Alternating Quantity

A quantity which is continually changing its sign from positive to negative and back again is called alternating quantity, usually referred to simply as an A.C quantity.

Cycle
The period required to complete one cycle of an operation; or to complete a function, job, or task from start to finish. Cycle time is used in differentiating total duration of a process from its run time.

Frequency
Number of waves that pass a fixed point per unit time; also, the number of cycles or vibrations undergone in unit time by a body in periodic motion. Frequency is the reciprocal of the time taken to complete one cycle (the period), or 1/. The frequency with which earth rotates is once per 24 hours. Frequency is usually expressed in units called hertz (Hz).

Time Period
The time taken for the signal to complete one cycle.

Waveform Diagram
A graphical method of showing the exact output behavior of a electrical circuit for every possible set of input conditions. It is often used to describe the operation of electrical devices because its visual characteristics are much easier to understand than a wordy explanation.

Instantaneous value
The INSTANTANEOUS value of an alternating voltage or current is the value of voltage or current at one particular instant. The value may be zero if the particular instant is the time in the cycle at which the polarity of the voltage is changing. It may also be the same as the peak value, if the selected instant is the time in the cycle at which the voltage or current stops increasing and starts decreasing. There are actually an infinite number of instantaneous values between zero and the peak value. Average Value The AVERAGE value of an alternating current or voltage is the average of ALL the INSTANTANEOUS values during ONE alternation. Since the voltage increases from zero to peak value and decreases back to zero during one alternation, the average value must be some value between those two limits. You could determine the average value by adding together a series of instantaneous values of the alternation (between 0 and 180), and then dividing the sum by the number of instantaneous values used. The computation would show that one alternation of a sine wave has an average value equal to 0.636 times the peak value. The formula for average voltage is Eavg = 0.636 X Emax

where Eavg is the average voltage of one alternation, and Emax is the maximum or peak voltage. Similarly, the formula for average current is Iavg = 0.636 X Imax where Iavg is the average current in one alternation, and Imax is the maximum or peak current. Do not confuse the above definition of an average value with that of the average value of a complete cycle. Because the voltage is positive during one alternation and negative during the other alternation, the average value of the voltage values occurring during the complete cycle is zero. Effective value Emax, Eavg, I max, and Iavg are values used in ac measurements. Another value used is the EFFECTIVE value of ac This is the value of alternating voltage or current that will have the same effect on a resistance as a comparable value of direct voltage or current will have on the same resistance. Root mean Square (RMS) value The value of an AC voltage is continually changing from zero up to the positive peak, through zero to the negative peak and back to zero again. Clearly for most of the time it is less than the peak voltage, so this is not a good measure of its real effect. Instead we use the root mean square voltage (VRMS) which is 0.7 of the peak voltage (Vpeak): VRMS = 0.7 Vpeak and Vpeak = 1.4 VRMS These equations also apply to current. They are only true for sine waves (the most common type of AC) because the 0.7 and 1.4 are different values for other shapes. Peak value It shows the positive alternation of a sine wave (a half-cycle of ac) and a dc waveform that occur simultaneously. the dc starts and stops at the same moment as does the positive alternation, and that both waveforms rise to the same maximum value. However, the dc values are greater than the corresponding ac values at all points except the point at which the positive alternation passes through its maximum value. At this point the dc and ac values are equal. This point on the sine wave is referred to as the maximum or peak value. Form factor A form factor is the amount of rectified current emitted from a direct current (DC) power source and is expressed as a ratio of the root-mean square (rms) value of the current to the average (av) current or Irms/lav. If the form factor differs much from pure non-pulsating DC (a value of 1.0), it indicates the possibility that motor and brush life will be shorter.

Resistance
The property of a component which restricts the flow of electric current. Energy is used up as the voltage across the component drives the current through it and this energy appears as heat in the component.

Conductance The ability of a component to conduct electricity, measured in siemens and equal to the ratio of the current to the voltage: it is the reciprocal of resistance: symbol, G Enductance
The property of an electric circuit by which a varying current in it produces a varying magnetic field that induces voltages in the same circuit or in a nearby circuit, and the capacity of an electric circuit for producing a counter electromotive force when the current changes: it is measured in henrys: symbol, L

Capacitance
That property of a capacitor which determines how much charge can be stored in it for a given potential difference between its terminals, equal to the ratio of the charge stored to the potential difference and measured in farads.

Reactance
The opposition of a circuit element to a change of electric current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance. A built-up electric field resists the change of voltage on the element, while a magnetic field resists the change of current. The notion of reactance is similar to electrical resistance, but they differ in several respects.
Capacitive reactance is an opposition to the change of voltage across an element. Inductive reactance is an opposition to the change of current on an element.

Susceptance
In electrical engineering, the susceptance (B) is the imaginary part of the admittance. In SI units, the susceptance is measured in siemens. Oliver Heaviside first defined this property, which he called permittance, in June 1887.Susceptance is the measure of how much a circuit is susceptible to conducting a changing current.

It can also be defined as the opposite of reactance.Just as there's capacitive reactance and inductive reactance, so too there is capacitive susceptance (BC) and inductive susceptance (BL). Just like with conductance, both of these are the reciprocal of their corresponding reactances. That is to say, capacitive susceptance is 1 divided by the capacitive reactance, and inductive susceptance is 1 divided by the inductive reactance.

Thus, capacitive susceptance can be simplified into the following equation: BC = 2*pi*f*C. Inductive susceptance, meanwhile, becomes exactly like the formula for capacitive reactance, except that it of course uses inductance rather than capacitance: BL = 1/2*pi*f*L Impedance Impedance is the total opposition to current flow. It includes both a resistive, or DC component and a reactive, or frequency-dependant component. Impedance is the same as resistance if the applied voltage is DC. For AC voltage, the reactive components opposition to current flow changes with frequency, so impedance is typically specified at a particular frequency.

Admittance
In electrical engineering, the admittance (Y) is the inverse of the impedance (Z). The SI unit of admittance is the siemens. Oliver Heaviside coined the term in December 1887.Admittance is a measure of how much current is admitted in a circuit. The admittance has its most obvious utility in dealing with parallel AC circuits. where Y is the admittance, measured in siemens Z is the impedance, measured in ohms. Therefore the expression for admittance in terms of voltage and current can also be wriiten as Y = I/V = G + j B G, the real part of the admittance, is the conductance of the circuit, and B, the imaginary part of the admittance, is the susceptance of the circuit. The units of admittance are called siemens or mhos (reciprocal ohms). Substituting the expression of Z = R + j X in Y = 1/Z after simplifying and equating to G + j B the expressions are

The magnitude of admittance is given by:

Power factor
The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit, and is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1. Real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent power is the product of the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source, the apparent power will be greater than the real power.

Reactive power factor

We know that reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors dissipate zero power, yet the fact that they drop voltage and draw current gives the deceptive impression that they actually do dissipate power. This phantom power is called reactive power, and it is measured in a unit called Volt-AmpsReactive (VAR), rather than watts. The mathematical symbol for reactive power is (unfortunately) the capital letter Q. The actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, in a circuit is called true power, and it is measured in watts (symbolized by the capital letter P, as always). The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power, and it is the product of a circuit's voltage and current, without reference to phase angle. Apparent power is measured in the unit of VoltAmps (VA) and is symbolized by the capital letter S.

Apparent Power Apparent power is a measure of alternating current (AC) power that is computed by multiplying the root-mean-square (rms) current by the root-mean-square voltage. In a direct current (DC) circuit, or in an AC circuit whose impedance is a pure resistance, the voltage and current are in phase.

Real power
The result of both current and voltage reaching their peak simultaneously. True power is a measurement of the rate at which electricity performs work such as producing heat, light, or mechanical energy. REACTIVE POWER ; Power factor is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power. This definition is often mathematically represented as kW/kVA, where the numerator is the active (real) power and the denominator is the (active+ reactive) or apparent power. Though the definition is very simple, the concept of reactive power is vague or confusing even to many of those who are technically knowledgeable.

Rizal Technological University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

Electrical Engineering II
Name; Armodia, Tevarms t. BS ECE Day/time; WS/6:00PM 7:30PM