Why do cells divide?

– If cells grow too much their supply of DNA won’t be able to support the cell
– Maintain high surface area to volume ratio
– Volume amount of stuff that needs to pass, surface area size of membrane
Cell Division
– Chromosomes carry DNA because they are made up of DNA
– Until cell division chromosomes can’t be seen because of nuclear envelope
– Each chromosome has 2 chromatids
– Interphase is made up of G1, S, and G2
– M phase is mitosis
– G1 is growing
– S is DNA replication
– G2 creates new organelles
– M divides
– Pro, meta, ana, telo
– In prophase the nuclear envelope breaks down, the spindle forms, and chromosomes
become visible
– In metaphase the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and attach to fibers
– In anaphase the centromeres split apart and chromatids become individual chromosomes,
they move towards the centrioles
– Nuclear envelopes reform, spindle breaks apart and nucleolus forms
– In cytokinesis cell membrane can be drawn inwards to the middle or in an plant cell the
cell plate forms so that there are cell walls for each new cell
Regulation
– Cell division rate goes up when you are cut
– Cells will stop dividing when they come into contact with others
– Cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotes
– Things that determine stuff inside the cell are internal regulators ex. Make sure
chromosomes are finished attaching to spindle before going to anaphase
– External regulators speed up or slow down the cell cycle, they stimulate growth rates and
stuff
– Uncontrolled cell growth is caused when cancer cell don’t respond to regulators
– This means cells can’t function right because they might not divide right
Meiosis
– Homologous chromosomes are pairs that have a corresponding chromosome from each
parent
– A cell with both sets of homologous chromosomes is diploid
– Sexually reproducing organisms have haploid amounts
– Diploid to haploid is meiosis
– The number of chromosomes are split in half through the separation of homologous
chromosomes through division
– Before meiosis 1 replication takes place and the cell divides like in mitosis
– In prophase of mitosis tetrads form from homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids each),
exchange some parts through crossing over (between the chromosomes in a tetrad) and
then it goes on like in mitosis *the new cell has one chromosome from each tetrad
– Two not identical cells are produced and since neither of them have two complete sets
and the cell is a haploid cell
– Meiosis two starts without any replication or anything
– Each chromosome has two chromatids right now
– In metaphase II the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
– In anaphase two the chromatids separate (paired ones)
– In anaphase II the chromatids separate
– The cells separate and each cell(4) now contains 2 chromatids which then count as
chromosomes
– In female cells the end of meiosis I and II are different so there is only one egg produced
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MITOSIS CREATES 2 IDENTICAL DIPLOID CELLS WHILE MEIOSIS PRODUCES
FOUR DIFFERENT HAPLOID CELLS