FLUE GAS ANALYZERS AND AMBIENT AIR ANALYZERS

USE OF ANALYZERS IN POWER PLANT

Analysers are used in power plant for optimisation of fuel firing and monitoring the environment.

TYPES OF ANALYZERS
IN-SITU ANALYSERS (CROSS DUCT ANALYZERS) EXTRACTIVE ANALYZERS

ANALYZERS USED AT NTPC-RIHAND

OXYGEN ANALYZERS OPACITY ANALYZERS (SMOKE DENSITY) CO ANALYZERS NOX ANALYZERS SOX ANALYZERS CO2 ANALYZERS AMBIENY AIR ANALYZERS (SOX,NOX,CO2 AND SPM)

OXYGEN ANALYZERS Oxygen analysers are used to monitor the optimum air flow to boiler. Excess air is provided to boiler to reduce the unburnt particles and to provide air in case coal quantity demand increased rapidly. Oxygen analysers are also used to detect the leakages in flue gas ducts.

OXYGEN ANALYZERS

Installed location : 1. Flue gas economiser outlet 2. Flue gas outlet of APH (air pre heaters) 3. ID fans inlet 4. First pass of boiler at 65 meters

OXYGEN ANALYZERS

Principle: The Zirconia sensor works on the principle of Nernst

The sensor works on ionic conductivity of the Oxygen ions (movement of oxygen ions through the Zirconia) which produces a potential across the Zirconia cell, based on the difference of partial pressure of the oxygen across the Zirconia cell .
The formation of ions, and its movement across the Zirconia requires that the temperature of the Zirconia is raised to above 600C. This is achieved by either keeping the sensor at temperature above 600C, or by heating the Zirconia cell.

OXYGEN ANALYZERS

The potential generated follows the Nernst Equation given below, which is used for calculating the oxygen percent from measured values. E = 0.0215 * T * Ln(Pr/Px) where, E = Zirconia Cell voltage in millivolts T = Thermocouple temperature in Kelvin Pr = reference partial pressure Px is the unknown process oxygen in percent 0.0215 is the cell constant 20.9 is the partial pressure of the oxygen of dry atmospheric air

OXYGEN ANALYZERS

Construction and installation

OXYGEN ANALYZERS

OXYGEN ANALYZERS

Maintenance
ROUTINE CALIBRATION TIMELY REPLACEMENT OF ZIRCONIA SENSOR NO LEAKAGES AT PROBE REFERENCE AIR FLOW AND PRESSURE TO BE MAINTAINED FILTER TO BE ROUTINELY CLEANED OR REPLACED

OPACITY ANALYZERS
Opacity Analyzers are used to monitor the quantity of flue gases discharge from boiler.

These Analyzers provide an opportunity to measure the effectiveness of ESP(ELECTRO STATIC PRECIPITATOR)

OPACITY ANALYZERS

Installed location : 1. ESP outlet 2. chimney

OPACITY ANALYZERS PRINCIPLE: When a beam of light crosses a medium containing

smoke or dust particles, some of the light is transmitted and some is lost due to scattering. The fraction which is transmitted is called the transmittance and the fraction which is lost is the opacity.
Transmittance = I / Io *100 %

I= intensity of light recieved Io= intensity of light emitted

Hence opacity = 1-transmittance =(1- I/Io) *100%

OPACITY ANALYZERS
LAMBERT-BEER LAW : The law describes the correlation between the attenuated

light intensity(I) and dust concentration (c) on the measuring path (x)

-c*x*k
I =Io *e I= intensity of the light received Io=intensity of the light emitted K =extinction coefficient C =dust concentration X = path length

OPACITY ANALYZERS

Construction and installation

OPACITY ANALYZERS

OPACITY ANALYZERS

Maintenance
ROUTINE CALIBRATION CLEANING OF BLOWERS AIR FILTER CLENING OF FAIL SAFE SHUTTER

SAMPLE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR EXTRACTIVE TYPE ANALYZERS

NON DESPERSIVE ANALYZERS

A simple single-beam analyzer

NON DESPERSIVE ANALYZERS non-dispersive analysis begins with a light beam passing through a sample substance, often enclosed in a windowed sample chamber (typically called a cell ). Certain species of gas introduced into this cell absorb part of the incident light, leaving the light exiting the cell partially depleted of specific wavelengths. As the concentration of any lightabsorbing gas increases in the cell, a detector placed at the other end of the cell receives less and less light of the absorbed wavelengths. The simplest style of nondispersive analyzer uses a single light source, shining continuously through a single gas cell, and eventually falling on a small thermopile (converting the received infrared light into heat, and then into a voltage signal):

NON DESPERSIVE ANALYZERS

placing a filter cell in the path of the light to absorb all the wavelengths associated with the gas of interest, leaving all other wavelengths unattenuated. One application of this technique is called Gas Filter Correlation, or GFC Spectroscopy. (NEGATIVE FILTERING)

CO,CO2 ANALYZERS

FLOUORESCENCE ANALYZERS
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell, leaving a vacancy to be filled by one of the electrons already residing in a higher-level shell. When this happens, the electron filling that lower-level vacancy emits a photon of less energy than the one responsible for ejecting the original electron. Thus, a high-energy photon strikes the atom, and in turn the atom releases a low-energy photon. This phenomenon is known as fluorescence. The relationship between a photons energy and its frequency (and correspondingly, its wavelength) is a well-defined proportionality of Plancks constant h:

Where, E = Energy carried by a single photon of light (joules) h = Plancks constant (6.626 10-34 joule-seconds) f = Frequency of light wave (Hz, or 1/seconds) c = Velocity of light in a vacuum ( 3 108 meters per second) = Wavelength of light (meters)

SO2 ANALYZERES
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is an atmospheric pollutant formed by the combustion of fuels containing sulfur. This gas also happens to exhibit fluorescence under ultraviolet light.

CHEMILUMINESCENCE
Some exothermic reactions release energy primarily in the form of light rather than heat. The general term for this effect is chemiluminescence. Certain industrial compounds engage in chemiluminescent reactions, and this phenomenon may be used to measure the concentration of those compounds. One such compound is nitric oxide (NO), an atmospheric pollutant formed by high-temperature combustion with air as the oxidizer.

NOX ANALYZERS
A spontaneous chemical reaction between nitric oxide and ozone is known to produce chemiluminescence: NO + O3 NO2 + O2 + light

EXTRACTIVE TYPE ANALYSERS

MAINTENANCE FLOW LINE TO BE ROUTINELY CHECKED. HEAT TRACE LINE TO BE CHECKED PURGING SYSTEM TO BE CHECKED FILTERS TO BE CLEANED ROUTINELY CALIBRATION TO BE DONE ROUTINELY AIR LEAKAGES TO BE CHECKED

PARTICULATE MONITOR PM10 ,PM2.5

WC = MEASURING CHAMBER CC = COMPENSATION CHAMBER RS = RADIOACTIVE SOURCE C = CHAMBER FOR PARTICULATE DEPOSITION AND MEASUREMENT RS-C-WC = MEASUREMENT SECTION RS-CC = COMPENSATION MEASUREMENT SECTION F1, F2 = FILTER REELS Figure

PARTICULATE MONITOR
In operation, suspended particles in ambient air are pulled through the PM10 inlet head at a flow rate of 16.7 L/min. The inlet head consists of a series of impaction plates to segregate particulate matter by size.Because of the design of the inlet, accurate sampling is accomplished independent of wind speed anddirection. Air is drawn into the inlet and deflected downwards into the acceleration jet of the impact unit. Because of their greater momentum, particles larger than the 10 micron cutpoint impact out and are retained in the middle plenum impaction chamber, as illustrated in Figure The particle fraction smaller than 10 microns is carried upward by the air flow and down the vent tubes to the beta gauge sampler.

PARTICULATE MONITOR
After traversing the inlet configuration, the PM10 particles are deposited on a glass fiber filter tape. A low level of beta radiation is emitted from the source and passes through the filter tape and deposited particles. The increase of particles collected on the tape causes a lower beta-ray measurement in the measuring chamber, as illustrated in Figure This filter-spot position results in a continuous observation of the increasing particulate mass and corresponding concentration. A compensation chamber receives an equal portion of the beta-ray and is used as a reference by comparing the sample measurement in the measuring chamber with transmitted radiation through a compensation chamber foil that exhibits the same absorptivity as clean filter tape. As particles collect on the filter, the differential reading changes, and the signal is converted by an onboard computer to PM10 concentrations.

C 14

THANK YOU