Research on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Water Sectors. The Secretariat of MyCLIMATE is hosted by the Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia and supported by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia. The UKM membership of MyCLIMATE comprises the Policy Tools and Responses Research Group within the Climate Change Policy Responses Research Cluster of UKMs Climate Change Research Niche, which is chaired by Prof. Dr. Sharifah Mastura Syed Abdullah. Through UKM members, MyCLIMATE provides research support to the National Focal Point for UNFCCC and the National Steering Committee on Climate Change in planning, coordinating and reviewing the implementation of climate change activities at national, state and local levels. MyCLIMATE has also developed a Directory of Climate Change Experts in Malaysia, encompassing researchers and experts in government agencies, universities, community based organisations, non-government organisations and the private sector. For more information, please log on to: www.ukm.my/myc

Tanjung Karang, Selangor

oleh Rospidah Ghazali

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Current Research Initiatives of LESTARI on CLIMATE CHANGE

POLICY STUDY ON CLIMATE CHANGE The Policy Study on Climate Change is conducted by the Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The study is funded under the Ninth Malaysia Plan, 2006-2010 (RMK 9) by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE). The aim of the project is to develop a national policy and strategies on climate change in fostering sustainable development in Malaysia to meet the needs of the country and respond to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A major outcome of this study is the draft of National Policy on Climate Change based on stakeholder consultations. Another major outcome of this project is the establishment of the Malaysian Network for Research on Climate, Environment & Development (MyCLIMATE). MyCLIMATE provides research support to the National Focal Point for UNFCCC in climate change activities at national, state and local levels. The study was awarded a gold medal at the 19th International Invention, Innovation and Technology Exhibition (ITEX 2008) organised by the Malaysian Invention and Design Society (MINDS) in May 2008. CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT LINKING SCIENCE AND GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABILITY This flagship project of UKM was initiated by the Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Institute (SEADPRIUKM) in collaboration with the Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI, UKM) and various faculties of UKM. The aim of the project is to review and adapt suitable methodologies for assessing vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change at the local level in a tropical region, and to reduce risk of disasters and negative impacts to livelihood. Local level case studies will be conducted and its findings documented in peer reviewed journals to benefit the preparation process of the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). READINESS AND CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE OF MALAYSIAN SOCIETY Climate change has the potential to create negative impacts to the community especially to the economy, livelihood and health. It is important to understand its potential impacts to the community to assess how resilient they are in managing after effect of any disasters related to climate change. This project was designed to understand the readiness of community towards changes in climate and the environment. One of the key elements of importance for mitigation is reduction of carbon emission from human activities. Case studies will be conducted on how to bring about carbon reduction through behavioral changes at the community level. The state of community resilience in responding to extreme weather will also be studied. The ethical living concept willserve as the basis for this study. THE ASIA-PACIFIC NETWORK FOR GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH (APN) PROJECT The Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research Project on Strengthening Capacity for Policy Research on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Water Sectors was initiated by the Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), UKM and the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Hayama, Japan, with support from the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), India and Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN), Vietnam. Other collaborators include University of Philippines Los Banos (Philippines), Royal University of Phnom Penh (Cambodia) and Institute of Technology Bandung (Indonesia). The project is funded by the AsiaPacific Network for Global Change Research and will be conducted over three years from 2009 to 2012. The project aims to strengthen research capacity on mainstreaming climate change adaptation in the agriculture and water sectors and also create a network for adaptation policy research in Asia. The project is currently expanding its partnership to researchers and policy makers in the region. Interested parties are invited to participate and contribute in all activities organised by the group to build capacity and enhance awareness on climate change adaptation. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND RESPONSE SUPPORT GROUP Malaysia has started preparing its Second National Communication since 2006. Three working groups were established for this purpose i.e. Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Vulnerability and Adaptation, and Mitigation. Within the Vulnerability and Adaptation Working Group chaired by the National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), a support group on Socio-Economic Impacts and Response has been established for the first time, to include social and economic aspects into Malaysias National Communication. The Support Group is chaired by LESTARI-UKM and aims to strengthen socio-economic inputs for seven key sectors i.e. water, agriculture, marine and coastal resources, biodiversity, forestry, energy and public health. The initial expected outcomes from this Support Group is to harmonise the methodologies for socio-economic impact assessment in the key sectors. Overall socio-economic assessments will then be conducted on a region specific basis.

Menurut Badan Makanan dan Pertanian (FAO), kenaikan mendadak harga beras global telah dikesan semenjak bulan Januari 2008 di mana meningkat sebanyak 20 peratus. Walau bagaimanpun kenaikan sebanyak dua kali ganda harga beras telah pun berlaku semenjak tahun 2000 lagi. Penganalisis ekonomi membahagikan punca kekurangan bekalan dan kenaikan harga beras global kepada beberapa faktor utama. Pengeluaran padi dan beras terutamanya di negara pengeluar utama dunia seperti Thailand, Vietnam, India dan Pakistan tidak meningkat berbanding semasa fasa Revolusi Hijau pada 1960an hingga 1970an. Kelembapan pengeluaran padi dan beras menyebabkan berlaku ketidakseimbangan dalam permintaan dan penawaran beras. Penambahan permintaan didorong oleh pertumbuhan penduduk yang pesat. Stok beras antarabangsa semakin menyusut. Dalam pada itu, kos pengeluaran per hektar semakin meningkat dan ia berpunca oleh kenaikan dalam kos input seperti baja, racun kawalan perosak, benih dan upah buruh. Serangan penyakit, makhluk perosak yang menyerang sawah padi bukan sahaja telah mengurangkan hasil, malahan turut membawa kepada kemusnahan keseluruhan tanaman. Perkembangan ekonomi global menyaksikan ekonomi dunia terutamanya China dan India bertumbuh tinggi. Proses perindustrian dan perbandaran berlaku dengan pantas dan pendapatan per kapita rakyat mereka juga meningkat. Ini mendorong mereka meningkatkan permintaan terhadap beras dan berasaskan beras. Dalam pada itu, muncul negara-negara pengguna beras baru seperti di wilayah Afrika yang beralih kepada komoditi beras dan berasaskan beras. Peralihan diet daripada berasaskan bijirin gandum berpunca daripada harga gandum yang tinggi berbanding harga beras. Kekurangan bekalan dan kenaikan harga beras juga disumbangkan oleh pengurangan pelaburan dan perkembangan perlahan daripada aktiviti-aktiviti penyelidikan dan pembangunan (R&D) dan pembaikan infrastruktur sistem pengairan terutama di negara-negara pengeluar padi dan beras utama. Pelaburan R&D untuk menghasilkan benih padi dan penemuan teknik penanaman moden adalah perlahan kerana faktor kekurangan dana penyelidikan dan komitmen di kalangan badan penyelidikan antarabangsa dan negara-negara maju. Faktor kemerosotan sumber asli dan alam sekitar turut menyumbang kepada kekurangan bekalan dan kenaikan harga beras. Tanah dan air sebagai input penting kepada aktiviti ini telah berkurangan. Kawasan padi berpengairan mengalami penguncupan kesan penukaran jenis guna tanah kepada tanaman lain yang lebih bernilai komersial seperti sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan. Dalam pada itu, amalan sistem intensifikasi monokultur iaitu menanam padi dua atau tiga kali setahun dalam jangka masa panjang, penggunaan input kimia seperti racun kawalan perosak dan baja yang keterlaluan menyebabkan tanah mengalami gangguan kesuburan dan memerlukan rawatan pemulihan untuk

jangka masa panjang. Sementara itu wujud persaingan antara jenis guna tanah pertanian dan lain-lain jenis guna tanah seperti perindustrian dan perbandaran. Pembukaan kawasan pengairan baru bagi negara-negara yang masih mempunyai sumber tanah pula memerlukan kos modal dan kos alam sekitar yang amat tinggi. Masalah kekurangan sumber bekalan air turut mempengaruhi pengeluaran padi secara berterusan. Persaingan penggunaan air berlaku antara aktiviti pertanian, keperluan domestik, perindustrian dan perbandaran. Kekurangan bekalan air menyebabkan terdapat beberapa kawasan padi, contohnya di India tidak dapat diusahakan. Perubahan dan ketidaktentuan iklim dunia merupakan cabaran alam sekitar semasa yang menyumbang kepada kekurangan bekalan dan kenaikan harga beras global. Kejadian banjir, ribut, taufan dan kemarau berpanjangan menyebabkan hasil pengeluaran padi berkurangan. Contohnya, fenomena kemarau berpanjangan pada tahun 2007 di Australia telah menyebabkan eksport beras dari negara berkenaan terhenti. Sementara kejadian taufan di Bangladesh pada awal tahun 2008 telah menyebabkan negara berkenaan terpaksa merayu bantuan makanan antarabangsa untuk mengelakkan rakyatnya kebuluran. Preskripsi dasar dan strategi berbentuk jangka pendek dan jangka panjang digubal dan dilaksanakan bagi mengatasi masalah ini. Penyelesaian jangka pendek lebih mensasarkan golongan termiskin dan berpendapatan rendah yang tinggal di bandar dan luar bandar. Dianggarkan lebih 60 peratus pendapatan yang mereka perolehi digunakan untuk membeli keperluan makanan. Kenaikan harga beras bermakna mereka perlu mengurangkan penggunaan beras atau mengurangkan perbelanjaan ke atas makanan lain seperti ikan, daging dan sayur-sayuran yang penting kepada kesihatan fizikal dan mental. Golongan miskin terutamanya kanak-kanak dan ibu-ibu mengandung memerlukan perhatian segera agar kesihatan mereka tidak terencat dan terganggu. Bagi menangani masalah ini strategi meningkatkan program-program perlindungan sosial atau juga dikenali sebagai program jaringan keselamatan (safety nets programs). Bantuan makanan seimbang dan berzat diperkenalkan di sekolah-sekolah atau di kawasan-kawasan pedalaman yang terletak jauh dari pasaran. Bantuan langsung seperti bantuan bekalan makanan, bantuan pendapatan dan program makanan berzat disasarkan terus kepada golongan yang dikenalpasti. Organisasi atau badan pemakanan dan pertanian antarabangsa seperti Pertubuhan Kesihatan Dunia (WHO), Program Makanan Dunia (WFP), FAO, Institut Penyelidikan Beras Antarabangsa (IRRI) dan Institut Penyelidikan Dasar Makanan Antarabngsa (IFPRI) telah bergerak lebih proaktif merangka program berkaitan pemakanan, kesihatan, penyelidikan dan bantuan makanan. Meningkatkan bekalan beras secara drastik sukar dilakukan kerana ciri-ciri komoditi pertanian adalah berbeza >> muka surat 14

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Oleh itu, Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu melalui UNESCO sebagai agensi penggerak telah mengiystiharkan tahun 2005 2014 sebagai Dekad Pendidikan untuk Pembangunan Lestari. Di Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) telah mengambil inisiatif untuk mempelopori gagasan pendidikan untuk pembangunan lestari melalui pengwujudan sebuah pusat dan melaksanakan beberapa program di peringkat kebangsaan dan rantauan. Pada umumnya, pendidikan untuk pembangunan lestari memberikan perhatian kepada usaha untuk mengintegrasikan prinsip, nilai dan amalan pembangunan lestari ke dalam semua aspek pendidikan dan pembelajaran. Pendekatan pendidikan, sama ada formal dan tidak kepada semua golongan masyarakat pelajar hingga masyarakat awam dilihat sebagai strategi jangka panjang yang paling kritikal bagi mengubah set minda masyarakat untuk memahami dan menghayati isu kelestarian, serta mengambil tindakan positif melaksanakan agenda pembangunan lestari. Pembangunan lestari memberikan tumpuan kepada beberapa prinsip sejagat yang merentas budaya, agama dan bangsa. Prinsip ini perlu diterapkan dalam semua disiplin ilmu yang didedahkan kepada pelajar dan masyarakat. Beberapa prinsip penting yang boleh diterapkan ialah: Berhati-hati tindakan yang telah diambil sebelum memperolehi bukti saintifik sesuatu itu boleh memberi impak negatif kepada alam sekitar atau kesejahteraan komuniti lazimnya akan mengakibatkan kerosakan yang luar dugaan terhadap masyarakat dan alam. Ini merupakan tindakan mementingkan diri dan tidak adil kepada generasi akan datang; Saling-bergantung Masyarakat, ekonomi dan alam sekitar tabii adalah saling-bergantung. Semua hidupan, termasuk manusia adalah bergantung antara satu sama lain, mereka dijalin melalui kitaran tabii dan sistem ekologi; Kualiti kehidupan dan keadilan kualiti kehidupan bergantung kepada sistem ekonomi, sosial dan alam sekitar yang melahirkan komuniti semasa dan akan datang yang sihat, produktif dan mempunyai makna hidup. Semua manusia mempunyai hak dan peluang yang sama untuk meneruskan kualiti hidup yang boleh diterima; Keupayaan tampungan keupayaan tampungan suatu ekosistem ialah jumlah penduduk yang boleh ditampung secara berterusan tanpa memudaratkan sumber dan perkhidmatan yang diberikan oleh ekosistem tersebut; dan Warga dunia semua manusia adalah warga dunia yang menggunakan sumber asli yang terhad, yang mengamalkan kepenggunaan yang mencemar dan menyebabkan degradasi alam sekitar. Manusia perlu bersifat warga dunia yang bertanggungjawab. Prinsip-prinsip di atas lazimnya terabai apabila pendidikan tertumpu kepada objektif dan kandungan disiplin ilmu. Pendidikan untuk pembangunan lestari boleh diterapkan secara beransur-ansur dalam sistem pendidikan negara. Pada peringkat awal prinsip, nilai dan amalan boleh diterapkan dalam semua mata pelajaran dan disiplin pendidikan. Bagaimanapun, akhirnya pendidikan lestari perlu memberikan tumpuan kepada hubung-kait antara disiplin dan pembinaan kurikulum yang bersifat terintegrasi dan holistik. Individu, komuniti, masyarakat dan bangsa yang terdidik mengenai pembangunan lestari merupakan penggerak utama untuk melihat pembangunan sesebuah negara secara lestari dan benteng terakhir untuk mempertahankan bumi dari terus termusnah oleh tindak tanduk manusia.
- Ibrahim Komoo

Penyelidikan

Newly Awarded APN-FUNDED PROJECT, 2009

Research
by LESTARI

Workshop on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Water Sectors, Corus Hotel, Kuala Lumpur

Kekurangan Bekalan dan Kenaikan Harga Beras: Punca dan Penyelesaian

enghujung tahun 2007, dunia dikejutkan dengan agflation, iaitu berlaku kenaikan inflasi ke atas barangan berasaskan pertanian kesan daripada kenaikan berterusan harga komoditi berkenaan. Pengguna miskin di serata dunia yang begitu tertekan dengan situasi ini melakukan bantahan atas kenaikan harga bijirin seperti beras, gandum, jagung dan soya. Kekurangan bekalan dan kenaikan harga bermula pada Disember 2007 di mana rakyat Mexico telah melakukan kekacauan membantah kenaikan mendadak harga tortilla yang meningkat empat kali ganda berbanding sebelumnya. Warga Indonesia pula melakukan protes jalanan atas kenaikan harga kacang soya. Pada Februari 2008, para pembantah di tiga buah bandar utama Burkina Faso telah menyerang pejabat kerajaan dan kedai-kedai atas kenaikan harga makanan

dan lain-lain keperluan asas. Penduduk Haiti melakukan keganasan apabila kehabisan bekalan beras sehingga dilaporkan kematian akibat kelaparan. Keadaan darurat ini menggesa badan-badan antarabangsa campurtangan memberi bantuan makanan kecemasan, namun bekalan hanya mencukupi untuk beberapa hari sahaja. Setiausaha Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB), Ban Kimoon telah mengisytiharkan bahawa krisis makanan dunia kini sudah sampai ke tahap kecemasan dan mengancam keselamatan makanan global. Beras merupakan salah satu komoditi bijirin yang mengalami kekurangan bekalan dan kenaikan harga mendadak. >> muka surat 13

nalysis of policies in select countries revealed that important decisions in the agriculture and water sectors, including reservoir construction and canal design are implemented without consideration of projected impacts of climate change. One of the most important barriers identified was the limited capacity of researches in the region to provide adaptation policy-relevant information. For example, research on indicators for monitoring the effectiveness of adaptation options at different spatial scales is completely lacking. Networking and communication among researchers and policy makers focusing on adaptation is also extremely limited. It was in this context that a project on Strengthening Capacity for Policy Research on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Water Sectors was initiated in August 2009 by the Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (LESTARI,UKM), in collaboration with the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), India, and Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN), Vietnam. The project, which is funded by the Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research under its CAPaBLE Programme, aims to strengthen research capacity on mainstreaming climate change adaptation concerns into agricultural and water policies and also to create a network for adaptation policy research in Asia. The project adopts a three-pronged approach to strengthen research capacity on adaptation in the agriculture and water sectors. Firstly, identification of practical options for mainstreaming and metrics for monitoring the effectiveness of adaptation policies and measures; secondly, exchange of adaptation policy-relevant information through creation of a network called ARPNAP (Adaptation Research and Policy Network for Asia and Pacific); and lastly, dissemination of

outputs beyond the project boundaries. A comprehensive assessment of national capacity for research and policy making on adaptation will be conducted through indicators such as number of research institutions, researchers, and policy makers, and policies that integrate climate change concerns. Technical, institutional and regulatory barriers to integrating climate change adaptation concerns at both policy and operational levels will be examined, with a view to provide tools to assess progress in adaptation in a measurable manner, and contribute to shaping of nationally appropriate adaption polices and measures within the context of sustainable development. The project will contribute to the characterization of adaptive policies and identifying gaps in existing agriculture and water policies. A framework for developing adaptive policies and assessing the effectiveness of adaptation investments will assist decision makers by providing a reference against which evaluators and stakeholders at all levels can monitor progress on adaptation. Project findings will be disseminated through project reports, peer reviewed articles, UNFCCC COP side events and the project website. ARPNAP will be linked to the NetRes (Network of Research Institutions) initiative under APFED (Asia Pacific Forum for Environment and Development) of IGES, NWP (Nairobi Work Programme) and LCA (Linking Climate Adaptation) mailing lists. The proposed ARPNAP network will be unique in the region to enhance interactions between researchers and policy makers. It is currently expanding its membership and welcoming all experts in the region to contribute their expertise. Interested parties are requested to log on to our project website at http://www.ukm.my/apn for more information and registration.
- Sh. Nur Eli Diyana, Tan Ching Tiong & Mohd Khairul Zain

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Aktiviti Activites

Artikel Article

MyCLIMATE Events
On behalf of LESTARI-UKM, the Ministry of Natural Members of MyCLIMATE have actively participated in key Resources and Environment (NRE) and other collaborators, meetings on climate change at national and international levels. Selected meetings are listed below: MyCLIMATE has organised the following activities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Workshop on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Water Sectors Corus Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, 10-11 August 2009 National Workshop on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Legend Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, 12 March 2009 Dialogue on Indicators for Climate Change and Sustainable Development Hotel Pan Pacific KLIA, 5 March 2009 Review of Macro Economic Models Application for Assessing Climate Change Impact on Various Economic Sectors LESTARI-UKM, 25 February 2009 Workshop on Socio-Economic Impact Assessment Tools for Climate Change Klana Beach Resort, Seremban, 24-25 November 2008 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 (COP 15), organised by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Copenhagen, Denmark 7-18 December 2009 Barcelona Climate Change Talks 2009, organised by UNFCCC, Barcelona, Spain 2-6 November 2009 31st Session of the IPCC, organised by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Bali, Indonesia 26-29 October 2009 Workshop on Environmental Science Research Field Study organised by Royal University of Phnom Penh & United Nations University, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 25 July 2009 Scoping Meeting for the IPCC 5th Assessment Report (AR5), Venice Italy 13-17 July 2009 Environmental Policy: A Multinational Conference On Policy Analysis and Teaching Methods organised by KDI School of Public Policy & Management, Seoul, South Korea, 11-13 June 2009 Workshop of Working Group on Vulnerability & Adaptation, Second National Communication (NC2) organised by National Hydraulic Research Institute Malaysia, First World Hotel, Genting Highland 27-28 April 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference 2008 (COP14), organised by UNFCCC, Poznan, Poland 2-13 December 2008 3rd Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction organised by National Security Council Malaysia & International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), Kuala Lumpur, 2-4 December 2008 >> to page 7

Pendidikan untuk Pembangunan Lestari

ukup bukti saintifik yang menunjukkan tindak tanduk manusia melaksanakan pembangunan ketika ini menuju ke arah ketidaklestarian! Kualiti alam sekitar sedang mengalami kemerosotan sumber asli, tenaga dan bahan asas, sumber air dan udara juga semakin tercemar. Pada masa yang sama, kadar kemiskinan penduduk dunia bertambah, dan jurang perbezaan antara yang kaya dan miskin semakin meluas. Manusia masih berkelakuan yang sama jadi tidak ada salahnya cara kita membangun sekarang! Alam sekitar tidak memerlukan manusia, tetapi manusia memerlukan alam sekitar untuk terus hidup di permukaan bumi ini. Warga dunia yang prihatin sedar aliran pembangunan yang membimbangkan ini akan membawa seluruh warga dunia menuju ke arah kemusnahan. Dalam Persidangan Kemuncak Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu di Rio de Janeiro pada tahun 1992, satu deklarasi mengenai Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan telah dipersetujui oleh kebanyakan negara dunia, termasuk Malaysia. Pada prinsipnya, pemimpin dunia sepakat untuk melaksanakan Agenda 21 iaitu satu agenda pembangunan abad ke-21 yang akan memberikan perhatian kepada pembangunan lestari! Apa itu pembangunan lestari? Secara prinsipnya pembangunan lestari boleh ditakrifkan sebagai pembangunan yang memenuhi keperluan masyarakat semasa tanpa menyekat keupayaan generasi akan datang untuk memenuhi keperluan mereka. Walaupun kenyataan ini nampaknya mudah, usaha untuk menterjemahkan kepada program dan aktiviti pembangunan yang bersifat lestari adalah sangat sukar dan kompleks. Ia menuntut perubahan set minda dan pengukuhan iltizam dari semua golongan pihak berkepentingan seperti ahli politik, pembuat dan pelaksana dasar, pihak peniaga, dan masyarakat awam. Malaysia respon kepada keperluan untuk berubah ke arah pembangunan lestari dengan pelbagai cara. Di peringkat institusi, perancangan pembangunan ekonomi mula memberikan perhatian kepada keperluan untuk memulihara alam sekitar dan sumber asli. Sesetengah agensi pelaksana telah memulakan peranannya dengan memperkenalkan konsep kelestarian sektoral dengan mengambil kira unsur kelestarian dalam sektor pembangunan masingmasing. Di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) umpamanya, telah menubuhkan Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI) pada tahun 1994. LESTARI berusaha untuk menyelidik dan memberikan latihan bagi membolehkan pendekatan, kemahiran dan pengetahuan untuk melaksanakan pembangunan lestari disalurkan kepada pelbagai pihak berkepentingan, terutamanya kepada institusi penggubal dan pelaksana dasar. Selepas lebih 15 tahun Deklarasi Rio dilaksanakan oleh kebanyakan negara dunia, aliran pembangunan yang

bersifat tidak lestari masih berterusan. Bagi kebanyakan negara, terutamanya negara Malaysia, cabaran utama untuk melaksanakan agenda pembangunan lestari ialah: Sistem pendidikan di peringkat sekolah hingga ke universiti adalah bersifat disiplin atau sektor. Oleh itu, kemahiran berfikir dan cara membuat keputusan oleh kebanyakan warga juga bersifat disiplin dan berasas sektor. Pembangunan lestari pada umumnya menuntut tindakan bersifat holistik dan terintegrasi. Pendekatan dan tindakan untuk pembangunan lestari memerlukan keupayaan berfikir secara multi-disiplin dan rentas-sektor. Oleh itu, keupayaan untuk melaksanakan perancangan pembangunan lestari sangat terbatas; Sistem governans yang diwarisi sejak zaman British lagi juga bersifat sektor. Agensi pembuat dan pelaksana dasar diwujudkan untuk melaksanakan aktiviti pembangunan bersifat sektor, antaranya pertanian, perlombongan, perhutanan, kesihatan, pendidikan dan perindustrian. Semua sektor ini mempunyai hubungan yang rapat antara satu sama lain, dan saling-hubungan antara sektor memainkan peranan yang penting untuk menjayakan agenda pembangunan lestari; dan Model pembangunan negara adalah berteraskan pembangunan ekonomi, dan pembangunan sosial dan alam sekitar dilihat daripada perspektif pengukuhan ekonomi negara. Walaupun pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan satu daripada komponen kelestarian yang penting, tanpa mengimbangi keperluan memperkukuhkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan pemuliharaan alam sekitar, asas pertumbuhan ekonomi akan menjadi rapuh dan dalam jangka panjang akan memusnahkan kelestarian sesuatu komuniti, bangsa atau negara. Tuntutan untuk melaksanakan agenda pembangunan lestari sangat sukar dan kompleks, terutamanya bagi negara yang sedang membangun, di mana pengukuhan ekonomi merupakan prioriti. Bagaimanapun, secara jangka panjang tiada negara dapat meminggirkan isu genting ini kerana ia melibatkan hidup mati warga dunia. Antara tindakan susulan untuk melaksanakan agenda pembangunan lestari oleh kebanyakan negara ialah melakar dasar dan perancangan yang bersesuaian; menyediakan strategi peralihan daripada pendekatan sektoral kepada holistik; melaksanakan program dan aktiviti penting berkaitan pembangunan lestari; dan pembangunan keupayaan individu dan institusi untuk melaksana agenda ini. Pembangunan keupayaan, khususnya melalui program Pendidikan untuk Pembangunan Lestari dilihat sebagai kunci kejayaan untuk mengubah set minda masyarakat ke arah kelestarian. >> muka surat 12

Training Course on Vulnerability Assessment for Climate Change Adaptation: The Spatial 6. Planning Perspective Danau Golf Club, UKM Bangi, 17 October 2008 National Consultation on the Draft National Policy on Climate Change 7. Palm Garden Hotel, Putrajaya, 24 25 September 2008 Consultation with Business and Industry Groups Policy Framework on Climate Change Danau Golf Club, UKM Bangi, 1 August 2008 8 Consultation with the NGOs Policy Framework on Climate Change Danau Golf Club, UKM Bangi, 23 July 2008 Roundtable Dialogue on A New Approach to Climate Change: Balancing Adaptation and Mitigation Bilik Majlis, Bangunan Canselori UKM, 25 February 2008 9

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Aktiviti Activities

Aktiviti Activities

Consolidating the National View on REDD

EDD, an acronym for Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in developing countries, is an innovative approach to protect and conserve tropical forest. The philosophy behind REDD is to provide financial support for countries that are willing and able to reduce emissions from deforestation. Previous approaches to curb global deforestation have so far been unsuccessful; forests continue to be converted to other land uses. In order to create strong economic incentive for developing countries to reduce the clearing of their tropical forests, these countries would need to be paid more than they could make by clearing the land and using it for agricultural activities such as crops cultivation and cattle rearing. It turns out that REDD is an affordable solution for reducing global warming pollution because the cost of compensating tropical countries is considerably lower than the current costs of reducing carbon emissions from industries, vehicles and power plant. Therefore, REDD can greatly reduce tropical deforestation, and thus reduce global warming, with relatively modest funding. A new funding arrangement has been initiated by the World Bank, namely Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) to provide necessary financial support. In this regard, a National Workshop on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) was held in Kuala Lumpur on12th March 2009. The Workshop was officiated by Y. Bhg. Puan Aziyah binti Mohamed, Deputy Secretary General of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE). It was jointly organised by the Forestry Department of

Malaysia (FDPM), Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), and also Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (LESTARI, UKM). The main objective was to develop an understanding on the issues of REDD; to provide a forum for the stakeholders consultation; and also to provide recommendations on a provisional national position on REDD. There were five papers presented during the Workshop; namely Climate Change, Forest and REDD, Some Thoughts on REDD, The Many Faces of REDD, Financing and Alternatives to REDD and also REDD and Greenhouse Gas Accounting. Following the presentations a panel discussion was convened with representatives of Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah Forestry Department, Sarawak Forestry Department, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) and WWF Malaysia as panel members. It is envisaged that REDD provides a new framework to allow deforesting countries to break this historic trend. A strict set of criteria would be developed to certify the reductions, and once a country reaches its emissions target and the reductions are certified, it would likely be eligible for monetary compensation. REDD will be amongst the controversial issues that will be deliberated and negotiated during the Copenhagen Climate Conference in December 2009. In this connection, developing countries particularly tropical rich nations must gain from REDD negotiation and not allow developed nations to use the REDD mechanism as a strategy to further hamper sustainable and economic development of developing countries.
- Shaharuddin Mohamad Ismail

Workshop on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change to Climate Change in Agriculture and Water Sector
The Workshop was organized in conjunction with the inception of the new project currently funded by the APN on Strengthening the Capacity for Policy Research on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Water Sectors, led by LESTARI-UKM, in collaboration with IGES, MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) India, and the Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN) Vietnam. The project aims to strengthen research capacity on mainstreaming climate change adaptation concerns into agricultural and water policies and to create a network for adaptation policy research in Asia Pacific. The Workshop was officiated by the Director of LESTARI, Prof Dr. Mazlin Bin Mokhtar who also gave an opening address at the meeting. Twelve papers were presented on three themes: regional and national perspective towards mainstreaming climate change adaptation; country status and experiences in climate change adaptation; and monitoring and financing of climate change adaptation. The discussion served as a basis to delineate practical options for mainstreaming climate change adaptation and measuring the effectiveness of adaptation policies. The four partners, LESTARI-UKM, IGES, MSSRF and IMHEN, in conjunction with selected organizations in the region will serve as founding members of the Adaptation Research and Policy Network for Asia and the Pacific (ARPNAP) Interested organizations in the region are welcome to become members of ARPNET to contribute and access outputs from the APN Project. Further information can be obtained from http://www.ukm.my/apn
- Mohd Khairul Zain, Tan Ching Tiong & Sh. Nur Eli Diyana

Corus Hotel, Ampang, Kuala Lumpur

by LESTARI

he Workshop on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Water Sectors was successfully convened on 10 August 2009 at the Corus Hotel, Kuala Lumpur involving about 50 participants from government agencies, research institutes and selected universities in Southeast Asia. It was jointly organised by the Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (LESTARI,UKM), Asia Pacific Network on Global Change Research (APN) and Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan in order to achieve its mission of strengthening research capacity on mainstreaming climate change adaptation. In addition, the Workshop also provided a platform for researchers and experts of various disciplines to interact with each other, share expertise, build capacity and enhance awareness on climate change adaptation; agriculture and water sectors.

>> from page 6 10. 11.

Hutan Bukit Hijau, Kedah
by LESTARI

Bangkok Climate Change Talks 2009, organised by UNFCCC, Bangkok, Thailand 31 March- 4 April 2008 International Seminar on Climate Variability, Change and Extreme Weather Events Towards Enhancing Understanding of Climate Variability Change in the Maritime Continent and Indo-Pacific Region organised by Malaysian Meterological Department (MMD), 26-27 February 2008

12. 13. 14.

Young Presidents Organisation: Outlook for the Year 2008, The Effects of Climate Change on Business, organised by Young Presidents Organisation Secretariat, Kuala Lumpur, 24 January 2008 National Environmental Conference: Facing Market Realities: Going Green for Sustainable Development organised by Asia Executive Programmes, Kuala Lumpur, 18 January 2008 United National Climate Change Conference 2007 (COP13), Bali, Indonesia 13-14 December 2007

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Aktiviti Activities

Aktiviti Activities

MyCLIMATE in ACTION!

MyCLIMATE in ACTION!

Dialogue on Indicators for Climate Change and Sustainable Development 5 March 2009 Hotel Pan Pacific KLIA, Sepang

National Consultation Workshop on the Draft National Policy on Climate Change 24 & 25 September 2009 Palm Garden Hotel, Putrajaya

Training Course on Vulnerability Assessment for Climate Change Adaptation: The Spatial Planning Perspective 17 October 2008 Danau Glof Club, UKM

Workshop on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Water Sectors 10-11 August 2009 Corus Hotel, Kuala Lumpur