PART I

SOLID MECHANICS

Stability and Equilibrium of Plane Frames

A pinjointed frame is a structure made up of slender (cross-sectional dimensions quite small compared to length) members pin connected at ends and is capable of taking loads at joints. Frames are used as roof trusses to support sloping roofs and as bridge trusses to support deck. In many machines, steel frames are used. Transmission tower is another example of frame. In the case of wooden frames, the ends are connected by making suitable wooden joints or by nailing/bolting whereas steel frames are by riveting or by welding. A frame in which all the members lie in a single plane, is called a plane frame. In such a frame, loads act along the plane of the frame. Roof trusses and bridge trusses are the examples of plane frames. If all the members of a frame do not lie in a single plane, then the frame is called a space frame. Tripod and transmission towers are examples of space frame. In this chapter, the analysis of only plane frame is considered.

1.1

PERFECT, DEFICIENT AND REDUNDANT FRAMES

A pinjointed frame which has got just sufficient number of members to 2 resist the loads without undergoing appreciable deformation in shape, is called a prefect frame. Triangular frame is the simplest perfect 1 2 frame and it has three joints and three members (Fig. 1.1). Perfect frames with four and five joints are shown in Fig. 1.2 and 1.3 1 3 3 respectively. It may be observed that to increase joint in a perfect frame, two Figure 1.1 more members are required. Hence, the following expression may be written as the relationship between number of joints j, and the number of member m, in a perfect frame. 4 4 2 m = 2j 3 (1.1) However, the above equation gives only a necessary, but 1 3 not a sufficient condition of a perfect frame. For example, the 5 two frames shown in Fig. 1.4 (a) and (b) have the same number 1 3 2 of members and joints. The frame shown in Fig. 1.4(a) is perfect whereas the one shown in Fig. 1.4 (b) is not capable of retaining Figure 1.2 its shape if loaded at the joint marked 6. Therefore, the only

Solid and Fluid Mechanics

necessary and sufficient condition of a perfect frame is that it should retain its shape when load is applied at any joint in any direction.
2 1 1 3 4 4 6 5 3 5 7

P 2 4 6 2 4 6

3 (a)

3 (b)

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

A frame is said to be deficient if the number of members in it are less than that required for a perfect frame. Such frames cannot retain their shape when loaded. A deficient frame is shown in Fig. 1.5. A frame is said to be redundant if the number of members Figure 1.5 in it, are more than that required in a perfect frame. Such frames cannot be analysed by making use of the equations of equilibrium alone. Thus, a redundant frame is statically indeterminate. Each extra member adds one degree of indeterminancy. For the analysis of such members, the consistency of determinations is to be considered. The truss shown in the Fig. 1.6 is a typical redundant truss. In this truss, one diagonal member in each panel is extra. Hence, it is a two-degree redundant frame. Figure 1.6 In this chapter, only the analysis of perfect frames is considered.

1.2

ASSUMPTIONS

In the theory that is going to be developed in this chapter, the following assumptions are made: (1) The ends of the members are pin-connected (hinged); (2) The loads act only at the joints; (3) Self-weights of the members are negligible; (4) Cross-sections of the members are uniform; If at all the cross-section varies, the centre of gravity of the section is assumed to be located along the same longitudinal line. In reality, the members are connected by bolting, riveting or by welding. No special care is taken to ensure perfect pin-connections. However, experiments have shown that assuming pin-connected ends is quite satisfactory since the members used are slender. In most of the frames, the loads act at the joints. Even if a load is not acting at a joint, it can be replaced by its reaction at the joint and a local bending effect on the member. The frame may be analysed for the joint loads and the local bending effect on the member superposed in the design of that member.

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Stability and Equilibrium of Plane Frames

5
Chapter 1

In most of the trusses, the self-weight is really small compared to the loads they carry. Hence, self-weight of the members may be neglected. It is the duty of construction engineer to see that the centroid of all cross-sections lie along a single axis so that the member is held in equilibrium by the two forces acting at its ends. Because of the assumption of pin-connected ends, it is more appropriate to call the theory that is going to be developed in this chapter as stability and equilibrium of pin-connected plane trusses. Analysis of rigid frames is not covered in this book.

1.3

NATURE OF FORCES IN MEMBERS

The members of a truss are subjected to either tensile or compressive forces. A typical truss ABCDE loaded at joint E is shown in Fig. 1.7(a). The member BC is subjected to compressive force C as shown in Fig. 1.7(b). Effect of this force on the joint B (or C) is equal and opposite to the force C as shown in Fig. 1.7(b).
C B C C C C

T A E T D

Figure 1.7(a)

Figure 1.7(b)

The member AE is subjected to tensile force T. Its effect on the joints A and E are as shown in Fig. 1.7(b). In the analysis of frame, we mark Compression the forces on the joints, instead of the forces in the members as shown in Fig. 1.7(c). It may be noted that compressive force in a member is represented in a figure by two arrows going away from each other and Tension a tensile force by two arrows coming towards each Figure 1.7(c) other. In other words, if the arrows are towards joint member force is compressive and if it is away from joints the member force is tensile. This is quite logical considering the fact that the markings on the members represent the internal reactive forces developed which are opposite in direction to the applied forces.

1.4

METHODS OF ANALYSIS

The following three methods are available for the analysis of pin-connected frames: (1) Method of joints (2) Method of section (3) Graphical method. The first two are analytical methods, only method of joints is dealt in this chapter.

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6 1.5 METHOD OF JOINTS

Solid and Fluid Mechanics

At each joint, the forces in the members meeting and the loads acting, if any, constitute a system of concurrent forces. Hence, two independent equations of equilibrium can be formed at each joint. First, a joint is selected where there are only two unknown forces. Many times such a joint can be identified only after finding the reaction at the support by considering the equilibrium of the entire frame. Then making use of the two equations of equilibrium at that joint, the two unknown forces are found. Then, the next joint is selected for analysis where there are now only two unknown forces. Thus, the analysis proceeds from joint to joint to find the forces in all the members. It may be noted that if there are j number of joints, 2j number of equations can be formed. There will be three reactions in a general determinate truss. The force in each member is unknown. Hence, if there are m number of members, the total number of unknowns will be m + 3. A problem can be analysed if there are as many equations as there are unknowns. Hence, a frame analysis problem is determinate if: 2j = m + 3 (1.2) This equation is the same as Equation 4.1 which was derived on the consideration of a perfect frame. Hence, a perfect frame is determinate. If m > 2j 3, then the number of unknowns is more than the number of equations. Hence, a redundant frame is indeterminate. If m < 2j 3, then the number of equations is more than the number of unknowns. Since a set of solutions can satisfy such equations, it shows instability of the structure. Hence, a deficient frame is not stable. The method of joints is illustrated with the examples 1.1 to 1.5.
Example 1.1. Find the forces in all the members of the truss shown in Fig. 1.8(a). Tabulate the results. Solution. Step 1: Determine the inclinations of all inclined members. In this case, tan =

3m q D q

C 3 E 3m 3m =1 3 40 kN 40 kN = 45 Figure 1.8(a) Step 2: Look for a joint at which there are only two unknowns. If such a joint is not available, determine the reactions at the supports, and then at the supports the unknowns may reduce to only two. Now at joints C, there are only two unknowns, i.e., forces in members CB and CD, say FCB and FCD. FCB Note: Usually in cantilever type frames, we find such joints without the need to find reactions. 45 C Step 3: Now there are two equations of equilibrium for the forces FCD meeting at the joints and two unknown forces. Hence, the unknown forces can be determined. At joint C [Ref: Fig. 1.8(b)] V = 0 condition shows that the force FCB 40 kN should act away from the joint C so that its vertical component Figure 1.8(b) balances the vertical downward load at C.

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Stability and Equilibrium of Plane Frames

FCB sin 45 = 40 FCB = 40 FCD FCB cos 45 = 0 FCD = FCB cos 45 = 40 2 = 40 kN Note: If the assumed direction of unknown forces is opposite, the value will be negative. Then reverse the direction and proceed. Step 4: On the diagram of the truss, mark arrow on the member near the joint analysed to indicate the force on the joint. At the other end, mark the arrow in the opposite direction. In the present case, near the joint C, the arrows are marked on the members CB and CD to indicate forces FCB and FCD directions as found in the analysis of joint C. Then opposite directions are marked in the members CB and CD near joints B and D, respectively. Step 5: Look for the next joint where there are only two unknown forces and analyse that joint. In this case, there are only two unknown forces at joint D as shown in Fig. 1.8(c). V = 0 FDB = 40 kN H = 0 FDE = 40 kN Step 6: Repeat steps 4 and 5 till forces in all the members are found. In the present case, after marking the forces in the members DB and DE, we find that analysis of joint B can be taken up. Referring to Fig. 1.8(d). V = 0 FBE sin 45 40 40 sin 45 = 0 FBE = 80 2 kN H = 0 FBA FBE cos 45 40 2 cos 45 = 0 FBA = 80 2 FBA = 120 kN
Tension Compression

7
Chapter 1
2
FDB FDE D 40 kN 40 kN

kN

Now H = 0 indicates that FCD should act towards C. 1

Figure 1.8(c)

FBA

B 45 FBE 40 kN 45 40 2

Figure 1.8(d)

1 2

+ 40

1 2

The directions of these forces are marked on the diagram. Now the analysis is complete since the forces in all the members are determined. Step 7: Determine the nature of forces in each member and tabulate the results. Note that if the arrow marks on a member are towards joints, then the member is in tension and if the arrow marks are away from joints, the member is in compression [Ref. Fig. 1.8(e)] as discussed in 1.3. In this case,

Figure 1.8(e)

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8
Member AB BC CD DE BE BD Magnitude of force in kN 120 40 40 40 80 2 40

Solid and Fluid Mechanics

Nature Tension Tension Compression Compression Compression Tension

Example 1.2. Determine the forces in all the members of the truss shown in Fig. 1.9(a) and indicate the magnitude and nature of forces on the diagram of the truss. 40 kN 50 kN All inclined members are at 60 to horizontal and length of each member is 2 m. Solution. Now, we cannot find a joint with only two unknown forces without finding reactions. Consider the equilibrium of the entire frame. MA = 0 RD 4 40 1 60 2 50 3 = 0 RD = 77.5 kN H=0 HA = 0 V = 0 RA + RD = 40 + 60 + 50 Joint A: V = 0 FAB sin 60 = RA = 72.5 FAB = 83.716 kN (Comp) H = 0 FAE = 83.716 cos 60 = 0 FAE = 41.858 kN (Tension) Joint D: V = 0 FDC sin 60 = RD = 77.5 FDC = 89.489 kN (Comp) H = 0 FDE = 89.489 cos 60 = 0 Joint B: V = 0 FDE = 44.745 kN (Tension)
FDE RD 60 D FDC
RA A FAE

60 2m RA

60 E

60 2m 60 kN

60

RD

Figure 1.9(a)

Reaction at A is vertical only

RA = 72.5 kN, since RD = 77.5 kN

FAB 60

Figure 1.9(b)

Figure 1.9(c)

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Stability and Equilibrium of Plane Frames

FBE sin 60 FAB sin 60 + 40 = 0 FBE = 83.716 sin 60 40 = 37.528 (Tension) sin 60 H = 0
40 kN

9
Chapter 1

FBC = FAB cos 60 FBE cos 60 = 0 FBC = (83.716 + 37.527) 0.5 FBC = 60.622 kN (Comp) Joint C: V = 0 FCE sin 60 + 50 FDC sin 60 = 0 FCE = 89.489 sin 60 50 = 31.754 kN (Tension) sin 60

FBC B 60 60 60 FAB FBE

Figure 1.9(d)
50 kN FBC 60 60 FCE FDC

Now the forces in all the members are known. If joint E is analysed, it will give the check for the analysis. The results are shown on the diagram of the truss in Fig. 1.9(f).
40 kN B
716

50 kN 60.622 C Compression Tension

89.
754

Figure 1.9(e)

A 41.858

83.

31.

Figure 1.9(f) Example 1.3. Analyse the truss shown in Fig. 1.10(a). All inclined members have the same inclination to horizontal. tan =

4 3 = 53.13
C

37. 528

489

E 44.745 60 kN

4m B 4m HA A q F q E q q D

3m VA

3m 20 kN

Figure 1.10(a)

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10
As soon as a joint is analysed, the forces on the joint are marked on members [Fig. 1.10(b)] Joint E: V=0 FED sin 53.13 20 = 0 FED = 25 kN (Tension) H=0 FEF FED cos = 0 FEF = 25 cos 53.13 = 15 kN (Comp)
HA

Solid and Fluid Mechanics

RC

kN

20 kN

25

20 kN

q 15 kN

25

O q

kN
q

15 kN VA

15 kN 20 kN

At this stage as, no other joint is having only two unknowns, Figure 1.10(b) no further progress is possible. Let us find the reactions at the supports considering the whole structure. Let the reaction be as shown in Fig. 1.10(b). M A = 0 RC 8 20 6 = 0 RC = 15 kN V = 0 VA = 20 kN H = 0 HA = RC = 15 kN Joint A: V = 0 FAB VA = 0 FAB = 20 kN (Comp) H = 0 FAF HA = 0 FAF = 15 kN (Comp) Joint C: H = 0 FCB cos 53.13 RC = 0 FCB = V = 0 FCD = FCB sin = 25 sin 53.13 = 20 kN (Tension) Joint B: V = 0 FBF sin 53.13 FBC sin 53.13 + FAB = 0 = 25 kN (Comp) Figure 1.10(d) 15 cos 53.13
A HA VA FAF

FED q FEF C

20 kN

Figure 1.10(c)

FAB

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Stability and Equilibrium of Plane Frames

FBF sin 53.13 = 25 sin 53.13 20 = 0 FBF = 0 H = 0 FBD 25 cos 53.13 = 0 FBD = 15 kN (Tension) Joint F: V = 0 FFD = 0 (since FBF = 0) Note: When three members are meeting at an unloaded joint and out of them two are collinear, then the force in third member will be zero. Such situations are illustrated in Fig. 1.10 (g) and (h).
A
B q q FBF FBD FBC

11
Chapter 1
4m E G

FAB

Figure 1.10(e)
FBF = 0 q FAF FFE FFD = 0

Figure 1.10(f)

Figure 1.10(g) (h) Example 1.4. Find the forces in all the members of the truss shown in Fig. 1.11 (a). tan 1 =

4 6

FG 8 1 IJ H 3 2K

2m A q1 B

2m q1 D

12 kN 20 kN 3m 2m F q2 q3 H

1 = 33.69 2 = tan1 3 = tan1 = 53.13

FG 4 IJ = 53.13 H 3K
12 kN 20 kN H Compression Tension

Figure 1.11(a)

Joint-by-joint analysis is carried out as given below and the joint forces are marked in Fig. 1.11(b). Then nature of the force in the members is determined.

A 15 kN B 15 kN D 15 kN
18 . kN028

F 15 kN

0 C

RA

0 E1

18 . kN028

12

25 kN

8. kN028

G RG

Figure 1.11(b)

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12
Joint H: V = 0 FHG sin 3 = 20 FHG sin 53.13 = 20 = 25 kN (Comp) H = 0 FHF FHG cos 2 = 0 FHF = 25 cos 53.13 = 15 kN (Tension) Now M G = 0 RA 6 20 3 = 0 RA = 10 kN Downward V = 0 RG 10 12 20 = 0 RG = 42 kN Joint A: V = 0 FAC sin 1 10 = 0 FAC = 18.028 kN (Comp) H = 0 FAB FAC cos 1 = 0 FAB = 15 kN (Tension) Joint B: V = 0 FBC = 0 H = 0 FBD = FBA = 15 kN (Tension) Joint C: Forces normal to AC = 0, gives FCD = 0 since FBC = 0 Forces parallel to CE = 0 FCE = FCA = 18.028 (Comp) Joint D: V = 0 FDE = 0 H = 0 FDF = FDB = 15kN (Tension) Joint E: Forces normal to CG = 0, gives FEF = 0 and Forces in the direction of CG = 0 gives FEG = FCE = 18.028 kN (Comp)

Solid and Fluid Mechanics

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Stability and Equilibrium of Plane Frames

Joint F: V = 0 FFG 12 = 0 FFG = 12 kN (Comp) Example. 1.5. Analyse the truss shown in Fig. 1.12 (a). All the members are of 3 m length. Solution. Since all members are 3 m long, all triangles are equilateral and hence all inclined members are at 60 to horizontal. Joint-by-joint analysis is carried out and the forces are represented in Fig. 1.12(b). Then nature of the force is determined. Joint G: V = 0 FGF sin 60 = 20 FGF = 23.094 kN (Tension) H = 0 FGE FGF cos 60 = 0 FGE = 11.547 kN (Comp) Joint F:
A 40 kN B 30 kN D F

13
Chapter 1
10 kN 60 60 C 60 60 33=9m 60 E 60 G

Figure 1.12(a)

20 kN

V = 0 FFE sin 60 FGF sin 60 = 0 FFE = FGF = 23.094 kN (Comp) H = 0 FFD + 10 FGF cos 60 FFE cos 60 = 0 FFD = 13.094 kN (Tension) Now, without finding reaction we cannot proceed. Hence, consider equilibrium of the entire truss.
40 kN B 13.6603
38 .75 43 9.4 33 7
9.4 33 7

30 kN D 13.094
44 .07 47

F
23

10 kN
.09 4

HA

8.3771 C

1.0566 E RE

23 .09 4

11.547

VA

Compression Tension

20 kN

Figure 1.12(b) MA = 0 RE 6 + 10 3 sin 60 40 1.5 30 4.5 20 9 = 0 RE = 58.170 kN V = 0 VA = 40 + 30 + 20 RE = 31.830 kN H=0 HA = 10 kN

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14
Joint A: V = 0 FAB sin 60 31.830 = 0 FAB = 36.754 kN (Comp) H = 0 FAC FAB cos 60 + 10 = 0 FAC = 8.377 kN (Tension) Joint B: V = 0 FBC sin 60 + FAB sin 60 40 = 0 FBC = 9.434 kN (Comp) H = 0 FBD + FBC cos 60 FBA cos 60 = 0 FBD = 13.660 kN (Comp) Joint C: V = 0 FCD sin 60 FBC sin 60 = 0 FCD = FBC = 9.434 kN (Tension) H = 0 FCE + FAC FCD cos 60 FBC cos 60 = 0 FCE = 2 9.434 Joint D: V = 0 FDE sin 60 FCD sin 60 30 = 0 FDE = 44.075 kN (Comp)

Solid and Fluid Mechanics

1 8.377 = 1.057 kN (Comp) 2

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE

1. A pinjointed frame which has got just sufficient number of members to resist the loads without undergoing appreciable deformation in shape, is called a perfect frame. 2. A frame is said to be deficient if the number of members in it, are less than that required for a perfect frame. Such frames cannot retain their shape when loaded. 3. A frame is said to be redundant if the number of members in it, are more than that required for a perfect frame. They are statically indeterminate. Equations: In a perfect frame, m = 2j 3 where m = number of members j = number of joints.

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Stability and Equilibrium of Plane Frames PROBLEMS FOR EXERCISE

15
Chapter 1

1.1. to 1.17. Determine the forces in all the members of the frames shown in Fig. 1.13 to 1.29. Indicate the nature of the forces also (Tension as + ve and compression as ve). 1.1.
6m A B 30 kN 6m C 4m F 3m E 6m D 20 kN

Figure 1.13 (Prob. 1.1) [Ans. FAB = + 67.5 kN; FBC = + 15 kN; FCD = 25 kN; FDE = 30 kN; FEF = 105 kN; FAE = + 62.5 kN; FBE = 62.5 kN; FBD = + 25 kN] 1.2.
A B 4m 20 kN C D G F 3m 3m E 3m 20 kN

Figure 1.14 (Prob. 1.2) [Ans. FAB = + 82.074 kN; FBC = + 73.866 kN; FCD = 49.244 kN; FDE = 45 kN; FEF = 45 kN; FFG = 67.5 kN; FBG = 10.0 kN; FFC = + 24.622 kN; FCE = 0; FBF = 10 kN]

1.3.

C E 30 F D 3m 3m 3m 100 kN G

Figure 1.15 (Prob. 1.3) [Ans. FAC = FCE = FEG = + 193.185 kN; FBD = FDE = FFG = 193.185 kN; All others are zero members]

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16
1.4.
2m C 2m D 4m B 4m A E 200 kN

Solid and Fluid Mechanics

Figure 1.16 (Prob. 1.4) [Ans. FEC = + 447.214 kN; FCA = + 400 kN; FAB = 447.214 kN; FBD = 400 kN; FCD = 0; FCB = 200 kN] 1.5.
F D 90 3m 3m 3m E C 10 kN 3m 3m A 3m 3m B

5 kN

Figure 1.17 (Prob. 1.5) [Ans. FDB = FBA = + 5.773 kN; FBC = FDE = 5.774 kN; FAC = 2.887 kN; FCE = 14.434 kN; FDC = + 17.320 kN; FDF = + 20.0 kN] 1.6.
30 kN A B 160 kN 160 kN

4m

20 kN C D

4m

E 3m

Figure 1.18 (Prob. 1.6) [Ans. FAB = 30 kN; FAC = 160 kN; FBC = + 50 kN; FBD = 200 kN; FCD = 50 kN; FCE = 120 kN; FDF = 266.67 kN; FDE = + 83.33 kN]

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Stability and Equilibrium of Plane Frames

1.7.
200 kN 100 kN 2m A B 2m C 2m D E F 2m G H

17
Chapter 1

Figure 1.19 (Prob. 1.7) [Ans. FAB = 200 kN; FAC = 100 kN; FBC = FCF = 0; FBD = 141.42 kN; FBF = 141.42 kN; FDE = 100 kN; FDG = 0; FEF = + 100 kN; FEH = 141.42 kN; FEG = + 141.42 kN; FGH = + 100 kN] 1.8.
2m C 2m E 2m G 2m H 2m F D A B 1 kN

2 kN

Figure 1.20 (Prob. 1.8) [Ans. FBD = 2.828 kN; FBA = + 3 kN; FAC = + 4.243 kN; FAD = 3 kN; FDC = 2 kN; FDF = 5 kN; FCF = 1.414 kN; FCE = + 6 kN; FFE = + 1 kN; FFH = 4 kN; FEH = 1.414 kN; FEG = + 5 kN; FGH = + 1 kN] 1.9.
A 100 kN B D

100 kN

C E 5m 5m 5m

5m F

Figure 1.21 (Prob. 1.9) [Ans. FAC = 223.6 kN; FAB = + 200 kN; FBD = + 200 kN; FBC = 100 kN; FCD = + 111.8 kN; FCE = 335.4 kN; FDE = + 35.0 kN; FDF = 424.3 kN; FEF = 300 kN]

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18
1.10.
2m F 2m G 2m 2m H 2m 2m E C 10 kN A 5 kN D B

Solid and Fluid Mechanics

Figure 1.22 (Prob. 1.10) [Ans. FAB = + 7.07 kN; FAC = 5 kN; FBC = 5 kN; FBD = + 5 kN; FCD = + 21.2 kN; FCE = 20 kN; FDE = 15 kN; FDF = + 28.28 kN; FEH = 15 kN; FEF = 20 kN; FFG = + 42.43 kN; FFH = + 14.14 kN] 1.11.
40 kN 45 B D 30 kN 45 2m A 2m C 2m E

Figure 1.23 (Prob. 1.11) [Ans. FAB = 15 kN; FAC = + 16.97 kN; F BD = 38.89 kN; F BC = 17.68 kN; FCE = 0; FCD = + 25 kN; FED = 38.89 kN] 1.12.
D 20 kN

2m

20 kN B

2m
30

20 kN A

60 C

Figure 1.24 (Prob. 1.12) [Ans. FAB = 17.32 kN; FAC = + 5 kN; FBC = 20 kN; FBD = 17.32 kN; FCD = + 20 kN; FCE = 15 kN; FDE = 30 kN]
20 kN 20 kN 10 kN B 30 C 3m 3m D 20 kN E 30 10 kN F

1.13.
A

Figure 1.25 (Prob. 1.13) [Ans. FAB = 60 kN; FAC = + 51.96 kN; FBC = 20 kN; FBD = 40 kN; FCD = + 40 kN; symmetry]

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Stability and Equilibrium of Plane Frames

1.14.
C A B D 6 kN 6 kN 3 4 = 12 m G 6 kN E F H 1m 2m

19
Chapter 1

Figure 1.26 (Prob. 1.14) [Ans. FAC = 16.22 kN; FAB = + 13.5 kN; FBC = + 6 kN; FBD = + 13.5 kN; FCD = 1.80 kN; FCE = 12.65 kN; FDE = 8 kN] 1.15.
15 kN B 30 kN D

3m

A 2m 30 kN

C 2m

E 2m

Figure 1.27 (Prob. 1.15) [Ans. FAB = + 36.06 kN; FAC = 20 kN; FCB = 48.75 kN; FCE = 20 kN; FCD = 7.5 kN; FBE = + 22.53 kN; FDE = 18.75 kN; FDF = 13.52 kN; FFE = 7.5 kN] 1.16.
C 40 kN

60 A 60 60 F 3m 40 kN 3m 60 60 E

Figure 1.28 (Prob. 1.16) [Ans. FAB = 16.91 kN; FAF = + 31.55 kN; FBF = + 23.91 kN; FBD = 23.91 kN; FBC = + 40 kN; FCD = 40 kN; FDE = 63.1 kN; FDF = + 23.91 kN; FEF = + 31.55 kN]

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20
1.17.
E 30 kN C 1.5 m F 30 D G 3m 2m 2m B 10 kN A

Solid and Fluid Mechanics

3m

Figure 1.29 (Prob. 1.17) [Ans. FAC = 67.48 kN; FAB = + 53.99 kN; FBC = + 10 kN; FCD = 8.33 kN; FCE = 59.15 kN; FEF = 24.5 kN; FED = + 52.81 kN; FFD = + 47.21 kN; FFG = 34.64 kN; FDG = + 47.32 kN]

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