8/17/2013 8:10:00 PM FACTORS AFFECTING DELIVERY OF PHARMACY PRODUCTS Patient Demographic Factors o aging population o women as decision makers

s o ethnic compositions of patients Third Party Payers (insurance companies, Health Maintenance Org) o Diversity/ Complexity among payer policies o Formulary o Limited access of patients o Limited networks o Lack of knowledge of patients Attitudes and Belief System o Beliefs about the disease o Trust in Health Care Delivery System o Direct to consumer (Advertising prescription drugs) Competitive Market o Diminish profit margin o Diversity of providers of the same goods Technology o software o automated dispensing tech QUALITY OF CARE - the degree to which health care services for individuals or populations increase in the likelihood of desired health care outcomes and care consistent with current professional knowledge Quality of Pharmacy Practice represents the degree of excellence increase in the probability of + outcomes decrease in the probability of - outcomes offers patients what they want provides patients what they need corresponds w/ current medical knowledge How is Quality Measured Structure Process

Outcomes (Economical, Clinical, Humanistic Outcomes)

Economical Outcomes direct & indirect costs w/ their corresponding consequences (indirect cost - loses productivity) medical costs (hospital bills, doctor's professional fee) non-medical costs (food & transportation) Clinical Outcomes supported by scientific research includes mortality, morbidity, event rates and symptoms resolution Humanistic Outcomes measures the "health" aspect of care Methods of Ensuring Quality in Pharmacy Practice Quality Assurance Quality Control Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) o represents the total system perspective concerning quality o demands the improvement of quality be a continuous process TYPES OF BUSINESS FIRMS Transportation Retailers/ Distributors Agricultural/ Mining Information Manufacturing Services Utilities Real Estate Financial

FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS Major Forms o Sole Proprietorship o Partnership (2-20) Universal

 Limited Capitalist Industrial Secret Dormant General Nominal Silent o Corporation Public Corporation - for the state

ex: PAGCOR

Private Corporation Open Corporation Closed Corporation - among family members Modified Corporate Forms of Business Org o Mutual Companies Mutual Savings Bank Mutual Insurance Company o Cooperatives credit union - specific objective, risk of cooperative producers cooperative consumers cooperative services cooperative marketing cooperative Minor Forms o Joint Stock - smaller units investors o Joint Venture - specific project at a specific time o Business Trust - 'heir' of business

MARKET DRIVERS IN HOSPITAL SECTOR Public Hospitals PhilHealth Insurance Program Private Hospitals Clinical Pharmacy Practice HMO PHASES IF BUSINESS CYCLE Prosperity Phase

 Crisis Phase (recession, contraction) Depression Phase Recovery Phase CONTROL OVER BUSINESS CYCLES Stabilization of Business Control of Credit Control Public Works Economic Planning Monetary Readjustment Business Forecasting Payment of High Wages TERMS (INFLATION) Price level Price index Market Basket Inflation Deflation TYPES OF INFLATION Demand-pull inflation: increase in demand, increase in price of goods Cost-push inflation: scarcity of materials to manufacture goods, increase in price of goods Inertial inflation: forecasted by consumers LOSERS AND GAINERS OF INFLATION Losers: Fixed income earners, Pensioners, Creditors Gainers: Businessmen, Speculators, Debtors Controlling Factor: Fiscal & Monetary Policies FACTORS ATTRIBUTED TO SALES DECLINE Adherence to safety and efficacy Rapid tech advances Change in consumers preferences Price consciousness

10 DECISIONS UNDER MANAGEMENT Designing goods & services

Managing Quality: prevention cost, appraisal cost, internal/ external failure Location Strategy Human Resources Layout Process Strategy - how will goods reach the consumers Scheduling Strategy: level scheduling, chase strategy Supply Chain Strategy Inventory Management - avoid no stock Maintenance Strategy

8/17/2013 8:10:00 PM

8/17/2013 8:10:00 PM