CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Subject of The Study The subject of this research is the eleventh grade students of SMAN 3 Denpasar in academic year 2011/2012. There are about 38 40 students each class and there are 257 students in this grade divided to be 110 male students and 147 female students. The researcher will belong to class XI IPA 1 that consists of 38 students, consist of 19 females and 19 males. The choice of this class select as the object of the study because they have crucial problem in learning Structure/Grammar. That was found based on the observation result report.

3.2 Research Design Classroom action research is a form of research to design the research contained in the class under study. Thus, action research in the classroom has nothing to do with how to teach verb -ing through combining mind the techniques of mind mapping and association methods, which supported the pre-test and post test or reflection. In a study conducted this refers to how Kemmis and Taggart (Hopkins in Wiriaatmadja, 2010:66) explain the stages of the research done in the form of a spiral model. In what has been done by Kemmis and Taggart in this study it can be seen that the process of teaching and learning is divided into two cycles consisted of three sessions. Class actions can be defined as a process of cycling action, the initial reflection (IR), Planning (P) and Action (A), where, each

32

33

described in the following sections of this section. Each cycle is divided into two treatment sessions. The research was conducted in two cycles, I and II, as would be seen as details are as follows:

Spiral model of Kemmis and Taggart (1988) or can be explained well as follows Cycle I : IR Cycle II: RP P1 P2 A1 A2 O1 O2 R1 R2

Where: IR (Initial Reflection), RP (Revised Planning), P (Planning), A (Action), O (Observation), and R (Reflection).

3.2.1 Initial Reflection/Pre-Test Constructing reflection or post-tests in the form of multiple choice test items at the end of each session. A reflection of early or pre-test aimed to determine and evaluate existing capabilities in students in learning verb-ing problems in learning English in their grammatical errors. So in this case, the researchers felt the need to give students an essay test to determine the depth of

34

their knowledge in answering the questions which have a base verb-ing such, participles and gerunds.

3.2.2 Planning In a class action presents a study, researchers set up an instructional plan for the session as a whole such as: 1. Determining the topic for the first and second cycles. 2. Designing or preparing to teach a lesson plan or teaching scenarios 3. Prepare teaching aids such as matters relating to the formation of participles and gerunds, then make an appropriate method of association with a combination of mind mapping recording techniques used for the first and second cycles. 4. Build reflection or post-test in the form of an essay or multiple choice test items at the end of each session.

3.2.3 Action Action refers to activities that researchers are doing in class and how he's class. Each of them is related to what has been planned in the lesson plan for teaching reading. At the time, this action, researchers started asking questions to students to encourage them to say what they understand and what they are interested in learning verb -ing. So that researcher knows how to act for the next meeting.

35

3.2.4 Observation Observation is the act of observation to examine the effectiveness of the learning process and whether the technique can improve student achievement or not, is also determined if there are changes in behavior and activities of students in the classroom when students learn the verb-ing material and the extent of action to achieve the target. Behavior changes with a positive attitude, higher motivation in learning verb-ing material, more details of participles and gerunds. In this observation also researcher puts the questions and answers of students as a top priority of research in the form of notes or recording the data, so researcher can see the changes that occur in the development of the student's own self.

3.2.5 Reflection The observations will be analyzed to find the strengths and weaknesses of action and to decide whether this study will be continued. So learning the mind mapping technique combined with the association method can be known advantages and drawbacks. Reflection is administered during the post-activity of each session. In this case, the researcher will acknowledge the problem and try to provide solutions to problems. Finally, the reflection will be developed. This reflection will intend to use as to memorize or analyze actions according to the observations. And this is a reflection of the researchers could know all the students in dealing with the behavior patterns of learning are given by the researchers, it can be concluded that their success has come at what point. When it is deemed a success then the study

36

was discontinued, but if there's a deficiency, we will look for the solution in the next round.

3.3 Research Instrument In order to collect the intended data, this study made use of following instrumentation: 1) Teaching and Learning Scenario. Scenario teachers are prepared in order to have a description for what action to be performed in class, so that teachers understand exactly what will be given as a form of learning for students. This is a guideline for teachers in doing every step of the teaching plan. This scenario involves the activities to be carried out, the allotment of time, approach the teacher and the materials used in teaching and learning. 2) Achievement Test There are several tests used in research to examine the achievements that are owned by the students, in this case the researcher should be objective in analyzing the ability of the students. These tests include: Pre-tests will be used to test students' skills in using verb-ing prior to treatment will be given. Pre-test results will be used as a reference for the conduct of research. Post test will be used to determine the extent to which this technique can improve students' skills in using verb-ing as a form of material that will help them study the formation of participles and gerunds in everyday life.

37

3.4 Data Collection The process of data collection is conducted by researchers are as follows: first, before teaching carried out, students are given pre-test in accordance with the material studied by researchers. This is done to find the early reflection and to see the problems they face. They were tested individually or in groups to answer questions and advise. Finally, at the end of each lesson unit, or after they get the treatment that is handled through the combining of mind mapping and association methods to improve their abilities in learning verb-ing, then they are given post-test to find out the results of actions taken in the classroom. Therefore, there are just three kinds of raw values obtained for the study presents a class action, namely: 1. Scores indicate the pre-existence in the ability of subjects to learn the material participle and gerund, 2. Score indicates achievement of progress in learning the material participle and gerund, and 3. Score shows the behavior of learning how to learn to change the subject matter knowledge participles and gerunds.

3.5 Data Analysis The most important data to answer the research question under study as an analysis of student data are then collected through the provision of IR and posttest, some additional data that support collected through the provision of a questionnaire to the subject under study and the data were analyzed descriptively.

38

All this is carried out to determine the results of data analysis has been researcher get in eleventh grade students of SMAN 3 Denpasar. In the use of data analysis formula researchers used a test product learning outcomes as measured by the level of completeness of student learning. In his opinion, Trianto (2009:241) reveals that the tests to learn the process used to determine the level of mastery students during the learning process takes place. This test is used to determine the level of student mastery in one sub-concept. Instruments crawl data is done by using the test results to learn. The data then are analyzed in percentage following to Depdikbud (in Trianto, 2009:241) and to Caroll and Hall (in Ariani 2009:32) as follows : 1. The scores of each students are calculated by using formula: The number of correct answer X= The number of items x100

2. The average score of the whole students would be counted in the following formula: The total score of the students X= The number of students

3. The students level of mastery: Depdikbud (in Trianto, 2009:241) explains that each student is said to thoroughly study (exhaustiveness individuals) if the proportion of students' answers more than 65%, and a class is said to complete their study

39

(exhaustiveness classical) in the class if there are more than 85% of students who have completed studies. T (Score obtained) X= T1 (Score maximum) Where : X : Student score exhaustiveness of the students achievement in using structure/grammar. T T1 : Number of scores obtained by students. : Number of total score. x100%

Based on the statement which has been stated previously, the researchers took into account student achievement in the following criteria:

Good : those students who are able to answer the test items between 70% - 79% correctly.

Fair

: those students who are able to answer the test items between 60%

- 69% correctly. Poor : those students who are able to answer the test items between 50%

- 59% correctly. Failure : those students who are able to answer the test items between 0% 49% correctly.

40

According to the average score is missing, the researchers grouped the classification of the students who have been outlined in the book Mendesain Model Pembelajaran written by Trianto, M.Pd. which gives an explanation of the students classification according to Depdikbud (1996) based also on the completeness determination to learn the curriculum determined by each school are known as minimum criteria for completeness. Score Qualification

Score 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Qualification Fail Very bad Bad Very Low Low Almost Enough Enough More Enough Good Very Good Excellent

41