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Changing the Living World
– In hybridization two different organisms are crossed to bring out the best in each
– Humans use selective breeding to pass on desired traits to the next generation
– In inbreeding desired traits that are already existent in a generation are kept alive by
mating them with others who have these traits
– Mutations are inheritable traits within DNA and they help keep variation
– Bacteria are easily mutated b/c they are small and can be mutated in large numbers under
little radiation, this helps create useful bacteria
– Some drugs stop separation in meiosis and can produce polyploids which means they
have many sets of chromosomes, b/c plants are more tolerant of having extra
chromosomes they can be produced and are stronger than diploid relatives
Manipulating DNA
– Scientists want to analyze the base pairs of DNA and make unlimited copies of it
– In genetic engineering try to make changes to part of DNA
– Cells are opened and DNA and cell parts separated
– Too large to be analyzed so use restriction enzymes (cuts the ends of certain DNA frags)
– Gel electrophoresis makes go down smallest goes fastest
– Can be used to locate one gene in a million
– In cutting and pasting synthetic sequences can be attached to normal ones using an
enzyme, same enzyme allows take gene from one org and put it into DNA from another,
recombinant DNA
– To copy DNA take strand and split in half using heat, then add in complementary pairs to
two separate strands and you have two full, separate the new ones and add in another
complementary pair and so on
Cell Transformation
– In transformation cell takes in DNA from outside the cell and this DNA becomes part of
the cell’s DNA
– Takes plasmid and edits b/c it will always replicate in a new cell
– Also has genetic marker
– Animal cells can be transformed by replacing target gene with recombinant DNA
– In genetic engineering transgenic organisms
DNA is the master plan and RNA is the blueprint. The DNA stays safe while the RNA does
its job. Genes and proteins are related b/c genes code for proteins.
Mutations are changes in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information. A point mutation
takes place on a single point on DNA and really just substitutes one gene for another. In a
frameshit mutation a nucleotide is added so then the whole things gets messed up (Fat Cat
thing).