Wind turbine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind, also called wind energy, into mechanical energy in a process known as wind power. If the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device may be called a wind turbine or wind power plant. If the mechanical energy is used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain or pumping water, the device is called a windmill or wind pump. Similarly, it may be referred to as a wind charger when used for charging batteries. The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging or auxiliary power on boats; while large grid-connected arrays of turbines are becoming an increasingly important source of wind power-produced commercial electricity.

Contents
1 History 2 Resources 3 Efficiency 3.1 Theoretical power captured by a wind turbine 3.2 Practical wind turbine power 4 Types 4.1 Horizontal axis 4.2 Vertical axis design 5 Design and construction 5.1 Unconventional designs 6 Wind turbines on public display 7 Small wind turbines 8 Wind turbine spacing 9 Records 10 Horizontal axis wind turbines 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links

Offshore wind farm using 5MW turbines REpower 5M in the North Sea off the coast of Belgium.

History
Main article: History of wind power Windmills were used in Persia (present-day Iran) as early as 200 B.C.[1] The windwheel of Heron of Alexandria marks one of the first known instances of wind powering a machine in history.[2][3] However, the first known practical windmills were built in Sistan, an Eastern province of Iran, from the 7th century. These "Panemone" were vertical axle windmills, which had long vertical driveshafts with rectangular blades.[4] Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water, and were used in the gristmilling and sugarcane industries.[5] Windmills first appeared in Europe during the middle ages. The first historical records of their use in England date to the 11th or 12th centuries and there are reports of German crusaders taking their windmill-making skills to Syria around 1190.[6] By the 14th century, Dutch windmills were in use to drain areas of the Rhine delta.
James Blyth's electricity-generating wind turbine, photographed in 1891

The first electricity-generating wind turbine was a battery charging machine installed in July 1887 by Scottish academic James Blyth to light his holiday home in Marykirk, Scotland.[7] Some months later American inventor Charles F Brush built the first automatically operated wind turbine for electricity production in Cleveland, Ohio.[7] Although Blyth's turbine was considered uneconomical in the United Kingdom[7] electricity generation by wind turbines was more cost effective in countries with widely scattered populations.[6] In Denmark by 1900, there were about 2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills, producing an estimated combined peak power of about 30 MW. The largest machines were on 24-metre (79 ft) towers with fourbladed 23-metre (75 ft) diameter rotors. By 1908 there were 72 wind-driven electric generators operating in the US from 5 kW to 25 kW. Around the time of World War I, American windmill makers were producing 100,000 farm windmills each year, mostly for water-pumping.[9] By the 1930s, wind generators for electricity were common on farms, mostly in the United States where distribution systems had not yet been installed. In this period, high-tensile steel was cheap, and the generators were placed atop prefabricated open steel lattice towers.

The first megawatt-capacity wind turbine in the USA, in 1941 Vermont

The first automatically operated wind turbine, built in Cleveland in 1887 by Charles F. Brush. It was 60 feet (18 m) tall, weighed 4 tons (3.6 metric tonnes) and powered a 12 kW generator. [8]

A forerunner of modern horizontal-axis wind generators was in service at Yalta, USSR in 1931. This was a 100 kW generator on a 30-metre (98 ft) tower, connected to the local 6.3 kV distribution system. It was reported to have an annual capacity factor of 32 per cent, not much different from current wind machines.[10] In the fall of 1941, the first megawatt-class wind turbine was synchronized to a utility grid in Vermont. The SmithPutnam wind turbine only ran for 1,100 hours before suffering a critical failure. The unit was not repaired because of shortage of materials during the war. The first utility grid-connected wind turbine to operate in the UK was built by John Brown & Company in 1951 in the Orkney Islands.[7][11] As of 2012, Danish company Vestas is the world's biggest wind-turbine manufacturer. About off shores wind turbines, the European Wind Energy Association wrote on its first half 2013 report that Siemens take the lead in Europe with a production capacity around 1045 megawatts.[12]

Resources
Main article: Wind power A quantitative measure of the wind energy available at any location is called the Wind Power Density (WPD) It is a calculation of the mean annual power available per square meter of swept area of a turbine, and is tabulated for different heights above ground. Calculation of wind power density includes the effect of wind velocity and air density. Color-coded maps are prepared for a particular area described, for example, as "Mean Annual Power Density at 50 Metres". In the United States, the results of the above calculation are included in an index developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and referred to as "NREL CLASS". The larger the WPD calculation, the higher it is rated by class. Classes range from Class 1 (200 watts per square metre or less at 50 m altitude) to Class 7 (800 to 2000 watts per square m). Commercial wind farms generally are sited in Class 3 or higher areas, although isolated points in an otherwise Class 1 area may be practical to exploit.[13] Wind turbines are classified by the wind speed they are designed for, from class I to class IV, with A or B referring to the turbulence.[14]

Class Avg Wind Speed (m/s) Turbulence IA IB IIA IIB IIIA IIIB IVA IVB 10 10 8.5 8.5 7.5 7.5 6 6 18% 16% 18% 16% 18% 16% 18% 16%

Efficiency
Theoretical power captured by a wind turbine
Nordex N117/2400 in Germany, a modern low-wind turbine.

Total wind power could be captured only if the wind velocity is reduced to zero. In a realistic wind turbine this is impossible, as the captured air must also leave the turbine. A relation between the input and output wind velocity must be considered. Using the concept of streamtube, the maximal achievable extraction of wind power by a wind turbine is 59% of the total theoretical wind power[15] (see: Betz' law).

Practical wind turbine power

Further inefficiencies, such as rotor blade friction and drag, gearbox losses, generator and converter losses, reduce the power delivered by a wind turbine. The basic relation that the turbine power is (approximately) proportional to the third power of velocity remains.

Types
Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis, the former being both older and more common.[16]

Horizontal axis
Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator.[17] Since a tower produces turbulence behind it, the turbine is usually positioned upwind of its supporting tower. Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from being pushed into the tower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a considerable distance in front of the tower and are sometimes tilted forward into the wind a small amount. Downwind machines have been built, despite the problem of turbulence (mast wake), because they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind, and because in high winds the blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance. Since cyclical (that is repetitive) turbulence may lead to fatigue failures, most HAWTs are of upwind design.

The three primary types:VAWT Savonius, HAWT towered; VAWT Darrieus as they appear in operation

Turbines used in wind farms for commercial production of electric power are usually threebladed and pointed into the wind by computer-controlled motors. These have high tip speeds of over 320 km/h (200 mph), high efficiency, and low torque ripple, which contribute to good reliability. The blades are usually colored white for daytime visibility by aircraft and range in length from 20 to 40 metres (66 to 130 ft) or more. The tubular steel towers range from 60 to 90 metres (200 to 300 ft) tall. The blades rotate at 10 to 22 revolutions per minute. At 22 rotations per minute the tip speed exceeds 90 metres per second (300 ft/s).[18][19] A gear box is commonly used for stepping up the speed of the generator, although designs may also use

Components of a horizontal axis wind turbine (gearbox, rotor shaft and brake assembly) being lifted into position

direct drive of an annular generator. Some models operate at constant speed, but more energy can be collected by variable-speed turbines which use a solid-state power converter to interface to the transmission system. All turbines are equipped with protective features to avoid damage at high wind speeds, by feathering the blades into the wind which ceases their rotation, supplemented by brakes.

Vertical axis design

Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. Key advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly variable, for example when integrated into buildings. The key A turbine blade convoy passing disadvantages include the low rotational speed with the through Edenfield, UK consequential higher torque and hence higher cost of the drive train, the inherently lower power coefficient, the 360 degree rotation of the aerofoil within the wind flow during each cycle and hence the highly dynamic loading on the blade, the pulsating torque generated by some rotor designs on the drive train, and the difficulty of modelling the wind flow accurately and hence the challenges of analysing and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype.[20]
A vertical axis Twisted Savonius type turbine.

With a vertical axis, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, using a direct drive from the rotor assembly to the ground-based gearbox, hence improving accessibility for maintenance.

When a turbine is mounted on a rooftop, the building generally redirects wind over the roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine. If the height of the rooftop mounted turbine tower is approximately 50% of the building height, this is near the optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind turbulence. It should be borne in mind that wind speeds within the built environment are generally much lower than at exposed rural sites,[21][22] noise may be a concern and an existing structure may not adequately resist the additional stress. Another type of vertical axis is the Parallel turbine similar to the crossflow fan or centrifugal fan it uses the ground effect. Vertical axis turbines of this type have been tried for many years: a large unit producing up to 10 kW was built by Israeli wind pioneer Bruce Brill in 1980s:[23] the device is mentioned in Dr. Moshe Dan Hirsch's 1990 report, which decided the Israeli energy department investments and support in the next 20 years.[citation needed ] The Magenn WindKite blimp uses this configuration as well, chosen because of the ease of running.[citation needed ]

Design and construction

Main article: Wind turbine design Wind turbines are designed to exploit the wind energy that exists at a location. Aerodynamic modelling is used to determine the optimum tower height, control systems, number of blades and blade shape. Wind turbines convert wind energy to electricity for distribution. Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three components: The rotor component, which is approximately 20% of the wind turbine cost, includes the blades for converting wind energy to low speed rotational energy. The generator component, which is approximately 34% of the wind turbine cost, Components of a horizontal-axis wind includes the electrical generator, the control electronics, and most likely a gearbox [24] [25] turbine (e.g. planetary gearbox, adjustable-speed drive or continuously variable transmission[26]) component for converting the low speed incoming rotation to high speed rotation suitable for generating electricity. The structural support component, which is approximately 15% of the wind turbine cost, includes the tower and rotor yaw mechanism.[27]

A 1.5 MW wind turbine of a type frequently seen in the United States has a tower 80 metres (260 ft) high. The rotor assembly (blades and hub) weighs 48,000 pounds (22,000 kg). The nacelle, which contains the generator component, weighs 115,000 pounds (52,000 kg). The concrete base for the tower is constructed using 58,000 pounds (26,000 kg) of reinforcing steel and contains 250 cubic yards (190 m3) of concrete. The base is 50 ft (15 m) in diameter and 8 ft (2.4 m) thick near the center.[28]

Unconventional designs
Main article: Unconventional wind turbines One E-66 wind turbine at Windpark Holtriem, Germany, carries an observation deck, open for visitors. Another turbine of the same type, with an observation deck, is located in Swaffham, England. Airborne wind turbines have been investigated many times but have yet to produce significant energy. Conceptually, wind turbines may also be used in conjunction with a large vertical solar updraft tower to extract the energy due to air heated by the sun. Wind turbines which utilise the Magnus effect have been developed.[29] The ram air turbine is a specialist form of small turbine that is fitted to some aircraft. When deployed, the RAT is spun by the airstream going past the aircraft and can provide power for the most essential systems if there is a loss of all onboard electrical power.[citation needed ]
The corkscrew shaped wind turbine at Progressive Field in Cleveland, Ohio

Wind turbines on public display

Main article: Wind turbines on public display A few localities have exploited the attention-getting nature of wind turbines by placing them on public display, either with visitor centers around their bases, or with viewing areas farther away.[30] The wind turbines themselves are generally of conventional horizontal-axis, three-bladed design, and generate power to feed electrical grids, but they also serve the unconventional roles of technology demonstration, public relations, and education. Australia: Blayney Wind Farm, New South Wales has a viewing area and interpretive centre; Wattle Point Wind Farm, South Australia has an information centre Canada: OPG 7 commemorative turbine is a Vestas V80-1.8MW wind turbine on the site of the Pickering Nuclear Generating Station; Toronto Hydro - WindShare features a Lagerwey Wind model LW 52 wind turbine at Exhibition Place China: Inner Mongolia's Huitengxile Wind Farm has 14 visitor centers to accommodate wind power tourists to the remote region[31] Hong Kong: Lamma Winds has a single Nordex N50/800 kW model with a rotor diameter of 50m and a nameplate capacity of 800 kW The Nordex N50 wind turbine and New Zealand: Brooklyn, Wellington, New Zealand has a 230 kW wind turbine visitor centre of Lamma Winds in United Kingdom: Ecotech Centre, Swaffham, Norfolk; Green Park Business Park Hong Kong [32] has an Enercon E-70 2 MW wind turbine adjacent to the M4 motorway, billed as the UK's most visible turbine; Renewable Energy Systems has a Vestas V29 225 kW wind turbine[33] visible from the M25 motorway at its headquarters at Beaufort Court, Kings Langley, Hertfordshire; Scroby Sands wind farm has a visitor center at Great Yarmouth open during the tourist season (MayOctober); Scout Moor Wind Farm "has become a real tourist attraction"[34] since its 2008 opening; Whitelee Wind Farm near Glasgow has become the first wind energy project in Scotland to join the Association of Scottish Visitor Attractions (ASVA). United States: Dorchester, Massachusetts - Local 103 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers installed the first commercial-scale wind turbine within the City of Boston, a 100 kW unit from Fuhrlaender on a 35-meter tower with rotor diameter of 21 meters, visible from the John F. Kennedy Library;[35] The Great Lakes Science Center in Cleveland, Ohio has a reconditioned Vestas V27 wind turbine with a nameplate capacity of 225 kW;[36] Great River Energy's headquarters in Maple Grove, Minnesota has a NEG Micon M700 wind turbine, visible from Interstate 94;[37][38] Laurel, New York has a Northern Power Systems 100 kW turbine at the Half Hollow Nursery and private tours of the operating turbine are provided by Eastern Energy Systems Inc. of Mattituck, New York; Lubbock, Texas has a Vestas V47 at the American Wind Power Center; McKinney, Texas has a Wal-Mart store with several sustainability features, including two wind turbines manufactured

by Bergey Windpower, of 1 kW and 50 kW nameplate capacity respectively;[39] Sweetwater, Texas has a 2 MW 60 Hz DeWind D8.2 prototype wind turbine[40] for training students in the Texas State Technical College wind energy program[41]

Small wind turbines

Main article: Small wind turbine Small wind turbines may be used for a variety of applications including on- or off-grid residences, telecom towers, offshore platforms, rural schools and clinics, remote monitoring and other purposes that require energy where there is no electric grid, or where the grid is unstable. Small wind turbines may be as small as a fifty-watt generator for boat or caravan use. The U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) defines small wind turbines as those smaller than or equal to 100 kilowatts.[42] Small units often have direct drive generators, direct current output, aeroelastic blades, lifetime bearings and use a vane to point into the wind. Larger, more costly turbines generally have geared power trains, alternating current output, flaps and are actively pointed into the wind. Direct drive generators and aeroelastic blades for large wind turbines are being researched.

Wind turbine spacing

On most horizontal windturbine farms, a spacing of about 6-10 times the rotor diameter is often upheld. However, for large wind farms distances of about 15 rotor diameters should be more economically optimal, taking into account typical wind turbine and land costs. This conclusion has been reached by research[43] conducted by Charles Meneveau of the Johns Hopkins University,[44] and Johan Meyers of Leuven University in Belgium, based on computer simulations[45] that take into account the detailed interactions among wind turbines (wakes) as well as with the entire turbulent atmospheric boundary layer. Moreover, recent research by John Dabiri of Caltech suggests that vertical wind turbines may be placed much more closely together so long as an alternating pattern of rotation is created allowing blades of neighbouring turbines to move in the same direction as they approach one another.[46]

A small Quietrevolution QR5 Gorlov type vertical axis wind turbine in Bristol, England. Measuring 3m in diameter and 5m high, it has a nameplate rating of 6.5kW to the grid.

Records
Largest capacity The Enercon E-126 has a rated capacity of 7.58 MW,[47] has an overall height of 198 m (650 ft), a diameter of 126 m (413 ft), and is the world's largest-capacity wind turbine since its introduction in 2007.[48] At least five companies are working on the development of a 10 MW turbine. Largest swept area The turbine with the largest swept area is the Siemens SWT-6.0-154, with a diameter of 154 m, giving a total sweep of 18,600 m2.[49][50] Tallest Nowy Tomyl Wind Turbines are the tallest wind turbines, standing in Papro, Poland, 210 meters tall, also constructed by Fuhrlaender in late 2012. Their axis have the same height as previous tallest turbine, Fuhrlnder Wind Turbine Laasow, that is 160 meters, but their rotors reach 210 against the Laasow's 205 meters. Those three turbines are the only in the world taller than 200 meters.[51][52] Fuhrlnder Wind Turbine Laasow, among the world's Largest vertical-axis tallest wind turbines Le Nordais wind farm in Cap-Chat, Quebec has a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) named [53] [54] ole, which is the world's largest at 110 m. It has a nameplate capacity of 3.8 MW. Most southerly The turbines currently operating closest to the South Pole are three Enercon E-33 in Antarctica, powering New Zealand's Scott Base and the United States' McMurdo Station since December 2009[55][56] although a modified HR3 turbine from Northern Power Systems operated at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in 1997 and 1998.[57] In March 2010 CITEDEF designed, built and installed a wind turbine in Argentine Marambio Base.[58] Most productive Four turbines at Rnland wind farm in Denmark share the record for the most productive wind turbines, with each having

generated 63.2 GWh by June 2010.[59] Highest-situated The world's highest-situated wind turbine is made by DeWind installed by the Seawind Group and located in the Andes, Argentina around 4,100 meters (13,500 ft) above sea level. The site uses a type D8.2 - 2000 kW / 50 Hz turbine. This turbine has a new drive train concept with a special torque converter (WinDrive) made by Voith and a synchronous generator. The WKA was put into operation in December 2007 and has supplied the Veladero mine of Barrick Gold with electricity since then.[60] Largest floating wind turbine The world's largestand also the first operational deep-water large-capacityfloating wind turbine is the 2.3 MW Hywind currently operating 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) offshore in 220-meter-deep water, southwest of Karmy, Norway. The turbine began operating in September 2009 and utilizes a Siemens 2.3 MW turbine.[61][62]

Horizontal axis wind turbines

A list of the different models of wind turbines from the top 10 wind turbine manufacturers by market share:

ole, the largest vertical axis wind turbine, in Cap-Chat, Quebec

MW 8.0 MW 7.580 MW 6.0 MW 6.0 MW 5.0 MW 5.0 MW 4.5 MW 4.5 MW 4.1 MW 3.6 MW 3.6 MW 3.05 MW 3.0

Name V164-8.0 MW E-126 SWT-6.0-154 SL6000 SL5000 G128-5.0 MW G136-4.5 MW G128-4.5 MW 4.1-113[69] SWT-3.6-120

Manufacturer Vestas Enercon Siemens Wind Power Sinovel Sinovel Gamesa Gamesa Gamesa GE Energy Siemens Wind Power Siemens Wind Power Enercon Guodian United

Market date 2015 Q1 2011 2012 2011 2010 2013 2011[66] 2012

Offshore x both x x

Swept area m2 21,124 12,668 18,600[63] 12,868 12,868 12,868 14,527 12,868 9,940[69] 11,300

Rotor diameter (meters) 164 127 154 128 128 128 136 128 113 120

Hub height (meters) 105 135

Geared x -

Sitespecific[64] x x 80-94[65] 120[67] 81, 120, 140[68] x x x 90 x

2010

SWT-3.6-107

2004

both

9,000

107

80 99, 135, 149

E-101

8,012

101

MW 3.0 MW 3.0 MW 3.0 MW 3.0 MW 3.0 MW 3.0 MW 3.0 MW 3.0 MW 3.0 MW 3.0 MW 3.0 MW 2.75 MW 2.75 MW 2.6 MW 2.5 MW 2.5 MW 2.5 MW 2.5 MW 2.5 MW 2.5 MW 2.35 MW 2.3 MW 2.3 MW

UP100DD[70] UP100DF[70] SWT-3.0-113[71] SWT-3.0-108 SWT-3.0-101 V112-3.0 MW[72] V112-3.0 MW Offshore[73] V90-3 MW[74] V90-3.0 MW Offshore E-82 E3, E4 SCD 3.0 MW[75] SL3000[76] 2.75-103[77] 2.75-100[77] V100-2.6 MW E-115 GW 109[78] GW 106[78] GW 100[78] GW 90[78] SCD 2.5 MW[75]

Power Guodian United Power Siemens Wind Power Siemens Wind Power Siemens Wind Power Vestas Vestas Vestas Vestas Enercon Ming Yang Sinovel GE Energy GE Energy Vestas Enercon Goldwind Goldwind

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2003 2003 ? ? 2010 ? ? ? ? ? ?

x x 7,854 10,387 9,399 8,824 10,000 9,150 8,000 9,852 9,852 6,362 6,362 5,281 6,644, 7,850 10,038.7

100 100 113 108 101 112 112 90 90 82 92, 100, 108 113.3 103 100 100 115 109 106 92.5-149 100 100

x 79.5-142.5 79.5-99.5 74.5-99.5 -

84, 94, 119 x site specific x 80, 90, 105 x site specific x 78, 85, 98, 108, 138 75, 85, 90, x 100 90 85, 98.3 85, 98.3 x x x x -

Goldwind Goldwind Ming Yang

? ? ?

7,823 6,362 6,644, 7,850 6,648

100 90 92, 100, 108 92

100 80

75, 85, 90, x 100 85, 98, 104, 108, 138 -

E-92

Enercon

E-82 E2 E-70[79]

Enercon Enercon

? ?

5,281 3,959

82 71

78, 85, 98, 108, 138 57, 64, 74, 85, 98, 113

2.3 MW 2.3 MW 2.3 MW 2.3 MW 2.3 MW 2.25 MW 2.1 MW 2.1 MW 2.0 MW 2.0 MW 2.0 MW 2.0 MW 2.0 MW 2.0 MW 2.0 MW

SWT-2.3-113[80] SWT-2.3-108[81] SWT-2.3-101[82] SWT-2.3-93[83] SWT-2.3-82 VS

Siemens Wind Power Siemens Wind Power Siemens Wind Power Siemens Wind Power Siemens Wind Power

? ? ? ? ? 2011 ? ? ? 2013[88] 2010[90] 2005[92] 2004 2003

10,000 9,144 8,000 6,800 5,300 6,082 7,085, 7,386 6,082 5,281 10,207 7,390 6,362 5,945 5,027

113 108 101 93 82.4 88 95, 97 88 82 114 97 90 87 80

99.5 80 80 80 80 80

x x x x x

S88 MARK II DFIG Suzlon 2.25 MW[84] S9X (S95, S97)[85] S88-2.1 MW[86] E-82 E2[87] G114-2.0 MW G97-2.0 MW G90-2.0 MW G87-2.0 MW G80-2.0 MW Suzlon Suzlon Enercon Gamesa Gamesa Gamesa Gamesa Gamesa Guodian United Power Vestas Vestas

80, 90, 100 x 80 x

78, 85, 98, 108, 138 93, 120, 140[89] 78, 90[91] x x

67, 78, 100 x 67, 78, 90, x 100[93] 60, 67, 78, x 100[94] x 80, 95 x

UP96[70]

? ? ? ? ? 2008 2004 ? 1996 ?

5,890 6,362 5,027 5,346 4,657[98] 3,904[99] 7,854

96.4 100 100 90 80 82.5 77 70.5 65 87 80-125 60-100

1.8/2.0 V100-1.8/2.0 MW MW[95] 1.8 MW V100-1.8 MW

1.8/2.0 V90-1.8/2.0 MW[95] Vestas MW 2.0 MW 1.6 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW V80-2.0 MW[95] 1.6-82.5[96] 1.5-77[97] 1.5s[96] 1.5i[96] GW 87[100] Vestas GE Energy GE Energy GE Energy GE Energy Goldwind

x x

65, 80, 100 x 65, 80 64.7 x x x 70, 75, 85, 100

1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.5 MW 1.25 MW 1.25 MW 1.25 MW 0.9 MW 0.85 MW 0.85 MW 0.8 MW 0.8 MW 0.6 MW

GW 82[100] GW 77[100] GW 70[100] UP86[70] UP82[70] UP77[70] MY 1.5s[101] MY 1.5se[101] MY 1.5Sh[101] MY 1.5Su[101]

Goldwind Goldwind Goldwind Guodian United Power Guodian United Power Guodian United Power Ming Yang Ming Yang Ming Yang Ming Yang

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

5,324 4,654 3,850

82 77 70 86.086 82.76 77.36

70, 75, 85, 100 61.5, 85, 100 65, 85 x x x 65, 70, 75, x 80 65, 70, 75, x 80 65, 70, 75, x 80 65, 70, 75, x 80 78.5 x x x x x -

5,320 4,368 5,320

82.6 77.1 82.6

4,368/5,320 77.1/82.6

S82-1.5 MW[102]

Suzlon

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

5,281 3,892.5, 4,657, 5,398 3,421 3,421 3,217 1,521 2,682 2,214 2,198 1,810 2,124

82

SL1500/70,77,82[103] Sinovel S66-1.25 MW[104] S66-1.25 MW[105] S64-1.25 MW[105] E-44[106] G58-0.85 MW[107] G52-0.85 MW[108] E-53[109] E-48[110] S52-600KW[111] Suzlon Suzlon Suzlon Enercon Gamesa Gamesa Enercon Enercon Suzlon

70.4, 77.4, 65-100 82.9 66 66 64 44 58 52 52.9 48 52 74.5 74.5 74.5 45, 55

44, 55, 65, x 74 44, 55, 65 60, 73 x -

50, 55, 60, 76 75 x

See also
Compact wind acceleration turbine Environmental effects of wind power olienne Bolle

List of wind turbine manufacturers List of wind turbines Renewable energy Small wind turbine Tidal stream generator Wind farm Windbelt Windmill Wind power Windpump Wind turbines on public display

References
1. ^ "Part 1 Early History Through 1875" (http://www.telosnet.com/wind/early.html). Retrieved 2008-07-31. 2. ^ A.G. Drachmann, "Heron's Windmill", Centaurus, 7 (1961), pp. 145151 3. ^ Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der stlichen zur westlichen Windmhle", Archiv fr Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp. 130 (10f.) 4. ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Donald Routledge Hill (1986). Islamic Technology: An illustrated history, p. 54. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42239-6. 5. ^ Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, p. 64-69. (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical Engineering (http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm)) 6. ^ a b Morthorst, Poul Erik; Redlinger, Robert Y.; Andersen, Per (2002). Wind energy in the 21st century: economics, policy, technology and the changing electricity industry. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave/UNEP. ISBN 0-333-79248-3. | a c c e s s d a t e =requires | u r l =(help) 7. ^ a b c d Price, Trevor J. (2004). "Blyth, James (18391906)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/100957 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F100957). | a c c e s s d a t e =requires | u r l =(help) (subscription or UK public library membership (http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/) required) 8. ^ A Wind Energy Pioneer: Charles F. Brush (http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/brush.htm). Danish Wind Industry Association. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 9. ^ Quirky old-style contraptions make water from wind on the mesas of West Texas (http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/weather/weatherwise/stories/MYSA092407.01A.State_windmills.3430a27.html) 10. ^ Alan Wyatt: Electric Power: Challenges and Choices. Book Press Ltd., Toronto 1986, ISBN 0-920650-00-7 11. ^ Anon. "Costa Head Experimental Wind Turbine" (http://www.orkneywind.co.uk/costa.html). Orkney Sustainable Energy Website. Orkney Sustainable Energy Ltd. Retrieved 19 December 2010. 12. ^ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-12/eu-offshore-wind-installation-rate-doubles-as-siemens-leads-way.html 13. ^ NREL: Dynamic Maps, GIS Data, and Analysis Tools - Wind Maps (http://www.nrel.gov/gis/wind.html) 14. ^ IEC Wind Turbine Classes (http://www.wind-works.org/articles/IECWindTurbineClasses.html) June 7, 2006 15. ^ The Physics of Wind Turbines Kira Grogg Carleton College, 2005, p.8 (http://apps.carleton.edu/campus/library/digitalcommons/assets/pacp_7.pdf) 16. ^ "Wind Energy Basics" (http://web.archive.org/web/20100923194211/http://www.awea.org/faq/wwt_basics.html). American Wind Energy Association. Archived from the original (http://www.awea.org/faq/wwt_basics.html) on 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2009-09-24. 17. ^ [1] (http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/comp/index.htm) 18. ^ Products & Services (http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/products/wind_turbines/en/15mw/specs.htm) 19. ^ Technical Specs of Common Wind Turbine Models [AWEO.org] (http://www.aweo.org/windmodels.html) 20. ^ http://www.awsopenwind.org/downloads/documentation/ModelingUncertaintyPublic.pdf 21. ^ Windspeed in the city - reality versus the DTI database (http://www.scoraigwind.com/citywinds) 22. ^ http://www.urbanwind.net/pdf/technological_analysis.pdf 23. ^ Modular wind energy device - Brill, Bruce I (http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6481957.html) 24. ^ ZF Friedrichshafen AG (http://www.hansentransmissions.com/en/hansen_w4.html) 25. ^ djtreal.com - de beste bron van informatie over djtreal. Deze website is te koop! (http://www.djtreal.com/variable+speed+gearbox+design.html) 26. ^ John Gardner, Nathaniel Haro and Todd Haynes (October 2011). Active Drivetrain Control to Improve Energy Capture of Wind Turbines (http://coen.boisestate.edu/windenergy/files/2011/10/Active-Drivetrain-Control-to-Improve-Energy-Capture-of-WindTurbines.pdf). Boise State University. Retrieved 28 February 2012 27. ^ "Wind Turbine Design Cost and Scaling Model", Technical Report NREL/TP-500-40566, December, 2006, page 35, 36 (http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/40566.pdf) 28. ^ [2] (http://www.pomeroyiowa.com/windflyer.pdf) 29. ^ Spiral Magnus|MECARO|Introducuction to Magnus (http://www.mecaro.jp/eng/introduction.html) 30. ^ Young, Kathryn (2007-08-03). "Canada wind farms blow away turbine tourists" (http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/business/story.html?id=63a5438a-ae99-4b76-9629-b7b59d238932). Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 2008-09-06. 31. ^ Zhou, Renjie; Yadan Wang (2007-08-14). "Residents of Inner Mongolia Find New Hope in the Desert"

31. ^ Zhou, Renjie; Yadan Wang (2007-08-14). "Residents of Inner Mongolia Find New Hope in the Desert" (http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5286). Worldwatch Institute. Retrieved 2008-11-04. 32. ^ Bolsher, Terry (11 2005). "Green energy" (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5379/is_200511/ai_n21384201). BNET. Retrieved 2008-11-12. 33. ^ "Power from the wind" (http://www.beaufortcourt.com/pdf/BeaufortCourt/WindPower1.pdf) (PDF). Renewable Energy Systems. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 34. ^ "Wind farm is in the frame" (http://www.burytimes.co.uk/news/ramsbottomtottington/3926711.Wind_farm_is_in_the_frame/). Bury Times. 2008-11-28. Retrieved 2008-12-12. 35. ^ "Boston's First Wind Turbine Serves as Example" (http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/story?id=30153). RenewableEnergyAccess.com. 2005-05-18. Retrieved 2008-11-03. 36. ^ "Wind Turbine Project Q & A" (http://www.glsc.org/press/press.php?id=34). Great Lakes Science Center. 2006-05-17. Retrieved 2008-10-28. 37. ^ "Great River's new headquarters 'LEEDs' by example" (http://www.wapa.gov/ES/pubs/esb/2008/jul/jul081.htm). Reliable Energy Solutions. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 38. ^ Levy, Paul (2007-11-27). "An energy model for all to see" (http://www.startribune.com/local/west/11922246.html). Star Tribune. Retrieved 2008-11-02. 39. ^ Broehl, Jesse (2005-07-22). "Wal-Mart Deploys Solar, Wind, Sustainable Design" (http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/story?id=34647). Renewable Energy World. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 40. ^ "DeWind Plans Wind Turbine Demo Site in Sweetwater, Texas" (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5CNK/is_2007_Sept_6/ai_n25011477). BNET Business Network. 2007-09-06. Retrieved 200811-05. 41. ^ Block, Ben (2008-07-24). "In Windy West Texas, An Economic Boom" (http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/008271.html). Retrieved 2008-11-05. 42. ^ Small Wind (http://www.nrel.gov/wind/smallwind/), U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory website 43. ^ J. Meyers and C. Meneveau, "Optimal turbine spacing in fully developed wind farm boundary layers" (2011), Wind Energy (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/we.469/full) doi:10.1002/we.469 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fwe.469) 44. ^ Optimal spacing for wind turbines (http://gazette.jhu.edu/2011/01/18/new-study-yields-better-turbine-spacing-for-large-windfarms/) 45. ^ M. Calaf, C. Meneveau and J. Meyers, "Large Eddy Simulation study of fully developed wind-turbine array boundary layers" (2010), Phys. Fluids 22, 015110 (http://link.aip.org/link/?PHFLE6/22/015110/1/) 46. ^ Dabiri, J. Potential order-of-magnitude enhancement of wind farm power density via counter-rotating vertical-axis wind turbine arrays (2011), J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 3, 043104 (http://jrse.aip.org/resource/1/jrsebh/v3/i4/p043104_s1/) 47. ^ [3] (http://www.enercon.de/p/downloads/EN_Produktuebersicht_0710.pdf) 48. ^ "New Record: World's Largest Wind Turbine (7+ Megawatts) MetaEfficient Reviews" (http://www.metaefficient.com/news/new-record-worlds-largest-wind-turbine-7-megawatts.html). MetaEfficient.com. 2008-02-03. Retrieved 2010-04-17. 49. ^ Siemens brochure (http://www.swe.siemens.com/spain/web/es/energy/energias_renovables/eolica/Documents/6MW_direct_drive_offshore_wind_turbin e.pdf) 50. ^ Siemens starts field tests of biggest rotor offshore turbine (http://www.rechargenews.com/business_area/innovation/article324789.ece) 51. ^ "FL 2500 Noch mehr Wirtschaftlichkeit" (http://fuhrlaender.de/produkte/index_de.php? produkt_gesucht=1&produkt_name=FL+2500) (in German). Fuhrlaender AG. Retrieved 2009-11-05. 52. ^ "Nowy Tomyl: powstay najwysze wiatraki na wiecie!" (http://epoznan.pl/news-news-36935Nowy_Tomysl_powstaly_najwyzsze_wiatraki_na_swiecie) (in Polish). Epoznan. Retrieved 2012-12-04. 53. ^ "Visits : Big wind turbine" (http://www.eolecapchat.com/e_1b-grande.html). Retrieved 2010-04-17. 54. ^ "Wind Energy Power Plants in Canada - other provinces" (http://www.industcards.com/wind-canada.htm). 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 55. ^ Antarctica New Zealand (http://www.antarcticanz.govt.nz/scott-base/ross-island-wind-energy) 56. ^ New Zealand Wind Energy Association (http://windenergy.org.nz/nz-wind-farms/operating-wind-farms/ross-island) 57. ^ Bill Spindler, The first Pole wind turbine (http://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/90s/turbine.html). 58. ^ GENERADOR DE ENERGA ELICA EN LA ANTRTIDA (http://www.mindef.gov.ar/info.asp?Id=1425) 59. ^ "Surpassing Matilda: record-breaking Danish wind turbines" (http://www.energynumbers.info/surpassing-matilda-record-breakingdanish-wind-turbines). Retrieved 2010-07-26. 60. ^ Voith | Voith Turbo (http://www.voithturbo.com/vt_en_pua_windrive_project-report_2008.htm) 61. ^ Patel, Prachi (2009-06-22). "Floating Wind Turbines to Be Tested" (http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/green-tech/wind/floating-windturbines-to-be-tested). IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2011-03-07. "will test how the 2.3-megawatt turbine holds up in 220-meter-deep water." 62. ^ Madslien, Jorn (8 September 2009). "Floating challenge for offshore wind turbine" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8235456.stm?ls). BBC News (BBC). Retrieved 2011-03-07. "world's first full-scale floating wind turbine" 63. ^ Technical specifications (http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/en/power-generation/renewables/wind-power/wind-turbines/swt-6-0154.htm#content=Technical%20specification) 64. ^ Siemens 6.0 MW Offshore Wind Turbine (http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/pool/hq/power-generation/renewables/windpower/6_MW_Brochure_Jan.2012.pdf) 65. ^ Gamesa 5.0 MW (http://www.gamesacorp.com/recursos/doc/productos-servicios/aerogeneradores/catalogo-offshore-eng.pdf) 66. ^ Gamesa launches its new G136-4.5 MW turbine, designed for low-wind sites (http://www.gamesacorp.com/en/communication/news/gamesa-launches-its-new-g136-45-mw-turbine-designed-for-low-wind-

67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88.

89. 90.

91. 92.

93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107.

(http://www.gamesacorp.com/en/communication/news/gamesa-launches-its-new-g136-45-mw-turbine-designed-for-low-windsites.html?idCategoria=0&fechaDesde=&especifica=0&texto=&fechaHasta=) ^ Gamesa G136-4.5 MW (http://www.gamesacorp.com/en/products-and-services/wind-turbines/productos-y-serviciosaerogeneradores-2catalo.html) ^ Gamesa 4.5 MW (http://www.gamesacorp.com/recursos/doc/productos-servicios/aerogeneradores/catalogo-g10x-45mw-eng.pdf) ^ a b 4.1-113 Offshore Wind Turbine (http://www.geenergy.com/content/multimedia/_files/downloads/GE%20Offshore%20Wind%204.1-113.pdf) ^ a b c d e f Technical Parameters (http://www.gdupc.com.cn/english/tabid/386/SourceId/1058/InfoID/827/language/zhCN/Default.aspx) ^ Siemens 3.0 MW Direct Drive Wind Turbines (http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/pool/hq/power-generation/wind-power/SWT3.0_family_EN.pdf) ^ V112-3.0 MW (http://v112.vestas.com/Vestas_V_112_web.pdf) ^ V112-3.0 MW Offshore (http://www.vestas.com/Admin/Public/Download.aspx? file=Files%2fFiler%2fEN%2fBrochures%2fProductbrochure_V112_Offshore_UK.pdf) ^ V90-3.0 (http://www.vestas.com/Admin/Public/Download.aspx?file=Files%2fFiler%2fEN%2fBrochures%2fVestas_V_90-3MW-112009-EN.pdf) ^ a b Mingyang Wind Power (http://www.mywind.com.cn/upfile/File/2012/SCD%20Series%20Wind%20Turbine%20Generator.pdf) ^ SL3000 Series Wind Turbine (http://www.zugastek.com/Sinovel/especificacionesSL3000.pdf) ^ a b GE's 2.75 MW Wind Turbines (http://www.geenergy.com/content/multimedia/_files/downloads/GEA18657B_Wind_2.75_Broch_LR.pdf) ^ a b c d GW 2.5 PMDD Wind Turbine (http://www.goldwindamerica.com/goldwind/cmdocs/Goldwind2.5MWPMDDWindTurbineBrochure.pdf) ^ E-70 / 2,300 kW (http://www.enercon.de/en-en/61.htm) ^ Siemens SWT-2.3-113 (http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/pool/hq/power-generation/wind-power/SWT-2.3-113-productbrochure_EN.pdf) ^ Siemens Wind Turbine SWT-2.3-108 (http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/pool/hq/power-generation/renewables/windpower/wind%20turbines/Siemens%20Wind%20Turbine%20SWT-2.3-108_EN.pdf) ^ Wind Turbine SWT-2.3-101 (http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/en/power-generation/renewables/wind-power/wind-turbines/swt2-3-101.htm#content=Technical%20Specification) ^ Wind Turbine SWT-2.3-93 (http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/en/power-generation/renewables/wind-power/wind-turbines/swt-23-93.htm#content=Technical%20Specification) ^ S88 MARK II DFIG 2.25 MW (http://suzlon.com/products/l2.aspx?l1=2&l2=43) ^ Introducing the S9X (http://www.suzlon.com/products/l3.aspx?l1=2&l2=44&l3=128) ^ S88-2.1 MW (http://www.suzlon.com/products/l2.aspx?l1=2&l2=9) ^ E-82 E2 / 2,000 kW (http://www.enercon.de/en-en/62.htm) ^ Gamesa launches a new turbine, the G114-2.0 MW: maximum returns for low-wind sites (http://www.gamesacorp.com/en/communication/news/gamesa-launches-a-new-turbine-the-g114-20-mw-maximum-returns-for-lowwind-sites.html?idCategoria=0&fechaDesde=&especifica=0&texto=G114-2.0&fechaHasta=) ^ [] ^ Gamesa maintained profitability and sound financial position in a situation of economic weakness and regulatory uncertainty (http://www.gamesacorp.com/en/communication/news/gamesa-maintained-profitability-and-sound-financial-position-in-a-situation-ofeconomic-weakness-and-regulatory-uncertainty.html?idCategoria=0&fechaDesde=&especifica=0&texto=G972.0&fechaHasta=12/31/2011) ^ Gamesa G97-2.0 MW IIIA (http://www.gamesacorp.com/en/gamesa-g97-20-mw-iiia-en.html) ^ Gamesa supplies 9 latest generation wind turbines to wind farms in Albacete (http://www.gamesacorp.com/en/communication/news/gamesa-supplies-9-latest-generation-wind-turbines-to-wind-farms-inalbacete.html?idCategoria=0&fechaDesde=&especifica=0&texto=G90-2.0&fechaHasta=12/31/2006) ^ Gamesa G87-2.0 MW (http://www.gamesacorp.com/en/products-and-services/wind-turbines/catalogue/gamesa-g87-20-mwen.html) ^ Gamesa G80-2.0 MW (http://www.gamesacorp.com/en/gamesa-g80-20-mw-en.html) ^ a b c Vestas 2MW (http://nozebra.ipapercms.dk/Vestas/Communication/Productbrochure/2MWTurbineBrochure/2MWMrk7US/) ^ a b c GE's 1.6 MW Wind Turbines (http://www.ge-energy.com/content/multimedia/_files/downloads/GEA18755B_Wind_1.682.5_Broch%5Bsp%5D_LR.pdf) ^ GE 1.5-77 Wind Turbines (http://www.geenergy.com/products_and_services/products/wind_turbines/ge_1.5_77_wind_turbine.jsp) ^ GE 1.5 MW Wind Turbine (http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~moyer/GEOS24705/Readings/GEA14954C15-MW-Broch.pdf) ^ GE1.5 (http://www.cohoctonfree.com/articles/GE%201.5%20brochure.pdf) ^ a b c d GW 1.5 PMDD Wind Turbine (http://www.goldwindamerica.com/goldwind/cmdocs/Goldwind1.5MWPMDDWindTurbineBrochure.pdf) ^ a b c d Mingyang Wind Power (http://www.mywind.com.cn/upfile/File/2012/Mingyang%201.5MW%20Series%20Wind%20Turbine%20Generator.pdf) ^ S82-1.5 MW (http://suzlon.com/products/l2.aspx?l1=2&l2=8) ^ Eternal Power from Sinovel (http://www.soaringwindenergy.com/pdfs/SinovelWind.pdf) ^ S66-1.25 MW (http://www.suzlon.com/products/l2.aspx?l1=2&l2=7) ^ a b S64-1.25 MW (http://suzlon.com/products/l2.aspx?l1=2&l2=6) ^ Enercon Product Overview (http://www.enercon.de/p/downloads/ENERCON_PU_en.pdf) ^ Gamesa G58-850 kW (http://www.gamesacorp.com/en/products-and-services/wind-turbines/catalogue/gamesa-g58-850-kw-

107. ^ Gamesa G58-850 kW (http://www.gamesacorp.com/en/products-and-services/wind-turbines/catalogue/gamesa-g58-850-kwen.html) 108. ^ Gamesa G52-850 kW (http://www.gamesacorp.com/en/products-and-services/wind-turbines/catalogue/gamesa-g52-850-kwen.html) 109. ^ E-53 / 800 kW (http://www.enercon.de/en-en/59.htm) 110. ^ E-48 / 800 kW (http://www.enercon.de/en-en/492.htm) 111. ^ S52-600 kW (http://suzlon.com/products/l2.aspx?l1=2&l2=5)

Further reading
Tony Burton, David Sharpe, Nick Jenkins, Ervin Bossanyi: Wind Energy Handbook , John Wiley & Sons, 1st edition (2001), ISBN 0-471-48997-2 Darrell, Dodge, Early History Through 1875 (http://telosnet.com/wind/early.html), TeloNet Web Development, Copyright 19962001 David, Macaulay, New Way Things Work, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Copyright 19941999, pg.41-42 Erich Hau Wind turbines: fundamentals, technologies, application, economics Birkhuser, 2006 ISBN 3-540-24240-6 (preview on Google Books) David Spera (ed,) Wind Turbine Technology: Fundamental Concepts in Wind Turbine Engineering, Second Edition (2009), ASME Press, ISBN #: 9780791802601

External links
Harvesting the Wind (45 lectures about wind turbines by professor Magdi Ragheb) (https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20475%20Wind%20Power%20Systems/) Wind Projects (http://www.projectfreepower.com/) Guided tour on wind energy (http://www.windpower.org/en/knowledge/guided_tour.html) Wind Energy Technology World Wind Energy Association (http://www.wwindea.org/) Wind turbine simulation, National Geographic (http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/windpower-interactive.html) Airborne Wind Industry Association international (http://www.aweia.org) The Top 10 biggest wind turbines in the world (http://www.windpowermonthly.com/go/worlds_biggest_windturbines/) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_turbine&oldid=570830427" Categories: Aerodynamics Electric power Electrical generators Electro mechanical engineering Energy conversion Wind turbines This page was last modified on 30 August 2013 at 16:42. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.