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T I U C H U A N Q U C G I A



TCVN 4447:2012
Xut bn In 1




CNG TC T - THI CNG V NGHIEM THU
Earth works - Construction, check and acceptance














H NQI - 2012

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TCVN 4447:2012
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Mc Ic
Li ni du.........................................4
1 Pham vi p dung.....................................5
2 Quy djnh chung.....................................5
3 Cng tc chun bj...................................7
4 Thi cng cng tc dt.................................16
5 Khai thc vt liu tai m................................34
6 Thi cng bng co gii thu luc.............................37
7 Cng tc nao vt trong nuc...........................................................................................................45
8 Thi cng bng khoan n mn............................................................................................................47
9 m nn dt.....................................................................................................................................51
10 Hon thin v gia c mi..............................................................................................................55
11 Kim tra cht luong v nghim thu cng tc................................................................................57
Phu luc A (Tham kho): Phn loai dt d theo d cng ....................64
Phu luc B (Tham kho): Phn cp dt d theo mc d kh d cho tng loai my thi cng .....66
Phu luc C (Tham kho): H s chuyn th tch t dt tu nhin sang dt toi ............68




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Li ni du
TCVN 4447:2012 duoc chuyn di t TCVN 4447:1987 thnh Tiu
chun Quc gia theo quy djnh tai khon 1 iu 69 ca Lut Tiu chun
v Quy chun k thut v dim b khon 2 iu 6 Nghj djnh s
127/2007/N-CP ngy 1/8/2007 ca Chnh ph quy djnh chi tit thi hnh
mt s diu ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut.
TCVN 4447:2012 do Vin Khoa hoc Cng ngh Xy dung - B Xy dung
bin soan, B Xy dung d nghj, Tng cuc Tiu chun o lung Cht
luong thm djnh, B Khoa hoc v Cng ngh cng b.
5
T I U C H U A N Q U C G I A TCVN 4447:2012


Cng tc dt - Thi cng v nghim thu
Earth works Construction, check and acceptance

1 Pham vi p dng
1.1 Tiu chun ny quy djnh cc yu cu phi tun theo khi thi cng v nghim thu cng tc dt theo
phuong php kh (bng my do, xc...), phuong php ut (bng co gii thu luc...), phuong php
khoan n mn trong xy dung, ci tao nh v cng trnh.
i vi nhng cng trnh thu loi (thu din, thu nng), giao thng vn ti, buu din, dung dy v
tram khai thc m, du kh, cng nghip, dn dung... ngoi nhng diu quy djnh ca tiu chun ny,
khi thi cng v nghim thu cng tc dt cn phi tun theo cc quy djnh ca tiu chun chuyn ngnh.
1.2 Khi lp thit k t chc xy dung v thit k thi cng cng nhu khi thit k cng trnh dt phi tun
th nhng quy djnh ca tiu chun ny.
2 Quy d[nh chung
2.1 Nhng ti liu cn thit d lp thit k t chc xy dung cc cng trnh dt gm c:
- Thit k k thut cng trnh;
- Bnh d khu vuc xy dung trong d chi r hin trang mt dt, dung dng mc, ch dt dp, noi d
dt, dung vn chuyn, tuyn dt dung ng v vj tr b lng (nu thi cng co gii thu luc), xc djnh
bn knh an ton (nu khoan n mn);
- Cc mt ct doc cng trnh lm theo mt ct dja cht;
- Bng thng k khi luong cng tc dt, biu d cn di, gia khi luong do v dp;
- Tnh hnh dja cht, dja cht thu vn v kh tuong thu vn ca ton b khu vuc cng trnh.
CH THCH: Nhng ti liu cn thit d lp thit k thi cng cng trnh dt l nhng ti liu ca thit k t chc xy dung,
bn v thi cng v nhng ti liu ghi trong diu ny, v phi duoc hiu chinh, b sung cho ph hop vi nhng diu kin cu th
tai thuc dja.
2.2 Nhng ti liu kho st dja cht cng trnh phi cung cp d nhng s liu cn thit v dt xy
dung, c th gm ton b hoc mt phn nhng s liu sau dy:
a) Thnh phn hat ca dt;
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b) Khi luong ring v khi luong th tch kh ca dt;
c) Khi luong th tch v d m ca dt;
d) Gii han chy v do ca dt;
e) Thnh phn khong ca dt;
f) H s thm (trong trung hop cn thit);
g) Gc ma st trong v luc dnh ca dt;
h) chua mn v nhng dc tnh ring ca dt (tnh truong n, tan r, ln sat.);
i) Cung d chju nn tam thi v d nt n (di vi d);
k) cht ti da v d m ti uu khi dm nn (nu cn thit phi dm cht dt);
l) bn (cy, rc .), vt gy n (bom, mn, dan .) v nhng vt chung ngai khc (trong trung
hop thi cng co gii thu luc v nao vt lung lach);
m) Phn cp dt theo mc d kh thi cng phu thuc vo phuong php thi cng dt duoc chon;
n) Kh nng chju ti ca dt nhng d cn thit khc nhau.
o) Trong trung hop bi dp cng trnh phi phn tch thnh phn hat ca dt.
CH THCH 1: Khi kho st dja cht phi xc djnh mc d ln rc bn ca dt. Khi thy cn thit phi diu tra thuc dja, ngun
lm bn d c ti liu b sung. Trong giai doan thit k k thut, phi tnh ton dn mc d ln rc bn ca dt. Trong trung
hop thi cng bng co gii thu luc v nao vt lung lach, mc d dt ln rc phi hiu chinh theo thuc t s ln ngng my
d g rc bnh xe cng tc v ming ht. Trong trung hop ny phi tnh dn thi gian ngng vic d thau ra ng dn
bn, thi gian ngng vic do ket my khong do v thi gian khi dng my.
CH THCH 2: Tuy thuc su phc tap ca dja cht cng trnh v phuong php thi cng duoc chon trong thit k t chc xy
dung v thit k thi cng cng nhu diu kin tai noi xy dung, cc s liu ghi tai 2.2g), 2.2h), 2.2) c th c hoc khng.
2.3 Chi s dung phuong php co gii thi cng thu luc khi c ngun nuc v luong nuc d d vn
chuyn dt.
Phi kho st k kh nng cp nuc ca ngun nuc, trn co s tnh ton nhu cu s dung nuc (dc
bit di vi ao, h v sng sui nh) phi tnh c nhu cu nuc sinh hoat v v sinh ti thiu pha
khu vuc thi cng, dng thi phi tnh dn mt nuc do bc hoi, thm v bo ho dt.
2.4 Khi thi cng bng co gii thu luc, khng duoc d nuc thi lm ng ngp khu vuc dn cu, nh
my, dung x v dt nng nghip...
Nhng bin php lm sach, lng bn v dn nuc t cc sn bi, th vo sng, h phi duoc co quan
qun l v bo v ngun nuc cho php v c su tho thun ca cc co quan nh nuc v gim st
v bo v mi sinh, mi trung, bo v thu sn v cc co quan lin quan khc.
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2.5 Khi thi cng dt khng duoc thi nuc, dt xu v cc ph liu khc vo lm hu hng dt nng
nghip v cc loai dt trng khc, khng duoc thi ba bi nuc bn, dt rc bn ra khu vuc cng
trnh dang s dung.
2.6 Bng cn di khi luong dt do v dp trong pham vi cng trnh phi dm bo su phn b v
chuyn dt hop l nht gia do v dp c tnh dn thi gian v trnh tu thi cng cc hang muc cng
trnh, phi tnh dn nhng hao hut do ln ca nn, ca thn cng trnh v roi vi trong vn chuyn.
Trong trung hop khng th cn bng gia dt do v dt dp trong pham vi cng trnh th trong thit
k t chc xy dung cng trnh phi xc djnh vj tr bi thi hoc m dt. Nu vj tr bi thi nm trong
hng ro cng trnh th phi bn bac tho thun vi ban qun l cng trnh. Nu ngoi hng ro cng
trnh th phi tho thun vi chnh quyn dja phuong.
2.7 t thi phi d noi trng, vj tr nhng h su tu nhin (khe can, hm ni, dm ly, nhng noi
b hoang...). Khi quy djnh vj tr bi thi dt phi xem xt nhng diu kin dja cht v dja cht thu vn,
khng duoc lm cn tr thot nuc v gy tr ngai cho thot l. Khi hon thnh thi cng dt, b mt
bi thi phi duoc san bng, v nu thy cn thit th phi trng c gia c.
Khi thi cng nao vt, nu chon bi thi dui nuc phi xc djnh rt thn trong v phi c su tho thun
ca cc co quan qun l vn ti dja phuong, co quan Nh nuc gim st v sinh mi trung v bo v
cc ngun thu sn...
2.8 Cng tc thi cng dt nn giao cho nhng t chc chuyn mn ho v cng tc dt hoc nhng
don vj chuyn mn ho v cng tc ny trong cc t chc xy lp.
2.9 Lua chon nhm my dng b d thi cng dt phi trn co s tnh ton kinh t. Khi thit k t chc
xy dung cng trnh phi tnh dn nng luc xe my sn c ca t chc xy lp v kh nng b sung
nhng my mc cn thiu.
3 Cng tc chun b[
3.1 Cng tc chun bj phi tin hnh theo nhng quy djnh t chc thi cng v nhng quy djnh dui
dy ca tiu chun ny.
3.2 Gii phng mt bng
3.2.1 Khi cp dt xy dung cng trnh phi tnh c din tch bi ly dt, bi tr dt, bi thi, dung vn
chuyn tam thi, noi dt dung ng, dung dy din v mt bng b lng nu thi cng bng co gii
thu luc.
3.2.2 Trong pham vi cng trnh, trong gii han dt xy dung nu c nhng cy c nh hung dn an
ton ca cng trnh v gy kh khn cho thi cng th phi cht hoc di di noi khc.
Phi di chuyn cc loai cng trnh, m m, nh ca... ra khi khu vuc xy dung cng trnh.
3.2.3 Phi do ht gc, r cy trong nhng trung hop sau dy:
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- Trong gii han nhng h nng (chiu su nh hon 0,5 m) nhu mng nh, ho, knh muong;
- Trong gii han nn dung st c chiu cao dt dp bt k v nn dung b chiu cao dt dp nh
hon 1,5 m;
- Trong gii han nn mng d, dp thu loi khng k chiu cao bao nhiu h do, hc cy cn lp lai
v dm k tng lp bng cng mt loai dt;
- Trong gii han dp nn chiu cao dt dp nh hon 0,5 m;
- Trong gii han bi cha dt, bi ly dt v phn dt ly t h mng cn dng d dp dt tr lai;
- Trong gii han tuyn nhng ng ngm c chiu rng duoc xc djnh trong thit k t chc xy dung.
3.2.4 Cho php d lai cy trong nhng trung hop sau:
Trong gii han nn dung b chiu cao dt dp ln hon 1,5 m. Nu nn dt dp cao t 1,5 m dn
2 m, gc cy phi cht st mt dt, nu nn dt dp cao hon 2 m, gc cy c th d cao hon mt dt
tu nhin 10 cm;
Trong gii han dp nn vi chiu cao dt dp ln hon 0,5 m th gc cy c th d cao hon mt dt tu
nhin l 20 cm.
3.2.5 i vi nhng h mng cng trnh, dung ho, knh muong c chiu su ln hon 0,5 m, vic
do gc cy do thit k t chc xy dung quy djnh tuy theo dang v chng loai my duoc s dung d
do mng cng trnh.
3.2.6 Nn dng cc phuong tin co gii d do gc cy. Sau khi nh ln phi vn chuyn ngay gc
cy ra ngoi cng trnh d khng lm tr ngai thi cng.
C th dng my ko, my i, my i c thit bj do gc cy, my xc, h thng ti dc bit dng nh
gc cy c dung knh 50 cm tr xung.
i vi gc cy dung knh ln hon 50 cm v loai gc cy c b r pht trin rng th c th n mn d
do gc.
3.2.7 m ci qu c so vi loai my duoc s dung (k c phuong tin vn chuyn) nm trong gii
han h mng cng trnh phi loai b truc khi tin hnh do dt.
CH THCH: m ci duoc coi l qu c khi kch thuc chiu ngang ln nht ca vin d ln hon kch thuc phn cng
tc ca nhng my lm dt duoc chon d thi cng.
+ Ln hon 2/3 chiu rng gu xc: di vi my do gu nga v gu sp;
+ Ln hon 1/2 chiu rng gu xc: di vi my do gu qung;
+ Ln hon 2/3 chiu su ct dt: di vi my cap;
+ Ln hon 1/2 chiu cao bn gat: di vi my i v my san;
+ Ln hon 1/2 b rng thng xe: di vi loai xe vn ti tu d v v trong luong khng duoc ln hon mt na ti trong quy
djnh ca xe.
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Trung hop thi cng bng co gii thu luc v nao vt lung lach, di vi tng loai my kch thuc d
qu c do thit k quy djnh:
- C th x l ph v d qu c bng n mn d bn di ra ngoi pham vi lm vic ca my hoc ph v
tai ch;
- C th chn d su hon 0,3 m so vi cao trnh thit k di vi h mng hoc nn dt dp. Khng
duoc chn d qu c dui nn dung giao thng, nn dung bng sn bay, mng cc cng trnh k
thut ngm, nn mng cc cng trnh thu loi (d diu, dp nuc...).
m ci nm trn mt dt thuc pham vi h mng bt buc phi don ht truc khi khoan n mn nu
khng cn bc tng ph.
3.2.8 Truc khi do dp dt, lp dt mu nm trong pham vi gii han quy djnh ca thit k h mng
cng trnh v bi ly dt du phi duoc bc ht v tr lai d sau ny s dung ti tao, phuc hi dt do bj
ph hoai trong qu trnh thi cng, lm tng d mu m ca dt trng, ph dt mu cho vun hoa, cy
xanh... Khi bc ht, du tr, bo qun dt mu phi trnh nhim bn nuc thi dt d, rc rui v c
bin php gia c mi dc, trng c b mt d chng xi l, bo mn.
3.2.9 Phn dt muon tam d thi cng phi duoc ti tao phuc hi theo tin d hon thnh v thu gon thi
cng cng trnh. Sau khi bn giao cng trnh, khng qu ba thng, ton b phn dt muon tam d thi
cng phi duoc phuc hi dy d v giao tr lai cho ngui s dung.
3.3 Cng tc tiu nuc b mt v nuc ngm
3.3.1 Truc khi do dt h mng phi xy dung h thng tiu nuc, truc ht l tiu nuc b mt
(nuc mua, nuc ao, h, cng, rnh...) ngn khng cho chy vo h mng cng trnh. Phi do
muong, khoi rnh, dp b con trach... tuy theo diu kin dja hnh v tnh cht cng trnh.
3.3.2 Tit din v d dc tt c nhng muong rnh tiu nuc phi bo dm thot nhanh luu luong
nuc mua v cc ngun nuc khc, b muong rnh v b con trach phi cao hon mc nuc tnh
ton l 0,1 m tr ln.
3.3.3 Tc d nuc chy trong h thng muong rnh tiu nuc khng duoc vuot qu tc d gy xi l
di vi tng loai dt.
3.3.4 dc theo chiu nuc chy ca muong rnh tiu nuc khng duoc nh hon 0,003 (trung
hop dc bit 0,002. thm sng v vng dm ly, d dc c th gim xung 0,001).
3.3.5 Khi xy dung h thng tiu nuc thi cng, phi tun theo nhng quy djnh sau dy:
- Khong cch t mp trn h do ti b muong thot nuc nm trn sun di ni (trong trung hop
khng dp b hoc thi dt gia chng) l 5 m tr ln di vi h do vnh vin v 3 m tr ln di vi
h do tam thi;
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- Nu pha trn muong thot nuc sun di ni di hi phi dp con trach th khong cch t chn
b con trach ti b muong phi bng t 1 m dn 5 m tuy theo d thm ca dt;
- Khong cch gia chn mi cng trnh dp v b muong thot nuc khng duoc nh hon 3 m;
- Phi lun gi mt bng khai thc dt c d dc d thot nuc: c 0,005 theo chiu doc v 0,002
theo chiu ngang.
3.3.6 Nu dung vn chuyn dt phi dp cao dui 2 m th rnh thot nuc lm c hai pha doc theo
tuyn dung.
Nu dp cao hon 2 m v d dc mt dt tu nhin theo mt ct ngang dung nh hon 0,02 th khng
cn do rnh thot nuc hai bn dung. Nu d dc mt dt tu nhin theo mt ct ngang dung ln
hon 0,04 th rnh thot nuc chi cn lm pha sun cao ca dung v phi lm cng thot nuc.
Kch thuc, tit din v d dc ca rnh thot nuc phi theo dng cc quy djnh v xy dung cc
tuyn dung giao thng.
3.3.7 t do cc rnh thot nuc, muong dn dng trn sun di ni khng nn d ln pha trn,
m phi d pha dui tao b con trach theo tuyn muong rnh.
Trong trung hop rnh thot nuc hoc muong dn dng nm gn st b mi dc h do th gia
chng phi dp b ngn. i b ngn phi nghing v pha muong rnh vi d dc t 0,02 dn 0,04.
3.3.8 Nuc t h thng tiu nuc, t bi tr dt v m vt liu thot ra phi bo dm thot nhanh,
nhung phi trnh xa nhng cng trnh c sn hoc dang xy dung. Khng duoc lm ngp ng, xi l
dt v cng trnh. Nu khng c diu kin dn nuc tu chy th phi dt tram bom tiu nuc.
3.3.9 Khi do h mng nm dui mt nuc ngm th trong thit k t chc xy dung v thit k thi
cng phi d ra bin php tiu nuc mt kt hop vi tiu nuc ngm trong pham vi bn trong v bn
ngoi h mng. Phi b tr h thng rnh tiu nuc, ging thu nuc, vj tr bom di dng v tram bom
tiu nuc cho tng giai doan thi cng cng trnh. Trong bt c trung hop no, nht thit khng d
dong nuc v lm ngp h mng.
Khi muc nuc ngm cao v luu luong nuc ngm qu ln phi ha muc nuc ngm mi bo dm thi
cng bnh thung th trong thit k t chc xy dung v thit k thi cng phi c phn thit k ring
cho cng tc ha muc nuc ngm cho tng hang muc cu th nhm bo v su ton ven dja cht mt
mng.
3.3.10 Khi thi cng dt, ngoi lp dt nm dui mc nuc ngm bj bo ho nuc, cn phi ch dn
lp dt ut trn mc nuc ngm do hin tuong mao dn. Chiu dy lp dt ut pha trn muc nuc
ngm cho trong Bng 1.


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Bng 1 - Chiu dy Ip dt ut nm trn mc nuc ngm
Loai dt Chiu dy Ip dt ut nm trn mc nuc ngm, m
Ct th, ct hat trung v ct hat nh 0,3
Ct mjn v dt ct pha 0,5
t pha st, dt st v hong th 0,1
3.3.11 Khi do ho, knh muong v h mng cc cng trnh dang tuyn, nn bt du do t pha thp.
Nu h mng gn sng ngi, ao h, khi thi cng, phi d b dt d rng bo dm cho nuc thm vo t
nht.
3.3.12 Tt c h thng tiu nuc trong thi gian thi cng cng trnh phi duoc bo qun tt, dm bo
hoat dng bnh thung.
3.4 ung vn chuyn dt
3.4.1 Phi tn dung h thng dung s sn c d vn chuyn dt. Nu trong thit k c nhng tuyn
dung vnh cu c th cho php kt hop s dung lm dung thi cng th phi xy dung nhng tuyn
dung ny truc d phuc vu thi cng. Chi cho php lm dung thi cng tam thi khi khng th tn
dung h thng dung c sn v khng th kt hop s dung duoc nhng tuyn dung vnh cu c
trong thit k.
3.4.2 ung tam vn chuyn dt nn lm hai chiu v phi xc djnh trn co s tnh ton kinh t - k
thut. Chi lm dung mt chiu khi vn chuyn dt theo vng khp kn.
3.4.3 Nu vn chuyn dt bng t tu d, trong ti dui 12 T th b rng mt dung phi l 7 m di
vi dung hai chiu v 3,5 m di vi dung mt chiu.
Nu trong ti tu d ca t trn 12 T th b mt rng mt dung phi tnh ton ring trong qu trnh
thit k t chc xy dung cng trnh.
3.4.4 B rng l dung khng duoc nh hon 1,0 m. ing nhng noi dja hnh cht hep, ch
dung vng v dung dc, b rng l dung c th gim xung 0,5 m.
ung trong khoang do, trn bi thi v nhng dung khng c gia c mt th khng cn d l
dung. ung thi cng nm trn sun dc nht thit phi c l dung hai pha. B rng l dung
pha gip sun cao l 0,5 m pha ngoi gip sun dc l 1,0 m.
Nu doc dung c chn ct b tng lan can phng h th b rng l dung khng duoc nh hon
1,5 m.
3.4.5 Bn knh cong ti thiu ca dung tam thi cng di vi t duoc xc djnh theo Bng 2 tuy theo
cung d vn chuyn v tc d ca t trn dung.
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Nu dja hnh cht hep, bn knh cong ca dung phi l 15 m di vi xe t hai cu trong ti dui
30 T v 20 m di vi xe t ba cu.
Trong khoang do, trn bi thi v bi dp dt, bn knh quay xe duoc xc djnh theo bn knh quay
cho php ca nh my ch tao, di vi tng loai xe vn chuyn dt.
3.4.6 nhng doan dung vng, nu bn knh nh hon 125 m mt dung t hai ln xe phi duoc
m rng v pha trong nhu chi dn trong Bng 3.
i vi dung t mt chiu, dung c nhiu ln xe, mc d m rng mt dung ti l thun vi s
ln xe ca dung.
B rng l dung, trong moi trung hop m rng mt dung, du phi gi dng quy djnh tai 3.4.4.
Bng 2 - Bn knh cong ti thiu dung tam thi cng di vi t dng cho vn chuyn dt
Cung d vn
chuyn s Iung
xe/ngy dm
Cp
dung
Tc d tnh ton, km/h
Bn knh cong ti thiu ca
dung, m
Cho
php
Cho php trong
diu kin
Cho
php
Cho php trong
diu kin
[a hnh c
nhiu vt
chung
ngai
Vng di
ni
[a hnh c
nhiu vt
chung
ngai
Vng
di ni
T 200 dn 1 000 V 80 60 40 250 125 60
ui 1 000 V 60 40 30 125 60 30
Bng 3 - Bn knh dung v yu cu v mc d m rng mt dung
Bn knh dung, m 90 dn
125
70 dn 80 40 dn 60 30 20
Mc d m rng mt dung, m 1,00 1,25 1,40 2,00 2,25
3.4.7 dc thng thung ca dung t vn chuyn dt l 0,05. dc ln nht bng 0,08. Trong
nhng trung hop dc bit (dja hnh phc tap, dung ln dc t h mng vo m vt liu, dung vo
bi dp dt.) d dc ca dung c th nng ln ti 0,10 v c bit ti 0,15. Vic xc djnh d dc ca
dung cn phi cn c vo loai lp ph mt dung.
3.4.8 Nu dung vn chuyn dt c d dc qu di v ln hon 0,08 th tng doan mt c 600 m
dung dc phi c mt doan nghi vi d dc khng qu 0,03 di khng dui 50 m. Trong trung hop
dung va dc va vng, d dc gii han ca dung theo truc tim phi theo quy djnh trong Bng 4.
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Phi bo dm thot nuc theo rnh doc dung. dc ca rnh phi ln hon 0,003 c bit cho php
d dc ca rnh nh hon 0,003 nhung khng duoc nh hon 0,002.
Bng 4 - Bn knh dung vng v d dc gii han
Bn knh dung vng, m 50 45 40 35 30 25 20
dc phi gim xung bng 0,010 0,015 0,020 0,025 0,030 0,035 0,040
3.4.9 Khi dung vn chuyn dt chay qua vng dt ct, ct si nu trang thi ut th chi cn gat
phng v dm cht mt dung. Nu trang thi kh, xe di lai kh khn th phi ri lp ph mt dung.
ung ln xung h mng, m vt liu phi thung xuyn gi tt bo dm xe my thi cng ln xung
bnh thung trong ma mua. Khi cn thit, trn co s tnh ton kinh t, c th lt c mt dung hoc
vt xe di bng tm b tng ct thp lp ghp.
3.4.10 Nu khi luong vn chuyn dt ln v thi gian thi cng ko di, b mt dung tam phi c lp
ph kin c. Vic xc djnh lp ph mt dung phi cn c vo:
- Thi gian phuc vu ca dung;
- Cung d vn chuyn ca tuyn dung;
- dc ca dja hnh v nhng diu kin dt dai, kh hu;
- iu kin s dung vt liu dja phuong. Vic lua chon lp ph mt dung cn phi dua vo tnh ton
hiu qu kinh t trong thit k t chc xy dung cng trnh.
3.4.11 Khi dung thi cng chay qua vng dt yu, dm ly, vng dt ngp ng m cung d vn
chuyn dui hai trm xe trong ngy v dm, trn co s tnh ton hiu qu kinh t c th lt dui hai
vt bnh xe bng tm b tng ct thp lp ghp.
3.4.12 Nu dung t nm trn mt d h mng v trn mt khi d d th chi cn ph ln mt dung
lp d dm nh d lp phng nhng ch li lm. Kch thuc ln nht ca d khng duoc qu 70 mm.
3.4.13 ung vn chuyn ca xe cap dt cn han ch ti mc thp nht s doan vng v r ngot,
nht l di vi doan dung di c ti.
dc ln nht cho php ca xe cap cho trong Bng 5.
3.4.14 B rng mt dung ca vo v dung xung dc ca xe cap trong trung hop di mt chiu
tun theo quy djnh trong Bng 6.
3.4.15 B rng ti thiu ca mt bng d d xe cap quay vng tr lai theo quy djnh trong Bng 7.
3.4.16 ung thi cng phi duoc bo dung, duy tu thung xuyn, bo dm xe my di lai bnh thung
trong sut qu trnh thi cng. Phi tui nuc chng bui v khng duoc d bn nuc dong trn mt
dung.

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Bng 5 - dc In nht cho php ca xe cap
Loai xe cap
dc In nht cho php
Chiu c ti Chiu khng ti
Ln dc Xung dc Ln dc Xung dc
Cap xch
0,15 0,25 0,17 0,30
Cap bnh lp tu hnh
0,12 0,20 0,15 0,25
Bng 6 - Quy d[nh b rng mt dung ca vo
Dung tch thng cap, m
3
B rng mt dung ca vo, m
Nh hon 6 4,0
T 8 dn 10 4,5
Ln hon 10 5,5
Bng 7 - Quy d[nh b rng ti thiu ca mt bng d d xe cap quay vng tr Iai
Dung tch thng cap, m
3
B rng mt dung ca vo, m
Nh hon 3 7,0
T 3 dn 6 12,5
T 6 dn 8 14,0
T 8 dn 10 15,0
Ln hon 10 21,0
3.5 [nh v[, dng khun cng trnh
3.5.1 Truc khi thi cng phi tin hnh bn giao coc mc v coc tim. Sau khi bn giao, don vj thi cng
phi dng thm nhng coc phu cn thit cho vic thi cng, nht l nhng ch dc bit nhu thay di
d dc, ch dung vng, noi tip gip do v dp. nhng coc mc phi duoc dn ra ngoi pham vi
nh hung ca xe my thi cng, phi c djnh bng nhng coc, mc phu v duoc bo v chu do d c
th nhanh chng khi phuc lai nhng coc mc chnh dng vj tr thit k khi cn kim tra thi cng.
3.5.2 u cu ca cng tc djnh vj, dung khun l phi xc djnh duoc cc vj tr, tim, truc cng trnh,
chn mi dt dp, mp dinh mi dt do, chn dng dt d, dung bin h mng, mp m vt liu,
chiu rng cc rnh bin, rnh dinh, cc mt ct ngang ca phn do hoc dp.
i vi nhng cng trnh nh, khun c th dung ngay tai thuc dja theo hnh ct ngang tai nhng coc
mc d dng.
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3.5.3 Phi s dung my trc dja d djnh vj cng trnh v phi c b phn trc dac cng trnh thung
truc cng trung d theo di kim tra tim coc mc cng trnh trong qu trnh thi cng.
3.5.4 i vi nhng cng trnh dt dp c dm nn: d diu, dp, nn cng trnh... khi djnh vj v dung
khun phi tnh thm chiu cao phng ln ca cng trnh theo ti l quy djnh trong thit k. i vi
nhng phn dt dp khng dm nn, ti l phng ln tnh theo phn trm ca chiu cao, duoc xc djnh
theo Bng 8.
3.5.5 Khi do h mng dui mt nuc bng tu ht bn hay tu cuc trong thnh phn cng tc trc
dja djnh vj cng trnh phi xc djnh duoc nhu sau:
Nu hnh dang h mng di xng th phi xc djnh truc di xng ca h mng;
Nu h mng khng di xng th xc djnh mt mp ca h mng v mt truc tim phu tiu biu tuy
theo hnh dng cu th ca h mng.
Nhng coc djnh vj truc tim, mp bin v coc mc cao trnh phi dn ra ngoi pham vi nh hung ca
thi cng bng nhng coc phu. Phi c djnh coc phu v bo v cn thn. Trnh dn coc phu ra khi bi,
trn dung giao thng v ti nhng noi c kh nng ln, xi, l, truot dt.
Bng 8 - T I phng In di vi dt dp khng dm nn
on vj tnh theo phn trm ca chiu cao
Tn dt
Phuong php thi cng
Vn chuyn bng gong, my
cap bnh Ip v t
i xc, t ko
Chiu cao nn dp, m
4 4 dn 10 10 dn 20 4 4 dn 10
Ct mjn, dt mu 3,0 2,0 1,5 4,0 3,0
Ct to, dt ct pha, dt pha st nhe 4,0 3,0 2,0 6,0 4,0
Nhu trn, c ln si 8,0 6,0 4,0 10,0 8,0
t pha st nng, st ln si 9,0 7,0 6,0 10,0 8,0
ergel, d vi nhe 9,0 8,0 6,0 10,0 9,0
t st, d v 6,0 5,0 3,0 - -
cng 4,0 3,0 2,0 - -
3.5.6 Khi nao vt lung lach bng tu ht bn hay tu cuc, cng tc trc dja djnh vj cng trnh phi
dc bit ch ti nhng dim sau:
- t coc tiu trn tng mt ct ngang ca thit k;
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- Coc tiu cn cm trn b. Trn mi coc phi ghi r s liu mt ct thit k, khong cch ti tim truc,
cao d thin nhin v cao d thit k ca lung lach;
- Coc tiu trn b hay trn mt nuc du phi c djnh vng chc, chng sng, chng x djch v
khng bj nh hung khi thi cng;
- Ban dm trn tiu phi c dn hiu;
- Thuc do nuc phi dt gn noi my lm vic, duoc c djnh chc chn v s dung thun tin.
4 Thi cng cng tc dt
4.1 San mt bng
4.1.1 Chi bt du tin hnh san mt bng cng trnh cng nghip, khu dn cu v nhng mt bng dc
bit (sn bng d, mt bng nh ga, sn bay...), khi d c thit k san nn, d cn di khi luong do
dp v d c thit k ca tt c nhng cng trnh ngm trong pham vi san nn.
4.1.2 Khi san mt bng phi c bin php tiu nuc. Khng d nuc chy trn qua mt bng v khng
d hnh thnh vng dong trong qu trnh thi cng.
4.1.3 Phi d dt dp nn theo tng lp, b dy mi lp dt ri d dm v s ln dm cho mi lp phu
thuc vo loai my dm s dung h s dm v loai dt dp.
Nn ri dt c d dc 0,005 theo chiu thot nuc.
Khi dp dt khng dm nn phi tnh ti chiu cao phng ln. Ti l chiu cao phng ln tnh theo phn
trm v phi xc djnh theo Bng 8 v 3.5.4.
4.1.4 i vi trung hop san mt bng sai lch so vi cao trnh thit k (do chua ti hoc do vuot
qu cao trnh thit k) phn do dt cho php nhu sau:
- i vi dt mm: 0,05 m khi thi cng th cng v 0,10 m khi thi cng co gii;
- i vi dt cng: + 0,1 v - 0,2 m. Nhng ch do vuot qu cao trnh thit k phi duoc lp phng
bng d hn hop.
4.1.5 B mt phn dp nn bng d cng phi ri lp d hn hop ln trn gat phng, dm cht v bo
dm d dc thit k.
4.1.6 i vi phn do, phi san mt bng truc khi tin hnh xy dung nhng cng trnh ngm. ing
di vi phn dp th chi tin hnh dp sau khi xy dung xong cc cng trnh ngm trong pham vi phn
dp
4.2 o ho v h mng
4.2.1 B rng dy dung ho trong xy dung lp dt dung ng quy djnh trong Bng 9.

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Bng 9 - B rng dy dung ho trong xy dng Ip dt dung ng
Phuong php Ip dt dung ng
B rng ti thiu ca dy dung ho c vch
dng, chua k phn gia c, m
ng thp, ng
cht do
ng gang, b
tng ct thp
v ng xi
mng aming
ng b tng,
b tng ct
thp ni bng
ngm, ng
snh

1. Lp theo cum, dung knh ngoi ca ng l:
+ Nh hon 0,7 m


+ 0,3 nhung
khng nh hon
0,7




2. Lp tng doan ng dung knh ngoi l:
+ Nh hon 0,5 m + 0,5 + 0,6 + 0,8
+ T 0,5 m dn 1,6 m + 0,8 + 1,0 + 1,2
+ T 1,6 m dn 3,5 m + 1,4 + 1,4 + 1,4
CH THCH 1: i vi dung ng dung knh ln hon 3,5 m v di vi nhng doan cong b rng dy ho xc djnh theo thit
k t chc xy dung cng trnh.
CH THCH 2: Khi dy ho nm trn muc nuc ngm v c mi dc th b rng dy ho ti thiu phi bng + 0,5 nu dt
ng tng doan mt v + 0,3 nu dt ng theo cum.
CH THCH 3: Khi dy ho nm dui muc nuc ngm, c h thng tiu nuc th b rng dy ho phi d rng d c ch
do rnh tiu, ging thu nuc v dt tram bom tiu.
4.2.2 Trong trung hop cn thit c cng nhn lm vic dui dy ho th khong cch ti thiu gia
thnh ng v vch ho phi ln hon 0,7 m.
4.2.3 Chiu rng dy mng bng v mng dc lp ti thiu phi bng chiu rng kt cu cng vi lp
chng m, khong cch d dt vn khun, neo chng v tng thm 0,2 m.
Trong trung hop cn thit c cng nhn lm vic dui dy mng th khong cch ti thiu gia kt
cu mng v vch h mng phi ln hon 0,7 m.
Nu h mng c mi dc th khong cch gia chn mi dc v chn kt cu mng t nht phi l
0,3 m.
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4.2.4 Kch thuc h mng trong giai doan thi cng nhng cng trnh khi ln (nhu tru cu, thp lm
lanh, dp b tng...) v mng ca nhng thit bj cng ngh ln (nhu my cn thp, my p, my rn
dp...) phi do thit k xc djnh.
4.2.5 i vi dt mm, duoc php do ho v h mng c vch dng khng cn gia c, trong trung
hop khng c cng trnh ngm bn canh v trn muc nuc theo quy djnh theo Bng 10.
Bng 10 - Loai dt v chiu su h mng
Loai dt Chiu su h mng, m
t ct, dt ln si san Khng qu 1,00
t ct pha Khng qu 1,25
t thjt v dt st Khng qu 1,50
t thjt chc v dt st chc Khng qu 2,00
4.2.6 Thit k phi xc djnh cu th nhng trung hop cn thit phi gia c tam thi vch dng ca ho
v h mng, hay do h mng c mi dc, tuy thuc vo chiu su h mng, tnh hnh dja cht cng
trnh (loai dt, trang thi tu nhin ca dt, muc nuc ngm...) tnh cht ti trong tam thi trn mp h
mng v luu luong nuc thm vo trong h mng.
4.2.7 Nhng vt liu d gia c tam thi vch ho v h mng ln lm theo kt cu lp ghp d c th
s dung quay vng nhiu ln v c kh nng co gii ho cao khi lp dt. Nhng tm vn v chng d
bng g phi duoc s dung quay vng t nht 5 ln. Khi dp dt vo h mng phi tho g nhng vt
liu gia c tam thi, chi duoc d lai khi diu kin k thut khng cho php tho g nhng vt liu gia
c.
4.2.8 Trong thit k t chc xy dung cng trnh phi xc djnh diu kin bo v vnh ngoi h mng,
chng nuc ngm v nuc mt. Ty theo diu kin dja cht cng trnh v thu vn ca ton khu vuc,
phi lp bn v thi cng cho nhng cng tc dc bit nhu lp dt h thng ha muc nuc ngm, gia c
dt, dng coc bn thp...
4.2.9 dc ln nht cho php ca mi dc ho v h mng khi khng cn gia c, trong trung hop
nm trn muc nuc ngm (k c phn chju nh hung ca mao dn) v trong trung hop nm dui
muc nuc ngm nhung c h thng tiu nuc phi chon theo chi dn Bng 11.
4.2.10 i vi nhng trung hop h mng su hon 5 m, hoc su chua dn 5 m nhung diu kin dja
cht thu vn xu, phc tap, di vi nhng loai dt khc vi quy djnh trong Bng 11 th trong thit k t
chc xy dung cng trnh phi tnh dn vic xc djnh d dc ca mi dc, su cn thit d c an ton
v chiu rng mt co nhm kt hop s dung mt co d lp dt nhng dung ng k thut phuc vu thi
cng nhu dung ng nuc, dung ng dn kh nn...
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4.2.11 Khng cn bat mi dc h mng cng trnh nu mi dc khng nm trong thit k cng trnh.
i vi h mng d sau khi xc ht d ri phi cy ht nhng hn d long chn, d treo trn mi dc
d dm bo an ton.
Bng 11 - dc In nht cho php ca mi dc ho v h mng
Loai dt
dc In nht cho php khi chiu su h mng bng, m
1,5 3,0 5,0
Gc
nghing
ca mi
dc
T I d
dc
Gc
nghing
ca mi
dc
T I d
dc
Gc
nghing
ca mi
dc
T I d
dc
t muon 56 1: 0,67 45 1: 1,00 38 1: 1,25
t ct v ct cui m 63 1: 0,50 45 1: 1,00 45 1: 1,00
t ct pha 76 1: 0,25 56 1: 0,67 50 1: 0,85
t thjt 90 1: 0,00 63 1: 0,50 53 1: 0,75
t st 90 1: 0,00 76 1: 0,25 63 1: 0,50
Hong th v nhng loai dt
tuong tu trong trang thi kh

90

1: 0,00

63

1: 0,50

63 1: 0,50
CH THCH 1: Nu dt c nhiu lp khc nhau th d dc xc djnh theo loai dt yu nht.
CH THCH 2: t muon l loai dt nm bi thi d trn su thng khng cn nn.
4.2.12 Vj tr kho vt liu, noi d my xy dung, dung di lai ca my thi cng doc theo mp h mng
phi theo dng khong cch an ton duoc quy djnh v k thut an ton trong xy dung.
4.2.13 Nhng dt tha v nhng dt khng bo dm cht luong phi d ra bi thi quy djnh. Khng
duoc d ba bi lm dong nuc, ngp ng nhng cng trnh ln cn v gy tr ngai sau khi thi
cng.
4.2.14 Nhng phn dt do t h mng ln, nu duoc s dung d dp th phi tnh ton sao cho tc
d dm nn ph hop vi tc d do nhm s dung ht dt do m khng gy nh hung ti tc d
do dt h.
4.2.15 Trong trung hop phi tr dt d sau ny s dung dp lai vo mng cng trnh th bi dt tam
thi khng duoc gy tr ngai cho thi cng, khng tao thnh snh ly. B mt bi tr phi duoc lu ln
nhn v c d dc d thot nuc.
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4.2.16 Khi do h mng cng trnh, phi d lai mt lp bo v d chng xm thuc v ph hoai ca
thin nhin (gi, mua, nhit d...), b dy lp bo v do thit k quy djnh tuy theo diu kin dja cht
cng trnh v tnh cht cng trnh lp bo v chi duoc bc di truc khi bt du xy dung cng trnh (d
b tng, xy...)
4.2.17 i vi nhng h mng c vch thng dng, khng gia c tam thi th thi han do mng v thi
cng nhng cng vic tip theo phi rt ngn ti mc thp nht. ng thi phi dt bin bo khong
cch nguy him trong trung hop do gn nhng noi c phuong tin thi cng di lai. Kch thuc h do
cuc b cho cng tc lp dt dung ng duoc cho trong Bng 12.
Bng 12 - Kch thuc nhng h do cc b cho cng tc Ip dt dung ng
Loai ng
Loai mi
ni
ung knh
ngoi ca ng
D, mm
Kch thuc h do cc b, m
ng thp Hn
Cho tt c loai

1,0
0
+ 1,2 0,7
ng gang Ngm
Nh hon 326
Ln hon 326
0,55
1,0

0
+ 0,5

0
+ 0,7
0,3
0,4
ng xi mng
Aming
Khp ni
Nh hon 325
Ln hon 325
0,7
0,9

0
+ 0,5

0
+ 0,7
0,2
0,3
ng b tng B
tng ct thp
Ngm
khp ni
Nh hon 640
Ln hon 640
1,0
1,0

0
+ 0,5

0
+ 1,0
0,3
0,4
ng cht do
Tt c
cc loai
Cho moi
dung knh
0,6
0
+ 0,5 0,2
ng snh
Ni
ngm
0,5
0
+ 0,6 0,3
CH THCH: 0 l dung knh ngoi ca ngm, khp ni, ng lng, tnh bng milimet (mm).
4.2.18 Khi s dung my do mt gu d do mng, d trnh ph hoai cu trc dja cht dt mng, cho
php d lp bo v nhu Bng 13. Nu s dung my cap v my do nhiu gu, lp bo v khng cn
qu 5 cm, my i khng cn qu 10 cm.
Cch x l lp bo v nhu quy djnh 4.2.16 .
4.2.19 Cn phi co gii ho cng tc bc lp bo v dy mng cng trnh, nu b dy lp bo v bng
5 cm dn 7 cm th phi thi cng bng th cng.
4.2.20 Khi h mng l dt mm, khng duoc do su qu cao trnh thit k.
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Nu dt c ln d tng, d m ci th phn do su qu cao trnh thit k, tai nhng hn d d phi
duoc b dp bng vt liu cng loai hay bng vt liu t bin dang khi chju nn nhu ct, ct si...
Loai vt liu v yu cu ca dm nn phi do thit k quy djnh.
Bng 13 - Cu trc d[a cht dt mng, cho php d Ip bo v
Loai thit b[ B dy Ip bo v dy mng (cm) khi dng my do c dung tch gu (m
3
)
T 0,25 dn
0,40
T 0,50 dn
0,65
T 0,80 dn
1,25
T 1,50 dn
2,5
T 3,00 dn
5,00
Gu nga 5 10 10 15 20
Gu sp 10 15 20 - -
Gu dy 15 20 25 30 30
4.2.21 Truc khi tin hnh lp dt dung ng, nhng ch do su qu cao trnh thit k phi duoc b
dp lai nhu chi dn trong 4.2.20, nhng ch chua do ti cao trnh thit k th phi do mt lng
mng tai ch dt ng cho ti cao trnh thit k. i vi dung ho l mng ca cng trnh tiu nuc th
khng duoc do su qu cao trnh thit k.
4.2.22 Trong trung hop mng cng trnh, dung ho v knh muong nm trn nn d cng th ton
b dy mng phi do ti d su cao trnh thit k. Khng duoc d lai cuc b nhng m d cao hon
cao trnh thit. Nhng ch do su qu cao trnh thit k tai dy mng du phi dp b lai bng ct, ct
si, hay d hn hop v phi dm nn theo chi dn ca thit k.
4.2.23 Khi do h mng cng trnh, do ho ngay bn canh hoc do su hon mt mng ca nhng
cng trnh dang s dung (nh , x nghip, cng trnh, h thng k thut ngm...) du phi tin hnh
theo dng quy trnh cng ngh trong thit k thi cng, phi c bin php chng sut l, ln v lm bin
dang nhng cng trnh ln cn v lp bng v thi cng cho tng trung hop cu th.
4.2.24 Khi do ho v h mng cng trnh ct ngang qua h thng k thut ngm dang hoat dng,
truc khi tin hnh do dt phi c giy php ca co quan qun l h thng k thut ngm d hay co
quan chc nng ca chnh quyn dja phuong.
Tim, mc gii han ca h thng k thut ngm phi duoc xc djnh r trn thuc dja v phi cm tiu
cao d d thy. Trong qu trnh thi cng mng phi c su gim st thung xuyn ca dai din c thm
quyn thuc t chc thi cng v co quan qun l h thng k thut ngm d.
4.2.25 Khi do ho v h mng cng trnh ct ngang qua h thng k thut ngm dang hoat dng th
chi duoc dng co gii do dt khi khong cch t gu xc ti vch dng ca h thng ln hon 2 m v
ti mt dy ln hon 1 m.
Phn dt cn lai phi do bng th cng v khng duoc s dung nhng cng cu, thit bj c sc va dp
manh d do dt. Phi p dung nhng bin php phng nga hu hng h thng k thut ngm.
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4.2.26 Trong trung hop pht hin ra nhng h thng k thut ngm, cng trnh ngm hay di chi kho
c, kho v kh... khng thy ghi trong thit k, phi ngng ngay lp tc cng tc do dt v ro ngn
khu vuc d lai. Phi bo ngay dai din ca nhng co quan c lin quan ti thuc dja d gii quyt.
4.2.27 Vic lp dung do ho d dt dung ng phi tin hnh theo hai giai doan.
a) Truc tin lp dy cc h mng v hc c hai pha dung ng bng dt mm, ct, si, cui khng
c cui ln, dt thjt, dt pha st v dt st (tr dt kh). Sau d dp lp dt ph trn mt ng dy
0,2 m nhm bo v ng, cc mi ni v lp chng m. i vi ng snh, ng xi mng aming, ng
cht do, b dy lp dt ph b mt bo v ng phi ln hon 0,5 m.
b) Sau khi th v kim tra cht luong ng, tin hnh dp lp bng co gii phn cn lai vi bt k loai
dt sn c no. Nhng d tng ln hon 200 mm th phi loai b. Trong qu trnh thi cng, phi trnh
nhng va dp manh c th gy hu hng dung ng bn dui.
4.2.28 Truc khi dt ng vo dung ho phi ri lp dt lt dy 10 cm d san phng dy mng bng
ct, ct pha, ct si. Nu nn l ct th khng cn ri lp dm lt dung ng.
i vi cng thot nuc, cng trong cc cng trnh thy loi, vic chun bj lp dm lt truc khi dt ng
phi tin hnh theo chi dn ca thit k.
4.2.29 t lp vo dung ho v mng cng trnh, dt lp vo mng thit bj, nn nh, mng my du
phi dm theo tng lp. cht ca dt do thit k quy djnh.
i vi cng thot nuc, cng trong cc cng trnh thy loi vic chun bj lp dm lt truc khi dt ng
phi tin hnh theo chi dn ca thit k.
Phi s dung dm my nh hoc dm bng th cng nhng noi cht hep kh dm bng my ln.
4.2.30 Vic dp dt lp vo dung ho d dt ng, nu pha trn khng c ti trong phu (tr trong
luong bn thn ca dt dp) c th tin hnh khng cn dm nn, nhung doc theo tuyn dung ng
phi du tr dt vi khi luong d d sau ny dp b vo nhng phn bj ln.
4.2.31 Khi dung ho, h mng cng trnh ct ngang dung giao thng, dung ph, qung trung,
khu dn cu, mt bng cng nghip... th phi dng vt liu t bin dang khi chju nn d lp vo ton b
chiu su ca mng nhu ct, ct si, dt ln si san, mat d...
4.2.32 Nu dng co gii vo vic d dt san, dm khi dp dt vo dung ho v h mng cng trnh
th cho php m rng gii han ca h mng tao diu kin thun loi cho co gii ho dp lp dt, nhung
phi tnh ton hiu qu kinh t k thut ca bin php thi cng.
4.2.33 Trong trung hop dung ho, h mng cng trnh ct ngang h thng k thut ngm (dung
ng, dung cp ngm...) dang hoat dng, trong thit k phi c bin php bo v h thng k thut
ngm d sut qu trnh thi cng. Vic dp lp vo dung ho, h mng phi tin hnh theo trnh tu
sau:
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- Lp dt pha dui cho ti na dung ng (dung cp) bng dt ct d tao thnh lp d.
- Sau khi dp tip hai bn v bn trn vi chiu dy ln hon 0,5 m theo tng lp, dm cht, mi dc
dt dp phi bng 1/1.
- Phn cn lai cng tc lp dt tin hnh theo chi dn 4.2.27.
4.2.34 Khi lp dt dung ng nm trn dc ln hon 20
0
, phi c bin php gia c phn dt d lp d
chng xi l, sat, trui dt. Bin php gia c dt phi duoc trnh by trong thit k cng trnh.
4.3 o v dp dt
4.3.1 Nn cng trnh truc khi lp phi duoc x l v nghim thu.
- Cht cy, pht bui, bc ht lp dt hu co;
- Nu nn bng phng hoc c d dc t 1:10 dn 1:5 th chi dnh xm b mt;
- Nu d dc ca nn t 1:5 dn 1:3 th phi dnh git cp kiu bc thang, b rng mi bc t 2 m dn
4 m v chiu cao 2 m. dc ca mi bc phi nghing v pha thp bng 0,01 dn 0,02. Nu chiu
cao ca mi bc nh hon 1 m th d mi dng, nu chiu cao ln hon 1 m th d mi dn 1:0,50;
- Nu nn dt thin nhin l dt ct, dt ln nhiu d tng th khng cn x l git cp;
- i vi nn dt v nn dt thin nhin c d dc ln hon 1:3 th cng tc x l nn phi tin hnh
theo chi dn ca thit k.
4.3.2 i vi nn dung xe la v nn dung t:
- Khi dja hnh bng phng hay sun dc nh hon 1:10, chiu cao ca nn dung xe la dui 0,5 m
v chiu cao nn dung xe t dui 1 m v trong trung hop d dc dja hnh t 1:10 dn 1:5 nhung
chiu cao nn dp nh hon 1 m th cn phi lm sach c truc khi dp dt.
Nu d dc dja hnh t 1:10 dn 1:5 v chiu cao nn dp ln hon 1 m th khng cn phi lm c,
nhung phi cy xi, dnh xm b mt truc khi dp dt.
4.3.3 Khi dp dt trn nn dt ut hoc c nuc, truc khi tin hnh dp dt phi tin hnh tiu thot
nuc, vt bn, khi cn thit phi d ra bin php chng dn dt nn sang hai bn trong qu trnh dp
dt. Khng duoc dng dt kh nho ln dt ut d dm nn.
4.3.4 Vic chon my do dt phi dua trn co s tnh ton knh t.
4.3.5 Truc khi dp dt phi tin hnh dm th nghim tai hin trung vi tng loai dt v tng loai
my dem s dung nhm muc dch:
- Hiu chinh b dy lp dt ri d dm;
- Xc djnh s luong dm theo diu kin thuc t;
- Xc djnh d m tt nht ca dt khi dm nn.
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4.3.6 Cn phi dp dt bng loai dt dng nht, phi dc bit ch theo dng nguyn tc sau dy:
- B dy lp dt t thm nuc nm dui lp dt thm nuc nhiu phi c d dc 0,04 dn 0,10 k t
cng trnh ti mp bin;
- B mt lp dt thm nhiu nuc nm dui, lp dt t thm nuc phi nm ngang;
- Trong mt lp dt khng duoc dp ln ln hai loai dt c h s thm khc nhau;
Cm dp mi dt bng loai dt c h s thm nh hon h s thm ca dt nm pha trong;
- Chi duoc php dp bng loai dt hn hop gm ct, ct thjt, si san khi c m vt liu vi cu trc hn
hop tu nhin.
4.3.7 i vi cng trnh thy loi vic s dung dt dp phi theo quy djnh ca thit k. Nu trong thit k
khng quy djnh vic s dung dt dp khng dng nht th dt c h s thm nh phi dp pha
thuong luu v dt c h s thm ln hon phi dp pha ha luu cng trnh.
4.3.8 Truc khi dp dt hoc ri lp dt tip theo d dm, b mt lp truc phi duoc dnh xm. Khi
s dung dm chn d d dm dt th khng cn phi dnh xm.
4.3.9 Trn b mt nn dp, phi chia ra tng c din tch bng nhau d cn bng gia dm v ri dt
nhm bo dm dy chuyn hoat dng lin tuc tui m hoc gim d m ca loai dt dnh phi tin
hnh bn ngoi mt bng thi cng.
4.3.10 Khi ri dt d dm, cn tin hnh ri t mp bin tin dn vo gia. i vi nn dt yu hay nn
bo ho nuc, cn phi ri dt gia truc tin ra mp ngoi bin, khi dp ti d cao 3 m th cng tc
ri dt thay di lai t mp bin tin vo gia.
4.3.11 Chi duoc ri lp tip theo khi lp dui d dat khi luong th tch kh thit k. Khng duoc php
dp nn nhng cng trnh dang tuyn theo cch d tu nhin, di vi tt c loai dt.
Tr trung hop dp d th c th khng dm nn nhung phi c chiu cao du tr phng ln quy djnh
3.5.4.
4.3.12 dm bo khi luong th tch kh thit k dt dp mi dc v mp bin khi ri dt d dm,
phi ri rng hon dung bin thit k t 20 cm dn 40 cm tnh theo chiu thng dng di vi mi dc.
Phn dt toi khng dat khi luong th tch kh thit k phi loai b v tn dung vo phn dp cng
trnh.
Nu trng c d gia c mi dt th khng cn bat b phn dt toi d.
4.3.13 t tha phn do cn phi tn dung d dp vo nhng ch c loi (sau khi tnh ton hiu qu
kinh t) nhu dp thm vo mi dc cho thoi, dp gia ti, lp ch trng, lp khe can hay dp b con
trach.
4.3.14 t d ln pha b cao phi dp thnh b lin tuc khng dt qung.
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Nu d dt pha b thp th phi dp cch qung c 50 m d mt khong cch rng 3 m tr ln.
4.3.15 Khi dp dt phi tnh hao hut trong vn chuyn t 0,5 dn 1,5 khi luong tuy theo phuong
tin vn chuyn v cu li vn chuyn.
4.3.16 Kch thuc m vt liu v bi tr dt do thit k xc djnh, v phi ch dn nhng yu t sau:
- Ti l hao hut dt trong vn chuyn;
- cht dm nn;
- ln ca nn v ca dt dp;
- toi xp ca dt khi khai thc t dt nguyn th (d toi xp ca dt xem Phu luc C).
4.3.17 Trong trung hop phi xy cng th khi tin hnh dp dt phi cha lai mt bng d d thi cng.
Khi tin hnh lp dt ln cng, phi ri dt tng lp dm cht v nng chiu cao dt dp dng thi
c hai bn sun cng.
4.3.18 Nu dp lp ln cng bng d hn hop hay bng dt c ln d tng ln hon 100 mm th truc
khi tin hnh lp, phi dp lp ph bo v cng. Chiu dy lp ph hai bn sun phi ln hon 1,0 m
v pha trn mt cng ln hon 0,5 m.
4.3.19 Khi do dt, phi cha lp bo v gi cho cu trc dja cht dy mng khng bj bin dang hoc
ph hoai. B dy ca lp bo v phi dng theo quy djnh 4.2.18. Nhng ch do su qu cao trnh
thit k mt mng du phi dp b lai v dm cht. Nhng ch no vuot thit k mi dc th khng
cn dp b, nhung phi san gat phng v luon chuyn tip dn ti dung vin thit k.
4.4 Thi cng dt bng my do, my cap, my i
4.4.1 Nguyn tc chung
4.4.1.1 Nhng quy djnh ca phn ny p dung cho thi cng dt bng cc loai my lm cho dt chnh,
dt do, my gat, my i, san.
4.4.1.2 Thi cng co gii cng tc dt chi duoc tin hnh trn co s d c thit k thi cng (hoc bin
php thi cng) duoc duyt.
Trong thit k thi cng phi ni r nhng phn sau dy:
- Khi luong, diu kin thi cng cng trnh v tin d thuc hin;
- Phuong n thi cng hop l nht;
- Lua chon cng ngh thi cng hop l cho tng phn, tng doan, tng cng trnh;
- Lua chon cc loai my mc phuong tin vn chuyn theo co cu nhm my hop l nht, ph hop
diu kin kinh t, k thut. Nu so d lm vic ca my.
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4.4.1.3 Truc khi thi cng, phi kim tra di chiu, hiu chinh chnh xc lai dja hnh, dja cht thu vn
ca cng trnh v khu vuc lm vic d d ra cc bin php k thut thch hop v an ton lao dng. Phi
d ra cc bin php phng chng ln, sat l, ngp lut, ly thut... khi mua bo.
4.4.1.4 Phi dnh du trn bn v thi cng v th hin trn thuc dja bng cc coc mc d nhn thy d
bo hiu c cc cng trnh ngm nhu dung din, nuc, thng tin lin lac, cng ngm ... nm trong
khu vuc thi cng.
Phi c bin php bo v cc cng trnh hin c nm gn cng trnh dang thi cng nhu: nh ca,
dung s, bnh vin, trung hoc, di tch ljch s.... cc khu vuc c dung ng kh nn, nhin liu,
cp din ngm, kho ho cht, thuc n... phi c bin bo khu vuc nguy him.
4.4.1.5 Phi chon khoang do du tin v dung di chuyn ca my hop l nht cho tng giai doan thi
cng cng trnh.
4.4.1.6 Lua chon my v co cu nhm my hop l trn co s cng ngh thi cng tin tin bo dm
nng sut cao, tiu hao nhin liu t v gi thnh mt don vj sn phm thp nht. Phi bo dm hon
thnh khi luong, tin d thuc hin v ph hop vi dc dim v diu kin thi cng cng trnh. Co cu
nhm my trong dy chuyn cng ngh thi cng phi dm bo dng b, cn di.
4.4.1.7 Truc khi thi cng phi don sach nhng vt chung ngai c nh hung dn thi cng co gii
nm trn mt bng: cht cy ln, ph d cng trnh c, di chuyn nhng tng d ln... phi xc djnh r
khu vuc thi cng, djnh vj ranh gii cng trnh, di chuyn nhng coc mc theo di thi cng ra ngoi
pham vi nh hung ca my lm vic.
Phi chun bj chu do diu kin an ton mt bng: cm bin bo nhng noi nguy him, dm bo d
nh sng thi cng ban dm, quy djnh r nhng tn hiu, dn hiu, ci hiu.
4.4.1.8 Cn b k thut thi cng v cng nhn co gii phi duoc truc tip quan st mt bng thi cng,
di chiu vi thit k v nm vng nhim vu, yu cu thi cng cng trnh truc khi tin hnh thi cng.
4.4.1.9 Phi chun bj chu do truc khi dua my ra lm vic. Phi kim tra, xit cht, diu chinh cc
co cu lm vic, kim tra cc thit bj an ton k thut. Cc b phn do ct dt phi sc, nu cn phi
thay th phuc hi kjp thi dng tiu chun k thut.
4.4.1.10 Khi lm vic phi bo dm cho my lm vic lin tuc, d tin cy cao v pht huy duoc ht
cng sut ca my.
4.4.1.11 Cn b k thut v cng nhn li my phi chp hnh dy d v nghim tc ch d bn giao
my tai hin trung v cc quy djnh v qun l s dung my, sa cha, bo dung my v cc quy
djnh an ton v my.
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4.4.1.12 Trong giai doan thi cng cao dim, nht l nhng cng trnh trong dim, cn phi t chc
thm b phn thung truc sa cha hin trung nhm khc phuc kjp thi nhng hu hng dt xut ca
xe my, kjp thi bi tron, xit cht v kim tra an ton xe my, phuc vu ch d bn giao xe my sng
ca thi k cao dim thi cng.
4.4.1.13 Trong ma mua bo, phi dm bo thot nuc nhanh trn mt bng thi cng. Phi c bin
php bo v h thng thot nuc khng duoc d xe my lm hu hng h thng d. Phi c bin php
phng chng ngp, ly, ln, tron truot...dm bo my hoat dng bnh thung.
Nu v diu kin khng th thi cng duoc th tranh th dua my vo bo dung, sa cha sm hon
djnh k k hoach.
4.4.1.14 Nhng quy djnh v thi cng co gii cng tc dt du p dung cho tt c cc loai my lm dt.
ng thi phi tun theo nhng dim chi dn trong ti liu s dung ca nh my ch tao. Trong trung
hop my mi s dung, phi bin soan ti liu hung dn s dung my v hung dn cho cng nhn
li my truc khi dua my ra thi cng.
4.4.2 Thi cng bng my do
4.4.2.1 y do gu nga dng d do tt c cc loai dt. i vi d, truc khi do cn lm toi truc.
y do lp thit bj gu dy, gu xp, gu ngoam dng d do nhng noi dt yu, snh ly, do cc
h c thnh dng, vt bn, bat mi dc, do dt ri...
4.4.2.2 Ch dng ca my do phi bng phng, my phi nm ton b trn mt dt, khi do sun
di, ni, tng khai thc phi bo dm khong cch an ton ti b mp mi dc v khng duoc nh hon
2 m. nghing cho php v hung d dt ca my khng duoc qu 2
0
.
4.4.2.3 Khi my lm vic phi theo di mt khoang do, khng d tao thnh hm ch. Nu c hm ch
phi ph ngay. Khng duoc d my lm vic canh cc vt dt c nhng lp dt sp d v hung my,
phi don ht nhng tng d long chn cc khoang do. Khi my ngng lm vic phi di chuyn my
ra xa vch khoang do d d phng dt d sut l.
4.4.2.4 Khi d dt vo thng xe, khong cch t dy gu dn thng xe khng duoc cao qu 0,7 m. Vj
tr ca xe t phi thun tin v an ton. Khi my vo quay, gu my do khng duoc di ngang qu
du xe, gc quay phi nh nht v khng phi vuon cn ra xa khi d dt. Li xe t phi ra khi bung
li khi d dt vo thng xe.
4.4.2.5 Khi do dt, phi dm bo thot nuc trong khoang do. dc nn khoang do hung pha
ngoi, trj s d dc khng nh hon 3 . Khi do phi bt du t ch thp nht.
4.4.2.6 Chiu cao khoang thch hop vi my do trong Bng 14.
4.4.2.7 Khng duoc va do va ln xung cn, hoc va ln xung cn va di chuyn my.
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4.4.2.8 Khi di chuyn my phi nng gu cch mt dt ti thiu 0,5 m v quay cn trng vi hung di.
i vi my do bnh xch phi tnh ton khi luong thi cng dm bo cho my lm vic n djnh mt
noi. Han ch ti da my di chuyn tu hnh, cu li di chuyn khng duoc qu 3 km.
4.4.2.9 Sau mi ca lm vic, phi cy v lm v sinh cho sach ht dt bm dnh vo gu, vo xch my
do. Gu my do phi ha xung dt, cm treo lo lng.
Bng 14 - Chiu cao khoang thch hp vi my do
on vj tnh bng mt khi (m
3
)
Loai dt
Dung tch gu ca my do
T 0,15 dn 0,35 T 0,50 dn 0,80 T 1,00 dn 1,25
t toi xp 5 10 10
t trung bnh 10 15 20
t chc 15 20 25
4.4.2.10 Khi chon t vn chuyn phuc vu my do th nng sut tng cng ca t vn chuyn dt
phi ln hon nng sut ca my do t 15 dn 20 . ung tch ca thng t tt nht l bng bn
dn by ln dung tch ca gu v cha duoc mt s chn ca gu my do. Trong trung hop cu li
vn chuyn nh hon 500 m v diu kin khng phi dng my cap th vic chon trong ti ln nht ca
t phuc vu my do phi ph hop vi s liu cho trong Bng 15.
Bng 15 - Chn trng ti In nht ca t phc v my do
Dung tch gu my do, m
3

T 0,40
dn 0,65
T 1,00 dn
1,60
2,50 4,60
Trng ti In nht ca t phc v my do, T 4,50 7,00 12,00 18,00
4.4.2.11 Trong ti hop l ca t phuc vu vn chuyn dt phu thuc vo dung djch gu v cu ly vn
chuyn dt cho trong Bng 16.
4.4.2.12 Khi do dt ct, ct si, dt ct pha cn np vo my do loai gu khng rng, lui gu lin
hoc loai gu c rng nhung dung tch ln hon bnh thung.
4.4.2.13 Chiu cao ln nht cho php ca mt khoang do khi do dt khng n mn duoc cho trong
Bng 17.
4.4.2.14 y do trang thit bj gu sp v gu dy d thi cng dt nhng noi thp mt phng my
dng truc khi dua my vo vj tr lm vic, phi san bng nhng ch g gh v don sach vt chung
ngai trn mt bng my dng (gach, g, d m ci...).

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Bng 16 - Trng ti hp I ca t phc v vn chuyn dt
ph thuc vo dung d[ch gu v c Iy vn chuyn dt
C Ii vn chuyn
km
Ti trng hp I ca t (T) di vi dung tch gu xc (m
3
)
0,40 0,65 1,00 1,25 1,60 2,50 4,60
1,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
4,5
7,0
7,0
7,0
7,0
10,0
10,0
4,5
7,0
7,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
7,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
12,0
12,0
12,0
7,0
10,0
10,0
12,0
12,0
18,0
18,0
10,0
10,0
12,0
18,0
18,0
18,0
18,0
-
12,0
18,0
18,0
27,0
27,0
27,0
-
27,0
27,0
27,0
40,0
40,0
40,0
Bng 17 - Chiu cao In nht cho php ca mt khoang do khi do dt khng n mn
Dung tch gu
Gc nghing ca cn my xc
(
0
)
Chiu cao In nht cho php
m
2,25
T 0,40 dn 0,50
T 0,65 dn 0,80
T 1,00 dn 1,25
T 1,60 dn 2,50
T 45 dn 60
T 46 dn 60
T 46 dn 60
T 46 dn 60
T 46 dn 60
T 4,8 dn 5,5
T 6,6 dn 7,8
T 6,8 dn 7,9
T 8,0 dn 9,0
T 9,3 dn 10,8
4.4.2.15 bo dm hiu qu lm vic ca my do gu sp, kch thuc nh nht ca khoang do
khng duoc nh hon cc trj s cho php trong Bng 18.
Bng 18 - Kch thuc nh nht ca khoang do cu my do gu sp
Dung tch gu, m
3

Chiu su nh nht ca khoang do, m Chiu rng nh nht
ca dy khoang do
m
t khng dnh t dnh
0,25 1,0 1,5 1,0
T 0,40 dn 0,50 1,2 1,8 1,0
T 0,65 dn 0,80 1,5 2,0 1,3
T 1,00 dn 1,25 1,7 2,3 1,5
4.4.2.16 Khi do dt bng my do gu dy, cn phi ch :
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- iu chinh gu d gc ct hop l nht tuong ng vi dc tnh v trang thi ca dt;
- S dung ti da cng sut ca dng co;
- Khi do dt dui nuc, phi dng gu c l d thot nuc;
- t vn chuyn vo ly dt phi dng cu ly sao cho thng xe nm ngang tm quay ca gu dt.
Cm treo hoc quay ngang gu dt trn du xe.
4.4.2.17 Khi lm vic vi thit bj gu ngoam, yu cu ngoam phi xc ti ln nht. Khi luong xc ti
ca gu ngoam lua chon theo nhm dt v tuong ng vi dung tch gu ca my do, duoc cho trong
Bng 19.
Bng 19 - Khi Iung xc ti ca gu ngoam Ia chn theo
nhm dt v tuong ng vi dung tch gu ca my do
Dung tch gu ca my do, m
3
Nhm dt Khi Iung xc ti ca gu ngoam, kg
0,40 , 800
T 0,65 dn 0,80 , , , V T 900 dn 1 450
T 1,00 dn 1,25 , T 1 150 dn 1 950
, V 2 850
1,60 , T 1 600 dn 2 700
, V 4 000
4.4.3 Thi cng bng my cap
4.4.3.1 Cu ly vn chuyn thch hop nht ca my cap c du ko trong khong t 400 m dn 800 m,
cu ly vn chuyn ln nht khng nn vuot qu cc h s cho trong Bng 20.
4.4.3.2 y cap c du ko bnh xch dng thch hop nhng noi c dja hnh khng c dung hoc
lm dung tam thi thi cng di hi chi ph qu cao. y cap tu hnh dng c hiu qu nhng noi
c dja hnh tuong di bng phng, dung x tt. Khng dng my cap thi cng nhng noi dt nho,
dnh v dt.
4.4.3.3 Khi thi cng cn phi soan so d di chuyn hop l ca my cap d nng cao nng sut ca
my, tuy theo diu kin dja hnh, dja cht v dc dim cu cng trnh c th chonh so d elip, s 8,
ch c, hnh thoi doc, hnh thoi ngang...

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Bng 20C Iy vn chuyn thch hp nht ca my cap c du ko
Loai my cap C Ii vn chuyn In nht, m
Loai my ko c dung tch thng cap, m
3

5

300
6 500
8 T 500 dn 600
10 T 600 dn 750
15 T 900 dn 1 000
Loai tu hnh c dung tch thng, m
3

T 6 dn 8 1 500
10 2 000
15 3 000
Loai ln hon 15 3 000
4.4.3.4 dc dung tam ca my cap cho trong Bng 21.
Bng 21 - dc dung tam ca my cap
Loai my cap
dc, Bn knh
dung vn
chuyn, m Ln Xung Ngang
Loai phi ko di khng T 10 dn 16 30 T 10 dn 12 T 15 dn 20
C dt T 10 dn 12 19 T 8 dn 12 T 15 dn 20
Loai tu hnh T 12 dn 15 T 20 dn 25 T 8 dn 12 T 12 dn 15
4.4.3.5 Vj tr ly dt v d dt cn phi lua chon d cu ly vn chuyn ngn nht v khng c nhiu
dung vng v nhng ch r ngot.
ung tam thi cng phi san sa thung xuyn bng my i, my cap tu san.
4.4.3.6 Khi ct dt vo thng cap, phi diu chinh tc d hop l, d dc do nn ly t 9 dn 10
v diu chinh chiu dy lt ct sao cho dt chng vo dy thng.
Chiu dy lt ct cn tham kho s liu cho trong Bng 22.
4.4.3.7 Khi vn chuyn dt v chay khng ti thng my cap phi duoc nng ln cch mt dt t 0,4 m
dn 0,5 m. Ty theo diu kin cho php v dc dim cng trnh, khi d dt c th kt hop vi san dt,
khi vn chuyn c th kt hop dm so b lp dt mi d.

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Bng 22 - Chiu dy It ct
Dung tch
thng cap
m
3

Cng sut my ko CV,
k
Chiu dy It ct, m
u ko u dy Ct Ct pha st st St
6 100 T 80 dn 90 0,20/ 0,30 0,15 0,12 / 0,20 0,09 / 0,14
10 140 100 - / 0,30 0,18 / - 0,18 / 0,25 0,14 / 0,25
15 240 140 - / 0,35 0,25 / - 0,21 / 0,30 0,21 / 0,30
CH THCH: T s l s liu cho my cap khng c du dy, mu s l s liu cho my cap c du dy.
4.4.3.8 Sau mi ca lm vic, phi cy dt bm dnh vo my v lm v sinh thng cap.
4.4.3.9 ng du dy phuc vu my cap dt trong trung hop s dung my cap tu hnh v diu kin
dt cht. i vi dt cp dn cp V, phi cy xi hoc n mn lm toi truc. S luong my cap do
mt du dy phuc vu duoc dua ra trong Bng 23.
Bng 23 - S Iung my cap do mt du dy phc v
C Ii vn chuyn
m
S Iung my cap c mt du dy phc v khi dung tch thng cap, m
3

2,25 6,00 10,00 15,00
T 200 dn 250 3 4 3 3
T 250 dn 400 4 4 3 3
T 400 dn 500 4 4 4 4
4.4.3.10 Ch ly dt phi c d chiu di d my ly dt dy thng. Ch d dt phi c d chiu di d
d ht dt.
4.4.3.11 y cap khng duoc d trn du dc. Khi my hu hng cn phi sa cha, phi dua my
dn noi an ton.
4.4.4 Thi cng bng my i
4.4.4.1 y i thi cng dt c hiu qu nht trong gii han chiu su do hoc chiu cao dp khng
qu 2 m.
Cu ly vn chuyn ca my i khng vuot qu 100 m dn 180 m.
4.4.4.2 y i s dung thch hop cho dt cp , , . i vi dt cp V cn lm toi truc.
4.4.4.3 Khi my i di chuyn trn dc th:
- dc i khi my ln khng vuot qu 25
0
;
- dc khi my xung khng vuot qu 35
0
;
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- dc ngang khng qu 30
0
.
4.4.4.4 Tc d di chuyn my i phi ph hop vi loai dt, diu kin lm vic, cng sut ca my v
kiu my. Tc d hop l duoc dua ra trong Bng 24.
Bng 24 - Tc d di chuyn my i
Tn cng vic
Tc d hp I, km/h
My i bnh xch My i bnh Ip
o dt T 2,5 dn 8,0 T 3,3 dn 10,0
Vn chuyn dt T 4,0 dn 10,0 T 6,0 dn 12,0
Chay khng T 8,0 dn 12,0 T 10,0 dn 20,0
Chay trn dc 2,1 3,6
4.4.4.5 Khi vn chuyn dt, my i khng chay vi tc d cao d trnh roi vi doc dung. Khi vn
chuyn dt xa nn dng bn gat c cnh phu lp bn l hai du v s dung nhng bin php dy dt
c hiu qu nhu do dt theo rnh, i dy song hnh...
4.4.4.6 Khi do dt cng, cn lp thm rng vo my d kt hop xi toi dt khi my li.
4.4.4.7 Khi my i di chuyn phi nng bn gat cch mt dt 0,5 m. Bn knh vng ca dung phi ph
hop vi bn knh quay ca my i nht l di vi my i bnh lp. Khng duoc dua bn gat ra ngoi
dc.
4.4.4.8 oan dung san thch hop ca my san tu hnh nm trong gii hanh t 400 m dn 500 m.
Lui ben san phi dt nhng gc d ph hop nhu quy djnh trong Bng 25.
Bng 25 - Lui ben san phi dt nhng gc d ph
Loai cng vic
Gc dt Iui ben ca my san, (
0
)
t Ct nghing dn
Khi ct dt
- C xi bng rng 30 40 15
- C xi bng lui cy T 30 dn 35 40 15
- Khng xi T 35 dn 40 40 25
Khi chuyn dt T 35 dn 50 T 35 dn 45 18
Khi san dt T 55 dn 70 T 50 dn 60 20
Khi san mt bng T 45 dn 55 T 40 dn 45 18

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5 Khai thc vt Iiu tai m
5.1 vt liu cn chon gn cng trnh,phi tnh ton lm dung ti m vi chi ph t nht v bo
dm vn chuyn thun loi nht. Vic khai thc vt liu khng duoc lm hu hng hoc nh hung ti
cng trnh chnh dang xy dung v cc cng trnh hin c nm ln cn.
Nu vj tr m nm trong vng lng h cha nuc th phi tnh dn thi gian s dung m bj rt ngn do
tch nuc vo h cha lm ngp mi v dung vn chuyn.
Cn chia m vt liu ra lm nhiu tng cc cao trnh khc nhau v c k hoach khai thc dn theo
tng d bo dm khai thc vt liu lin tuc khng bj gin doan mc d mc nuc nng cao dn trong
lng h trong qu trnh tch nuc vo h.
5.2 Truc khai thc vt liu, phi lm xong cc cng tc chun bj cn thit v lp bin bn nghim thu.
Cc cng trnh chun bj v khai thc vt liu phi th hin trong thit k thi cng.
5.3 Trong thit k thi cng khai thc vt liu, phi xc djnh r chng loai v nhu cu my mc dng
trong vic khai thc, trnh tu khai thc, vj tr ca my mc trong giai doan trin khai cng vic, nhng
thng s ch yu trong khai thc vt liu, chiu cao tng, b rng mt tng, phuong php khoan, n
mn, b rng dung ho v dung l, cc tuyn dung phuc vu cho khai thc vt liu trong tng giai
doan ... phi kim tra lai v hiu chinh chnh xc d toi xp ca dt trong m d xc djnh nhu cu vn
chuyn, nhu cu vt liu v nhu cu khc cho hop vi tnh hnh thuc t. H s chuyn di t dt tu
nhin sang dt toi cho php ghi trong Phu luc C.
5.4 B rng ti thiu ca khoang do khai thc dt (loai dt khng n mn toi truc) phi ph hop vi
nhng quy djnh tai 3.4.4, 3.4.5, 3.4.6, 3.4.7 v 3.4.8 nhung duoc nh hon kch thuc quy djnh trong
Bng 26.
Bng 26 - B rng ti thiu ca khoang do khai thc dt
Loai phuong tin
B rng ti thiu khoang do cho php t
quay vng 1 800, m
Xe hai cu trong ti dui 2,0 T 16,5
Xe hai cu trong ti trn 2,5 T 20,5
Xe ba cu trong ti dui 1,2 T 22,5
B rng khoang do cho php cap quay vng phi theo dng quy djnh trong 3.4.8 v 3.4.15.
B rng khoang do di vi dt d di hi phi n mn toi truc duoc xc djnh theo cng thc:
T A B +C (1)
trong d:
T l b rng khoang do, tnh bng mt (m);
TCVN 4447:2012
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A l b rng ri dt d sau khi n mn, tnh bng mt (m);
B l b rng dung khoang chn tng, tnh bng mt (m);
C l b rng dung mt chiu theo quy djnh 3.4.3.
5.5 Chiu di khoang do khai thc vt liu xc djnh theo thit k thi cng.
5.6 Phi xc djnh mt tng khai thc theo chng loai my do v phuong tin vn chuyn duoc s
dung. B rng ti thiu mt tng khai thc xc djnh theo cng thc:
- i vi dt mm:
N + G + + (2)
- i vi d cng:
B + G + + (3)
trong d:
l b rng ti thiu mt tng, tnh bng mt (m);
N l b rng khoang do ca my do hoc my cap, tnh bng mt (m);
B l b rng ca dng d n mn toi ra, tnh bng mt (m);
G l khong cch ca mp khoang do ti dung vn chuyn, tnh bng mt (m);
l b rng mt dung vn chuyn, tnh bng mt (m);
l b rng co an ton bng b rng khi lng tru bj truot theo l thuyt duoc quy djnh v k
thut an ton trong xy dung, tnh bng mt (m).
Khi dng thi khai thc vt liu ca cc tng khc nhau th b rng mt tng phi tng gp di d dm
bo su hoat dng dc lp ca cc tng.
5.7 Cht luong cng tc khoan n mn khai thc d m d phi dp ng nhng nhu cu sau dy:
- B rng d n toi phi gon. S luong d vng bay xa phi han ch ti mc thp nht. toi khng
duoc ln sang dung vn chuyn.
- Vch tng khng duoc qu li lm hoc nhng ch bj khot su.
- Chn tng phi xc vt sach, khng d li. Phi n du trnh c nhng khi n x l trong qu trnh
xc d.
- Phi han ch d qu c ti mc thp nht, n phi toi du.
5.8 Khi cn du tr d qu c d lt mi hoc k d, dp phi c bin php lua chon d qu c trong
d hn hop (hoc phi thit k v lp h chiu khoan n ring cho mt khi n d ly d qu c). Phi
chon vj tr bi tr thun tin d c th d tr v d ly khi s dung.
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5.9 Cng tc bc tng ph phi tin hnh truc mt buc so vi cng tc khai thc vt liu. C th bc
tng ph xong ton b ri mi khai thc hoc tin hnh bc tng ph tng phn song song vi khai
thc tuy theo bn v trong bn v thit k khai thc m vt liu. Khng duoc d dt d tng ph ln
vo khi d khai thc lm vt liu xy dung. t d bc tng ph phi chuyn ra ngoi bi thi bn
ngoi gii han thit k ca m vt liu hoc tn dung d lp nhng ch trng.
5.10 dc mi dc tng khai thc trong v sau khi ngng khai thc trn tng khng duoc ln hon d
dc quy djnh trong Bng 27.
Khi khai thc m vt liu, phi d nhng co an ton, b rng mt co phi d d cho co gii hoat dng,
c cch mt tng khai thc phi c mt co an ton.
Bng 27 - dc mi dc tng khai thc trong v sau khi ngng khai thc
Loai dt d
H s d
rn theo
thang d
Prstdia
cnp
Gc gii han ca mi dc tng
khai thc (
0
) trong thi k
ang khai thc
ngng khai
thc
1. rt rn, dai nhu loai baan v Quacit.
Nhng loai d rn khc nhu granit poocfia, thach
anh, sa thach v d vi cuc rn 15 dn 20 80 75 dn 80
2. Granit chc v cc loai granit khc, sa thach
v d vi cuc rn 3 dn 14 70 dn 80 70 dn 75
3. Sa thach thung, dip thach st chc, d vi
thung, d cui kt, cc loai dip thach khc, d
phn loai chc
3 dn 7 60 dn 70 60 dn 65
4. t st nng, dang cuc, st m, dt thjt nng
c ln d dm, cui si, dt cui ln (kch thuc
nh hon 90 mm) c ln d tng 10 kg tr xung
1 dn 2 45 dn 60 35 dn 45
5. t st m loai mm, dt thjt, hong th ct
dt mu, than bn
0,6 dn 0,8 35 dn 45 25 dn 40
5.11 Trong trung hop d nt n, d dc cho php ca mi tng khai thc theo quy djnh trong Bng 28
(p dung cho trung hop d ngng khai thc m vt liu).
5.12 Trong thit k thi cng khai thc m vt liu, phi c nhng bin php thot nuc cho hop l trong
tt c cc giai doan khai thc d bo dm khai thc vt liu lin tuc, an ton, khng duoc d nuc
mua, nuc ngm lm ngp m hoc gy tr ngai cho cng tc khai thc.
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i vi m dt, trong bt k trung hop no cng khng duoc d dong nuc trong m, phi c h
thng tiu nuc bo v nm bn ngoi chu vi khai thc dt. Trong m phi c h thng tiu nuc v
dt cham bom du phng khi c mua ln.
i vi m d, tuy theo tnh hnh dja cht, dja hnh v mc d cn thit c th thot nuc ton b hoc
tng phn ca m. i vi ct si, c th khng cn phi t chc thot nuc nhung phi lua chon thit
bj khai thc hop l (my do gu xp, gu dy, tu ht...), trong diu kin khai thc c nuc.
Bng 28 - dc cho php ca mi tng khai thc
Loai dt d
Kch thuc khi
nt n, cm
Gc gii han ca
d dc mi tng
1. cng nt n theo tng khi hnh ch nht
50 70 dn 75
2. cng nt n theo tng khi hnh ch nht v cho 30 dn 50 65 dn 70
3. cng, nt n nhiu 10 dn 30 55 dn 60
4. phong ho v thnh cuc v dip thach ri - 50 dn 55
5. phong ho manh trong d trung thach hon ton
phn r
- 45 dn 50
5.13 Khi thi khng khai thc m na th cn phi tu chinh khu m d c th tn dung vo nhng cng
vic c ch khc nhu lm h nui c, tao dt trng trot, trng cy xanh hay vo nhng muc dch vn
ho sinh hoat, cng nghip...
6 Thi cng bng co gii thu Ic
6.1 Nguyn tc chung
Phn ny bao gm nhng quy djnh bt buc phi tun theo khi thi cng dt bng co gii thu luc d
do ho, knh, h mng, bi dp cc d, dp, b, knh, khai thc v vn chuyn dt, ct si. Cc cng
tc nn dng, chinh trj sng cn phi tin hnh bng co gii thu luc. Chi khi no khng th p dung
duoc co gii thu luc mi duoc dng cc my do dt khc nhung phi c lun chng kinh t k
thut trong thit k t chc xy dung.
6.2 Cng tc chun b[
6.2.1 Truc khi thi cng cc cng trnh bng co gii thu luc phi tin hnh cc cng tc chun bj sau:
- Xy dung cc tru s dt dn ng dn nuc, dn bn v cc cng trnh k thut khc nhm cung cp
nng luong cho tu ht bn cng nhu cc cc thit bj co gii thu luc khc;
- Cm mc gii han do v cc tuyn knh, ho, h mng;
- Cm cc vj tr cc cng trnh bi dp;
- n tuyn cc dung ng, b ho, d quay v dung dn din d duoc thit k ra ngoi thuc dja;
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- Lp cc thuc do nuc chnh v do nuc kim tra dua vo cao trnh ca mc theo d cao;
- Xc djnh dung ranh gii cho php tu ht v cc phuong tin co gii thu luc khc di lai trong pham
vi thi cng d trnh va cham vo cc dung dy cp ngm dui nuc, dung ng v cc cng trnh
khc nm dui nuc;
- Lm cc thuc do bn trn cc bi d kim tra khi luong cng vic hon thnh;
- Xy cc neo cht v cc h th.
6.2.2 Vic do dac kim tra cn tin hnh truc v trong qu trnh thi cng.
6.2.3 Sng phun thu luc nm gn cc dy dn din cao th cn phi dt cch xa dy dn khong
cch khng nh hon hai ln chiu di tia phun nuc ra t sng. Khi thi cng, nu cc dung dy ha
th nm trong tm hoat dng lm cn tr thi cng co gii thu luc cn phi chuyn di th phi tho
thun vi co quan s dung dung dy d.
6.2.4 Chi cho php thi cng trn cc tuyn dang hoat dng sau khi d kho st diu diu kin thi cng
trn ton tuyn v loai tr cc vt chung ngai nh hung dn thi cng. Nu cc vt chung ngai d
khng th loai tr duoc th phi c bin php phng trnh vi su dng ca cc co quan qun l
dung sng.
6.2.5 Khi thi cng dt bng co gii thu luc phi c nhng quy djnh v bo h lao dng v an ton k
thut ring cho cng tc ny.
6.2.6 Khi thit k t chc xy dung v lp djnh mc cng tc thi cng dt bng co gii thu luc phi
cn c vo bng phn cp dt Phu luc B.
6.3 o dt bng sng phun thu Ic
6.3.1 Vic do dt bng sng phun thu luc cn phi tin hnh theo mt hoc nhiu bc tuy thuc vo
chiu dy lp dt cn do v cu tao dja cht. Chiu cao ln nht ca mi bc duoc chon c xt diu
kin dm bo an ton trong thi cng.
Vic thi cng mi bc duoc bt du t khoang do du tin thng thung dt ch thp.
Kch thuc dy ca khoang do du tin ti thiu l 10 m x 15 m. Canh di ca h do du tin theo
hung song song vi tuyn cc khoang do. i khoang do du tin c mt li xung vi chiu rng
khoang 5 m dng cho vic dt dung ng. d dc ca li xung trong khong t 1:5 dn 1:10.
6.3.2 Quy trnh thi cng, vic chon loai sng phun v cc thng s ca n, tn s djch chuyn, phuong
php ct bc, phuong php gim nhng ch li cn phi duoc quy djnh trong thit k thi cng.
6.3.3 Khi thi cng cc loai dt kh xi, cn phi lm toi truc bng cc phuong tin co gii hoc n
mn.
6.3.4 tng hiu ch xi dt, trong khoang do nn s dung cc loai sng phun diu khin t xa d
c th dua sng vo gn guong tng.
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6.3.5 Khi dng sng phun thu luc d do knh, ho, h mng, nn dung. Nu cn phi don dy
mng th dng my i hoc cc my lm dt khc san phng dy v gom dt lai cho sng phun thu
luc xi di. Bin php don lp dt cn lai mi h do cn phi duoc quy djnh trong thit k thi cng.
6.3.6 Trong trung hop do nn dung st, nn dung t c kt hop vi vic san nn bng sng
phun thu luc th sai lch so vi mt ct thit k phi ph hop vi s liu cho trong Bng 29.
Bng 29 - Sai Ich so vi mt ct thit k
Loai dung
Sai Ich cho php so vi mt ct thit k, m
Theo chiu dng Theo chiu rng Theo tim
ung st 0,1 + 0,5 0,1
ung t 0,2 + 0,5 0,2
CH THCH: Trong trung hop do rng qu hoc su qu vo trong mi th khng cho php dp lai, mi phi duoc bat luon
du cho ti mt ct thit k.
6.4 o dt bng tu ht bn
6.4.1 Vic do dt bng tu ht bn cc cng trnh hoc cc m dt phi tin hnh theo tng rach
vi chiu rng duoc xc djnh theo thit k.
6.4.2 Chi cho php thi cng bng tu ht bn khi gi nh hon hay bng cp bn v sng ti cp ba v
ngoi ra phi tun theo cc quy djnh trong cc chi dn v vn hnh tu ht bn. Khi thi cng bng cc
tu ht bn khng tu hnh nhng noi khng chng sng duoc th cn phi c phuong n n trnh
tu vo vj tr an ton khi c dng bo.
6.4.3 Chiu su do dt nh nht, chiu dy lp bo v v sai lch v kch thuc h do khi thi cng
bng tu ht bn khng duoc nh hon cc trj s cho trong Bng 30.
6.4.4 Khi s dung co gii thu luc d do cc h mng cng trnh thu loi v cc cng trnh cng
nghip th khng cho php do qu hoc lm bt ky mt vic g c th ph hoai cu trc tu nhin ca
dy mng cng trnh.
Khi thi cng cc loai h do trn bng tu ht bn cn phi cha lp bo v.
Chiu dy lp bo v (nh nht) v cc sai lch cho php v chiu rng v chiu di ca h do khi thi
cng do dt bng tu ht bn duoc quy djnh trong Bng 30.
6.4.5 Khi do h mng cc cng trnh thu loi bng tu ht bn, cho php theo tng lp thnh nhiu
vt. Nhng vt du do khi luong ch yu, nhng vt tip theo sau do khi luong dt cn lai ht sc
cn thn d dm bo cao trnh thit k.
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6.4.6 i vi trung hop mi v dy knh phi gia c bng b tng, b tng t phan, d xy...khng
cho php do vuot qu thit k. i vi knh khng phi gia c hoc gia c bng d d trong nuc th
khng cho php cha lai dt dy. Trj s do qu cho php cho trong Bng 30.
6.4.7 Khi trong dt c ln d ln th chiu su do qu dy tng ln 0,2 m khi kch thuc d 60 cm;
dy tng ln 0,4 m khi kch thuc d 80 cm. Khi trong dt c ln d kch thuc ln hon 80 cm th chiu
su do qu cho php duoc quy djnh trong thit k thi cng c xt dn bin php loai tr cc hn d
d.
6.4.8 Khi do dt trong nuc, nao vt cc lng dn m cc mi ca chng khng cn phi gia c th
chiu su do qu dy, trj s sai lch cho php theo chiu di v chiu rng ca h do phi nm
trong pham vi quy djnh Bng 30.
CH THCH: Nhng sai s trong Bng 30 chi dng cho tu ht bn c lui phay ct dt.
Bng 30 - Sai Ich v kch thuc h do khi thi cng bng tu ht bn
Nng sut ca
tu ht bn (k
c nuc), m
3
/h
Chiu su
do dt nh
nht (tnh t
cao trnh
mc nuc
xung)
Chiu dy nh nht
ca Ip dt bo v
Cc sai Ich cho php, m
t khng
dnh
t dnh
Theo chiu
di rng
theo dy v
mi h
do(v mt
pha ca h
do)
So vi cao
trnh thit
k ca Ip
bo v
Chiu su
do qu
dy knh
Ln hon 7 500 6,0 2,0 1,1 2,0 0,9 0,9
3 501 dn 7 500 5,0 1,5 0,9 1,8 0,7 0,6
2 001 dn 3 500 3,5 1,25 0,7 1,5 0,5 0,5
1 001 dn 2 000 2,5 1,0 0,5 1,0 0,3 0,3
801 dn 1 000 1,8 0,7 0,5 0,8 0,3 0,3
400 dn 800 1,7 0,6 0,4 0,7 0,2 0,2
Nh hon 400 1,5 0,5 0,3 0,6 0,2 0,2
6.4.9 Khi thi cng do dt cc h cha v cc vng bin phi s dung loai tu ht bn chuyn dng
cho h. ng tu ht bn do sng d thi cng trn h cha chi cho php trong trung hop dc bit v
phi duoc co quan dng kim cp giy php.
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6.4.10 Tu ht bn di chuyn trong lc lm vic thng thung phi dng neo th. Nu khng c diu
kin dng neo th cn phi dng m neo, tt nht l loai mt m, c trong luong 100 kg dn 1 500 kg
tuy thuc vo luc ko ca ti.
6.4.11 i vi dt ct cn tin hnh do cng mt lc trn sut c chiu su ca khoang do d dt sut
do tc dung ca trong luong bn thn. Trong trung hop ny cn ch dn sai s cho php v chiu
su thit k.
6.4.12 i vi dt dnh phi do tng lp v tu ht bn phi c dao phay dt dnh toi dt d ht.
6.4.13 Trong vic chon m khai thc dt, nu noi khai thc dt nm gn cng trnh chju p luc nuc th
thit k phi kim tra lai diu kin thm vo nn cng trnh v d n djnh ca cng trnh.
6.5 Vn chuyn dt bng thu Ii
6.5.1 Tt c nhng ng dn bn c p truc khi thi cng phi th nghim vi p luc cng tc ln nht.
c d chnh xc v lp rp v d bn vng ca dung ng trong thi cng cn phi duoc tun theo
cc yu cu k thut trong cc chi dn v phi duoc nghim thu truc khi dua vo s dung.
6.5.2 Tuyn chnh ca dung ng dn bn duoc xc djnh trong thit k thi cng xut pht t vn du
tu v chi ph vn hnh t nht.
Vic chon vn tc trung bnh, cu li vn chuyn bn v dung knh ca ng dn bn duoc xc djnh trn
co s tnh ton kinh t k thut.
Tuyn ca dung ng dn bn chnh phi chon c xt dn vic bn c th tu chy hon ton khi cn
x nhng ch thp trn doan ng dn bn cn b tr van x c lp, cn nhng ch cao phi c van
thot hoi.
6.5.3 Khng cho php dung ng dn bn chinh c gc quay dt ngt trn mt bng cng nhu trn
mt dng. Bn knh ca khuu cong khng duoc nh hon hai ln dn su ln dung knh ng.
noi gc quay ln hon 15
0
th cc ng dn bn phi duoc neo cht.
6.5.4 Khi ni cc ng dn bn chnh bng cc mi hn v bng mt bch cn np cc thit bj phng co
gin do nhit d gy ra, khong cch gia chng t nht l 500 m. Trong trung hop ni dung ng
bng mi ni tho np nhanh th khng cn thit phi dt cc thit bj phng co gin.
6.5.5 Khi s dung my bom bn cao p d thi cng (ct nuc ln hon 60 m) th khng cho php s
dung cc ng d mn qu 30 .
6.5.6 tng thi gian s dung ng dn bn v dc bit l mi ni v cc phu tng, quy djnh phi thuc
hin cc bin php nhm ngn nga hao mn tp trung nhu sau:
a) jnh ky xoay ng 1/3 r;
b) jnh ky sa cha cc mt ni v phu tng ca dung ng dn bn.
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6.5.7 Trong trung hop ng dn bn ct qua dung st, dung t v cc tuyn cng trnh k thut
khc v c trong trung hop dung ng dn bn dt gn cng trnh cn duoc su tho thun ca cc
co quan qun l cng trnh d.
6.5.8 Cc dung ng dn bn cn phi dt cc dung dy din v dung dy thng tin mt khong
cch khng nh hon 25 m. Ngoi ra cn phi phi hop vi co quan nng luong v buu din dt cc
thit bj che chn v bo v dung dy ti din v dung dy thng tin khng cho nuc v bn bn
vo.
Trong trung hop dung ng dn bn giao nhau hoc dt st dung dy ti din th cn phi tip dt
cho ng. in tr tip dt khng duoc vuot qu 10 .
6.6 Bi dp cc cng trnh dt
6.6.1 Quy trnh cng ngh bi dp cc cng trnh phi duoc quy djnh trong thit k xut pht t nhng
dim v diu kin thi cng cu th v phuong php bi dp.
6.6.2 Khi xc djnh tr luong dt trong m, ngoi khi luong xc djnh theo mt ct ca cng trnh, trong
thit k phi tnh thm khi luong tn tht do:
a) Ln ca nn cng trnh;
b) t duoc nn cht trong cng trnh;
c) t bj tri khi bi phn dui nuc ca cng trnh;
d) t bj tri do mua ging;
e) Bi rng qu mt ct thit k trong pham vi cho php;
f) Tn tht do cng ngh khi ly cng nhu khi x bn.
Cn ly chiu cao phng ln bng 1,5 chiu cao ca cng trnh khi dt bi l dt pha ct, dt pha st
v bng 0,75 khi dt bi l ct v ct si. Phn du tr bj tri do mua dng ly bng 0,5 dn 2
khi luong.
6.6.3 Khng cho php bi thiu chiu cao v mi dc so vi mt ct thit k. Cho php bi rng hon
mi (dung vung gc vi mi) nhu sau:
- Khng ln hon 0,2 m di vi tu ht bn c cng sut 2 500 m
3
/h (k c nuc) v 0,4 di vi tu c
cng sut ln hon;
- Khi luong dt bi qu trong pham vi cho php d quy djnh v khi luong san, bat mi phi duoc tnh
dn trong thit k cng trnh.
6.6.4 Khi bi nn dung st, t, sai s cho php vj tr tim tuyn so vi thit k nhu sau:
- i vi dung st 0,1 m; di vi dung t 0,2 m;
- Chiu rng nn dung cho php bi vuot qu 0,2 m v khng cho php bi thiu.
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6.6.5 Khng cho php bi thiu khi luong khi bi cc bi. Chiu cao bi vuot qu (tnh trung bnh s
hoc) trn ton b mt ca bi bi khng duoc vuot qu 0,1 m. cuc b nhng doan ring bit, d cao
sai lch so vi cao trnh thit k cho php ln hon 0,2 m v + 0,3 m.
6.6.6 Khi cn xy dung d quy cc cng trnh th trong giai doan du cho php dp d quy bng dt
ct v ct ln si. Nu khng c cc loai dt trn th dp bng loai dt c tai ch nhung phi dp ra
ngoi pham vi mt ct ca cng trnh chnh.
nhng noi ngp nuc hoc dm ly cng nhu trong cc diu kin khc (d cp trong thit k cng
trnh), d quy giai doan du c th dp bng ct bi. Khi c cc tn tht do mi tu nhin qu ln so
vi mt ct thit k phi duoc xt dn trong thit k cng trnh.
nhng ch dt ly, cn phi tnh ton khi luong dt du phng cho vic bi vuot qu mt ct ca
cc d quy trong giai doan du, cc bi d dt cc ng dn bn v dung t di lai.
i vi nhng cng trnh thi cng bng phuong php bi m mi ca n di hi phi gia c th cc b
bi tng phn phi b tr ngoi mt ct ca cng trnh.
6.6.7 Cho php s dung phuong php bi mt pha c mt mi xoi tu do trong trung hop xy dung
cng trnh chju p, dng nht, c mi xoi b v gia c nhe, khi c lun chng s dung phuong php
ny trong thit k cng trnh.
6.6.8 Khi bi cc cng trnh, bi lp cc h, bi thnh dng, thnh bi th cng tc chun bj nn phi
duoc d cp dn trong thit k t chc thi cng v phi tun theo cc yu cu sau:
- oc theo mp cc cng trnh, cc dja dim cn bi phi lm cc rnh thot nuc v trnh lm ly ho
cc vng xung quanh;
- Cc nn dung st, t cng nhu cc cng trnh khc nm vng dang bi phi duoc bo v bng
cc b bao hoc cc rnh tiu nuc khi d hu hng do nuc gy nn;
- Khi cung d bi ln th vic rt nuc t thn cng trnh c th tin hnh bng cch s dung cc
thit bj rt nuc (ging tiu nuc, bom chm kim...) nhung phi c co s tnh ton kinh t k thut;
- Khu dang bi phi duoc bo v chng nuc l.
6.6.9 Truc khi thi cng bi dt, cc ng tiu nuc nm trong cng trnh phi duoc bo v bng cch
d cc lp ct c chiu dy 1 m dn 2 m hoc bng cc phuong php khc duoc xt trong thit k
cng trnh.
6.6.10 Bi cc khe, bung vm ca cc cng trnh b tng hay gach d xy phi theo tnh ton, trong d
phi kim tra v thm v p luc thu tnh sinh ra do bi.
6.6.11 Bi cc phn chnh ca cng trnh bng dt bn, dt ct pha, hay dt pha st phi dm bo su
dng nht v thnh phn hat ca dt bi trn ton b b mt v b dy cc phn chnh d.
Bin php bi phi quy djnh r trong thit k cng trnh.
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6.6.12 Truc khi ngng bi trong mt thi gian di (sau ny lai bi tip) th b mt d bi phi duoc
don sach v tiu thot ht cc vng nuc dong. Sau mt thi gian di ngng bi, truc khi tin hnh
bi tip th b mt bi bi cng phi don sach v lp bin bn nghim thu mt bi.
6.6.13 Sau khi d bi xong cc cng trnh dng nuc th cc ging, cc ng thot nuc phi duoc x
l theo thit k.
6.6.14 Cc b phn ca tru g d ng, mng dn bn phi don ht khng duoc d lai trong thn cng
trnh (tr cc ct cho php d lai trong thn cng trnh). Phn trn ca cc ging x nuc, cc ct v
cc thanh ging ca cc dn phi moi ra v ct d su khng nh hon 0,5 m so vi cao trnh thit k,
cc ct dn phu phi rt ra khi thn cng trnh.
6.6.15 Cc ng x nuc cc bi phi cht ti d trnh hin tuong ng ni. Khi bi cc cng trnh
dng nuc phi c cc mng ngn nga hin tuong thm doc dung ng.
6.6.16 Khi thi dt bi cn phi ch dn cng trnh lng bn v x nuc. Khi c yu cu cao hon v
d sach ca nuc x th phi xy dung h thng lng trong nuc.
6.6.17 Bi dp cng trnh cn tin hnh vi tc d sao cho nuc trong dt kjp thot ra ht. Tc d bi
dp do thit k quy djnh.
Quy djnh tc d ln nht bi dp cng trnh nhu sau:
a) Bi dp trn nn thm nuc:
- Bng ct hat nh hat: 0,4 m/ngy dm dn 0,6 m/ngy dm;
- Bng ct hat trung: 0,6 m/ngy dm dn 0,8 m/ngy dm;
- Bng ct hat to, dt ct ln si san: 0,8 m/ngy dm dn 1,5 m/ngy dm;
- Bng si san: Nh hon 2 m/ngy dm.
b) Bi dp trn nn khng thm nuc:
- Bng ct hat nh: 0,2 m/ngy dm dn 0,4 m/ngy dm;
- Bng ct hat trung: 0,4 m/ngy dm dn 0,6 m/ngy dm;
- Bng ct hat to, dt ct ln si san: 0,6 m/ngy dm dn 1 m/ngy dm;
- Bng si san: nh hon 1,5 m/ngy dm.
6.6.18 Khi bi dp cng trnh trong nuc cn ch cc dim sau dy:
- Tc d bi dp khng han ch;
- Nhng hat nh bj tri v trong qu trnh bi dp chng trang thi lo lng trong nuc;
- cht ca dt bi dp trong nuc nh hon khi bi trn can nhung sau khi n djnh th dat duoc d
cht nhu bi dp trn can;
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- i dc cng trnh trong nuc nh hon trn can nhung sau khi n djnh th sau mt thi gian s xoi
hon.
7 Cng tc nao vt trong nuc
7.1 Nguyn tc chung
7.1.1 Phn ny bao gm nhng quy djnh phi tun theo khi thi cng nao vt cc sng ngi, knh rach,
ho, vng, h tao nn d su cn thit phuc vu cho cng tc giao thng, thu loi, xy dung cc h
mng cng trnh thu cng v cc mang lui k thut, khai thc m dt... bng cc loai tu ht v tu
cuc.
7.1.2 Khi tin hnh cc cng tc nao vt, cn phi ch tun theo cc quy djnh vn hnh k thut, an
ton k thut, cc thit bj cng ngh, thit bj tu thuyn khi thi cng nao vt, cc chi dn dnh cho
cng nhn v cn b thi cng nao vt trong nuc.
7.1.3 Cn phi c cc s liu v diu kin thi cng v cc s liu v dja cht thu vn, dja cht kh
tuong noi thi cng nao vt.
Phi bit cao trnh mt nuc (c th cao trnh gi djnh) ch d thng tu thuyn, cc ngy bt du v
kt thc thng tu thuyn cp v hung ca sng, gi. Tm nhn xa can v dui nuc, dao dng
nhit d khng kh, vn tc v hung ca dng nuc chy, ch d thu triu ...
Cc chi tiu v dt nhu d tan r, truong n, tnh kt dnh, tnh ln, tnh n djnh, tnh hnh ct chy, trj
s v mi dc c djnh, tam thi trn kh v mi xoi tu nhin dui nuc.
7.1.4 Vic chon loai tu nao vt tuy thuc vo tnh cht v diu kin ca cng vic, cc tnh cht ca
dt do, cc loai tu hin c, cc dc trung kinh t k thut ca tu.
7.2 Cng tc chun b[
7.2.1 Truc khi thi cng nao vt, phi lm cng tc chun bj nhu sau:
- Cm tuyn, mc chi gii han cn nao vt ca knh, ho,h mng... v phn chia vt do;
- Cm mc v cc tn hiu xc djnh c bi d dui nuc;
- Xy dung cc bn, cng cho tu thuyn ch bn dn duoc noi ly dt, ly nguyn liu v dn cc bi
thi;
- t cc thuc do nuc v kim tra lai lung lach, chiu su thng tu cc lung lach cho tu ht
bn v cc tu h tro di lai lm vic;
- Chun bj cc neo, thit bj neo, h neo v cc thit bj bn cng, cng;
- Cn phi kim tra kho st khu vuc thi cng d loai b cc vt cn;
- Cht cy, dnh r v chuyn chng ra khi pham vi thi cng, bc dt mu ra khi pham vi h mng
cng trnh;
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- Xy dung h thng dung dy din, dung dy thng tin, kho nhin liu phu tng, dung cu chuyn
dng khc;
- on nn cc cng trnh bi, dn nuc x v nuc mua ra khi khu vuc thi cng;
- Xy dung cc tru, lp ghp dung ng dn bn chnh, xy dung cc b bao giai doan du, cc cng
trnh x nuc v cc cng trnh khc bi;
7.2.2 Chi duoc php thi cng nao vt sau khi d kim tra cc vng thi cng, d hon thnh tt c cc
cng tc chun bj.
7.3 Cc cng tc chnh
7.3.1 Vic do dui nuc phi tin hnh tng vt v tng lp. Trnh tu do phi duoc tnh ton sao
cho nng sut v cht luong thi cng cao nht.
7.3.2 Chiu rng ln nht ca mt v do ca tu neo cp khng duoc ln hon 110 m nu trong thit
k khng quy djnh cc gii php ring bit. Khi cc h do c chiu rng ln hon 110 m th phi chia ra
tng vt c chiu rng bng nhau. Chiu rng ln nht ca mt vt do duoc quy djnh trong thit k
tuy thuc vo diu kin thi cng v cc dc tnh k thut ca tu s dung thi cng.
7.3.3 Khi do dui nuc theo phuong php qut rnh ngang v vn chuyn dt bng x lan nhng
noi chiu su nuc nh hon chiu su mn nuc cn thit ca x lan v cc tu phuc vu th chiu
rng nh nht ca vt do khng duoc nh hon 40 m.
7.3.4 Chiu di ca vt do duoc xc djnh c xt dn vic ha su t t ming ht ca tu dn chiu
su thit k. Vj tr bt du ha thit bj do v ming ht ca tu phi nm ngoi gii han thit k v cch
mp dui chn dc mt khong bng mi dc tu nhin ca dt, nhung khng nh hon ba ln chiu
dy ca lp do di vi dt toi v dt do, khng duoc nh hon nm ln chiu dy di vi dt do
cht. Kt thc ca vt l noi dt sut l v tao thnh dung vin thit k ca mi rach.
7.3.5 Chiu su do vuot cho php so vi thit k khi nao vt bng tu ht bn, tu cuc khng duoc
vuot qu cc trj s cho trong Bng 31.
Bng 31Chiu su do vut cho php so vi thit k
Cc Ioai tu nao vt Nng sut k thut ca tu, m
3
/h Chiu su do vut cho php, m
Tu cuc nhiu gu Ti 500 0,2
Tu cuc nhiu gu Ln hon 500 0,3
Tu ht bn - 0,4
Tu cuc mt gu Ti 300 0,5
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Trong trung hop do dui nuc, nu khng cho php ph v cc kt cu tu nhin ca dt h mng
th phi d lai lp bo v. Chiu dy ca lp bo v phi duoc quy djnh trong thit k, c xt dn sai
lch chiu su cho php trong Bng 31.
CH THCH: Nu trong dt c ln d c kch thuc ln hon 40 m khi do bng tu cuc nhiu gu v ln hon 25 cm khi do
bng tu ht bn th chiu su do vuot qu phi duoc quy djnh trong thit k c xt dn bin php don b chng.
7.3.6 Vic do v kim tra chiu su nao vt so vi thit k duoc tin hnh djnh k 2 h dn 4 h mt ln,
bng thuc do tai ba dim, tai ch do dt, gia thn tu v dui tu hoc do lin tuc bng loai
my do siu m.
7.3.7 Khi thi cng bng tu nao vt, d dm bo kch thuc v chiu rng dng thit k th mi khi tu
do dn rach bin phi ch dt ming ng ht dng gii han mp bin h do.
uoc php do rng hon thit k khi thit k tuyn do di hon hoc bng 2 km, khng duoc qu 2 m
v mi pha di vi cng trnh khi phuc lai v 3 m di vi cng trnh do mi.
Khi chiu di nh hon 2 km chiu rng do vuot duoc quy djnh trong Bng 30.
CH THCH 1: Khi xc djnh chiu rng do cho php theo Bng 30 th nng sut ca tu nao vt duoc quy di ra nng sut
ca tu ht bn vi ti l dt trong nuc bn l 1:10;
CH THCH 2: Sai lch so vi kch thuc thit k ca h do trong pham vj cho php duoc quy djnh theo 7.3.7 v Bng 30,
chi p dung cho trung hop s luong sai lch khng duoc vuot qu 25 so vi ton b chiu di chu vi hoc din tch ca
h do.
7.3.8 Khi thi cng nao vt gn cc cng trnh, cn phi c cc bin php bo dm ton ven cng trnh.
Khng duoc d cc don tu bj dn lai thnh tng cum, khng duoc lm hu hng cc cng trnh ln
cn do dy cp, dy xch v cc neo ca tu gy ra.
7.3.9 Khi thi cng nao vt nhng noi c cc vt d gy n ln trong dt th phi theo nhng chi dn
ring.
7.3.10 Khi thi cng nao vt nhng noi c kh nng sinh ra cc hoi dc cn phi tun theo cc quy
djnh ca cc co quan kin tra v sinh v phng chy.
7.3.11 Khi thi cng nao vt kt hop vi bi dt vo cng trnh hay bi dt thi th ngoi nhng quy djnh
phn ny cn phi tun theo cc quy djnh c lin quan iu 6.
8 Thi cng bng khoan n mn
8.1 Nguyn tc chung
8.1.1 Nhng quy djnh ca diu ny cn phi tun theo khi thi cng dt bng phuong php n mn,
khng p dung thi cng cc cng trnh khai thc m, do tuyn, n mn tao dp chn dng, ht d vo
bi ly. Cc cng trnh ny phi c nhng quy djnh ring.
8.1.2 Vic n mn phi tun theo quy djnh an ton v cng tc n mn ca Nh nuc ban hnh. Chi cho
php tin hnh n mn khi d hon thnh cc cng tc chun bj dm bo an ton, trong d bao gm:
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- T chc bo qun v cung cp thuc n an ton;
- m bo an ton nh , cng trnh, thit bj ... nm trong khu vuc nguy him;
- T chc bo v khu vuc nguy him, c tn hiu, bo hiu c tram theo di, chi huy bin gii vng
n;
- Bo truc cho co quan dja phuong v nhn dn truc khi n v gii thch cc tn hiu, bo hiu;
- i tn ngui v sc vt ra ngoi khu vuc nguy him. Phi lp bin bn hon thnh cng tc chun bj
n an ton.
8.1.3 Truc khi tin hnh n phi kim tra v nghim thu tng l mn, su thuc hin h chiu khoan,
mng lui n ...theo dng nhng quy djnh v kim tra v nghim thu cng tc khoan, n mn trong
iu 11.
8.1.4 Khi n mn lm toi dt d hoc n vng d do mng cng trnh th tuy theo yu cu dm bo su
nguyn ven ca nn v thnh vch, cc h do duoc chia thnh ba nhm sau:
- Nhm : Khi nn v thnh vch cng trnh cho php c cc vt nt tu nhin c th ko di v m
rng, cho php c cc vt nt nhn tao nhu mng knh dn ra nh my thu din, cc knh x nuc,
cc tuyn do nn dung t, dung st, dung ng dt ngm...
- Nhm : Khi nn v thnh vch cng trnh c cc vt nt tu nhin, khng cho php tao thm cc vt
nt nhn tao nhu ca mng dp b tng, cc ho chn hay ca dp, mng nh my thu din...
- Nhm : Khi nn v thnh vch cng trnh c cc vt nt tu nhin v cho php c cc vt nt nhn
tao, nhung sau d duoc hn kn lai bng cc lp o hoc bin php khoan phut xi mng nhu cc u
tu, knh dn nuc...
8.1.5 i vi cc cng trnh thuc nhm th cng tc thi cng n mn tin hnh theo mt hoc nhiu
tng tuy theo cc thit bj khoan, bc xc, vn chuyn v c th n khi ln hoc khi nh.
8.1.6 Vic n ph cc cng trnh nhm v khi chiu su h do ln hon 1 m phi tin hnh t
nht thnh hai tng trong d tng dui l mt lp bo v. Cn chiu su h do nh hon 1 m th tin
hnh n mt tng vi luong mn nh, tnh ton tuy thuc theo diu kin dja cht cng trinh, nhm dm
bo cht luong dy mng.
8.1.7 Vic khoan n mn tng trn lp bo v tin hnh theo phuong php n mn trong l khoan ln.
Chiu cao ca tng v chiu dy ca lp bo v phi lua chon tuy theo thit bj s dung, diu kin dja
cht cng trnh, mt bng thi cng, kch thuc v hnh dang ca h mng cng trnh, khi luong mn
s dung trong mt ln n.
ung knh l khoan ln nht khng duoc qu 100 mm di vi cc cng trnh thuc nhm v khng
duoc qu 110 mm di vi cc cng trnh thuc nhm .
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8.1.8 un cho chn tng cng tc c d phng cn thit phi b tr mang lui cc l khoan dy hon
tnh ton bnh thung. S luong l khoan thm phi duoc xc djnh trn co s tnh ton kinh t k
thut.
8.1.9 Lp bo v nn do thnh hai bc: bc trn khoan n mn trong cc l khoan nh, chiu su
khoan qu xung bc dui khng duoc ln hon 200 mm di vi cng trnh thuc nhm . Cn di vi
cng trnh thuc nhm th khng cho php khoan qu.
8.1.10 i vi cng trnh thuc nhm th khng duoc dng thuc n d do lp bo v. Trung hop
dc bit duoc su dng ca thit k phi n mn l nng vi l khoan nh v tnh ton cu th cho tng
trung hop.
8.1.11 Cc cng tc khoan, n mn ln nh, nap thuc, nap bua nn tin hnh theo phuong php co
gii ho khi c diu kin cho php. Khi khoan xong, cc l khoan phi duoc bo v khi bj lp, phi
dng kh nn thi lai hoc khoan l mi gn l khoan c bj lp nu khng x l duoc.
8.1.12 Cng tc n mn phi bo dm cc yu cu sau:
- Lm toi dt d, dt d phi duoc sp xp dng noi quy djnh, tao diu kin thun loi cho vic bc xc,
vn chuyn;
- Cc h do sau khi n mn phi c mt ct gn nhu mt ct ca thit k trong pham vi sai lch cho
php, t phi sa sang lai;
- Cc mi dc t bj ph hoai;
- nt n pht trin ra ngoi pham vi dung bin phi nh nht.
8.2.13 Khi thit k n mn gn cc cng trnh, thit bj th trong thit k thi cng phi d ra cc bin php
bo v an ton. Phi p dung nhng bin php n mn c hiu qu v bo dm an ton nhu:
- N mn vi sai, n chm, n djnh hung;
- Tao cc khe ngn cch sng chn dng;
- Han ch luong mn;
- B tr, phn b, luong thuc hop l trong l khoan;
- Khi n mn dui nuc th s dung mn chn bot khng kh d bo v phn dui nuc ca cng
trnh.
8.1.14 Cc thng s ca qu mn v cch b tr chng d duoc nu ra trong thit k nhung phi duoc
diu chinh chnh xc lai sau cc ln n th nghim hoc sau ln n du tin.
8.1.15 Bn knh ca vng nguy him phi tnh ton theo cc diu kin hin trung v ph hop vi
quy djnh v an ton v bo qun, vn chuyn v s dung vt liu n.
8.2 Thuc n v phuong tin n
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8.2.1 Khi thi cng n mn, chi duoc php s dung cc loai thuc n v phuong tin n d duoc nh
nuc cho php s dung. Nu dng cc loai thuc n v phuong tin n khc vi quy djnh ca nh
nuc th phi c giy php ca nhng co quan qun l c thm quyn v phi c quy trnh s dung,
bo qun vn chuyn ring bit.
8.2.2 Phi s dung loai thuc n r tin nht, c sc cng ph thch ng nht vi cc diu kin tu
nhin v muc dch n ph. Phi dm bo tit kim hao ph lao dng, nng luong, vt liu v bo dm
cht luong cng tc.
8.2.3 n mn mi trung c nuc, phi s dung loai thuc n chju nuc.
8.2.4 bo qun ct gi vt liu n, phi c cc kho c djnh, ring bit. Cch xy dung, b tr v bo
qun, bo v kho phi tun theo quy djnh v an ton v bo v, vn chuyn v s dung vt liu n.
Ngoi ra, tt c cc vn d c lin quan dn vt liu n nhu tng tr, bo qun, th nghim, vn
chuyn hay hu b chng du phi tun theo nhng quy djnh an ton ni trn.
8.3 Thit b[ khoan v do
8.3.1 Tt c cc thit bj khoan hin hnh du c th s dung d khoan l mn trong xy dung nhu my
khoan phay, khoan dp xoay, khoan rut g, khoan dp cp...
Vic chon thit k khoan h mng cng trnh phi cn c vo tnh ton kinh t, k thut sao cho hop l
nht, c hiu qu kinh t nht.
8.3.2 Khi do cc hm, h, l, bung ngm... ngoi tiu chun ny cn phi tun theo cc quy djnh v
thi cng v nghim thu hm l trong khai thc m.
8.4 N mn Im dt d toi, n vng, n sp
8.4.1 Truc khi thi cng khoan n cn lm cc cng tc chun bj sau:
- Vach tuyn, dnh du tim dung vin ca h do trn mt bng;
- Lm cc muong rnh ngn v tiu thot nuc;
- nh du vj tr l khoan;
- Lm cc bc, dung di d b tr my mc thit bj thi cng.
8.4.2 dm bo su ton ven ca dy mng v mi dc th vic n toi dt phi tin hnh theo phuong
php n mn vin c lp bo v. Chiu dy lp bo v duoc xc djnh theo 8.1.7.
8.4.3 Nu dy tng ho l dt yu hay cao trnh ca dy tng c vt nt nm ngang bo dm n
tch khi d theo mt dy tng th khng duoc khoan qu cao trnh dy tng.
8.4.4 i vi d qu c, d tng ln cn ph nh th ph bng mn p, mn trong l khoan nh hoc
bng cc phuong php c hiu qu khc.
Lua chon phuong php ph d qu c phi trn co s tnh ton kinh t k thut v bo dm an ton.
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8.4.5 Khi xy dung cc cng trnh dt (knh muong, h do, ho, cc dp, d quay ngn sng...) bng
n mn th phi p dung phuong php n mn djnh hung, n vng hay n sp... trn co s lun
chng kinh t - k thut trong thit k thi cng.
8.4.6 y ca h mng cng trnh, ho, knh mi knh khng duoc php do chua dn cao trnh thit
k. Khi do lp bo v bng n mn l khoan nh hay bng ba hoi th trj s sai lch do vuot khng
khng duoc vuot qu trj s nu trong Bng 32.
8.4.7 i vi cc tuyn dung giao thng th tai nn v mi cho php do thiu 0,1 m v do vuot qu
thit k 0,2 m nhung phi dm bo su n djnh ca mi, kch thuc thit k v tm nhn an ton. Nhng
ch do vuot qu sai lch cho php mt dy h mng th phi lp dy v dm cht.
8.4.8 Khi n mn lm toi dt d dui nuc, phi s dung mn p trong l khoan ln hay nh. Vic
khoan v nap thuc n cn phi tin hnh t trn mt sn thi cng chuyn dung dt trn cc phao n
hoc tu chuyn dng c trang bj cc thit bj c djnh sn cng tc vi dt nn.
Bng 32 - Tr[ s sai Ich do khi do Ip bo v bng n mn I khoan nh hay bng ba hoi
Loai d
Tr[ s sai Ich do vut cho php (cm) khi do bng
Phuong php n mn I
khoan nh
Phuong php ba hoi
yu, d c d cng trung bnh, d
cng nhung nt n
10 5
cng v d rt cng khng bj nt n
CH THCH: Khi thi cng n mn dui nuc th kch thuc sai lch do vuot duoc quy djnh trong thit k t chc thi cng.
8.4.9 Khi n mn dui nuc cc sng h, vng, bin, k c nhng noi c dung giao thng thu,
phi c giy cho php ca co quan thy sn v ca cc co quan qun l c lin quan.
8.4.10 Khi cn phi n mn gn cc kt cu b tng tui dui by ngy th khi luong gii han ca
qu mn, luong thuc n cho mt ln n, phuong php tin hnh n v khong cch nh nht cho
php t cc qu mn dn kt cu phi duoc xc djnh bng tnh ton ca co quan thit k.
8.4.11 Trong trung hop c nhng qu mn cm nm ln trong d d n mn hoc ton khi bj cm th
vic x l mn cm phi tin hnh theo dng quy djnh v an ton trong cng tc n mn.
9 m nn dt
9.1 cht yu cu ca dt duoc biu thj bng khi luong th tch kh ca dt hay h s lm cht.
cht yu cu ca dt duoc quy djnh trong thit k cng trnh trn co s kt qu nghin cu dt theo
phuong php dm nn tiu chun xc djnh d cht ln nht v d m ln nht ca dt.
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9.2 un dat duoc khi luong th tch kh ln nht, dt dp phi c d m tt nht. sai lch v d
m ca dt dp nn dao dng nhu sau:
- i vi dt dnh: 10 ca d m tt nht;
- i vi dt khng dnh: 20 ca d m tt nht.
9.3 Truc khi dp phi bo dm dt nn cng c d m trong pham vi khng ch. Nu nn dt qu kh
phi tui thm nuc. Trong trung hop nn bj qu ut th phi x l mt nn d c th dm cht. Phi
dnh xm mt nn ri mi d lp dt dp tip theo. Phuong php x l mt nn cn xc djnh tuy theo
loai dt cu th trn thuc dja.
9.4 i vi tng loai dt khi chua c s liu th nghim chnh xc, mun bit d m khng ch v khi
luong th tch tuong ng c th dat duoc (tham kho Bng 33).
Bng 33 - m khng ch tuong ng vi khi Iung th tch ca mt s Ioai dt
Loai dt m khng ch,
Khi Iung th tch In nht
ca dt kh dm nn
Ct 8 dn 12 1,75 dn 1,95
t ct pha 9 dn 15 1,85 dn 1,95
Bui 14 dn 23 1,60 dn 1,82
t pha st nhe 12 dn 18 1,65 dn 1,85
t pha st nng 15 dn 22 1,60 dn 1,80
t pha st bui 17 dn 23 1,58 dn 1,78
St 18 dn 25 1,55 dn 1,75
9.5 Phi dm bo lp dt c v lp dt mi lin kt chc vi nhau, khng c hin tuong mt nhn gia
hai lp dt, dm bo su lin tuc v dng nht ca khi dt dp.
9.6 i vi cc cng trnh dng, gi v dn nuc, truc khi d lp dt mi bt buc phi do, cuc
xm lp dt c. Nu s dung dm chn d th phi dnh xm tr nhng ch ngui v xe di nhn.
9.7 Khi dt dnh khng d d m tt nht th nn tui thm noi ly dt ( m dt, bi vt liu, khoang
do, ch dt du tr). i vi dt khng dnh v dnh t khng d d m tt nht th c th tui nuc
theo tng lp ch dp dt.
Khi dt qu ut th phi c bin php x l ha d m.
9.8 Luong nuc cn thit (tnh bng tn) d tng thm d m ca 1 m
3
dt trong khoang do, bi vt
liu duoc xc djnh theo cng thc :
g V
t
(
y
-
b
+
n
) (4)
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t-
trong d:
V
t
l khi luong th tch kh ca dt tai m, tnh bng tn trn mt khi (T/m
3
);

y
l d m tt nht ca dt, tnh bng phn trm ();

b
l d m ca dt tai bi vt liu, tnh bng phn trm ();

n
l tn tht d m khi khai thc, vn chuyn v dp dt, tnh bng phn trm ();
9.9 Luong nuc yu cu (g) tnh bng tn (T) d tui thm cho 1 m
2
lp dt khng dnh hoc t dnh
d d ln khi dt dp, tnh theo cng thc:
g V
k
h (
y
-
t
) (5)
trong d:
V
k
l khi luong th tch kh ca dt d dm, tnh bng tn trn mt khi (T/m
3
);
h l chiu cao lp dt d d, tnh bng mt (m);

y
l d m tt nht ca dt, tnh bng phn trm ();

t
l d m thin nhin ca dt d ln mt khi dt dp, tnh bng phn trm ().
Lp dt duoc tui nuc thm trn mt dt khi dp chi duoc dm sau khi c d m dng du trn
sut chiu di ca lp dt d ri. Tuyt di khng duoc dm ngay sau khi tui nuc. i vi dt khng
dnh nhu ct, si, mc d khi tui nuc ngm nhanh, cng phi ch cho nuc ngm du ton b b
mt v chiu dy lp dt d ri mi duoc tin hnh dm nn.
9.10 Vic dm nn khi dt dp phi tin hnh theo dy chuyn tng lp vi trnh tu d, san v dm
sao cho thi cng c hiu sut cao nht, chiu dy ca lp dm phi duoc quy djnh tuy thuc v diu
kin thi cng loai dt, loai my dm s dung v d cht yu cu. Khi ri dt dm th cng phi san
du, bo dm chiu dy quy djnh cho trung hop dp dt bng th cng. Nhng hn dt to phi bm
nh, nhng mnh snh, gach v, hn d to ln trong dt phi nht loai b. Khng duoc d dt du tr
trn khu vuc dang dm.
Cn phi xc djnh chiu dy lp ri v s luot dm kt qu dm th nghim.
9.11 dm dt dnh, phi s dung dm bnh hoi, dm chn d, my dm nm. dm dt khng
dnh phi s dung cc my dm rung, dm nm chn dng v dm bnh hoi.
9.12 Truc khi dm chnh thc, di vi tng loai dt, cn t chc dm th nghim d xc djnh cc
thng s v phuong php dm hop l nht (p sut dm, tc d chay my, chiu dy lp dt ri, s ln
dm, d m tt nht, v d m khng ch).
9.13 So d dm co gii c hai cch: dm tin li v dm theo dung vng. Nu dm theo dung vng
th phi gim tc d di chuyn ca dm doan dung vng v khng duoc dm st.
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ung di ca my dm phi theo hung doc truc ca cng trnh dp v t ngoi mp vo tim ca
cng trnh. Khong cch t vt dm cui cng ca my dm dn mp cng trnh khng duoc nh hon
0,5 m.
9.14 Khi dm mi dc phi tin hnh t dui ln trn, khng dm mi dt dp trn mt ct ngang ca
khi dt dp d ln hon kch thuc thit k, lp dt tha d phi bat di v s dung d dp cc lp trn.
9.15 Khi dm, cc vt dm ca hai sn dm k nhau phi chng ln nhau.
- Nu theo hung song song vi tim cng tnh dp th chiu rng vt dm phi chng ln nhau t
25 cm dn 50 cm.
- Nu theo hung thng gc vi tim cng trnh dp th chiu rng d phi t 50 cm dn 100 cm. Trong
mt sn dm, vt dm sau phi d ln vt dm truc l 0,2 m, nu dm bng my v phi d ln 1/3
vt dm truc nu dm bng th cng.
i vi cng trnh thu loi th khng cho php dm theo hung thng gc vi tim cng trnh.
9.16 Trong chn khi dt dp khng cho php c hin tuong bng nhng. Nu c hin tuong bng
nhng vi din tch nh hon 5 m
2
v chiu dy khng qu mt lp dm tuy theo vj tr di vi cng trnh
c th cn nhc quyt djnh khng cn x l v phi c su tho thun ca gim st thit k.
Trong trung hop nguoc lai nu ch bng nhng rng hop 5 m
2
hoc hai ch bng nhng chng ln
nhau th phi do ht ch bng nhng ny (do cc lp) v dp lai vi cht luong nhu trong thit k
yu cu.
9.17 Khi dm dt ca cc cng trnh (tr cng trnh thu loi) bng my dm chn d th phn dt toi
ca lp trn cng phi duoc dm bng my dm loai khc v nhe hon.
9.18 Vic dm dt trong diu kin kh khn, cht hep (lp dt vo cc khe mng, xung quanh cc gi
tua ca ng dn, cc ging khoan trc, dp dt mt nn, ch tip gip dt vi cng trnh.) cn phi
tin hnh dm bng cc phuong tin co gii nhu my dm nm, dm nm chn dng treo vo cc
my khc nhu cn cu, my ko, my do.
nhng ch dc bit kh dm, phi s dung my dm loai nh. Nu khng th dm duoc bng my
th phi dm th cng theo cc quy djnh hin hnh.
9.19 Sau khi d so snh cc chi tiu kinh t k thut ca phuong n dp dt bng co gii th cho php
m rng cc noi cht hep ti kch thuc dm bo cho cc my dm c nng sut cao lm vic.
9.20 Khi dp tr lai vo h mng c kt hop tn dung dt do d dp nhung nu loai dt tn dung
khng dm bo duoc cht luong th phi s dung dt khc. Phi s dung loai dt t bj bin dang khi
chju nn nhu ct, ct si.
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Khi lua chon cc gii php kt cu phn dui mt dt, co quan thit k phi tao moi diu kin d c
th co gii ho dng b cng tc dt, dm bo cht luong dm nn v s dung my mc c nng sut
cao.
9.21 Trong qu trnh dp dt, phi kim tra cht luong dm nn mu kim tra tai hin trung cn tnh
theo din tch (m
2
). Khi kim tra lai dt d dp th tnh theo khi luong (m
3
) v phi theo Bng 34.
Vj tr ly mu phi phn b du trn bnh d, lp trn v lp dui phi xen k nhau (theo bnh d
khi dp).
Bng 34 - S Iung mu dt Iy d kim tra tuong ng vi khi Iung th tch dt dp
Loai dt
Khi Iung dt dp tuong ng vi 1 nhm 3
mu kim tra, m
3

1. t st, dt pha ct, dt ct pha v ct khng
ln cui, si, d T 100 dn 200
2. Cui, si hoc dt ct ln cui si T 200 dn 400

CH THCH: i vi cc hang muc hoc cng trnh c luong do hoc dp nh hon 200 m
3
th cn xc djnh s luong mu
dt kim tra mi lp dm theo lui vung trn co s tho thun gia nh thu vi ch du tu .
9.22 Khi luong th tch kh chi duoc php sai lch thp hon 0,03 T/m
3
so vi yu cu ca thit k. S
mu khng dat yu cu so vi tng s mu ly th ngim khng duoc ln hon tp trung vo mt vng.
9.23 i lp dm xong phi kim tra khi luong th tch kh ca dt d dm. Chi duoc dp tip lp
sau nu lp truc dp d dat yu cu v d cht thit k.
10 Hon thin v gia c mi
10.1 Truc khi tin hnh hon thin cng trnh dt, kim tra lai ton b kch thuc cng trnh, nht l
cc gc mp canh, dinh, mi, chu vi... so vi thit k bng my trc dac. Phi xc djnh nhng sai lch
vo bn v hon cng dng thi phi c nhng coc mc dnh du tuong ng tai thuc dja.
10.2 Khi bat mi cng trnh dt, nu chiu cao mi ln hon 3 m, d dc bng 1:3 hoc xoi hon th
dng my i, my san bat mi. Nu chiu cao mi ln hon 3 m, d dc ln hon 1:3 th dng my xc
c thit bj bat mi. Nu chiu cao mi nh hon 3 m th c th dng lao dng th cng. Tuy tng trung
hop cng trnh cu th v diu kin my mc hin c, c th s dung co gii hon ton hoc kt hop
th cng d bat mi.
t bat mi, vn chuyn ra ngoi pham vi cng trnh v tn dung vo nhng ch cn dp.
10.3 i vi knh muong, nht l khi mi dc s lt lp bo v (d, b tng...) th phi thn trong khi
s dung my d bat mi. Nu dy muong rng 3 m tr ln th dng my i gom dt bat mi d cho
my xc xc ht di.
10.4 Nu dung ln, xung nm trn mi dc cng trnh dt phi duoc x l dm bo cht luong thit
k truc khi hon thin cng trnh.
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10.5 i dc ca cng trnh dt phi duoc gia c theo quy djnh ca thit k d chng si l truot... cn
phi hon thnh gia c mi truc ma mua bo.
10.6 Nu mi dc h mng duoc bo v bng h thng tiu nuc ngm th phi hon thnh h thng
tiu nuc ngm truc khi tin hnh do h mng.
10.7 Khi trng c gia c mi, phi chon loai c c b r chc, pht trin v sng giai (c dy, c may.)
phi dnh c tng vng ghim chc vo mi.
Nu gieo c th phi ph lp dt hu co ln mi truc khi gieo. Nn chon phi hop ba loai c d gieo:
Loai bui thp, loai ho du v loai c c b r pht trin.
10.8 Cn phi trng c gia c mi sau khi hon thnh cng vic hon thin cng trnh dt d cho c c
thi gian bn r, pht trin v c d kh nng bo v mi truc ma mua bo. Nu dt qu kh phi
tui nuc cho c trong nhng ngy du.
10.9 nhng ch dt c kh nng truot l phi thuc hin nhng bin php chng truot l truc khi
tin hnh gia c mi cng trnh.
10.10 Khi gia c mi cc cng trnh thu loi, mi dc, dung giao thng thung xuyn chju su tc
dng ca sng v, dng nuc chy v muc nuc giao dng tht thung th phi c mt hoc nhiu
lp tng loc, nm lt dui lp vt liu gia c mi.
10.11 Khi lua chon my thi cng gia c mi phi cn c vo loai vt liu s dung.
Nu gia c mi bng tm b tng ct thp lp ghp th dng cn truc t, cn truc xch. Lp tm b
tng ct thp phi tin hnh t dui ln trn ging no cc tm vi nhau v lp dy khe ni theo dng
thit k.
Nu gia c mi bng tm b tng ct thp dc lin khi d tai ch th dng cn truc, my dm b tng,
phi tin hnh d b tng t dui ln trn tng khong v phi d mi ni bin dang.
Nu lt d khan th dng cn truc hoc mng d vn chuyn d xung mi. Lt d phi tin hnh t
dui ln trn.
Nu lt tm b tng t phan th dng cn truc t v cn truc xch.
Nu gia c bng d hn hop dng cn truc gu ngoam hoc cn truc xch v thng cha. Nu mi
thoi th c th s dung my i.
10.12 Xy dung cng trnh dt trong vng c ct di dng phi tin hnh lin tuc khng duoc gin doan
v phi gia c ngay nhng phn cng trnh d hon thnh. Nhng bin php chng su xm ln ca ct
di dng phi thuc hin dng thi vi xy dung cng trnh.
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10.13 Xy dung cng trnh dt trong vng kh hu kh v c gi manh v trong vng c ct di dng,
nu v diu kin dc bit phi tam ngng mt thi gian th phi c bin php gia c tam thi b mt
cng trnh, chng gi cun dt. Nhung nhng bin php chng su xm ln ca ct di dng vn phi
tin hnh khng phu thuc vo su tam ngng xy dung.
10.14 Trong sut qu trnh xy dung cng nhu trong thi gian s dung cng trnh dt vng c ct di
dng, c gi manh phi tin hnh kim tra thung xuyn nhng cng trnh bo v chng ct xm ln.
Phi tin hnh sa cha ngay nhng hu hng ca cng trnh bo v sau khi pht hin.
10.15 Khi hon thin cng trnh dt trong ma mua bo, l, ngoi nhng bin php tiu thot nuc,
cn c bin php tam thi bo v cng trnh khi mua bo, l. Khi mua bo chm dt phi c bin php
kjp thi x l b mt cng trnh nhm sm tip tuc thi cng hon thin.
10.16 Nhng bin php hon thin cng trnh dt trong nhng diu kin dc bit du phi th hin
trong thit k t chc xy dung cng trnh v thit k thi cng cc cng tc xy lp bng bn v thi
cng.
11 Kim tra cht Iung v nghim thu cng tc
11.1 Thi cng theo phuong php kh
11.1.1 Cng tc kim tra cht luong phi tin hnh theo bn v thit k v cc quy djnh v kim tra
cht luong v nghim thu cc cng trnh xy dung co bn.
11.1.2 Kim tra cht luong dt dp phi tin hnh hai noi:
- vt liu: Truc khi khai thc vt liu, phi ly mu th nghim d kim tra lai mt s tnh cht co l
v cc thng s ch yu khc ca vt liu di chiu vi yu cu thit k.
- cng trnh, phi tin hnh kim tra thung xuyn qu trnh dp nhm dm bo quy trnh cng ngh
v cht luong dt dp.
11.1.3 u kim tra phi ly nhng ch dai din v nhng noi dc bit quan trong (khe hc cng
trnh, noi tip gip, b phn chng thm...).
Phi ly mu phn b du trn mt bng v mt ct cng trnh, mi lp dp phi ly mt dot mu th
nghim.
S luong mu phi d d dm bo tnh khch quan v ton din ca kt lun kim tra. i vi nhng
cng trnh dc bit s luong mu c th nhiu hon v do thit k quy djnh.
11.1.4 Trong qu trnh dp dt dm theo tng lp, phi theo di kim tra thung xuyn quy trnh cng
ngh, trnh tu dp, b dy lp dt ri, s luot dm, tc d di chuyn ca my, b rng ph vt dm,
khi luong th tch thit k phi dat... i vi nhng cng trnh chng thm, chiu p luc nuc, phi
kim tra mt tip gip gia hai lp dp, phi dnh xm k d chng hin tuong mt nhn.
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11.1.5 Tiu chun cht luong du tin phi kim tra dt dp l d cht dm nn so vi thit k. Khi dp
cng trnh bng ct, ct si, d hn hop ngoi cc thng s quy djnh, cn phi kim tra thnh phn hat
ca vt liu so vi thit k.
Tuy theo tnh cht cng trnh v mc d di hi ca thit k, cn phi kim tra thm h s thm, sc
khng truot cat vt liu v mc d co ngt khi dm nn.
11.1.6 Khi dp dt trong vng dm ly, cn dc bit ch kim tra k thut phn vic sau dy:
- Chun bj nn mng: Cht cy, do gc, vt rc, rong ru, v nhng cy dui nuc;
- Bc lp than bn trong pham vi dy mng ti dt nguyn th, vt sach ht bn;
- p dt vo mng;
- Theo di trang thi ca nn dp khi my thi cng di lai.
11.1.7 i vi cng trnh thy loi phi dm bo chng thm v thung xuyn chju p luc nuc, s
luong mu th nghim nu trong thit k khng quy djnh th c tham kho Bng 35 d xc djnh s
luong mu kim tra. S nh ca han mc khi luong cn phi ly mt mu, p dung cho cc b phn
quan trong nhu li dp, mn chn, noi tip gip vi cng trnh b tng... ing di vi tng loc phi ly
mu kim tra theo chi dn thit k.
Bng 35 - S Iung mu dt Iy kim tra v cc thng s Iin quan
Loai dt
Phuong php Iy mu
kim tra
Thng s cn kim tra
Han mc khi Iung
dp cn phi Iy mt
mu kim tra, m
3

t st, dt thjt v dt
pha ct
ao vng - Khi luong th tch v
d m
- Cc thng s cn thit
khc (cho cng trnh
cp v cp )
T100 dn 200

T 20 000 dn 50 000
Ct si, ct th, ct mjn H do hoc dao vng
- Khi luong th tch v
d m
T 200 dn 400
- Thnh phn hat. T 1 000 dn 2 000
- Cc thng s cn thit
khc (cho cng trnh
cp v cp )
T 20 000 dn 50 000
11.1.8 Khi nghim thu dung ho v h mng, phi kim tra kch thuc cao trnh mi dc so vi thit
k, vj tr thit k ca nhng mng nh v b phn dc bit ca mng, tnh trang ca nhng phn gia
c.
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Sau khi bc lp bo v dy mng, cao trnh dy mng so vi thit k khng duoc sai lch qu quy djnh
8.4.6.
11.1.9 i vi nhng cng trnh dc bit, trong trung hop ch du tu hay Ban qun l cng trnh yu
cu, khi nghim thu mng cn c k su dja cht cng trnh tham gia, trong bin bn phi ghi r trang
thi dja cht cng trnh v dja cht thu vn v kt qu th nghim kim tra cc thng s k thut ca
dt.
11.1.10 Khi nghim thu mng ca cng trnh dang tuyn cn phi kim tra:
- Vj tr tuyn cng trnh theo mt bng v mt dng, kch thuc cng trnh;
- Cao d dy, mp bin, d dc theo doc tuyn, kch thuc rnh bin, vj tr v kch thuc ca h thng
tiu nuc;
- dc mi, cht luong gia c mi;
- Cht luong dm dt, d cht, khi luong th tch kh;
- Bin bn v nhng b phn cng trnh khut.
11.1.11 Nhng phn ca cng trnh dt cn phi nghim thu, lp bin bn truc khi lp kn gm:
- Nn mng tng loc v vt thot nuc;
- Tng loc v vt thot nuc;
- Thay di loai dt khi dp nn;
- Nhng bin php x l dm bo su n djnh ca nn (x l nuc mt, ct chy, hang hc ngm,...);
- ng cc b phn cng trnh truc khi xy, d b tng...;
- Chun bj m vt liu truc khi buc vo khai thc;
- Nhng phn cng trnh bj gin doan thi cng lu ngy truc khi bt du tip tuc thi cng.
11.1.12 Khi nghim thu san nn cn kim tra:
- Cao d v d dc ca nn;
- Kch thuc hnh hoc;
- Cht luong dp dt, khi luong th tch kh;
- Pht hin nhng noi dt qu ut v bj ln cuc b.
11.1.13 i vi cng trnh thu loi, khi nghim thu cn dc bit ch kim tra nhng phn sau:
- Nhng b phn chng thm, chn khay, sn truc, mn chn, li v h thng tng loc, vt thot
nuc;
- Cht luong vt liu s dung;
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- Cht luong dm nn;
- Cc mt ct kim tra cht luong cng trnh c ghi r s liu v d cht dm nn v thnh phn hat
ca vt liu theo tng cao trnh;
- Kch thuc gia ti trn sn truc v s luong dm nn;
- Vj tr, quy cch cht luong cc thit bj quan trc dt trong thn dp.
11.1.14 Sai lch cho php ca b phn cng trnh dt so vi thit k khng duoc vuot qu quy djnh
trong Bng 36.
Bng 36 - Sai Ich cho php ca b phn cng trnh dt so vi thit k
Tn, v[ tr sai Ich Sai Ich cho php Phuong php kim tra
G mp v truc tim cng trnh 0,050 0 m y thu chun
dc doc theo tuyn dy knh, muong ho h
thng tiu nuc
0,000 5 m
y thu chun
Gim d dc ti thiu ca dy knh muong v h
thng tiu nuc
Khng cho php
y thu chun
Tng d dc mi dc ca cng trnh
Khng cho php
o cc qung tng mt
ct
Gim d dc mi dc ca vt tiu nuc bng d
hn hop nm trong dp
5 dn 10 o cc qung tng mt
ct
B rng co phn dp 0,15 m o cch qung 50 m
B rng dung ho 0,15 m o cch qung 50 m
B rng knh muong 0,10 m o cch qung 50 m
Gim kch thuc rnh tiu Khng cho php o cch qung 50 m
Sai lch san nn
0,000 1 m y thy chun cch
qung 50 m
+ dc ton mt nn
11.1.15 Khi nghim thu kim tra cng trnh dt d xy xong, don vj xy dung phi chun bj dy d
nhng ti liu phuc vu kim tra nghim thu cho hi dng nghim thu co s:
- Bn v hon thnh cng trnh c ghi nhng sai lch thuc t. Bn v x l nhng ch lm sai thit k;
- Nht k thi cng cng trnh v nht k nhng cng tc dc bit;
- Cc bin bn nghim thu b phn cng trnh khut;
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- Bn v vj tr cc coc mc djnh vj co bn v bin bn nghim thu cng trnh;
- Bin bn kt qu th nghim vt liu s dung xy dung cng trnh v kt qu th nghim nhng mu
kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng.
11.1.16 Khi nghim thu bn giao cng trnh dt dua vo s dung phi tin hnh theo nhng quy djnh
nghim thu cc cng trnh xy dung co bn.
11.2 Kim tra v nghim thu cng tc dt thi cng bng co gii thu Ic
11.2.1 Cng tc kim tra cht luong k thut thi cng bng co gii thu luc bao gm vic xem xt cht
luong bi dp v d n djnh ca cc cng trnh (c trn kh ln dui nuc) v phi lp cc h so k
thut.
11.2.3 Cng tc kim tra cht luong thi cng bao gm:
a) Su thuc hin tt c cc cng tc chun bj;
b) Vic khai thc dt m, cng tc nao vt dt cc cng trnh v vic thuc hin cc cng tc bi
dt;
c) Tnh trang cng trnh v cht luong dt bi dp.
11.2.4 Kim tra cht luong thi cng co gii thu luc theo quy djnh ca hung dn thi cng lp ring
cho mi cng trnh, trn co so quy trnh k thut v thi cng co gii thu luc c tnh dn cc yu cu
ca thit k. Bn hung dn thi cng co gii thu luc do ch k thut thi cng duyt.
11.2.5 Nguyn tc phn chia cc giai doan d hon thnh d nghim thu phi thuc hin theo cc quy
djnh v trnh tu xy dung co bn hin hnh.
11.2.6 Nghim thu tt c cc cng trnh k c nghim thu tng phn cng trnh d xy dung xong (theo
tin d hon thnh ca cng trnh) phi tin hnh c su gim st ca ban qun l cng trnh.
Sau khi hon thnh ton b cng trnh, vic nghim thu s do Hi dng nghim thu thuc hin.
i cng tc nghim thu phi lp bin bn km theo.
11.2.7 Phi nghim thu cc cng trnh khut bao gm:
- Cng tc chun bj nn mng cng trnh;
- Cng tc thay dt nn cng trnh (nu nhu thit k yu cu);
- Cng tc chun bj bi dt (xy dung cc d quay, bi cng trnh tho nuc,...);
- Bi cc lp dt;
- t cc mc do ln.
11.2.8 Trong vic nghim thu cng tc san mt bng, cn kim tra cao d dc khu vuc phi san, d
cht ca dt bi.
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11.2.9 Khi bn giao cng trnh, cn c cc vn bn nghim thu:
a) Vj tr cng trnh trn mt bng v kch thuc;
b) Cao d ca cng trnh;
c) nging mi dc cng trnh;
d) Tnh cht ca dt bi, dp v su phn b hat theo vng so vi yu cu thit k;
e) chnh xc ca vj tr v hnh dang cc bi cha, cc thm, rnh thot nuc...
11.2.10 on vj thi cng phi xut trnh cc ti liu sau:
a) Nhng bn v thi cng cc b phn kt cu duoc sa cha v thay di trong qu trnh thi cng. Cn
khi thay di ln th phi s dung bn v ca thit k dng thi phi trnh c nhng vn bn cho php
thay di;
b) Bn k h thng mc cao dac c djnh v cc bin bn djnh vj cng trnh;
c) Nht k thi cng cng trnh;
d) Bn k v bin bn nghim thu cc cng trnh khut;
e) Bin bn th nghim dt c km theo cc s liu v mu th nghim.
11.2.11 Trong bin bn nghim thu cng trnh cn c:
a) Bn k cc h so k thut lm co s d thi cng hang muc cng trnh;
b) S liu kim tra d chnh xc nhng cng tc d thuc hin;
c) S liu din bin ln ca nn theo kt qu quan trc, do cao...;
d) Bn k nhng phn vic chua hon thnh nhung khng lm cn tr cho vic s dung cng trnh
km theo thi han lm nt phn vic d.
11.2.12 Nghim cm nghim thu nhng cng trnh chua thi cng xong v bj hu hng lm cn tr hoc
c nh hung xu dn vic s dung cng trnh.
Kim tra v nghim thu cc cng tc khoan n mn.
11.2.13 Vic kim tra cc cng tc khoan n mn phi tin hnh trong sut qu trnh thi cng, phi di
chiu vi thit k thi cng, vi cc yu cu ca cc quy djnh hin hnh, vi cc djnh mc v hao ph
lao dng, vt liu khoan n...
11.2.14 Vic kim tra phi duoc tin hnh:
a) Sau khi khoan xong, phi kim tra cc l khoan cn do chiu su, hung v th tch l khoan, kim
tra hnh dang dung knh, vj tr trn mt bn v mt ct ca l khoan so snh s liu thuc t vi s liu
trong thit k v nht k h khoan;
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b) Sau khi n mn phi xem xt b mt cc mi dc, su sp d ca khi dt d v dc bit l cc vj tr
nghi ng c mn cm. Khi n mn ln phi do dac h do v khi dt d sp d;
c) Trong qu trnh bc xc vn chuyn: Phi dnh gi khi luong dt d n ph (theo t l phn trm
ca th tch). S luong d qu c cn phi n ph tip, xem xt b mt dy v mi h do;
d) Sau khi bc xc xong (hoc c th xong mt phn) phi do v dja hnh thuc trang.
11.2.15 Phi tin hnh ngim thu cng tc khoan n mn ngay tai hin trung c su tham gia ca dai
din bn giao thu, don vj khoan n v don vj bc xc.
11.2.16 Khi n mn xong cn so snh mt ct h do thuc t vi mt ct thit k, do dac lai th tch dt
d bj ph v. Trong trung hop n vng, hoc n sp cng phi xc djnh th tch ca dt d bj vng
hoc bj sp d. Khi c cng vic bj che khut th phi lp bin bn nghim thu tng b phn cng vic
d.
11.2.17 Khi nghim thu cc h mng dui nuc phi tin hnh do hai ln, ln du truc tip ngay sau
khi n ph, ln th hai ngay sau khi bc xc ht dt d ra khi h do.
11.2.18 i dc ca phn do cc tuyn dung giao thng c th do vuot qu cao trnh thit k,
hoc chua do ht cuc b, nhung phi dm bo su n djnh ca mi c d treo, d nong chn nm trn
mi dm bo tiu thot nuc v phi bat luon dn theo st mt ct thit k.
11.2.19 Khi luong dt d n ph duoc xc djnh theo th tch trang thi lin khi khi chua bj n.
Nu khi luong dt d n ph ra, thuc t nh hon 30 so vi khi luong thit k th cng tc n ph
khng dat yu cu v phi xem xt kh nng c mn cm. Vic x l cc khi mn cm phi tin hnh
theo dng quy djnh v an ton trong cng tc n mn.
11.2.20 Khi n mn khi luong dt d cn nm lai trong pham vi mt ct thit k ca h do phi duoc
coi l khi luong khng duoc n vng.
xc djnh khi luong khng duoc n vng trang thi lin khi chua n mn th ly khi luong dt
d d n ph do thuc t nhn vi h s 0,83 di vi dt d cp dn ; nhn vi h s 0,75 di vi
dt d cp V dn X.

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Ph Ic A
(Tham kho)
Phn Ioai dt d theo d cng

Bng A1 - Phn Ioai dt d theo d cng
(theo gio su Pr-st-dia-c-np)
Cp dt d
H s
d rn Mc d rn
Loai dt d Gc ma st
trong (
0
)
20 cuc k
rn
Quacit v baan cuc rn chc v dai. Cc
loai d khc dc bit rn
87
0
80
15 rt rn grant, thach anh pocpia rt rn. Cc loai
grant khc v dip thach silic rt rn, cc loai
thach anh km rn hon cc loai trn,sa thach
v d vi rn nht
86
0
11
10 rn grant chc v cc loai grant bin dang,sa
thach v d vi rt rn, nhng gn thach anh
trong qung cui kt rt chc, qung st rt
rn
84
0
18
a 8 rn vi chc, grant trung bnh, sa thach, cm
thach rt chc, dlmt
82
0
53
V 6 tuong
di rn
Sa thach, qung st 80
0
32
Va 5 tuong
di rn
ip thach ln ct, sa thach phin 78
0
41
V 4 rn trung
bnh
ip thach st rn, sa thach v d vi bj
phong ho, cui kt phong ho va
75
0
58
V 4 rn trung
bnh
ip thach st rn, sa thach v d vi bj
phong ho va
75
0
58
Va 3 rn Cc loai dip thach bj phong ho. a phn
loai chc
71
0
34

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Bng A.1 - Phn Ioai dt d theo d cng
(theo gio su Pr-st-dia-c-np)
(kt thc)
Cp dt d
H s
d rn Mc d rn
Loai dt d Gc ma st
trong (
0
)
Va 1,5 rn t ln dm cui, dip thach phn r, cui si
v d bj dn nn, than d rn, dt st kh
56
0
19
V 1,0 t mm t p chc, than d mm, dt ph sa bj nn
lu, dt thjt
45
0
40
Va 0,8 t mm t st, cui si, hong th 38
0
58
V 0,6 t xp t mu, than bn, dt pha ct, ct ut 30
0
58
X 0,5 t ri Ct, dt thi thnh dng si nh, than ri 26
0
30
X 0,3 Bn Ct chy, bn dm ly, hong th bo ho
nuc v cc bn dt khc
16
0
42

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Ph Ic B
(Tham kho)
Phn cp dt d theo mc d kh d cho tng Ioai my thi cng

B.1 Phn cp dt d cho my do
t cp 1
t c cy c moc, khng ln r cy to v d tng, c ln d dm; ct kh, ct c d m tu nhin
khng ln d dm; dt ct pha, dt bn dy dui 20 cm khng c r cy; si san kh c ln d to
dung knh 30 cm; dt dng bng lp trn dy 0,8 m tr lai; dt vun d dng bj nn cht.
t cp 2
Si san c ln d to; dt st ut mm khng ln d dm; dt pha st nhe, dt pha st nng ln dt bn
dy dui 30 cm ln r cy; d dm dt dng bng lp dui t 0,8 m dn 2,0 m; dt ct ln si cui t
10 tr lai.
t cp 3
t st nng v tng mng; dt st ln d dm dng xng mai mi xn duoc; dt bn dy dui 40 cm
tr lai; dt dng bng lp dui t 2,0 m dn 3,5 m; dt d vng di ni c ln d rong, si nh; dt
cng ln d hay st non.
t cp 4
t st cng tng lp ln d thach cao mm; d d duoc n ph toi.
B.2 Phn cp dt d cho my i
t cp 1
t c c moc khng ln r v d dm; st nhe; dt bn khng c r cy; dt dng bng lp trn; dt
vun d dng bj nn.
t cp 2
Si san khng ln d to; dt st ut mm khng ln d dm.
t cp 3
t st v tng mnh; dt st ln si san, d dm, ct kh; dt ln d tng; dt d duoc n ph toi ri.
B.3 Phn cp dt d cho my cap
t cp 1
t c c moc, khng ln r v d; dt dp d bj nn.
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t cp 2
t st ut mm, khng ln d dm; ct nng; dt dng bng lp trn dy 1 m tr lai.
B.4 Phn cp dt d cho my nghin
cp 1
H s rn 20. Quacit - st v baan cuc rn, chc v dai; cc loai d khc dc bit rn.
cp 2
H s rn 15. granit; thach anh poocphia rt rn; cc loai granit khc v dip thach silic rt rn;
cc loai thach anh khc km rn hon cc loai trn, sa thach v d vi rn nht.
cp 3
H s rn l 10. grant chc v cc loai grant bin dang; sa thach v d vi rn, gn thach anh
trong qung; cui kt rt chc; qung st rt rn.
cp 4
H s rn 6. Sa thach; qung st.
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Ph Ic C
(Tham kho)
H s chuyn th tch t dt t nhin sang dt toi

Bng C.1 - H s chuyn th tch t dt t nhin sang dt toi (h s toi xp ca ct)

Tn dt
H s chuyn t t
nhin sang toi
Ghi ch
Cui 1,26 dn 1,32 i vi tng loai dt cu
th phi th nghim kim
tra lai h s toi xp ca
dt tai hin
trung
t st 1,26 dn 1,32
Si nh v trung 1,14 dn 1,26
t hu co 1,20 dn 1,28
Hong th 1,14 dn 1,28
Ct 1,08 dn 1,17
Ct ln d dm v si 1,14 dn 1,28
cng d n mn toi 1,45 dn 1,50
t pha ct nhe 1,14 dn 1,28
t pha ct nhe nhung ln cui si, d dm 1,26 dn 1,32
t pha st nng khng ln cui si, d dm 1,24 dn 1,30
t ct pha c ln cui, si, d dm 1,14 dn 1,28

Bng C.2 - dc mi dt dp ca cc cng trnh tam thi


Loai dt
Chiu cao dt dp, m dc cho php ca mi
t ln si v ct th 12 1:1,25
St, dt pha st, dt ct c d m tu nhin 8 1:1,25
hn hop 6 1:0,75
hc xp khan 5 1:0,50
Hong th 3 1:1,50