5.3.

Reinforced Concrete Column Design Columns are vertical members loaded in compression and bending at the same time. Columns from structures must be designed to fail due to bending moments. If plastic hinges occur at the end of one column, the structure as a whole can still carry vertical loads and general failure appears. In case of failure due to compression, general failure occurs because all the members above the column fail. 5.3.1. Concrete Cover to reinforcement Eurocode 2 has special requirements for calculating of the minimum concrete cover. The minimum cover, Cmin should be provided in order to ensure: o the safe transmission of bond forces; o the protection of the steel against corrosion; o an adequate fire resistance. The nominal cover should be specified on the drawings, and it is defined as the minimum cover , plus an allowance in design for deviation .

The greater value of cmin satisfying both environmental and bond conditions should be used:

, where:

o o

- minimum cover due to bond requirement; - minimum cover due to environmental conditions; o - additive safety element;

o o 5.3.1.1.

- reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel; - reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection Concrete cover of the transversal reinforcement

We impose the stirrups diameter sw=10 mm.

In case of stirrups the minimum concrete cover is:

5.3.1.2.

Concrete cover of the longitudinal reinforcement

5.3.2. Design compressive and tensile strengths The concrete class chosen for the girder, according to the exposure class of the element XC1 is C20/25. The value of the design compressive strength is defined as: fcd=cc*fck/c=1*20/1.5=13.33 N/mm2, where: o c - partial safety factor for concrete o cc - coefficient taking into account of long term effects on the compressive strength and of unfavorable effects resulting from the way the load is applied. This value is defined in the National Annex of each country. The recommended value is 1.0. The value of the design tensile strength is defined as: fctd=ct*fck,0.05/c=1*1.5/1.5=1 N/mm2, where: o c - partial safety factor for concrete o ct - coefficient taking into account of long term effects on the tensile strength and of unfavorable effects resulting from the way the load is applied. This value is defined in the National Annex of each country. The recommended value is 1.0.

5.3.3. PC52 (S345) Reinforcement properties The value of the design yield strength is defined as: fyd=fyk/s=345/1.15=300 N/mm2, where: o fyk characteristic yield strength; o fyd design yield strength; o s partial safety factor for steel.

5.3.4. The useful height of the transversal section

5.3.5. Minimum and Maximum reinforcement areas The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement in columns is given by: , where: o o Cross sectional area of concrete; Ultimate axial load; In Eurocode 2 the maximum nominal reinforcement area for columns is 4%. However, this area can be increased provided that the concrete can be placed and compacted sufficiently.

From the above conditions:

The diameter of the transverse reinforcement should not be less than 6 mm or 1/4 of the maximum diameter of the longitudinal bars. 5.3.6. Minimum spacing of reinforcement The minimum clear distance between bars should be the greater of: o Bar diameter; o Aggregate size(16 mm) plus 5mm; o 20 mm;

5.3.7. Critical length According to P100, in order to prevent plastic hinges that occur in the column, it is necessary to have a smaller spacing between stirrups near the nodes, on the critical length.

{ { {

At the first 2 stories, the critical length is increased with 50%: 5.3.8. Maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement The maximum spacing of the stirrups in columns, according to Eurocode 2, should not be greater than: o 12 times the minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars; o 60% of the lesser dimension of the column; o 240mm {

No longitudinal bar should be further than 150 mm from transverse reinforcement in the compression zone. According to P100/2006, the spacing between the stirrups should not exceed: o 33% of the lesser dimension of the column; o 125 mm o 7 times the minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars; {

At the first two levels of buildings with more than 5 stories and at the first story in case of smaller buildings, the spacing will be smaller besides the critical zone, with 50% of its length.

5.3.9. Design of the Column B1 The maximum bending moments in the columns and design bending moments in the girders reduced at the column`s edge were extracted from ETABS. Frame structures are more safety if the plastic hinges appear first at the ends of the girders. To assure this requirement, weaker columns must be avoided and transversal reinforcement must be assured on the column to prevent the failure in the node . 5.3.9.1. Maximum Bending Moments

The bending moments MULS and axial forces NED were determined using ETABS.

Fig.5.3.1. Maximum Bending Moments on X-direction

Fig.5.3.2 Maximum Bending Moments on Y-direction

Table.5.3.1. Maximum Bending Moments in ULS3 (Earthquake on X-direction)

Story Column STORY1 B1 STORY1 B1 STORY2 B1 STORY2 B1 STORY3 B1 STORY3 B1 STORY4 B1 STORY4 B1 STORY5 B1 STORY5 B1 STORY6 B1 STORY6 B1 STORY7 B1 STORY7 B1 STORY8 B1 STORY8 B1 TERRACE B2 TERRACE B3 Loc 0 3 0 2.35 0 2.35 0 2.35 0 2.35 0 2.35 0 2.35 0 2.35 0 2.35 P -1482.98 -1494.99 -1304.79 -1319.43 -1144.42 -1152.36 -983.97 -985.09 -823.31 -817.88 -662.33 -650.9 -501.02 -484.2 -310.54 -317.83 -177.35 -151.71 V2 83.63 -79.45 95.18 -85.35 91.04 -80.96 86.3 -74.71 78.28 -65.69 68.33 -54.98 56.91 -42.54 42 -28.88 32.25 -11.73 M3 260.219 -19.286 153.86 -71.159 113.177 -102.782 91.433 -114.228 72.824 -114.853 55.809 -109.186 39.483 -99.565 65.891 -81.658 18.217 -66.271

Table.5.3.2. Maximum Bending Moments in ULS4 (Earthquake on Y-direction)

Story STORY1 STORY1 STORY2 STORY2 STORY3 STORY3 STORY4 STORY4 STORY5 STORY5 STORY6 STORY6 STORY7 STORY7 STORY8 STORY8 TERRACE TERRACE Column B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Loc 0 3 0 2.35 0 2.35 0 2.35 0 2.35 0 2.35 0 2.35 0 2.35 0 2.35 P -1796.07 -1181.9 -1581.8 -1042.43 -1376.65 -920.13 -1169.92 -799.14 -964.95 -676.24 -763.72 -549.51 -567.57 -417.65 -377.41 -279.75 -193.54 -135.52 V3 M2 -72.24 -241.656 52.31 55.504 -71.65 -128.73 30.1 43.38 -66.65 -89.364 29.84 70.828 -63.52 -70.688 24.13 83.721 -59.41 -57.864 19.5 88.764 -54.45 -48.157 14.15 88.994 -49.07 -41.307 6.91 86.968 -39.75 -37.912 2.59 75.691 -37.41 -45.331 -19.46 70.9

5.3.9.2.

Design Bending Moments Computation

Frame structures are more safety if the plastic hinges appear first at the ends of the girders. To assure this requirement, the design bending moment are computed with the formula: , for Marginal Columns;

, for Central Columns, where:

o o o o

overstrength factor due to steel consolidation effect;

maximum bending moment on the column in ULS; capable moment of the girder in the node i; - design bending moment of the girder in the node i.

Story STORY1 STORY2 STORY3 STORY4 STORY5 STORY6 STORY7 STORY8

kN*m 241.656 128.73 89.364 70.688 57.864 48.157 41.307 37.912

kN*m 100.374 117.08 120.805 118.143 111.597 102.531 91.674

kN*m 126.48 126.48 126.48 126.48 126.48 126.48 126.48

1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

kN*m 241.66 210.87 115.85 88.81 74.34 65.50 61.15 62.77

Table.5.3.3. Design Bending Moments on the column (Y-direction)

Story kN*m STORY1 STORY2 STORY3 STORY4 STORY5 STORY6 STORY7 STORY8 260.219 153.86 113.177 91.433 72.824 55.809 39.483 65.891 kN*m 66.518 68.387 62.883 53.152 40.777 26.859 12.66 kN*m 73.58 83 83.35 78.1 69.84 59.71 43.83 kN*m 83.45 83.45 83.45 83.45 83.45 83.45 83.45 kN*m 126.48 126.48 126.48 126.48 126.48 126.48 126.48 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 kN*m 260.219 299.717 188.333 157.512 151.421 127.098 114.896 93.840

Table.5.3.3. Design Bending Moments on the column (X-direction)

5.3.9.3.

Longitudinal Reinforcement Computation

additional eccentricity

If

, the

concrete does not crack and the column is reinforced from

the minimum reinforcement percentage.

Table.5.3.4 Longitudinal Reinforcement of the column

x Story STORY1 STORY2 STORY3 STORY4 STORY5 STORY6 STORY7 STORY8 kNm 260.219 299.717 188.333 157.512 151.421 127.098 114.896 93.84 kN 1531.74 1348.22 1181.15 1013.88 846.67 679.68 512.99 346.62 mm 23.33 23.33 23.33 23.33 23.33 23.33 23.33 23.33 mm 193.21 245.64 182.78 178.69 202.17 210.33 247.30 294.06 mm 498.21 550.64 487.78 483.69 507.17 515.33 552.30 599.06 mm 164.12 144.46 126.55 108.63 90.72 72.82 54.96 37.14 mm2 -4800 -4298 -3822 -3331 -2823 -2299 -1761 -1207 mm2 1666 1666 1666 1666 1666 1666 1666 1666 Chosen reinforceme nt 320+222 320+222 320+222 320+222 320+222 320+222 320+222 320+222

mm2 1702.7 1702.7 1702.7 1702.7 1702.7 1702.7 1702.7 1702.7

Because of the small eccentricity of the axial force, the concrete does not crack and can support alone the eccentric compression. Therefore, the minimum reinforcement percentage is placed from constructive reason. The capable bending moment of the column is computed using the formula:

5.3.9.4.

Biaxial bending

The effects of biaxial bending may be checked using the expression: , where: o - Design moment in the respective direction including second order effects in a column o o o o - Moment of resistance in the respective direction the capable axial force; the design axial force;
,

a1.098

5.3.9.5.

Design shear force computation

Eurocode 2 introduces the strut inclination method for shear capacity checks. In this method the shear is resisted by concrete struts acting in compression and shear reinforcement acting in tension.

Having the capable moments, in the bearing and in the field, we determine the shear force corresponding to the capable bending moments, from static equilibrium on the girder. , where: o o {

5.3.9.6.

Longitudinal Reinforcement Computation

The design capable shear force without transversal reinforcement: * o o o o o o

o

, where:

where d is in mm; longitudinal reinforcement coefficient; for normal concrete;

( o ( )

, where: for normal concrete;

If VEd>Vrd,c The computation of transversal reinforcement must be done so that:

The capable shear force of stirrups reinforced elements is the minimum value given by:

, where: o transversal reinforcement area (for n=4 branches of the stirrup and d=10mm); o design strength of the transversal reinforcement; o o .9*d=0.9*655=589.5 mm; strength reduction factor of cracked concrete due to shear;

We impose: s=100mm

Minimum shear reinforcement ratio: {

For the Ground Floor we impose s=75 mm

Resulting maximum distance between stirrups:

o For Story 1-8: On the critical length stirrups with 4 branches. On the rest of the column, we provide 10/125 mm stirrups with 4 branches. o For Ground Floor: We provide 10/75 mm stirrups with 4 branches. 5.3.9.7. Horizontal design shear force in the nodes , we provide 10/100 mm

The design shear force in the nodes is computed using the following formula: for Edge nodes; for Central nodes, where: o o the girders; o design shear force from the column under the node; { - overstrength factor; the real areas of reinforcement from the superior and inferior part of

Table.5.3.5.Horizontal design shear force in the nodes (on X and Y direction)

On X-direction Story kN STORY8 STORY7 STORY6 STORY5 STORY4 STORY3 STORY2 STORY1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 552.9 552.9 552.9 552.9 552.9 552.9 552.9 651.6 mm2 616 616 616 616 616 616 616 616 mm2 1017.9 1017.9 1017.9 1017.9 1017.9 1017.9 1017.9 1017.9 kN 35.304 35.304 35.304 35.304 35.304 35.304 35.304 -14.379 mm2 616 616 616 616 616 616 616 616 kN -331.14 -331.14 -331.14 -331.14 -331.14 -331.14 -331.14 -411.36 On Y-direction

5.3.9.8. For Central nodes:

Horizontal design shear force checking

For Edge nodes: o o o node; { ( ) ( ) , where:

- normalized axial force in the column above; the width of the

Table.5.3.6. Horizontal capable shear forces in the nodes (on X and Y direction)
Story STORY1 STORY2 STORY3 STORY4 STORY5 STORY6 STORY7 STORY8 kN 1531.74 1348.22 1181.15 1013.88 846.67 679.68 512.99 346.62 0.2345 0.2064 0.1808 0.1552 0.1296 0.1040 0.0785 0.0531 kN 3735.1 3668.5 3606.8 3543.9 3479.9 3414.8 3348.6 3281.1 kN 2988.1 2934.8 2885.4 2835.1 2783.9 2731.8 2624.9 2624.9 kN -14.379 35.304 35.304 35.304 35.304 35.304 35.304 35.304 kN -411.36 -331.14 -331.14 -331.14 -331.14 -331.14 -331.14 -331.14

5.3.9.9. For Central nodes:

Transversal reinforcement checking in the nodes

For Edge nodes: , where: o o the girders; o stirrups in the node; o o o area of a branch of a stirrup; number of horizontal stirrups in the node; - number of bars - total area of horizontal normalized axial force of the inferior column; the real areas of reinforcement from the superior and inferior part of

Table.5.3.7.Transversal reinforcement checking in the nodes (on X and Y direction)

On X direction Story mm2 STORY8 STORY7 STORY6 STORY5 STORY4 STORY3 STORY2 STORY1 0.2345 0.2064 0.1808 0.1552 0.1296 0.1040 0.0785 0.053055 616 616 616 616 616 616 616 616 mm2 1017.9 1017.9 1017.9 1017.9 1017.9 1017.9 1017.9 1017.9 kN 118.5851 127.3974 135.4197 143.4517 151.4807 159.4992 167.5033 175.4921 mm2 616 616 616 616 616 616 616 616 kN 120.1104 123.4328 126.4573 129.4854 132.5125 135.5355 138.5532 141.565 kN 192.265 192.265 192.265 192.265 192.265 192.265 192.265 192.265 On Y direction

The condition is checked for the nodes at all levels. 5.3.9.10. Longitudinal reinforcement checking in the node , where: o vertical longitudinal reinforcement passing through the node, including the longitudinal reinforcement of the column; o o edge reinforcements of the columns; o - interaxial distance between the reinforcement from the superior and inferior part of the girders; total area of horizontal stirrups in the node - interaxial distance between the

5.3.9.11.

Anchorage Lengths , where:

- coefficients considering the bars shape, the concrete cover and confinement

o o o o o o o o o 5.3.9.12. Overlapping Lengths { - minimum anchorage length for compressed bars , We impose {

The scarfed bar proportion is greater than 50%, therefore: