Bridge Design Manual - 2002

Chapter 11 Other Structural Materials

11

OTHER STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

11.1 SCOPE This section specifies design requirements for structural components made of sawn lumber products, stressed wood, glued laminated timber, wood piles and mechanical connections. 11.2 NOTATIONS a b CD CF CM d E Eo F Fb Fbo Fc Fco Fcp Fcpo Fo Ft Fto Fv Fvo L Mn M = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = coefficient width of the component deck factor modification factor for size effects moisture content factor depth of the beams or stringers or width of the dimension lumber component specified modulus of elasticity (MPa) base modulus of elasticity (MPa) nominal resistance (MPa) specified resistance in flexure (MPa) base resistance of wood in flexure (MPa) specified resistance of wood in compression parallel to grain (MPa) base resistance of wood in compression parallel to grain (MPa) specified resistance of wood in compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) base resistance of wood in compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) base resistance (MPa) specified resistance of wood in tension (MPa) base resistance of wood in tension (MPa) specified resistance of wood in shear (MPa) base resistance of wood in shear (MPa) length (mm) nominal flexural resistance (N-mm) factored flexural resistance (N-mm) resistance factor

11.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR TIMBER 11.3.1 GENERAL Displacements in joints shall be considered. When two or more connectors interact in a joint, the force effects within the joint shall be designed considering the deformation, the stiffness and the capacity of deformation. The movements due to moisture shall be considered if it affects the load bearing capacity. Reduction of area shall be considered when the properties of the area are designed. Holes from screws and nails need not be considered if the diameter is less than 6 mm.

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The theory of elasticity shall be used when designing the bearing capacity of a timber structure. The lumber grade is the designation of the material quality of a manufactured piece of wood (Select Structural, No 1, No 2). The stress grade is a lumber grade having assigned working stress and modulus of elasticity in accordance with principles of resistance grading. Structural timber for beams and columns shall be of Stress Grade F17 or above as per Tables 11-1 through 11-3, and of Strength Group 1 or 2. This results in a basic working stress in bending of at least 17.0 MPa. Iron Bark (amharic: Tikur inchet) and Olea (amh: Weira) belong to stress grade F27, and Iroko (amh: Dego) and Red Mahogany to stress grade F17. In soil or in areas with high risk of termite- and/or fungi- attacks, Red Mahogany and Olea should be used as second choices since they are slightly less resistible. Stress Grade
Basic working stress in Flexure parallel to grain, Fbo 17.0 Basic working stress in Tension parallel to grain, Fto 22.0 Basic working stress in Compression parallel to grain, Fco 27.5 Basic working Stress in Compression 90 to grain, Fcpo Basic working stress in Shear parallel to grain, Fro

F17 F22 F27 F34

17 22 27 34

10 14 18 22

16 21 25 32

7 7 7 7

3 3 3 3

Table 11-1 Timber Stress Values [MPa] (Ref. 1 and 2) 11.3.2 MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR RESISTANCE AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY Nominal resistance and modulus of elasticity values shall be obtained by adjusting base values by applicable modification factors in accordance with the following equations: F = Fo CF CM CD E = Eo CM Where: F Fo E Eo CF CM CD = = = = = = = (11.1) (11.2) applicable nominal resistance Fb, Fv, Ft, Fc, or Fcp (MPa) base resistance Fbo, Fvo, Fto, Fco, or Fcpo specified in Table 11-3 (MPa) base modulus of elasticity (MPa) base modulus of elasticity specified in Table 11-2 (MPa) size effect factor specified in Table 11-3 moisture content factor specified deck factor specified in Table 11-4

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Chapter 11 Other Structural Materials

Values of Stiffness for Flexural Design Stress grade F17 F22 F27 F34 Modulus of Elasticity (E) MPa 5 000 6 500 7 600 9 200 Modulus of Shear (F) MPa 340 420 550 640

Values of Stiffness for Deformation Design Modulus of Elasticity (Eo) MPa 9 000 10 000 11 500 12 500 Modulus of Shear (Fo) Mpa 550 650 750 820

Table 11-2 Characteristic Timber Stiffness Values for Flexural and Deformation Design Size effect factor, CF, shall be 1.0, unless specified otherwise herein. For sawn dimension lumber, and stress grade F17-F27, CF shall be as specified in Equations 11.3 & 11.4 without modification. Fbo Fto Fco All other Properties

Thickness Width (mm) 50 mm and 100 mm All All All 75 mm Structural Joists and Planks 50 mm x 125 mm through 100 mm x 400 mm 1.54 1.54 1.54 1.16 100 125 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.13 150 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.10 200 1.19 1.30 1.19 1.06 250 1.09 1.20 1.09 1.03 1.00 300 1.00 1.10 1.00 1.00 350 0.93 1.02 0.93 0.98 400 0.88 0.97 0.88 0.96 Table 11-3 Size Effect Factor, CF, for Sawn Dimension Lumber For sawn beams and stringers and post and timbers and for vertically laminated, glued laminated timber with loads applied parallel to the wide face of the laminations, Fbo shall be adjusted by CF determined to be: If d 300 mm, then CF = 1.0
1/ 9

(11.3) (11.4)

300 If d > 300 mm, then CF = d where: d = net width (mm)

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For glued horizontally laminated timber, with loads applied perpendicular to the wide face of the laminations, Fbo shall be reduced by CF, given below, when the depth, width, or length of a glued laminated timber exceeds 300 mm, 130 mm, or 6400 mm, respectively:
300 130 6400 CF = d b L 1 .0
a

(11.5)

where: d = depth of the component (mm) b = width of the component but need not be taken as greater than 270 (mm) L = length of the component measured between points of contraflexure (mm) a = 0.05 for Pine and 0.10 for all other species Unless otherwise specified herein, the moisture content factor, CM, shall be equal to 1. An analysis of in-service moisture content should be based on regional, geographical, and climatological conditions. Unless specified otherwise in this chapter, the deck factor, CD, shall be equal to 1.0. For stressed wood, nail-laminated, and spike-laminated decks constructed of solid sawn lumber 50 mm to 100 mm thick, Fbo shall be adjusted by "CD" as specified in Table 11-4 below. Deck Type Stressed Wood Spike-Laminated or Nail-Laminated Lumber grade Select Structural, No 1 or No 2 All CD 1.30 1.50 1.15

Table 11-4 Deck Factors, CD, for Mechanically Laminated Solid Sawn Lumber Decks 11.3.3 LIMIT STATES FOR WOOD Factored resistance shall be the product of nominal resistance and the resistance factor. Strength Limit State: Resistance factors, , shall be as given in Table 11-5, except for load combination IV. Flexure = 0.85 Shear = 0.75 Compression Parallel to Grain ................................................... = 0.90 Compression Perpendicular to Grain ......................................... = 0.90 Tension Parallel to Grain ........................................................... = 0.80 Resistance during Pile Driving .................................................. = 1.15 Table 11-5: Resistance Factors, , for Wood

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Chapter 11 Other Structural Materials

For Strength Load Combination IV (permanent loads, including dead load and earth pressure) Table 3-2, resistance factors shall be multiplied by 0.75. Resistance of wood subjected to long-duration loads is reduced. For extreme event limit state, the resistance factor shall be taken as 1.0. 11.3.4 COMPONENTS IN FLEXURE The factored resistance, M, shall be taken as: M = Mn Where: Mn = nominal resistance specified herein (Nmm) = resistance factor as specified above 11.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR STONE Masonry is divided into 3 classes, depending primarily on craftsmanship. Class A and Class B Masonry consists of stones shaped, dressed, and laid broken-coursed in cement mortar in accordance with certain specified requirements as indicated in Table 11-6. The two classes differ only in the degree of the specified requirements. Both classes of masonry are intended for use in any part of a structure. Class A is used primarily for major structures such as arch barrels, piers and abutments higher than 6 m. Class B is used for minor structures such as spandrel walls, piers, abutments and retaining walls less than 6 m high. Dimensioned Masonry shall consist of broken-coursed ashlar masonry composed of stone having two or more dimensions as shown on the plans. It is intended for use in any part of a masonry structure where appearance is an important factor, particularly in arch barrels, spandrel walls, copings, corner trim, and elsewhere. Dressing - The stone shall be dressed to remove any thin or weak portions. Face stones shall be dressed to provide bed and joint lines with a maximum variation from true line as follows: (11.6)

Masonry Type 1. 2. 3. 4. Cement Rubble Masonry Class B Masonry Class A Masonry Dimensioned Masonry

Maximum Variation 40 mm. 20 mm. 5 mm. True.

Function Low retaining walls, pipe end walls, etc. Retaining walls, low piers and abutments, etc. Arch rings/barrels, high piers and abutments, etc. As Class A above with very high quality demands

Table 11-6: Tolerances for Masonry

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For testing of the stone material, the following properties shall be attained:

Material Stone masonry Granite Stone masonry Sandstone Stone masonry Clinker Unreinforced Concrete Lime stone Basalt Gabbros

E(MPa) 2 4*104 1 2.5*104 0.5 1*104 2.5 3.2*104 0.3 2.7*104 3 6*104 4 10*104

fc (MPa) 50 100 35 70 15 25 15 25 4 200 80 580 100 280

fc all core (MPa) 0.1*fc but 5 0.1*fc but 4 0.1*fc but 2 0.14*fc but 3.5 0.1*fc but 2 0.1*fc but 8 0.1*fc but 10

fc all edge (MPa) 0.14*fc but 7 0.14*fc but 6 0.14*fc but 3 0.2*fc but 4.5 0.14*fc but 3 0.14*fc but 11 0.14*fc but 14

Table 11-7 Material Properties of Different Bridge Stones For further information, see section 7: Superstructure Design/Arch Bridges and Stone Masonry Piers and regarding Preliminary Design see section 5: Preliminary Design/Layout of Bridges and Structures/ Masonry and Concrete Arch Bridges.

REFERENCES 1. Ethiopian Building Code Standard (EBCS), Vol. 7 Foundations, 1995 2. Eurocode 1 Basis of Design and Actions on Structures. European Prestandard ENV 1991-3, March 1995. 3. A. Engelund. Brobyggiing- I. Jernbeton, sten og trae. (Bridge Design- Part 1 Reinforced Concrete, Stone and Tree). In Danish. Copenhagen, 1934.

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