390

ANALYSIS

IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 9, No. 2, June 1994

OF SELF EXCITED INDUCTION F E E D I N G I N D U C T I O N MOTOR GENERATOR

L. Shridhar, Student Member, Bhim Singh, C. S . Jha and B.P. Singh, SM Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016, FAX 91-11-6862037, INDIA
A b s t r a c t The paper is motivated to assess the suitability of a self excited induction generator ( S E I G ) t o supply dynamic loads like induction motors. An algorithm is proposed to Predict the steady state performance of an SEIG feeding an induction (IM). The computed and experimental results are presented for different operating conditions of an SEIG-IM system. A good agreement r e a c h e d b e t w e e n t h e p r e d i c t e d and t e s t r e s u l t s validate t h e effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Experimentally recorded transients of an SEIG during a Series O f switching Operations are presented to demonstrate the ability o f an SEIG to sustain the starting of an IM. By analyzing the performance of a typical 7.5 k W , 3 - p h a s e SEIG f e e d i n g i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s o f different ratings, useful guidelines are proposed for the design of an SEIG-IM system in a U t o " m u s applications like agricultural pumpsets. Keywords: Generator, Autonomous Power Generation, Induction Capacitor Self Excitation, Analysis

2.

INTRODUCTION
(SEIGs) are autonomous

Self Excited Induction Generators increasingly being considered for

a p p l i c a t i o n s i n micro-hydro. biogas and wind powered s y s t e m s T h e lower u n i t brushless cage rotor construction, absence of a separate dc source, better transient performance and inherent overload protection are its main advantages over the conventional alternators. It is well known that if an appropriate capacitor bank is connected across an externally driven induction machine, an EMF is induced in the machine windings due t o the excitation provided by the Capacitor. The induced voltage and current would continue t o rise, until the var supplied by the capacitor is balanced by the var demanded by the machine. This results in an equilibrium state being reached and the machine now operates as an SEIG at a voltage and frequency decided by the value of the capacitor, speed of the prime mover, parameters of the machine and the load [1,2]. A m a j o r i t y of s y s t e m l o a d s i s d y n a m i c i n nature, v a r y i n g b o t h in q u a n t i t y and quality. Contribution of induction motors(1Ms) t o such loads is s i g n i f i c a n t . A r e v i e w of t h e a v a i l a b l e literature reveals that although a lot of work has been reported on the SEIG feeding static loads, prediction of its behavior while feeding an I M remains t o be properly explored. Behavior of the SEIG feeding an induction motor is of interest not only from the operational point of view but also from the view point of assessing its suitability to feed such loads. Further, it will be desirable to study t h e ability of t h e SEIG t o withstand switching of dynamic loads, such as, starting of induction motors. P r e d i c t i o n of o p e r a t i n g frequency, F and saturation level ( a n d hence the value of magnetizing reactance, X m ) of an SEIG is the first step in its analysis. For an SEIG feeding a static R L load, v a r i o u s t e c h n i q u e s a r e a v a i l a b l e t o estimate values of these two unknowns (F and Xm)
[ 3,4,6-91.

1. NOMENCLATURE
Main Symbols: c capacitance/phase F p.u. frequency I p.u. current P p.u. power R p.u. resistance s slip of the motor v p.u. voltage p.u. speed X p.u. reactance z p. U. impedance Subscripts: c capacitive g air gap 1 leakage L load out output r rotor s stator t terminal M motor

~ l l p . u . q u a n t i t i e s a r e at t h e b a s e of respective generator quantities, except, the output power of the motor and the system var for which the rated motor Power and generator power, respectively, are taken as base quantities.
93 SM 453-1 EC A paper recommended and approved by the IEEE Electric Machinery Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEEIPES 1993 " = r Meeting, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, July 18-22, 1993. Manuscript submitted Aug. 28, 1992; made available for printing 12, 1993.

PRINTED IN USA

When an IM is fed from an SEIG, apart from Xm and F; slip and saturation level of the motor are also unknown. The SEIG-IM system t h u s has four unknowns t o be evaluated before its performance can be determined. The identification of these four parameters becomes complicated, as the methods used with an SEIG feeding static loads are not directly applicable to an SEIG-IM systems. Thus, to predict p e r f o r m a n c e of a n SEIG-IM s y s t e m for a g i v e n operating condition, it is necessary to develop a suitable analytical technique. This paper is addressed to the analysis of the SEIG feeding power to an induction motor. An algorithm is proposed t o predict the performance of an SEIG-IM system. The predicted and experimental r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d for d i f f e r e n t o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s . T h e s e l e c t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r for t h e starting of the motor is discussed and experimental results are presented for a sequence of the IM switchings on an SEIG. The study is extended t o cover a range of standard motors to confirm the general trend. Based o n t h e a n a l y s i s , u s e f u l guidelines are provided for designing an autonomous SEIG-IM system for applications like an agricultural pumping system.

0885-8969/94/$04.00 0 1993 IEEE

39 1
3. THEORY
H e r e , a t f i r s t t h e technique [3,4] used f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f a n SEIG f e e d i n g a s t a t i c RL l o a d i s b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d ; which i s t h e n extended t o d e v e l o p a n a l g o r i t h m f o r a n a l y z i n g a n SEIG-IM system.
3.1 Static RL Load The s t e a d y s t a t e r e s p o n s e o f a n SEIG f e e d i n g a s t a t i c RL l o a d c a n be p r e d i c t e d f o r any p r i m e mover speed, capacitance and l o a d c o n d i t i o n s from t h e equivalent c i r c u i t of Figure l ( a ) , i f a l l its parameters a r e known. Only t h e magnetizing i s assumed t o be a f f e c t e d by t h e reactance, magnetic s a t u r a t i o n , and a l l other equivalent c i r c u i t p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e machine are assumed t o b e constant. It can be noted t h a t a l l parameters a r e known e i t h e r f r o m e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n e x c e p t X,, or d e s i g n . H o w e v e r , t h e v a r i a t i o n o f X, w i t h V / F ( a measure of magnetic f l u x l e v e l ) , i s a v a i l a g l e [3]. Further, t h e generated frequency is also unknown. E s t i m a t i o n o f X, and F i s a s p e c i a l problem i n t h e a n a l y s i s o f a n SEIG s y s t e m .

and are o b t a i n e d by s i m p l i f y i n g e q u a t i o n ( 3 ) [ 4 ) . N o w t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e SEIG c a n b e o b t a i n e d as follows:

1. V a l u e s o f X, a n d F c a n b e o b t a i n e d by s o l v i n g t h e s i m u l t a n e o u s e q u a t i o n s ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) , u s i n g a s u i t a b l e numerical technique. 2. A f t e r o b t a i n i n g X, a n d F, V c a n b e computed from t h e m a g n e t i z a t i o n c h a r a % t e r i s t i c s o f t h e machine. 3. O n c e Vg , i s known, t h e r e q u i r e d p e r f o r m a n c e c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e s t a n d a r d e q u a t i o n s 141.

3.2

Induction

Motor Load

F i g u r e l ( b ) shows t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t o f a n SEIG-IM system. Here, X,, F, Xm a n d s are t h e f o u r unknowns. The methodology d i s c u s s e d above f o r t h e s t a t i c RL load g i v e s two e q u a t i o n s ( 4 ) and (5), w h i c h are s o l v a b l e f o r o n l y two unknowns. The f o l l o w i n g a l g o r i t h m i s p r o p o s e d t o i d e n t i f y X,, F, XMm a n d s a n d t h e n p r e d i c t t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e SEIG-IM s y s t e m .

f
RL bad

Fig l(a) Equivalent circuit of SEIG feediw

3.1.1

Estimation o f Xm and F Applying Kirchoff's voltage c u r r e n t I,, w e o b t a i n

1. Assume n o m i n a l v a l u e s o f Vt a n d F. 2. F o r a g i v e n p o w e r o u t p u t o f t h e motor, o b t a i n I). XMm a n d 8 , ( A p p e n d i x 3 . O n c e XMm a n d s a r e known, t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t o f t h e I M i s r e d u c e d t o a n e q u i v a l e n t RL l o a d (Figure l ( c ) ) . 4 . Now t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t o f F i g u r e l ( b ) i s t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o t h a t o f F i g u r e l ( a ) a n d i s now a n d F u s i n g t h e method d e s c r i b e d s o l v e d f o r X, f o r t h e static load. 5 . O b t a i n t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a l u e o f Vg a n d t h e n ,r calculate V 6 . Go t o S t e p 2 w i t h u p d a t e d v a l u e s o f Vt a n d F i a n d r e p e a t , u n t i l errors i n Vt a n d F d u r i n g t w o s u c c e s s i v e i t e r a t i o n are less t h a n a small q u a n t i t y ( s a y , e = 1.OE-04).

law

to

the

loop

Is zs
where

o
and
I
I
I

zs z1
Zr

Zs is l o o p impedance = z1 + z2 + z3
=
=

zr
jx,

Zml(Zr Rm/(R,

+ Zm)

= {Rr/(F-Y ) + j X l r >
+

SEIG

IM

2 ,
Z3

jx,)

Z2 = Rs + j X l s
=

Fig l(b) Equivalent circuit of SEIG feeding Induction Motor

ZL Z c / ( z L

zc)
of the
RMS

SEIG,
2,

Since under steady state operation Is c a n n o t b e e q u a l t o z e r o ,

=

ixMIS

'

"Mlr

Equating, t h e real a n d i m a g i n a r y p a r t s o f (3) t h e following t w o nonlinear equations with unknowns X, a n d F are o b t a i n e d .

t o zero,

IM

f(X,,,,F)

= (A1
(As (A9

X ,

+ A2)F6 + (A3

X, X,

+A4)F5

+
+
(4)

Fig Hc) Cooversion of Induction Motor circuit into equivalent RL element,

Xm + A6)F4

(A7

A8)F3

A13

Xm + A10)F2 + ( A 1 1 Xm +AlZ)F + Xm + A14 = 0

I ( X m t F ) = (B1 X, + B2)F5 + ( B 3 X, ,, + B6)F3 + ( B 7 X, (B5 ,X (Bg Xm + Blo)F + Bll X,

+ B4)F4

+
(5)

+ B8)F2 +

B12

= 0

The coefficients and B~ B~~ in t h e above equations are functions of machine p a r a m e t e r s , l o a d impedance, c a p a c i t a n c e and speed;

Figure l ( d ) shows t h e f l o w c h a r t o f t h e algorithm. I n summary, f o r a g i v e n o p e r a t i n g condition, during each i t e r a t i o n t h e algorithm r e p l a c e s t h e I M l o a d b y a n e q u i v a l e n t RL l o a d a n d s o l v e s f o r t h i s RL l o a d . The i t e r a t i o n s a r e c o n t i n u e d w i t h u p d a t i n g of r e l e v a n t q u a n t i t i e s t i l l t h e convergence is obtained. The a l g o r i t h m w a s a p p l i e d t o v a r i o u s t r i a l s and convergence w a s achieved in 3-5

392
4.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. 2.

This section is divided into two sub sections. Steady-state operation of an S E I G - I M system, Starting of an I M on an S E I G .

4.1

Calculate
Hotor Slip

Steady-State Operation T o check t h e validity of the proposed algorithm, extensive experiments were carried out on an S E I G - I M test rig, schematically shown in s t a n d a r d 3-Phase squirrel cage F i g u r e 2. A induction motor of 10 hp (7.5 kW), 4 pole, 415 V I 14 A , delta connected stator with p.u. circuit parameters R , =0.0493, Rr=0.0409, Xis= X l r = 0.1013, R m = 22.1 and unsaturated Xm = 2.15; is operated as an S E I G . The S E I G was driven by a 1 0 kW (IMs) were d c motor. T h e induction motors electrically loaded by coupling them to separately e x c i t e d d c g e n e r a t o r s of a p p r o p r i a t e rating. Following tests were performed on the system using suitable instrumentation.
1. The
S E I G was driven at a fixed speed. For a fixed value of capacitor C, the performance was monitored for different loads on the induction motor. 2. Test described in 1 was repeated for different values of C to estimate the most appropriate value. 3. Tests mentioned in 1 and 2 were repeated for different constant speeds of the prime mover. 4. Tests described in 1 - 3 are repeated for motors of different frame sizes.

Obtain
AL and X,

I
Calculate X, and F

Update
U+, and F

I
Calculate
U t
M

Detailed characteristics are presented for a 5hp induction motor and the same is considered for an e l a b o r a t e d i s c u s s i o n . However, a set o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i s p r e s e n t e d for a s e r i e s of standard motors.

CAPACITOR BANK Fig 2 Block diagram of the SEIG-IM test rig

Performm

Load Characteristics Fig. 3(a) shows variations of terminal voltage and operating frequency with output power of the generator for different values of capacitors. It is seen that it is possible to load the motor up to its rated power on an S E I G of double rating. A larger capacitor results in enhanced power capability of the S E I G . However, the effect of
4.1.1

frequency 0 . 2
0 0.1 0 . 2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 p and out (P.U ) Fig.3(a) Variation of Voltage Frequency with Power Output

Fig l ( d ) Flow Chart of the Algorithm for analysis of SEIG-IM system

393
c a p a c i t o r v a r i a t i o n o n t h e f r e q u e n c y is m a r g i n a l . I t i s o b s e r v e d from F i g u r e 3 ( b ) t h a t o v e r t h i s range of loading, t h e g e n e r a t o r winding c u r r e n t remains w e l l within t h e r a t e d value (1.0 P.u.). C o n s i d e r i n g a maximum p e r m i s s i b l e o p e r a t i n g v o l t a g e Vmax = 1.10 P.u., for a capacitance of 50 P F l p h a s e , t h e r a t e d l o a d o n t h e motor c o r r e s p o n d s to 0 . 4 3 p.u. l o a d on t h e g e n e r a t o r . F u r t h e r , a good a g r e e m e n t i s n o t i c e d between t h e t e s t and p r e d i c t e d r e s u l t s , shown b y p o i n t s a n d continuous lines, respectively. F i g u r e 3 ( c ) shows v a r i a t i o n s i n v a r a n d c a p a c i t a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e SEIG-IM system w i t h load i n order t o maintain t h e terminal v o l t a g e a t 1.0 P.u.. The f i g u r e a l s o shows t h e v a r i a t i o n i n power f a c t o r o f t h e l o a d (IM) w i t h t h e power o u t p u t . I t may be noted that the pattern of various c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e SEIG w i t h a n IM l o a d i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t w i t h a s t a t i c RL l o a d . H o w e v e r , t h e i n h e r e n t dynamism i n t h e I M r e s u l t s i n a n i m p r o v e d p o w e r f a c t o r w i t h Pout. T h i s i s t h e r e a s o n why t h e SEIG w i t h a n I M l o a d h a s h i g h e r p o w e r c a p a b i l i t y and improved v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n t h a n w h i l e loaded w i t h a s t a t i c RL l o a d of a power f a c t o r e v e n a s good a s 0.8; a s shown i n F i g u r e 3 ( d ) . The v a r i a t i o n o f t h e motor s p e e d , n w i t h l o a d i s a l s o shown i n t h e figure. o f D i f f e r e n t Frame S i z e s I n order t o p r o v i d e a g e n e r a l b a s i s of information, four t y p i c a l motors of d i f f e r e n t are chosen for ratings (Appendix-II), investigation. F i g . 4 ( a ) shows l o a d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e SEIG w i t h motors o f d i f f e r e n t r a t i n g s o p e r a t e d f r o m n o l o a d to r e s p e c t i v e r a t e d l o a d c o n d i t i o n s . I t i s seen t h a t u s i n g a s i n g l e valued c a p a c i t o r and w i t h o u t v i o l a t i n g t h e v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t l e v e l s t h e SEIG c a n ( 1 . 1 0 p.u. and 1.0 p . u . , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , 5 h p . T h i s means t h a t supply an I M rated upto u s i n g a s i n g l e v a l u e d c a p a c i t o r b a n k t h e SEIG c a n s a f e l y feed an I M load of h a l f its r a t i n g . To i m p r o v e t h e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n o f t h e SEIG v a r i o u s t y p e s of v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r s are being employed [ l o - 1 2 1 , which c o n t r o l t h e v a r s u p p l i e d t o t h e system w i t h t h e change i n load. Figure 4 ( b ) s h o w s t h e v a r i a t i o n of c a p a c i t a n c e t o b e e f f e c t e d with t h e load i n order t o maintain t h e terminal v o l t a g e a t 1.0 p.uf o r f o u r d i f f e r e n t motors. U s i n g s u c h a r e g u l a t o r it i s s e e n t h a t now t h e same SEIG c a n s a f e l y s u p p l y a n I M o f 7 . 5 h p ( 7 5 % r a t i n g o f t h e S E I G ) . However, f o r 1 0 h p i n d u c t i o n m o t o r l o a d it i s s e e n t h a t t h e g e n e r a t o r winding c u r r e n t exceeds its rated value.

4.1.2

Motors

vt
1.4 I

(P.U.)

I. (P.U.)

IS

I
0.2

'

A//

- 0.6

OB

Is

- 0.4
-0.2
lo

t
0 0.1

Current
7.6 hp

CWt

0.2

0.4 0.6 OB (P.U.) Fig 3(b) Variation of Q e n e r a g Current and Motor Output Power
0

0'

"
0.1

02

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.4p0.6 0.8 0.7 M ~ u t (P.u.)

0.8

0.0

I 1

Fin 4(a) Characteristic8 of SEI0 for Induction Motor load of

different ratings

with Output Power of Generator

VAR and PF (p. u.)

v,

c
1.0

0 0 0.1 0.2

0.3

0.4

06

0.8

0.7

0.8

0.0

1.1

I2O

Io

Y A W ! (P.U.) Fie.4(b) Capacitance requwement and generator current for

02

0.4

0.8

0.8

12

Induction Motor load of different ratings

Fig 3(c) Variation of IM Pt%r

(P.U.) Factor, System var and Capacitance

demand with Power Output

-I1.2

0.8
0.8

C * 32.6pF

PF-0.8

PF LO 32S)LF- 600

OA 0.2 0

t'

i300

'
0.1 02

l
0.4

o
0.6

Po (P.U.) ! SEIG for static and dynamic loads Fig 3(d) Characteristics o

0.3

0.6

E f f e c t o f P r i m e Mover Speed So f a r t h e s t u d y i s r e f e r r e d to a constant speed system. SEIGs are a l s o b e i n g p r o p o s e d for variable speed Wind E n e r g y C o n v e r s i o n S y s t e m (WECS). I t t h e r e f o r e becomes r e l e v a n t t o examine t h e e f f e c t o f v a r y i n g p r i m e mover s p e e d . Fig. 5 ( a ) s h o w s v a r i a t i o n o f Vt f o r d i f f e r e n t s p e e d s f o r a 5 Fig. 5 ( b ) shows v a r i a t i o n o f t h e hp I M load. c a p a c i t a n c e r e q u i r e d t o o b t a i n a nominal v o l t a g e a t d i f f e r e n t s p e e d s . A t h i g h e r p r i m e mover s p e e d s , a l a r g e r v o l t a g e i s g e n e r a t e d a n d power c a p a b i l i t y o f the SEIG i s e n h a n c e d . Further, the voltage regulator required t o maintain t h e rated terminal v o l t a g e w i t h load i n a v a r i a b l e speed system should f o l l o w t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s shown i n F i g u r e S ( b ) . H e n c e , a s u b s t a n t i a l e f f e c t o f s p e e d i s n o t i c e d on t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e SEIG-IM s y s t e m . A g a i n , a close c o r r e l a t i o n i s s e e n between t h e computed a n d test results.

4.1.3

394
iii Switching-in of Additional Motor: As the SEIG1 hp IM system got stabilized, an additional motor was switched on to the system. This was done to simulate a multi-motor system. iv Load Rejection: As the SEIG-IMs system settled to the new steady state condition, both motors were simultaneously taken off leaving the SEIG operating with only 50 pllphase capacitor bank connected across its terminals. S i n c e a 2 - c h a n n e l C R O w a s used, it w a s possible t o record only two signals at a time. Hence, every switching action was performed twice, due t o which the switching instants in Figure 6(c) are not properly synchronized with those of Figures 6(a) and 6(b). It is observed that during various switching operations, the SEIG assumes the new steady state operating condition without loosing selfexcitation. Further, the current and the voltage overshoots are found to be within the tolerable limits. These observations thus demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm in calculating the value o f starting capacitor and also the ability of the SEIG t o sustain IM switchings. It may be noted that the prediction of the value of starting capacitor is based on the steady - state analysis. For a detailed study of the switching operation, transient analysis should be done, which is beyond the scope of the present paper. T h e v a r i o u s s w i t c h i n g r e s u l t s s h o w n a r e mainly aimed at assessing suitability of the SEIG-IM system in lower ratings, where direct on line (DOL) switching is used. In higher ratings where soft switching of motors is desired, the starting capacitor may not be required. The authors have been engaged t o develop an SEIG-IM system for low power agricultural pumping application using micro-hydel and wind energy in lower ratings ( u p t o 50 kW). The proposed analysis t h u s s u g g e s t s f e a s i b i l i t y of a n SEIG-IM s y s t e m h a v i n g t w o s e t s of c a p a c i t o r banks. O n e is continuously rated for the running operation, while the other is short time rated for starting of the IM. The latter is t o be removed once the IM picks up speed. The values of these capacitors can be obtained from the proposed analysis as discussed before. The steady state analysis gives the value of the starting capacitor that can satisfactorily start t h e motor. In applications where t h e induction motor rating is much lower than that of the generator, the system can do away with the r e q u i r e m e n t o f s t a r t i n g c a p a c i t o r . Although, transient analysis is not carried out in the paper, the experimented results demonstrate the f e a s i b i l i t y of t h e s y s t e m t o w i t h s t a n d t h e switching transients as severe as that due t o the starting of induction motors.
5.

\
0.8 0.8

V.l.06

I
0
0.2

yt

0.86

\.
0.8
1 1.2 1.4

]
-1
1.8

0.4

0.4

0.0

k c u l (P.U) Fig 5(a) Effect of Prime Mover S b e d on Terminal Voltage

TO

c ()v)

vt

1.0 p.u.

y ;

1.06

-$-

0.96

40

90 0

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
0.1

02

0.9

0.4

Ob

0.0

%,,ut

0.7 0.8 (P.U.)

0.Q

1.1

12

Fig 5(b) Effect Prime Mover Speed on Capacitance requirement

4 . 2 Starting of an Induction Motor on an SEIG Having studied the steady state operation of the SEIG-IM system, it becomes desirable to look into starting of an IM on an SEIG. It is found that to start a 5 hp motor on a 7.5 KW SEIG, a much larger capacitance (107 P F ) is (50 P F ) required as compared to the capacitance r e q u i r e d f o r t h e s t e a d y - s t a t e operation. .This value of capacitance can be obtained by using the already proposed algorithm with a slight modification. Here, the equivalent circuit of the motor in Figure l(c), will now correspond t o s = 1 (i.e. block rotor condition). Thus, this block rotor equivalent circuit of motor can be converted into an equivalent RL load. Now for this load, the m i n i m u m c a p a c i t a n c e r e q u i r e d for e n s u r i n g self excitation can be calculated ( 5 1 . It is also noticed that for very small motors (112 hp and 1 hp), the capacitance required for the steady state operation is also sufficient for the starting. T o t e s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e a l g o r i t h m i n choosing the value of capacitance t o satisfactorily start the induction motor on the SEIG, various switching operations were performed. Measurements were taken of the terminal voltage, the generator s t a t o r c u r r e n t a n d t h e load current. A n X-Y recorder interfaced t o a CRO was used to reproduce the switching transients, which are shown in F i g u r e 6. These figures correspond t o t h e following sequence of operation.

CONCLUSION

ii

Self Excitation: The SEIG was driven at the s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d and a d e l t a c o n n e c t e d capacitor bank of 50 pF/phase was switched on 5 0 pF/phase t o the terminals of the machine. capacitance corresponds t o the steady-state requirements of the 5 hp IM. Motor Starting: Once the machine reached the steady-state self-excited condition, the 5 hp IM along with a delta connected capacitor bank (57 )cF/phase) was switched on to the terminals of the machine. As the induction motor picked up speed and the system assumed its s t e a d y - s t a t e , t h e 5 7 kF/phase capacitor bank was taken off.

Detailed analysis of the SEIG feeding power to is presented. a dynamic load (induction motor) An algorithm is proposed for the prediction of steady state performance of the SEIG-IM system. Theoretical results are presented for a variety of operating conditions along with the experimental o n e s ; a n d a c l o s e a g r e e m e n t has been o b s e r v e d between the two. Salient observations with regard t o the IM load have been extensively discussed. The steady state analysis is extended to determine the value of capacitor required for the starting of an induction motor. Various experimental results are presented for a sequence of switching operations. Based on the analysis, the suitability of the SEIG for dynamic loads has been illustrated. Design of an SEIG-IM system for low power pumping s y s t e m h a s b e e n proposed. Effect o f s p e e d

395

-l.O

1
performance discussed. of standard the general t h e main

ii

iii

iv

Fig. 6 Switching transients of SEIG-IM system

variation on the has been briefly t o cover a range seem t o confirm Followings are investigation.

of the SEIG-IM system The study is extended motors and the results trend presented here. o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e

[41

valued capacitor bank (i.e. 1. Using a single without a voltage regulator), an SEIG can safely supply an Induction motor rated upto 50% of its own rating. 2. Using a voltage regulator that maintains the rated terminal voltage, an SEIG can safely feed an induction motor rated upto 75% of its rating. 3. The SEIG can sustain the starting transients of t h e IM without losing self excitation. 4. The proposed algorithm is effective not only in predicting the performance of an SEIG-IM system but also in calculating the value of capacitance required for the starting of the motor. 5. It is possible t o design an SEIG-IM system using two sets of capacitor banks (for starting and running), for low power agricultural pumping System, with ratings of the SEIG and the IM being in a ratio of 2:l.
6.

REFERENCES

[21 [31

D Bessett and F. M. Potter, "Capacitive Eici;ation for induction generator", AIEE Trans., pp. 540-5,45, May 1935. B. C. DOXey, T h e o r y and a p p l i c a t i o n o f capacitor-excited induction generator*, The Engineer, no. 29, pp. 893-897, November i963. S. S. Muthy, 0.P.Malik. and A. X. Tandon "Analysis of self-excited induction generators" Proc.IEE, vo1.129, pt. C. no. 6,
pp. 260-265,' 1982.

N. H . Malik and S. E. Haque, "steady State analysis and performance of an +,solated self excited induction g e n e r a t o r , IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. EC-1, no.3, pp.133-139, September 1986; Capacitance [51 N. H. M a l i k a n d A.A. Mazi, requirements for isolated self excited generators", ibid, vol. EC-2, no. 1, pp. 62-69 March 1987. Y. U c t u g and M D e m i r e l k e r , " M o ~ e l l i n g , analysis and control of wind turbine , Proc. IEE, pt C, vol. 223, pp. 268- 275, July 1988. C. G r a n t h a m , D. S u t a n t o and B. M i s m a i l , "Steady state and Transien:, Analysis of Self Excited Induction Generator ,ibid. pt B, vol. 136, pp 61-68. S. P. Singh, Bhim Sinqh and M. P. Jain, " P e r f o r m a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and o p t i m u m utilization of a cage machine as capacitor excited induction generator", paper no. 90 SM 284-0 EC, presented at the IEEE/PES 1990 Summer Meeting, Minnesota,l990. A1 Jabri A. K. and Alolah A.I., "Capacitance requirement for Isolated Self Excited Induction Generator" Proc. IEE, pt B, vol. 137, pp. 155-160, 199b D. U. N o v o t n y , D. J. G r i t t e r and G. H. S t u d sm a n n , " S e 1 f ex c it at ion in invert e r d r i v e n i n d u c t i o n machine", IEEE Trans. on P o w e r A p p a r a t u s a n d S y s t e m s , vol. PAS-96, J. Arrillaga and D. B. Watson, "Static power conversion from self excited induction generators" Proc. IEE, vol. 125, no. 8, pp. 743- 746, August, 1978. no. 4, pp. 1117-1125, July/August 1977 Elder, J.T. Boys, J. L. Woodward, excited induction machine as low cost generator", ibid, v o l . 131, pt. C, no. 2, PP. 33-40, March 1984. . S . Murthy, C.S. Jha and P. S. Nagendra Rae, [13] : Analysis of grid connected induction generators driven by hydrolwind turbines under realistic system constraints", IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion , vol. 5, no.1, PP. 1-7, March 1990

396 APPENDIX

Algorithm for obtaining operating XMm and s 1. R e a d motor characteristic parameters, magnetization (variation of XMm with V IF and g

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

'Mout ' Set XMm = XMmo (no load value). Calculate s for the given PMout.[131 For this s, find VMg = Vt - Is 54s Obtain Xm corresponding to VM Update Xm and repeat from jtep 3 to Step 5 unless difference in X u , between two successive iteration is less tha;;" a small quantity (say 1.OE-03)

APPENDIX Details IEC Frame

80 l0OL ll2M 132s 132M

-11 Motors at 50 Hz r/min

of Induction volt V 415 415 415 415 415

Power hP1kW 110.75 312.2 5j3.7 7.515.5 1017.5

Current A 1.7 4.9 7.6 11 14

stator Winding Star Delta Delta Delta Delta

2800 1410 1430 1450 1450

BIOQRAPHY

L.

Shridhar (Student Member) was born in Bhilainagar, MP (India) in 1966. He received his B.E. degree f r o m M a u l a n a Azad C o l l e g e o f Technology Bhopal, and the M.Tech degree from Institute bf Technology -8anaras Hindu University, Varanasi. H e j o i n e d t h e d e p a r t m e n t of electrical engineerin Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi in July 1986 and is presently, a full time research scholar with the department working, towards his Ph.D. degree. His areas of interest are computer based analysis and design of electrical machines and their efficient energy conversion and application in non-conventional power plants.

Sinah, was born at Rahamapur in U.P. in 1956. He received his B.E. degree from Roorkee University, and M.Tech and Ph.D. degree from IITDelhi in 1977, 1979 and 1983 respectively. From 1983 t o 1990 he was with the department of electrical engineering, University of Roorkee. At present h e is Assistant Professor at IIT Delhi. H e has over 80 papers to his credits in the field of CAD, Power Electronics and Analysis and Control of Electrical Machines. Prof. C. S Jha, was born at Vijainagar in Bihar (India) in 1934 and educated at Patna University, IISc, B a n g a l o r e , H e r i o t Watt C o l l e g e , E d i n b e r g (U.K.), and Bristol University ( U . K . ) . Has been a Professor of Electrical Engineering at IIT Delhi since 1964. He has made significant contributions in electrical m a c h i n e t h e o r y and a p p l i c a t i o n and p u b l i s h e d a large number of papers. He has been involved in the planning and administration of technical education in India since the early 1970s. He was Director of the prestigious IIT at Kharagpur (1974-78), was Educational Advisor t o the Government of India on technical education planning and has been active in curriculum planning and development of engineering education in India. He has been Visiting Professor at many universities in the West, a member of the board of Trustees of Asia Institute of Technology, B a n g k o k ( 1 9 7 4 - 8 6 ) and i s a m e m b e r of U N E S C O international meeting group on continuing education of engineers since 1975. At present, he is the Vice Chancellor of the Banaras Hindu University at Varanasi. -Prof. B.P. Sinah was born in Singhiya, in 1940. He received his B.Sc. (Engg.) degree in 1963 from BITS, Sindri, ME in Electrical Engg. in 1966 from Calcutta University and PhD in 1974 from IIT Delhi. He was a Senior Fellow at BE College, Howrah (19631 9 6 6 ) a n d a f t e r s e r v i n g M I T M u z a f f a r p u r as a faculty member for over a decade (1966-78), he joined IIT Delhi in 1978, where he is a Professor w i t h t h e Dept. of E l e c t r i c a l Engg. H e w a s a visiting Professor at California State University, Long Beach during 1988 to 1990. His research interests are in design, analysis and control of electrical machines.

br. Bhim