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THE
NAQA-ED-DER
PART
BY
GEORGE
A.
REISNER
J.
C.
HINRICHS, LEIPZIG
1908
TO
Mrs.
WHO,
IN
NORTH AMERICA
AND
EGYPT,
IS
-<.
PREFACE.
In 1899,
entrusted
to
me
the
organisation
all
and direction of an
Egyptian Expedition.
for
five
years.
The
of the Expedition
v^^as
to
make
historical
and archaeological
reat
searches for the University of California, and to provide material for an Egyptian
that University.
Museum
was organized under the general direction of Professor Putnam of the University of
and of the Peabody
tian
at
my
assistants
its
of work.
six years.
work
for
After that date, working on ample funds provided by Mrs. Hearst, the expedition
work of
publication.
The
its
present volume
excavations.
is
the
first
of
a series
of publiis
cations to be issued
in the press,
by the expedition on
engaged Mr.
F.
W.
to help me.
He
1898
J.
8,
and alone
later, I
at the
same
site
in
Research Account.
And somewhat
engaged Mr. A. M.
student with
me
while
was an instructor
at
at
Harvard University
7.
He
had
just
come
With
especially
of Mr.
J.
E. Quibell,
the plan of
work
for the
first
deter-
mined
Coptos
of that
place.
Mr.
E. Quibell
went on
of inspection with
me
Kom-el-Ahmar,
as
I
sites in
September
1899.
Absolutely inexperienced
was in
camp
life,
his sister,
in the organization
a rational
camp
at the start.
'
and
II,
(Quaritch, London).
yj
Mr. Green brought with him
Preface.
a certain
number of men,
or twelve
trained,
We
also
got ten
men who
one time or
and
training,
other.'
The
rest
On
this
by
a
is
process of
at
workmen was
built
up,
which
present,
believe,
staff,
headed by Said
Ahmed
Said,
which has
this
year (ipod
7)
done
practically
all
the photo-
graphic
work
Museum
In
December
1899
and January
1900,
we
cemeter)- inaccessible in the cultivation between the village of Kellahin and the village of Awedat.
flint
plundered predy-
cemetery
at Shurafa
was examined.
February
moved
1900,
to Der-
el-Ballas,
where
in the spring,
July, 1900,
by Sobhi
and November
December,
two
18
th
dynast>' cemeteries, a
number of
houses, and
two mud-brick
Effendi,
palaces
were excavated.
In
May
1900,
Antiquities,
that plundering
I
was going on
in a predynastic
cemetery
at
El-Ahaiwah, opposite
that
site.
Menshiah,
the Department
of Antiquities to excavate
During
May
August,
worked
at
El-Ahaiwah on
a fort
a predynastic
town of
the late
Empire to the
In
which showed
signs
November
December,
1900,
palaces at Der-el-Ballas.
In
gang of
I
men
had seen in
which
site
now
wished to ex-
cavate.
of Naga-ed-Der opposite
miles
Having obtained
ist,
went
to
Naga-ed-Der on February
1901,
and
at Der-el-Ballas. a series
soon became
a
clear that
we had
at
Naga-ed-Der
munity covering
From February
series
ist, 1901,
to
March
work was
carried
on
at
the
site;
and the
earliest
predynastic period
down
Mr. Green
left
the
expedition in
May
1901;
was engaged
in his place,
November
'
Prot Petrie bad begun work some weeks before our work began, and had already taken
Since then reports of plundering have confirmed this conclusion.
all
the
Keft.
Preface.
VII
1901.
December
100,
1901,
to take
a fresh series
at these places
at Der-el-Ballds.
In De-
cember
1901
March
worked Cemetery
and Lythgoe
me
that
professor
of
Comparative Anatomy
at
somatological
characteristics,
I
our material,
particularly
which
at that time,
interesting.
Thanks
Ministry of Education
in
scientific
research.
Smith
down
gang of
men
work
at
the Pyramids
of Gizeh.
In 1903
4,
took charge of the Gizeh work, while Lythgoe and Mace finished
etc. at
Naga-ed-Der.
The
excavations at the
Pyramids led to the clearing and the identification of the separate royal cemeteries of Cheops,
later
and the
customs of
this
period.
its
Naga-ed-Der and
finds
of that
site.
1902,
1904,
duties
there.
In the
Mr. N. de G. Davies,
for the
Egypt Exploration
Fund, was engaged to do the copying work of the expedition; and worked partly for the
Fund, partly for the Hearst Expedition, and
during
1903-
Harvard-Boston
Museum
Expedition,
5.
work of
Museum of
a subscription
been
Prof.
in
charge of
F".
and
George
It is
Moore.
a
pedition;
wish to indicate the general principles which have been followed by the Exits
pedition, especially in
I.
later
work.
staff of Europeans
It is
of the work, and following careful methods of excavation and recording as a habtt.
yrjT
necessary
to
Preface.
2.
It
is
excavate
whole
sites
The
excavation
of
individual tombs,
times valuable,
ficiency
lopment of
is,
such
as
we
have in Egypt.
The
Museum
specimens
is
an offence
institution
against historical
utterly
imworthy of any
a series
far
by
layer in the
recorded layer by
4.
It
is
necessary to make
We
have found
it
possible
to record every
tomb
in
of each tomb.
It is
necessary to publish these records so far as practicable, tomb by tomb, and at the
a careful systematized consideration
by
year,
satisfies
who
have a
less
direct
a large
mass
of useful
I
material.
wish gratefully to acknowledge the obligations of the Expedition to the Service des
Andquites of the Egyptian Government, and especially to Prof. Maspero for the granting of
concessions to the expedition, and for the justice and generosity which has been manifested
in dividing the proceeds
I
of our excavations.
wish
also to thank
first
year
and sympathy.
George
A. Reisner.
CONTENTS.
Page
PREFACE
Chapter
I.
and
V XII
Cemetery 2000
1000.
Cemetery 9000.
3000.
100.
Cemetery
3100.
3500.
...
1500.
Cemetery
Cemetery
Chapter
II.
Cemetery
Cemetery
700.
Cemetery
Cemetery 7000
....
the
Nile.
CEMETERY
Cemetery of
N. 1500.
first
New
Modern
Chapter
III.
Empire
Coptic Cemetery.
by
Sebakh digging
plundering.
1901
....
4 4
Chapter IV.
N. 1500
1500
Superstructure
Filled mastaba.
Plaster.
Offering niches.
.
Enclosure
6
7
Conclusion
2.
Substructure,
Types of
3.
substructure
relations
Chronological
cemetery.
Wooden
this period.
duced in
stairway.
later
Chronological divisions
8
of the cemetery
4.
Subsidiary graves.
Duration of
9
wood-roofed type
Large wood-roofed type
10
10
the types
n
Additional
13
Imitation.
at
The
corbel vault.
1500
Corbel vaults
Abydos.
14
6.
The
date of
Cemetery N.
Y
Chapter V.
1.
Contents.
DESCRIPTION OF TOMBS.
Unclassified
P"'
'5
Tombs
burials:N.
1538,
i8
Wooden box
N.
1635, i53(5a.
Basket burials:
(I),
Mud box
1592,
burials
: N.
i6}6'?,
1646, 1525
1535, i6oi.
Other
2.
burials
: 1535,
i<^53.
single
chamber
i<^43,
18
16
1(^28,
i(Ji8,
c N.
:
KJ38,
1^44.
1^32,
i<5^5o,
KJoya.
i<^37,
i<5^4i,
Group d : N.
3.
1(^51,
i<J4i,
i54i,
1529,
i52o.
. .
2735 Large tombs with end chambers and wooden roof (no stairway). Chambers. Roof Burial. Superstructure constructed after burial.
Bricks and brickwork.
N.
1533,
1532,
150^,
i(Jo8,
\6zi,
1614.
4.
5.
stairway.
N.
1581, 1512
3540
....
Plastering.
(or 1526),
4056
Wooden
1514,
1515,
logs
1513,
over doorway.
1584,
1572,
N.
1585,
1571
i5o5, i525.
6.
56
6}
Damaged by Coptic
100 cm
above
present surface.
i5i9, 1548,
7.
N.
1633,
1630, 1523.
Tombs
...
6}
1500,
N.
1623,
N.
1640.
Addenda.
N.
1^39,
N.
1585.
Chapter VI.
Chapter VII.
N. 3000
Chronological order
shafts.
54-65
65-67
N. 3000
Types of tombs.
Plundering.
Date of N. 3000.
of the tombs.
Denudation.
Fourth dynasty
Coptic
Old
grave.
Kingdom
grave.
Middle
Kingdom
grave.
communal
3000
Modern
Chapter
VIII.
1.
quarries
and
kilns.
.....
. . .
67
wood-roofed tombs.
N.
5769
69
71
2.
3.
additional chambers.
stairway.
N.
3016
71
N.
3062, 3071
72
77
82
4.
5.
N. N.
72
3053, 3015
.
77
.
.
6.
7.
Indeterminable graves.
Pottery and
N.
mud box
N.
burials.
N.
85 85 85
82
8.
Burials in holes.
8687
Contents.
XI
Page
Chapter IX.
BURIALS IN CEMETERIES N.
Preservation.
Burials
1500
AND
left
N. 3000
side
87-90
contracted on
head south.
ComCofifins.
Wrappings.
Continuance of predynastic
burial customs.
Chapter X.
POTTERY
Kinds of forms
clay.
I
90-99
Types of
pottery,
predynastic prototypes,
later
Types XXIX.
99-iri
variety
Chapter XI.
STONE VESSELS
Abundance and
of stone
vessels.
Comparative table of
Kinds of stone.
predynastic proto-
vessels.
Method of manufacture.
types, later forms
Types of stone
I
vessels,
Types XXVI.
112-114
flint
Chapter XII.
FLINT IMPLEMENTS
Degeneration of
working.
Types of
I
flint
implements, predy-
forms
Types V.
Chapter
XIII.
later
Types IV.
I
Date of the
earliest
copper implements.
List
small.
sites.
List of ornaments
Summary.
ments.
First use
Use of copper
developed in the
dynasty.
117-119
Chapter XIV.
hammered
Amulets.
metal
strips,
List
of beads.
Bracelets.
Cosmetic
dishes,
&c.
Chapter XV.
1.
WRITING
Cylinder Seals
Seals
at
U9-I2d
119
122
Abydos.
List
of
seals
from Cem.
1500
and 3000.
Titles.
ComNine
Abydos
seals.
Potmarks
122
iz6
between cunei-
and
vases a primitive
j^jj
Contents.
Page
Chapter XVI.
SUMMARY
Burial
12^-135
customs
unchanged from
predynastic
times.
Differences
common
pottery,
articles,
arts.
palettes,
mace
heads, toilet
weaving, painting,
and writing.
arts replaced
by products of new
Copper
Stone
implements, stone vessels and writing the marks of the early dynastic
period.
graves.
vessels replaced
by wheel-made pottery
in the third
and fourth
dynasties.
effect
The
of copper-working.
The
Egyptian
race
and
civilization
continuous
from the
earliest
predynastic period.
137138
LIST
OF TOMBS
all
references to each
tomb
139
142
kJo
143159
I.
AT
spur of limestone
ravines.
lies
wall, separated
(PI.
from
i
it
by deep
On
the
the ruined
tomb of
Sheikh Farag
s.).
At present the
and
river washes
village,
away
from the
south
"),
is
broken by three
large ravines
(PI.
1,2,3).
The
separate
it
promontory
a
falls hill
de-
high
cliff.
number of
hill
shaft graves
The
all
slope of the
These have
of the
From
ravine,
river,
at
present,
no
gravel slope
era.
The
fece
of the promontory,
the
first
ravine,
have
now been almost entirely removed by The mouth of the first ravine is about
is
on the south
side,
about
first
cemetery
occupied by
gentle alluvial
it
slope.
used
as a
from by
a
its
own
and
it
cemetery of the sixth and seventh dynasties which extended northwards up the south-
eastern side of the ravine and was added to in the eighth to twelfth dynasties.
South of the
first
ravine,
just
cliff
as
at
the north
cultivation.
burial
of
it,
there
is,
at present^
cliff rises
no
gravel
cemetery
and the
in a very
^f^nlrf
The upper
tombs of
sides
cemetery
alluvial
mound on
graves.
mouth of
the ravine.
The
is
top of the
mound
mixed with
these, a great
The
side
of the
mound
lined with
limestone
cliff lies
farther back
i
from
two
(PI.
bottom
picture).
'
I.
The Cemeteries of
cliff is
NAGA-ED-DfeR.
The bottom of
separated from
it
by
a steep slope.
From
its
cliff,
cultivation, about
shelf
is
covered with
a thin layer
of gravel and
concealed by
low
alluvial
strip
strata
soil.
On
low limestone
alluvial
hill
(marked
on
PI. 3 b)
by
broad low
slight
\\
mound of
deposits.
The
shelf and
its alluvial
border are
furrowed by three
ater channels
PI. 2).
The
alluvial
first
tongue south of
and
and
cut
CimHtry
PI. z, PI.
I,
being
is
Cem.
The
on Frontispiece
shelf behind
2)
occupied by
tomb complex of
cutting
away
by
modem
quarrymen
limestone
lime -burning.
(PI. 57a,
The
thcsc
two
tips is
a field
of small mastabas
^""
New
Empire
pits.
The
on
Frontispiece and
Ctmtttrj
PI. 2)
lies
its alluvial
|jy natural
forces.
Its
The
on Frontispiece and
b)
PI. 2),
which
(marked
on
PI. 3
on
cemetery
of the
first
1500).
The
limestone
hill
itself
contains rock-cut
dynasties.
The
Ctmtttry
face of the
first,
or lower,
cliff
The
first
cliff
to
too
the base of the second contains chambered tombs and pits of the sixth to twelfth dynasties.
The
face
of the second
cliff
scanty inscriptions and reliefs but without any great interest or beauty.
The
Ctmttry
,md^ol>
alluvial
mound between
the limestone
ravine.
hill
mouth of the
The
cemetery of the
is
fifth
'-^"^^
The
also
an
deposit, about
Nearer the
The upper
Beyond
dered.
lies
tombs
in the face
of the
cliff all
completely plun-
In front of this
And
The work
first
between the
first
and the second ravines has been carried on by Mr. Mace. The work on the field between the second and the third ravines has been carried on by myself. And the work south of the third has been in charge of Mr. Lythgoe. The results obtained from these different cemeteries
II.
Cemetery N. 1500.
3
a
will
The whole of
review
of the
nome of
indisputable
historical continuity
over
known
end of
volume
the Middle
will deal
predynastic period.
The
present
with the early dynastic cemeteries between the second and third ravines.
II.
CEMETERY
N. 1500.
hill
CEMETERY
above.
which forms
ravines, described
This
alluvial
slope
PI.
consists
of
12a).
strata
soil
first
nd and
of
some
50 graves
z'^-zywa^/.
mud-brick superstructure.
Later,
in
the
new
was covered to
It
was
clear
tombs beneath
it
made by
Empire.
multitude
is
100
New
This
par(see
ticularly true
pi. 23 a, b),
1581;
and therefore N.
1581,
New
New
a
Thus
to the
Empire.
On
probable that
this
year)
were made.
site
was used
as
Coptic cemetery
copHc
more or
and
cj
less all
"""'^^
xxiib
C} XIII a
and xivb).
a certain
amount of
debris
graves.
Subsequent to
\6y]
\$^\t Emsion by
and
1541).
The
date of this erosion can not be fixed with any certainty; but
must by
'"
noted
that,
men
of the
village
the Nile ran close along the eastern desert no longer ago than
18(^5.
At
some ten
leaving Girga
half a
kilometer
During
this
or some similar
a
period, or perhaps during several similar periods, part of the slope, apparently
part,
very small
years, the
mud
plaster
sebah
vaults in the
'
When
"^"^
They run
to 165O;
but
HI.
N. 1500.
arrived
on
the
site
in
February
the
surface
Over each of
The
The whole
that of the
dynasty (see
and m).
During
Ae
villagers i
summer of
1900.
was invaded by
villagers
Madlunah (Abydos).
Quarrels arose.
Antiquities; and
to
on
their
own
account.
The
prompt action on
damage was done.'
was
also
proceedings be-
During
raid
a
from Arabah Madlunah, the slope confew Coptic graves had been turned up,
tapped;
but after
lyoi
Thus, when our work began, the southeastern part of the slope rested under the debris of the rock -cut tombs of the new empire. The middle third of the slope was badly cut to pieces by Coptic grave-diggers and sebbJjtdin; but patches remained in which the old first
dynasty
level,
a
covered by
15
denuded to
level at least 10
debris,
remained
the
first
intact.
The
level.
dynasty
III.
N. 1500.
THE
at
investigation
1901.
After
trial
clearings had
on the upper
at the last
named
work over
at
the
site
moving northwards.
owing to the
as far as
was possible
that time
necessities
cemetery
pits
1500.
in
was noticed
debris.
Following out
N.
1512
and then N.
1581
from above.
The
from above,
Then
tombs were
cleared;
and
at
In 1902
3,
the
The proceetb
were seen
in
in
1900
2.
IV.
TYPES OF TOMBS
Superstructure.
fulfils
THE
two
Egyptian tomb, in
all
two
functions,
that
of
a burial
least
parts,
an
a visible,
or
The one
is
always underground^
we
have
found
as
yet
wood
is
dynasty, there
the
Menes tomb of
1500
Nagada'^ with
its
teries
and 3000.^
preserved,
Unfortunately
this
surface
is
preserved only
(PI.
11
show
tombs N. i$o6
a,
bj,
N.
1581
(PI,
2zb, c) and
is
N.
1514 (PI. 28 c,
d).
'
The
exception
'''
dynasty.
burial
;
In this type,
is
be thought of
as the superstructure;
chamber
The
and the
interior,
its
burial
to be an anomaly.
1
we were
real burial
'
no under-ground chambers.
p.
1
In
Naga-ed-D6r tombs were copied from the Royal tombs at Abydos (see
below),
were
similar superstructures
at
Abydos.
The
Abydos suggest
just
of a superstructure.
The presence
of
more
for the
is
still
And
were found
in pairs
more
p. 6.
But the
reasons are invalid which Petrie gives for assuming that there were no superstructiu-es, namely:
(2)
the stelae
if
and moreover
built
the stelae
That a well
may
material or sebah, is
thefl of material
shown
Abu Roash
this
in
Similar
There are
cemetery excavated
year by us
stelae.
streets
It
and
out.
the
all
Gizeh cemetery
in
upper stratum.
fallen into
first
of
and
in the
An
on a
right.
or
masonry
collect sand.
There
(3)
is
closed hollows about the sphinx and portal temple of the second pyramid.
which are
in all stages
of denudation.
G. 1021
(partial),
1018
1045 (complete),
1042 (complete).
weatherworn.
(4)
When,
times,
for
its
brick
were as a
rule left
undisturbed.
The
at
Gizeh took place during the sanding-up of the cemetery. The greatest damage
was done
of the growing stratum of sand where small particles of sand were blown against and along the face of the
it
at
superstructures,
probably of mud-brick.
would
like
to suggest therefore
two
The mud
brick walls
were
partly denuded and partly let dovim into the substructure anciently
theft of brick
01
The
filled
with sand
in
IV.
Types of Tombs.
i5o<J,
1581
The
Above
and south
and
1514
show
its
similar
characterestics
understood
locally,
really
of south).
The
batter and
like
filled
This super-
structure
is
have been
covered over
(i.
e.
In the cases
and
the absence of
at
all
was
The
(see PI.
on
on the
and
22
and
28).
It
is
of the desert
(eastern) face
contained no ruches.
It is
These niches
one
are
of the
a
bricks.
That
is,
formed
in
one case
is
i
by half
brick, in another
by
whole brick so
i
that in
i
case
brick
in the other,
i
compound niche
2 bricks
in
one case
\\
bricks
wide and
But
deep
(see are
map and
covered
is
fig. 65).
In
no
case
as all later
niches
as
at the top,^
wood
or stone.
And
stone
like
it is
the
doorways of the substructure, were roofed with small branches with the bark on.
the mastaba was built a plain wall parallel to the faces of the mastaba and at
it
Emhsur,
Around
a distance
(see map).
it
It
But whatever
its
height,
formed an enclosure
and
intrusion
The
it.
floor
of the enclo-
mud
laid
on the
Under
burial.
N.
i50(J
were two
under
that
1506^
of N.
1514
was one
These
1538
and
1514
respectively
(see
N.
'
and
There
is
tlie
same conclusion
in
the case oi
built after
the
later
This, of
was always
the
burial,
Large tombs
first to
like
beforehand.
certainly true of
all
in
superstructures
of the
sixth dynasties
it
which
we
have excavated
Naga-ed-D4r, and
in all
Gizeh
Wady.
In other
words,
is
may
often
tombs.
In these cases,
W.
W.
24 and 72.
a single brick
made
in the plaster
in
none of these
any attempt
to
stone or mud.
at Gizeh,
But the
later
tombs
in
in stone.
In Covington's
tomb
the niches
branches.
IV.
Types of Tombs.
7
Piaster
The
outer faces of the mastaba, the floor of the enclosure, and both faces of the enclosing
first
with
mud
fine
is
and smooth.
painted red.
tv<-/ixi
compound niche
far as
preserved.
the other tombs in this cemetery the old surface was destroyed and that in cem. 3000,
showed there
it
certain that
all
con-
clusions
all
the tombs.
As
it
is,
we
on
Substructure.
cemetery 1500
is
The
state are
burial place
of
all
tombs
in
Wooden
as
used
as
accessory material.
into
(A) structures
^>'^" 'f
'
A.
Tombs
1.
with
wooden
roof.
single
chamber.
p. 10.
b) Large
N.
2.
Small tombs
do
as
(i.
not occur!
b) Large
N.
B.
1512,
(3062, 3071).
Tombs
1.
roof
closed corbel).
e.
N.
b)
2.
1(^23,
Large tombs
do not occur!
incline).
N. idii,
b) Large
i<5^3o,
N.
'
1571,
I
The only
fact
found
in
Cem.
Even
does not preclude absolutely the existence of a superstructure to IS/I; but makes
probable
a relative of him of 1571 and restored, while building the superstructure of his
(see also
own
he
1571
Rough limestone
however
in
Cem. 3000
where
it
IV.
Types of Tombs.
3.
Chronological relations of the tomb types and the divisions of the cemetery.
It
must be remembered
that
the
lining
occurs in
known cemetery
not
known anywhere
the wood-roofed
1500, the small
cemetery; but
it
of the third and fourth dynasties (N. cem. 700; G. W.; Reqaqnah).
{\)
therefore certain
***"**' that
tombs are
\n
in
Now
in
cemetery
ood-roofed tombs never have an entrance on the side and the large
it
in only
two
cases.
At
on the
side or
We
may
tomb
is
later
ta,
'"**'
both of them
later
They
JJ^^than
i^ 'y
tfrtrls
which
are certainly
contemporaneous have
side or
Or, to put
simply,
we know
tomb without
Therefore
a priori probable
is
in the following
chronological order:
Onmrbgi.
A.
A.
B. B.
1.
entrance.
^emuit *^,*^
2. 2.
I.
entrance.
That type A
later
than
and
earlier
than
2 is
shown by
2)
without an entrance (A
site
with the other two groups one on the south and the other
on the
north.
I,
A2
is
than
2 is
shown by
of types
in
CMrmujivintm
II
and XXVIII in
2.
1512
pottery
but not
tombs of type B
wood-roofed tombs
are
all
in the southern
of the cemetery, while the large corbel vaults are with one exception in the northern
^,^
part
of the cemetery.
That exception
is
corbel vault
N.
i6i6
which
it.
is
vault
N.
1514 is later
built
it
be ahown
in
another place that the stairway in the long axis of the tomb
later
than the
We
have been unable to trace a direct historical connection between the corbel with entrance and the closed corbel.
in
type
mastabas
in
front of earlier
ocean repeatedly
at Gizeh.
IV.
Types of Tombs.
if
it
were
still in use.
it is
Add
to this that
all
common
to
it.
to both
groups, and
immediate succession
4.
There
tombs
1.
in
which the
relative dating
of the different
Afattrui
in the
group
clear
from
roof)
chnmohgi-
\so6 (large
wooden
wooden wooden
corbel)
corbel).
roof).
Referred to above.
'o/rtr
different
2.
3.
is
later
wooden
Referred to above.
(small
roof)
is
is
4.
5.
\6\6 (small
1572 (large 1572 (large 1572 (large
roof)
is
later
than
than
1571
1513
6.
7.
corbel) corbel)
is is
later
corbel).
earlier
than
1(^05
is
(large corbel).
8.
earlier
9.
10.
later
than
1514 (large
is
with entrance)
than
i5i8 (small
1(^14 16^14
wooden
roof).
n.
is is
than
than
12.
with entrance)
i. a.,
family complexes of small tombs in the third and fourth dynasty and
family mastabas in the fourth to sixth dynasties, so there are family (or subsidiary) complexes *''"
At Naga-ed-Der, the
clear that the small
subsidiary
built in
com-
Abydos
it,
and yet
it
is
tomb
are con-
temporary with
tombs
which would
tomb
(for
example,
On
tomb might
example,
1605 with
tombs
(for
1586^
its
(?)
tombs
i(Ji7,
idi8
and
1501
entrance cutting across the entrance of 1648); and small tombs might be crowded
large
into
still
tombs
(for example,
i(Ji(5).
Keeping
this in
mind,
it
may
in
be assumed that in general the small wood-roofed tombs in the older southern cemetery
That
this small
vault,
still
in use for
poor graves
15^2'''
in the period
(see d. p. 10).
of the northern
cemetery,
shown by
less
N.
\iS\6
and N.
To sum
but becomes
'
up, the small wood-roofed type occurs during the whole period of the cemetery;
Duration
,maii
Tooad-
frequent in the later half of the period^ and those examples of the type which
each case the description ol the tomb below.
to
For
roofed type
1562 appears from the contents (stone vessels, pottery and seal cylinder)
one of the
latest of
I.
IV.
Types of Tombs.
are probably older than those sub-
to the large
to finality,
type chronologically
given below.
solely
The
tombs contained so
relative positions
little
we
on the
on the duration of the type have been reached, datings of the tombs of all importance,
a.
1647, i62, 1607 p, 1634, 1525, 1643, 1531P, 160}, 162s, 1627;
1501,
b.
c.
1618,
1617,
1638,
i<J44}
1606, 1604,
i6i6,
1531,
1649,
KJ50, i6}2;
d.
1629, 1515 X,
i64h
>54.
i<^37>
<54i>
15^9'
"^i-
Large wood-roofed
type without
a stairivay, A. i.b.
are,
as
The
large
large
shown above,
the oldest
tombs
in the
It is difficult
earlier
tombs
to be
on the
of the
mound on
The
order
may have
been, judging from the positions: 1506 (on the crest of the slope),
i5o<S
i<52i,
1(^24,
and
1533
is
On
the order
of
little
importance.
2. b.
is
two tombs of
any very
dated
1581.
At the same
before
Large corbel
us
at
once
a line
mound,
that
1515
is,
sites.
1515
Of
these
is
and
Beyond
there
no room
for a large
tomb on
1513
respectively.
The
earlier
1584, 1572
and of
i(Jo5,
are
all
smaller
and manifestly
built in
1571
among
N.
1514.
N.
1572
and opens to
in
1513.
The
superstructure of
mus^t have
been damaged
1572
the building of
1572.
(Whether we
are to infer
from
1571,
owner of
was
at
was
a relative
of him of
1571
and
it
of
or whether
\6o<y
1571
abandoned tomb,
And
and
1513.
\626
is
at that
after
all
the free
The
and
\626.
IV.
Types of Tombs.
i. a.
J(
They
are situated
between these
is
large
NE
One
large
of them,
1648,
earlier
than the
late
Those which
are situated
between the
on
That
is,
1^48,
1633,
15^2,
\6^^
and
1630
are
perhaps
than
\6\z,
1(^13,
1(^14
and
1519.
vaults,
B. 2.a.
1523^
Only two of
this type.
may
also
belong to
Both these
cemetery 700 and are therefore not properly to be considered with the other tombs of
5.
All
that
Theory of
is
the
development of the
religious
types.
is
which
or funerary practice
protected by
certain conservatism;
and
especially true
essential to
When
we
of
tomb, preserving
its
its
function of protecting the dead and the funerary furniture and yet
it is
changing
by any
religious consideration.
practical
the
first
on
imitation.
The
that
motives for the development were no doubt the desire for security to the burial
""J,"lf
and, as wealth and technical ability increased, the desire for larger and
more
ostentatious tombs.
the develop-
Thus
it is
we must
main thread of
who most
desire security
means of obtaining
their desires.
that
And when
as far
taken into
consideration
we must remember
all
they will
as
the
imHation
their ostentation.
we might
best material.
limits, as to
The tombs
size,
B.
10,
B.
and B.
19
at
The tombs of
AddUunai
it
by short cross
walls
around the
in
inside,
as
Now
is
clear that
our large tombs the cross walls of the end chambers are not
are
the chambers to which they lead while the marks indicating doors in \$o6, 1^21, 1^24 are purely
imitative (or symbolic, which, in this case,
is
unnecessary features copied from features of the royal tombs of Abydos which
a
have
remember
all
of Abydos
is
visible
tombs of
Zet,
end chambers.
12
MKZS built in imitation
IV.
Types of Tomps.
These
additional
were immediately
this
And
in
our cemetery,
become
with
So we
find
wood
b,
and even
corbel, type B.
w here
finally
some
cases
3022, 3014).
It
The next
reference to
step in advance
is
Abydos
in
to
show
tomb of Den
equally
great.
used.
that
of Merneit
obvious.
or
in
stair;
and
it
The excavation must have taken place by means of a may have been this construction slope which suggested the
At any
rate,
have
been based on
it
would
its
Merneit, on account of
And
it
is
and
1581
corbel vaults
It
fiilfils
has
iand
made
ready as
the substructure
in the
was made.
And
that
was ot
burial
of the corbel
vault in preventing
it
damage to the
and the
burial ftirniture
all
without having access to the interior. In the case of the small corbel,
corbel roof was copied from the large vaults in which the stairway corbel had
fashion;
Tt
now become
the
it
down
at
to the
wooden branches
is
rtrM
So
fairly clear.
***
at first sight
any
rate,
more obscure.
must however be
remembered
that the
mud
or
mudwas
some
was
at least
It
apparently
rain,
this
solid
mass of brick work which was relied on to protect the grave from
plundering, etc.; and the tendency to increase the thickness and stability of this protecting
is
brick-work
is
wooden
seven
up
(1505, 1581).
It
in the
most
ca.
favorable
aircumstances
be
formed
or
eight
wooden roof
less
it.
Yet wood
is
mud-brick; and
mud-
by wood
less stable
and
enduring than
,
a corbel.
The
corbels 1584
When,
in
cemeteries 500, 700, 3200, the large stairway corbel had disappeared
far
we
find the
WM
maO
dumber
underground, often lined with brick-work, and closed with a huge block of
slabs
tomb was a deep pit lined below with mud-brick walls roofed with sUiray eorbel had disappeared along with the large stairway corbel.
of stone.
The
IV.
Types of Tombs.
and
still
1586^
(being less exposed to the moisture of the overflow owing to their shallowness) are
no
stick
was found of
to bear.
The None of
too
first
in the large
tombs
in cem. 1500.
so early as
N.
1571,
1514
here, at el
vault
Amrah
or
at
much
rain
brick-work to make
a practical
roof for
and
was required.
rain,
This
against
sun and
I
makes even the use of heavy brick-work supported by wood seem improbable.
Personally
wooden
roof^ plastered
with
mud
The
first
in the chapels
Gizeh
(especially
G.
1203)
in the later
corbel
ground
in Egypt.
And
wood-roofed tombs
led,
by some mishap to
may be that the use of the stairway in the large the wooden roof, to the discovery of the accidental
different
corbel in the brick-work above and suggested the use of the corbel vault alone as a practical
roof But the corbel may have been discovered in some very
to
way; and
it
is
impossible
in the
hope to reach
definite
more than
question that
at
once suggests
itself is
where
is
corbti
Abydos.
succession to
the
wood -roofed
"^^^^^
tomb with
tombs of Khasekhemui
and Perabsen.
Khasekhemui.
vaults
And I am convinced that the corbel vault was actually used in the tomb of The crushing of the walls due to moisture is perfectly typical of all our corbel
in
and occurs
T.
(see Petrie, R.
T.
II p.
12).
Furthermore
tomb and
in the
tomb of Per-absen
of the early
Icings")
II p. u,
"row of
as
by cross walls
in
a
like those
significant.
The tombs
I
size;
however
smaller,
site
because,
believe, a
It
is
sacrificed to security.
so
many
Abydos
who
p. 34,
financed him.'
seem
to
El-Amrah
be of the type
At Reqaqnah
R. 68, 57,
(Garstang, Third Egyptian Dynasty) the closed corbels R. 56 and 07 are nearly contemporaneous with the Seneferu-group (61
64,54):
4*
dynasty
(or later)
4'''
HO
are
still
The
is
Howard
Carter)
was
in place.
The
its
the
same
thing,
i.
e.
%'ault
were so
close
together
until the
was
in
place and so permitted the arching of a wider space than the true
said
of the
,
violence
ol
Petrie's
But
it
is
should
of
characterized
judge.
And
feelings
one who
a witness to such
mad
saw
at
Abydos.
IV.
T'iTEs OF Tombs.
At any
cemetery
rate, the
use of the corbel vault with stairway immediately succeeded that of the
stairway in the Thinite
wood-roofed tomb
1500,
\Nith
its
dead in our
small
other types.
a
Even the
wood-
roofed tomb
fell
was replaced by
tombs
(cf.
especially
At
first
the
doorway of
a
small
stairway
wood
like
time, the
covered with
cem. 3000
(i.
corbel,
not
6.
The
first
When
and
Ballas
(i
predynastic pottery
known from
at Shurafa,
el-Ahaiwah,
mile north of Petrie's cemetery) was seen to be similar to the pottery from later
prehistoric
graves' at el-Ahaiwah
fi"om the excavations
and
Ballas
and to be
at
identical
the
Museum
it
of de Morgan
Abydos." There
was, therefore,
dividing
into
no
two
general periods:
I
(i)
that
of the
earlier
of the
corbel vaults.^
When
work
at
Abydos
became
tombs more
exactly.
The
contents
dynasty
at
Abydos
The
at
corbel vaulted tombs are in immediate chronological succesion to these and correspond
in contents
and probably
also in substructure
Abydos.
common
to both groups
group (Types
I, II,
XXII, XXIII,
in small graves).
The
Abydos
The main
is
two periods
is
manifested
i
that
shown on R. T.
a degenerate
XXXIX,
7
VII,
and
XL,
12
and 6^,
and
2).
at all in
our corbel
31).
vaults
form (R. T.
II pi.
dynasty):
Type A. Type A.
Type Type
'
2.b.
1581.
Second dynasty:
B. 2.b.
1571,
1514,
1515,
1513,
1605,
\6i6.]
B.
While not
into
the details
of Petrie's
oiimben
late period
would show
I
* I
R. T.
1
which appeared
believe in the
fall
of 19CX).
See report
901.
15
V.
DESCRIPTION OF TOMBSJ
1.
Unclassified tombs.
a
IN
box
different parts
number of
small
Most of
these
were
in
wooden, pottery or
rest
mud
coffins,
as
large boulders,
two were
baskets and
the
were so plundered
to be indeterminable.
Most of
these belonged
wooden boxes
large
these burials as being for the most part as early as the wood-roofed tombs."
IVooden box
burials.
^""^
in
^
Underneath the enclosing wall of the superstructure of \^o6 were found two graves (kjS, 1538 a) of a peculiar type which were manifestly either older than 150^ or contemporaneous
with
it.
wooden '""'
Under
fourth grave
Partly
a
wooden box
containing only
in
by
'^^
shading) rested
ca.
coffin.
42
cm
level
cm
on
The
receptacle was
formed by
the east,
(i
40
cm
a
thick)
thinner wall
brick thick)
on the north.
a
On
the remains of
There was
;
-_
..-
.^-
no south
wall} but 20
cm
N. 1538,
:50.
The wooden
covered outside
x 58 x 42 (high)
cm
thick
and
at least,
with pink
plaster.
The manner of
?).
The
x 2 cm
wise about
cm from
were found
5 flint-core
marbles and
small
An
filled
no
The box
of 150^
was plundered,
above, and
filled
with
dirt.
The
(PI. 14^).
The
cm on
of
both
sides, resting
on
dirt, so that it
wall.
The
1538,
like
that
1538,
measuring 100
x 58 x ca. 60
(high).
The
single
2 unless otherwise stated. barbed arrow -< marks the direction, magnetic north in the winter of 1901 barbed arrow -' marks the direction of the photograph whose plate number is written on the shaft. Solid black represents parts, brick-work.
wood, shaded
*
was
later,
16
V. Description of Tombs.
At the north end \n as found a pot (type v about the lip, finger marked on the body.
M.1SS2.
3)
An
bonded
v^all
exactly similar burial under the west enclosing wall of 1514 (PI. 17*).
wall,
built
1
Enclosed by
brick thick
on
of
east
On
was
measuring
120
x 58 x ca. 50 high.
with
a
threeboards, ca. 4
cm
a
thick,
cleats.
SW
type S
skull
and
cylindrical
d.
and
.
Coptkl
On
N. 1582,
-.50.
A
a
bit
rectangular
coffin
well
of
mud
brick containing
wooden
situated
1531 ?,
between an unexplained
which
was
an
ordinary
of wall
and
small
wood-roofed grave.
N.
but
1531a
and
1582,
1531?
slightly
1531a
around the B
are i brick
fit
head.
thick
The
all
of the well of
^~
stretchers
bonded
at
comers, and
the
box righdy
the wall
as if built
The
top of
N. 1531, plan and section,
50.
red by a mat.
On
x 65 x5s
(high) cm,
made of boards
cm
thick
The sides
Basket burials.
N.MS5.
1512,
Next
was
a
to an unexplained wall
(cf. 1538),
mud.
in
a'
a left
arm,
lelt
pelvis
and
femur of
contracted position
north.
It also
on the
a
side
contained
brown ware
The
basket
was made of
fibres
A-
bunches of 4 or
MMo.
was
mud box
a
In front of this
mud
box, nearly on
a
level
4a d.
N. 1636, section,
SO.
with
its
of
radius
Under
was
Above
in
mud pan
(type xxix).
The mat
3
consisted of bundles of
like
fig. 4''.
The
twine
consisted of
two
5 fibres
twisted together.
V. Description of Tombs.
Mud
>. 1636^.
box burials.^
earlier(?) wall.
On
the
fragment of
contained
contemporaneous (?)
The box
side,
on
the left
(PI. ly'').
(i)
On
vertical
with
niu(j
box alongside
1538.
wall
similar to the
1514
wall alongside
under the
line
The
1514.
axis
of north,
e.
of
The box
N. 1525.1.
N. 1536.
contained
disturbed skeleton
(PI.
1(5 ^)
contracted on the
left side,
head to the
east.
v).
Mud
1525,
q.
v. a
Fragment of
tracted burial
mud box
just
con-
on
The
Coptic
corner of
a well
was
cm
wide,
all
stretchers, to a length
(i.
of 80
cm on
a
cm on
east end.
of north
e.
local east).
Broken by
See
PI. 18''.
(PI.iS**).
Just south of the Coptic burial and belonging to 153d was a water-worn alabaster
M. 1602.
hill
A mud
where
it
box
turns
burial
wedged
to
in
among
the boulders
(see
on the extreme
NE
is
Map and
PI. ij^).
The box
It
cm long by 2 cm thick.
The
no.
N. 1602, pottery,
10.
2.
3.
Brown ware painted red but faded (?) Red ware, painted red, line polished,
base, type v.
type xxiv.
vertical scratches
5.
<J.
on
Remains of
mud
in
4 and
5.
Mud
seal
on mouth of
Other burials.^
There were
M. 1535.
eight burials in
which no trace of
(i.
coffin
was found.
halt
e. ca.
40
cm
of
contracted
skeleton
on
of
right side,
a
(PI. 18^).
The
been destroyed.
The
legs
Coptic burial lay across the place where the waist of the older skeleton had been.
coffins
The pottery
164O. with the exception of 1585 were found in tombs of the regular types, see 1525, 1623 and
N. 1585 was
a grave of a
later type.
I.
18
V. Description of Tombs.
slate
PI. 50'=.
2.
An
alabaster
jar,
PI. 50^.
e. 10
cm below) were
brae of a skeleton
left side,
(PI. 23=).
two
1514
and
cm
pit
deep was
a skeleton contracted
on
left side
(PI. iS**).
The
sides
of the
were not
clearly
marked
in the
debris ; but in the middle of the south side was an irregular mass of brickwork, ca. 80
x 50 cm
Vj
viii).
and 50
high.
At
iv
of
was
.MM.
In
the
debris
of a small
pit,
few
well
worn
seal cylinder
PI. 43).
Under
of a
burial
1.
a large
no
trace
was found
6 and
7).
PI. 53".
PI. 53
". 6.
2.
3.
Brown Brown
50.
PI. 53*.
H.isn.
Cylindrical
jar,
53
2.
bowl,
PI. 53
.MO.
U.un.
Contracted burial on
Map.
Map.
\
Near
surfece.
n^z^
/,
7.
\_^/?
Contracted burial on
left side,
see
n. 1522, pottery,
10.
2.
A.
1.
a.
This group of tombs appears to be older than the other tombs of the same type,
they are in the older part of the cemetry,
(2)
(i)
because
wood-
(3)
The
state
tomb
to be described
is
1647,
it is
on account of
tombs
in this
it.
its
good
its
probably, judging by
burial
is
and
its
pottery, the
oldest of the
group.
There
no other tomb
.IM7.
in the
cemetery exactly
pit,
like
An
PL
15*'
irregular
oval
axis
35"
cm
deep,
wall.
^ At
cm of mud
on the
and
observed
on
the gravel
cm from
These
mud
brick
The
branches
were
rotten.
like
The
fig.
roof
as actually
end was
io,
n. 1647, plan,
i
:
so.
V. Description of Tombs.
19
The
burial
was contracted on
legs; left
ca.
left side,
arm
i^
bent, with
thick.
hand
at luiee.
cm
When
hanging
down
way
naturally
let
down
pots.
This
is
sufficient to
account
In addition the upper part of the south end was cut across
by
Coptic
cm
of the
11
floor.
9.
The
pit
1.
N. 1647, section,
SO.
bowl of
painted and
lines
line
polished.
The
polishing
are
horizontal
on edge
On
the bottom
to side.
2.
jar
red polish.
The
on
10.
5.
Three
of
jars
They
mud
in
bottom
(as if
mud
them
all
except
remainder
38 east
of south.
The
sand stratum
lined
on three
on
the
II.
N. 1647, pottery,
lo.
wall
consisting of bricks
on edge
Roof
Completly plundered.
In
the
Cut by
of
dirt
lower
deposit
pots:
were
found the
1.
foil wing
jar
painted red
e.
imitation hard
prehistoric
pink ware of
^
2.
3.
late
period).
A A
ala12.
N. 1628, plan,
5.
13.
N. 1628, pottery,
10.
alluvial
strata
to a depth of
PI.
ca.
100 cm.
15.
W and
Of
Fig. 14,
The lower
lined
logs
e.
bricks
on
edge).
wooden
S.
20
laid
V. Description of Tombs.
across the
top of the
lining
and
resting
on on
the
in-
hard
side
geM.
Plastered
and top of
walls.
Completely plundered.
N. 1607, section,
other.
14.
50.
also cut
50.
.MM.
180
A
cm
G novel
of
ca. 100
cm
with
mud
all
NW
comer
to
even out
with
walls.
50,
course).
inside
Plastered
mud
and on top of
east wall.
pit,
10.
Ten
2.
I. Utt.
A
of
170
cm
The
^^^^/yy^^y^^^y^^
sand stratum to
height of
125
cm
is
The
like 1647.
There
is
no evidence on
grave
filled
superstructure.
dirt
The
two
with
i<J"'.
Coffin
mud
and rested
pardy on
the grave.
11
11
apparently in position.
trusive burial,
Therefore Coffin
in a hole
dirt.
is
an in19.
dug in an
N. J525, section,
50.
The
skeleton
'
lid
of box
filled
with
dirt
and contained
plundered
on
the left side with head to the north, 20 "east, see Plate i6^\
PL l6*
wM
V. Description of Tombs.
2t
side
Box u
filled
is
of red pottery.
The
lid
with
of the grave.
lining
i5<=,
of the grave.
The
was made by
of the
left arm),
is
on
the grave
above
29).
2.
3.
54 above
(PI.
30).
25).
54 between 24 and
4
7
iv (PI.
54 between
23
and
32).
20.
Not
21.
Bowl of red
polished
brown ware,
horizontal lines
v.
on
inside
22
24. Jars
25,
29. Jars
brown
ware, type
ix.
z6.
Bowl of
on bottom, type
27.
28.
x.
29.
30.
31.
See
See
25.
28.
32.
33.
of smooth
light
ix.
20.
Saucer of coarse
2
N. 1525, pottery,
lo.
Nos.
and
were on
itself.
coffin II
6,
21
32
were
and
28
31
were
dirt
N. IMS.
in the coffin
I;
Nos.
2(J,
27
were
in the
under
and
22
25
and
33
were
in the dirt
above the
coffins.
A
strata
with the
west.
The lower
in sand
strata,
is
lined
with
inside
and top.
Of
the
which had
N. 1643, plan and section,
been
on
Plate 13=.
The
surface has
as
to superstructure
is
wanting.
The
N.isnp.
Walls \ brick
thick,
stretchers
on edge.
on top of
walls.
Remains of
logs
at least
saplings
are
58 cm
Above
on north end,
remains of a
mud
brick roof
See
above.
22
Skeleton on
left
V. Description of Tombs.
side
Skull missing.
At neck
>.
PI. 42, 2.
MM.
Similar to 1634.
ca. 155
Height of walls
ca. 60.
Completely plundered.
a large
number of
disc
P i
shell, a
I
A 45*
|w.ofN.
22.
W^/Z/Z/yf^/y
Similar
to
1634.
Axis
43
west
of
north.
Depth
ca.
ca. 100
below present
surface.
3
Height of walls
courses
50.
40 cm.
Walls consist of
stretcher
of
bricks
ved.
M.
Completely plundered.
Mn.
small
tomb very
similar to
1(^25.
Completely
23,
plundered.
50.
type
A.i.a.
alluvial strata
The lower
at
part
is
enclosed by perpendicular
mud
bricks walls,
inwards
inside
the side,
and on top of
Around
of
On
wood rot; on the ends the wood rot extends in from the inside only Therefore there was 2i cm on the south and \ cm on the north. laid across the well and a wooden roof of boards or branches
covered by
at
least five
courses of brick.
Such
mass
a
laid
in the
less
full
24.
more or
wood
weight of
is
six bricks
and the
partial
weight of
N.
501, plan,
JO.
room
There was no
trace
of
much
the
disturbed.
dirt
The
found:
grave
was plundered.
bore black
seal
In
was
a small
fragment
some
and fragment of
Similar to
1501.
Walls
25.
i brick
thick, stretchers
50.
V. Description of Tombs.
23
Ends of two
saplings
on top of
Plundered.
N. 1617.
wall.
on top of
walls.
of roof on
p------
---------
Similar to
1501.
Walls
i brick thick,
all
stretchers.
$0.
of south.
Completely plundered.
N. 161 8, plan,
50.
-^
MN
ter a bit
of
red pebble-
polished
bowl of brown
28.
ware.
N.
1617, plan,
1
:
50.
29.
M. 1638.
Similar
to
1501.
Axis
N. 161 7, section,
50.
42 west of north.
ca.
Depth
sur-
125
below present
(ca.
face
100
below
an
Height of
Walls,
I
walls
ca.
80.
stretcher
courses
with
a
.
Copr
50
\
31.
Cut by
three
30.
N. 1638, plan,
50.
Similar to
1501.
brick thick.
on top of
wall.
a.
Group
c.
c are substantially
as
the tombs of
N.
i(5o(J
may be
taken as
alluvial strata,
with the
axis
The lower
part
enclosed by
perpendi-
32.
N.
bob, plan,
$0.
33.
50.
24
ciilar
V. Description of Tombs.
on
top.
The
z,
wall
is
built
of over-
lapping
courses
(two bricks
i,
laid
side
by
side)
On
6 and
lo are
4, 5, 7, 8, 9,
11
and
12
are
and
Fig. 34.
The
roof consisted of
twelve
\/ / / / / / / /
'=:i:
cm beyond
them, see
the south
PI. 12".
The
from
10
to
18
cm
in
diameter.
On
end were
burial.
traces
partly covered
ca.
by
Coptic
On
fall
30
cm
above the
wood was
on
left
a bit
of rough brick-work,
I.
1.
The
certainly
by
side,
North of the
34-
n. 1606, brickwork.
skeleton upside
18
down on
8,5
cm, diameter
cf.
cm.
two pots of
on top of
fine light
and
N.
1525.
.MM.
Similar to \6o6.
lapping.
Axis points
37 east
of south. Walls
See
PI. 14
''.
brick thick,
stretchers, over-
wall.
The
Two
Coptic burials
of back
bone and
ribs
of young
35.
36.
l
:
N.
1604, brickwork.
50.
ted
on
left
side,
head
fall
to local south.
At
PI.
.MM.
V.
Similar to 1606.
lapping.
Axis points
ca. 37 east
of south.
all
stretchers over-
on top of
walls.
Empty.
'
MM.
Similar to \6o6.
Piece of alabaster
a
jar
(type S iv
?)
was on south
wall.
see PI.
Similar to \6o6.
south.
Walls
one brick
top
course
walls.
on top of
walls.
Plundered.
Similar to \6o6.
15.
Walls i brick
inside
thick,
all
Plastered
and
on top of
^7
n. 1632,
pUn and
section,
i
:
50.
glass beads.
type
A.
i. a.
Group
The tombs
of
this
group
differ
and
1(^41,
1529, 1^20).
V. Description of Tombs.
25
N. 1616.
of north (or
32
west of south).
The
thick, stretcher
wall at
38.
on top of
walls.
Traces of
JO,
wood on
of top of
south end.
walls.
cm
the
side
39'*.
The northwestern
cuts
into
Rough
see
dish of coarse
Mark
inside,
fig. 39.
2.
3.
brown
Jar of red-painted
brown
M. 1631.
Similar.
Axis points
all
32 east
of north (or
west of south).
39.
Walls i
N. 1629.
brick,
stretchers.
Plastered.
N. 161 6, pottery,
lo.
thick,
all
Marks of
side
fallen sap-
on north
and ends
40.
N.
SO.
on top of
ware, type
M. 1651.
In corner in
position, a jar
IV.
of smooth pink-
Similar
to
\6o6.
Almost
:
entirely destroyed
H. 1642.
by sebba^in.
Axis points
co|,t
Similar to
34 east
thick.
1501.
S^^^^^^i^^^k
4i.^^N.
D
i
I
i
:
on
SO.
N. 1629. pot.
top
of
At
the
ends,
covered
with
heavy
mud
plaster.
Plundered}
burials.
and
cut by
M. 1541.
two Coptic
1501.
Similar to
28" east
Axis points
thick, inside
stretchers.
Plastered
walls.
I.
and on top of
At
So.
26
the northeastern
V. Description of Tombs.
comer
are traces
of wooden
burial.
roof.
Cut by Coptic
Completely plundered.
The
old
surface
been cut away, slanting from top of north wall to half way down
the south wail, by the action of the river,
H. IM7.
N.
r54i, plan and long section,
i
:
50.
cf. 1534
and
1637.
Similar to
57 east
1501.
Axis points
of south.
all
Walls i brick
except top
ot
N. 1637, cross section at
thick,
stretchers
is
course
headers.
which
composed
on
45.
and
plan,
50.
Traces
top
^^j^
^oc
mud on
river
Cut away by
to
M. iMi.
1541.
similar
46.
N.
$0.
Similar to
21' east
thick.
1501.
Axis points
of south.
Plastered
Wall
inside.
i brick
Surface
denuded.
M. I5.
Plundered.
to
1501
Similar
but
nearly
square.
Axis
points
49
west
thick.
47.
of north.
Plastered
Walls i brick
inside.
Trace of
mud about 50 cm
N.
50.
above top of
wall.
23'')
were
2.
cm.
3.
Jar
of
fine
15,5
cm, PL
54''.
48.
4. Jar
of
fine
10
pink ware,
and pottery,
10.
diameter
27
N.
cm, height
cm,
PI. 54''.
MM.
Similar to 1501.
Axis points
Walls i brick
inside
Plastered
and top
ot wall.
Plundered.
Cut by two
49.
Coptic graves.
N.
50.
V. Description of Tombs.
27
3.
stairway),
b.
1^24,
1611
The tombs
examples are
half
1533
of
this
type
are
1533,
153a,
i<5o8,
and
1505.
The
best
preserved
oia*/r/
and
a
i^od.
From
these
we
way up with
mud
brick substructure
which contains
partments),
are in are
1533
at
merely indicated by
drawn
in the plaster.
In both cases,
a
we
necessity
perhaps
of tombs such
as
Abydos.
laid logs
of
wood
x/
and plastered
Over
two meters
total
thick,
of the
weight was
laid
On
over
brickwork
just
And
was
built
(1505).
The
of the superstructure.
(1532;. (1532).
The
burial,
on
left
side
suria/
The
offerings
It
is
h\ina[c<>nt/rMttJ
iuriai
The tomb
two
days.
So
of
it
is
until
its
possessor.
The bricks used are about 7x14x28 cm, but sometimes vary slightly firom these dimen- ^rUis and sions. They have been made as usual in a rectangular wooden frame open above and below, brukworh The bottom rested on the ground; the top was cut off by hand. They are usually laid in
walls i brick thick in overlapping stretcher courses, poorly
resist
bonded
are
at the corners,
i
having to
alluvial strata.
The
walls
which
stretcher courses
bonded
at
header course.
The
walls
which
by headers
Some
stretcher courses,
however
by
side.
The
2 brick
walls present
on the
inside
the
and
i\ brick walls,
i.
e.
we
find a header,
and
a stretcher;
we
The
sufficient
bonding
perpendicular;
even possible
that the
batter in
1533
is
accidental.
It is
The
inside
surfaces
mud
cm
thick.
important to remember
28
diat these
V. Description of Tombs.
a special
above ground.
rectangular pit ca. 420 x250 cm, cut in the alluvial deposit to
east side
PI. 10
and
The
axis
the pit
is
PI. 10^.
The
The
consists
of
A--
._B
These courses
alternate
somewhat
irregularly.
In the
50.
N. 1533, plan,
50.
N. 1533, section
A-B,
50.
chamber, there were i6 courses in the following order counting from the bottom:
2,
3,
i,
headers
11,
4, stretchers J 5,
14,
headers 5
15,
6, 7,
stretchers;
8,
headers; 9, stretchers;
10,
headers;
12,
13,
stretchers;
headers;
all
16,
stretchers.
The
The
inside
with mud.
Plastered doorways lead from the main chamber into the end chambers, the upper parts
The roof
on
consisted of
wooden beams or
brick.
saplings laid
of horizontal courses of
mud
The
rotten
wood from
brickwork
preserved
cm of
e.
courses).
Considering the
surface.
As the
above the
cf.
pit
modern
N.
1581.
There was no
PI. 54'').
of
the skeleton.
1.
On
Alabaster
type S m.
flat,
2.
3.
Bowl of hard red ware, red painted, bottom Bottom of jar of coarse ware, type v.
type xxvii.
V. Description of Tombs.
29
fire
4.
Pot of red polished brown ware, containing ashes and showing type XXI '.
Jar of coarse
stain inside,
5.
6.
7.
down
in PI. 54''.
Similar to 4.
1533
ashes(?).
PI.
is
N. 1532.
Similar to
and adjoining
it
on the north,
on the
sides
48
and
Fig.
5254.
The
2
outside wall
2 bricks
4 stretchers each or of
walls are
It is
i
The end
walls
chamber
into the
end chambers,
between chambers
line
52.
a and
wall
in
between d and
Plan
On NE
roofing
13
corner
fragment ot
ca.
beam
thick
was preserved,
it
cm
and above
several
courses of bricks.
All evidence as to superstructure has been destroyed by denu6
52.
N. 1532,
plan,
50.
dation
on
the
west
side
Coptic
burials
on
the other.
(cf.
N.
1531)
pied the same relation to an enclosing wall (perhaps to the enclosing wall of
as
did the
(1514).
The
hard
tomb was
hard
and
unbroken.
The numerous
this
Therefore the
N.
1533,
and
S3-
N. 1532, section
A B,
50.
bowl
(i),
the crushing
of the skeleton and possibly the scattering of the necklaces, may be ascribed to the breaking of
the roof and the subsequent
fall
The
unequal distribution ot
the pottery in the end chambers, however, and the fact that the dirt had been so stirred up
as to
It
30
V. Description of Tombs.
whether
this
were
originally utilized
for grain,
on other
perishable material.
If
due to plundering,
was
laid clear,
of interference.
the plunderers
The plundering could not therefore have been contemporaneous nor could have known positively of the existence of the gold. The skeleton with the
flat
manner
escape notice.
For
if the
at
all,
they would
Therefore,
it
is
at
moving
south.
After the
first
bits
of gold
were found,
and the
in
fear
removed the
dirt
from the
rest.
The
PI. 5, a
c)
relative position
(Fig. 54),
pit.
wall of the
Then
the
rest
The
left
skeleton was crushed and the bones were rotten j but the contracted position
on
side,
a
certain.
The
burial
dirt
had been
laid
on the
floor;
and
few rotten
bone
in cloth.
boxj but the evidence did not exclude the possibility of a box.
On
plain circlet
of gold, see
Fig. 54
PI. 5.
shown on
o*
Fig. 54.
The
order was
beads in
row,
at
92
opix^-^^^l
two barrel-shaped
between them.
There were
So
also
that
it is
number of separate
of beads.
on
at least
PUut
6.
two
Plate 6.
No.
bits
6:
two
have
bits
tipped.
Other
we
of inderminate length.
No.
shaped).
5:
is
eggfilled
a
5^
These
with
a light
small hole.
,53,
sketch
01 goia-find.
V. Description of Tombs.
3|
No.
4: 22 gold shells
a
more on
Plate vi
making 24
in
all).
They
with
a
heavy eyelet
fiised on.
No.
CFig. 54,5).
The back of this is a plain unworked sheet, The filling is a light pink cement. About the
Reverse on
PI. 9.
is
band with
No.
with
a
2:
a bull
band
PI. 9.
No.
but
is
a capsule
with
a lid, ot
beaten gold
side
is
now
crushed
ftat.
The under
is
ornamented
a reptile
or an
On
The
capsule
has
no
Plate
From below,
the
first
string
(?)
beads,
piate 7.
carnelian beads
of carnelian beads.
is
The
fourth, fiith
and
sixth are
is
of
The
are
seventh
of
The
eighth
a tentative
is
showing the
possibilities
of the material,
Below
left,
beads,
On
the
of
fine dark
Piau
8.
two
10, 11)
and
On
16).
In the
6, 7)
middle, above
is
a string
of small
8),
of
cylindrical beads
of
and of white
(?),
and
a string
(No,
5),
Below
are four
are
two
light
ones in
the upper
row (No.
Above,
4) of
which one
is
beryl
(?)
middle bead of the second and the middle bead of the third row both of which are haematite.
Plate 9.
9^,
b, c
and
"^
and
Plate g.
Below,
on the
are
left is a
two
strand, with a
loop
at
each end
(Fig. 54,3).
As the loops
this
be broken or decayed.
see PI. 44).
Plate 5)
Next
on the
discs
When
The
were
in position
on the ends of
(see
and the small cap with the eyelet inside covered the hole in the disc next to
other hole
is
on
the plate.
worn.
The
The whole rested in the gold band, plating of a wooden cylinder (cf. 3091).
7),
Below on 9
is
circlet
left
we
have a
flint
bracelet, a slate
and
finally a
broad copper bracelet in which are wedged two more gold bracelets
Beneath are
two gold
and
4),
The
tomb were:
found upside down
Bowl,
PI. 46,
of
down under
it,
type Sxvii,
32
2.
V. Description of Tombs.
Bowl,
it
Vi. 4<J,
(?),
Under
on ground
in Pi.
5'*.
3.
Cylindrical
a.
4.
5.
Bowl,
8.
PI. 4<J,
25.
of green volcanic
PI. 52",
9.
Bowls,
No. I,
line,
or pebble,
rim.
polished,
type xxiv.
Vertical
lines
horizontal
on outside of
The
bottom
6.
7.
is
not
flat.
S7'
58-
Pot, PI.
52'',
xxi.
on
cm,
>
the
h. h.
left,
10.
10.
8.
See
,,
5.
Diameter
i5
'5
9.
10.
5-
39
49. 52 55
19
(all
broken).
23,
rim the
Some
are thick
18
and
11.
with 20 and
23.
The
size
varies
from diam.
h. 5 to
diam.
25,
h.
6 cm.
Pot similar to 6 but with spout, of smooth coarse red ware, type
15.
12.
Tall
H. 70 cm.
13.
14.
Tall
jar,
PI. 52'^,
i,
of hard,
(58
fine reddish
shoulder, type
14.
15.
h.
cm.
Pot marks.
See See
Tall
a
13.
12.
i5.
jar,
PI. 52'',
1,
h. 73.
Around shoulder
row of marks,
17
19.
21
24.
26
30.
35
38.
68.
Bowls,
PI. 52^,
No.
All
15,
painted,
Inside (n and
line
on
rim.
lines
some have
15;
light
coloredj,
some have
lines
horizontal
(14)
some have
(10
partly
vertical
and some
have both
dark red).
23,
All have
circular
22,
depression
h. 9.
inside.
They
h. 10.
No.
17
measures diam.
19.
See
17
(broken).
5,
20.
21.
Bowl
See
68.
similar to
20, h.
12,
PI. 52*,
No.
3.
17.
Diam.
20, h. 10.
23,
22.
17.
17.
5.
h. 12.
23
24.
25.
Broken.
Diam.
16,
17.
3,
h. 9.
i6
31
30.
32.
Similar to
52'',
PI. 52
No.
xxi.
9,
type xxiv"'.
32 is slighty smaller
Pot, PI.
31
No.
No.
than
33.
Tall
PI. 53'',
similar
to
12
15,
with raised
line
about foot,
type
i,
h. 70.
Pot mark.
V. Description of Tombs.
33
line polished,
34.
35-
Pi. 52'',
of
light
brown ware,
10.
10. 10. 10. 10. 10.
type xxui.
17. 17-
Diam.
j>
23,
h. 9.
h. 9.
42--44. See
45-
Diam
23,
h. 6. h. 5.
3d.
37
22,5,
23,
25,
1717-
)j
h.9.
h.9.
h. 6.
h. 6.
46.
47.
25, h. 6.
38.
5>
22,
23,
24,5, h. 6.
39-
10.
J1
48.
40.
41-
10.
10.
J)
21,
21,
49-
h. 5.
32,
XXI.
Diam.
17,
h. i5.
a
5255. See
10.
All broken.
5,
Under
4,
these
were the
leg bones
15,
of
56. Similar to
PI.
52% No.
type xxiv3.
Diam.
h. 10.
5758. See
59
6.
Diam.
28, h. 28.
52*^,
<55.
69
78.
Jars, PI.
v).
vertical
scratches
on the lower
silt
part (type
if
No.
61
shows
distinctly a
deposit as
No. $9 was
to
chamber
10.
a?).
66
67.
See
Diam.
24.
68.
25.
59.
6978.
number of
Those
fragments in the
in the top
dirt, PI.
46^, unnumbered.
slate,
row
are
of
row
are
on the
diorite.
is
of dark
the tombj
or,
of them,
at least,
tomb
M. 1506.
at
Similar to
wooden
roof,
3.
brick
stretcher
courses
of two
stretchers side
by
side
on top of
walls.
The
at
on the end
walls of the
main chamber
is
1533
has doorways,
marked with
55.
wet
plaster to indicate
N. 1506, plan,
:SO.
doorways.
laid across
cm beyond
PI. x, 3
right
side
where the brick work has sunk down on the plastered top of the
this
Above
a brick a
cm
34
(from above), and Plate
x,
3
V. Description of Tombs.
Above
of
consisting
there were
^^'ell
preserved traces
a superstructure, see
Map
low
u and
PI. x,
i,
2,
of
central
niches, surrounded
by
Between
is
the wail
floor laid
on
gebel, consisting ot
mud
plaster
at
^^-
with
least
a thin
coating of white.
There was
one entrance to
^- '^^' ^^*^''"
^""^'
'
'^^
a
i.
About
this
entrance was
horseshoe-
mud
floor outlined
were
The The
is
compound
ofi'ering
The
axis
superstructure
not oriented
of south.
like
the pit
it
but points 43
east
of the
Thus
is
was probably
also 1514).
The
in
grave had been completely plundered, from the appearance of the surface probably
times.
modem
1.
In the lower level inside and probably belonging to the tomb was found:
jar,'
Tall
PI. lv,
of hard
i.
light
reddish-
raised
band arround
Like
Small
I,
PI. LV.
jar, PI.
lv,
of
brown
4.
1I.IM8.
Similar to 1505.
and stretchers
as
usual
e.
ca.
of overat
lapping
all
stretchers,
bonded
joints
on top of
above
the
is
57.
The
gebel
of 60
cm
N.
1608, plan,
lOO.
8 cm
is
may be
side
a trace
preseved so that
we
have to infer
double
roof
brick resting
4.
completely plundered.
The
breaking
down of
work of
sebba^in.
V. Description of Tombs.
35
slate.
PI. XI,
3,
white shell bracelet and small fragments of volcanic ash, alabaster and
burials
all
Above
were 6 Coptic
N. 1621.
more or
less disturbed.
Similar to
1533.
Axis
east
points
^6
*
of south. All
i
walls are
thick,
brick
stretcher
courses
of
two
with
59.
stretchers
N. 162
1,
plan,
100.
60.
N. 1621, section
A-B,
lOO.
For example,
in the wall
3,
and
7 are
2,
4, 5, 6, 8
and
The
all
is
built
out
about 40
cm
The
filled
space
with
about
N.
1
On
62
filling,
at
1,
brickwork.
62.
N.
62 1, pottery,
lO.
A_
mud
floor.
70
cm
is
an inexplicable
No
Diameter
2.
3.
Pan of Pan
of
Diam.
N. 1624, plan,
50.
brown ware,
red
painted,
not
Diam.
32, h. 6.
of
(5)
bowl type
and
firag-
ments of an
N.I624.
alabaster
and of
but
a slate bowl.
Similar
see PI. XI,
I.
to
1533
with
only
three
chambers
All walls,
Axis points
35 east
i
of south.
usual.
The
cross
dividing
the
end
64.
N. 1624, section
A B,
36
V. Description of Tombs.
chambers
is
i brick thick,
all
stretchers.
Doorways
are indicated
by scratches made
in the plaster
while wet,
walls.
No
main chamber opposite end chambers. Plastered inside and on top of other trace of roof except possibly a clump of bricks above gravel stratum on east side.
on north
wall of
Completely plundered.
4.
roofs
and
stairways,
1513
and
1581,
the largest
From
tombs
their position
are either
contemporaneous with or
to
1533
immediately
subsequent
and
1532.
They
tics, as
tombs of
except
on
H. 1581.
Rectangular
pit, PI. 21
the alluvial deposit into the linestone. Axis points 36 * east of south.
The lower
part
is
at
each
The
li
brick thick,
alternating
stretcher
(usually
and header
three
courses
stretcher
courses
to
one
The
stretchers
and the
modern
Egyptian brick-work.
The
brick thick.
exposed
surfaces
and the
tops
65.
lOO.
Across
the
wer
were
was
walls, 180
which
high,
cm
row of tree
66.
limbs or saplings.
N. 1581, section
C-D,
lOO.
67.
Section
A B,
lOO.
V. Description of Tombs.
37
The
doorway
holes seen in
all
PI. 22
on
a level
Other
all
traces
were found
pit.
also
on the
is
Above
see Fig. 6$.
around the
This wall
at
best preserved
on
and
22;
on the
On the sides this upper wall rested partly gebel. On the ends, it rested, not on the logs
it.
on the ends of
but, directly
on the lower
this
and
end of
About
half
way up
second unplastered
strip
corresponding to
According to these
indications,
wooden roof The lower one rested on behind and was heavily plastered. The second root
wall which
itself rested partly 'on the
way up
the upper
chamber-
on the
also plastered.
No
(see
the existence of
of superstructure, below).
filled
found
as
the
with sand or
a
empty.
The
stairway, leading
down from
point
ca.
cm below
was formed
side
It
was flanked by
The doorway
walls,
into the
see PI.
21.
tomb had
wooden
by two bricks
The
On
the surface
at
New
Empire tomb
(^5).
superstructure
shown
Here the
compound and
simple niches
on
side.
On
(cf. 1505).
The
surface
on
the south
On
shown on Map
may belong
From
these indications,
it
is
compound and
and
south end surrounded by one enclosing wall (with entrance to the enclosure on valley side,
like 1505?).
The
The
mass was at
least 50
cm
cm
The
walls of the superstructure are not parallel to the sides of the pit.
built
The
superstructure
was probably
1514).
The
yet the
*
grave was covered by a hard packed layer of debris from the rock cut tombs in
hill.
the Umestone
burials
cut in
it;
and
The
down were
infiltration or
wood
dust.
38
the digging of the tombs above.
V. Description of Tombs.
The tombs
immediately above
1581
are
none of them
later
than the
New
Empire, and most of them are of the Middle Empire. Therefore the plundering
New
Empire.
dirt
Most of the
objects
above the
ftoor.
However
a
1.
A
An An
6.
rough
flint
and 40".
45 ^
2.
3.
alabaster cylindrical
PI.
No.
i.
Three
jars,
like 52"
There was
of
also
7.
found in the
pottery
dirt
The
shown
PI. 45''
on
and
left
are
rest
2
Stone vessels
jars
The bowl
in the middle of
upper row
9.
M. ISIS.
is
of volcanic
rough
and
flints
The
traces
rest are
of
alabaster.
The
19
small
shown
PI. 40*".
Similar to
1581,
see
PI. 19
20.
The
few patches
east side.
The
contents of the
scattered
by plunderers,
to have
<=.
The
heap
in the southwest
comer of
chamber appears
and part of
that in
at a
when
no
trace
of skeleton.
Since
d and
con-
empty.
chiefly
contained
food,
to
leaving
no
distinguishable
trace in the
muddy
debris.
68.
N. 1512, plan,
lOO.
69.
N. 1512, Kction
C-D,
loo.
70. N.
1512, section
A B,
lOo.
V. Description of Tombs.
39
The
53.
61.
Flat
PI. 52
21
^ type
xxvi, red
Diam.
23
cm.
58.
60. Jars
v.
scratches,
smoothed
See
2.
Diam.
23.
12.
13.
bottom
inside.
14.
15.
PL
45'',
Alabaster pan,
19.
21.
PI. 45'',
37.
16.
17.
30
33.
38.
$9,
PI. 52'',
type
vi,
H.
25.
See
10.
2.
H.
33.
18.
See
See
19.
\6.
20.
21.
Alabaster pan,
PI.
45=
(half).
See
\6.
2.
.
22.
23.
See
35.
Tall
6$.
jar,
PI. 52 ^,
type
11,
polish.
H.
24.
Contents ashes,
coals.
One
See
half of a
bowl of volcanic
bottom
inside.
The
2.
Part of a
rest
bowl of
The
of
this
50.
27. 28.
Bowl, Bowl,
Pi. 52
PI.
Diam.
19, h, 9.
18, h. 12.
29.
Fragments
33.
30
See
16.
34.
35.
^ with
depression.
bowl,
23.
PI.
45 ^ with depression.
35.
37.
See
38.
See
16.
39.
Bowl of
volcanic ash,
PI.
45
^ with
depression.
Bowl of pink
limestone,
PI.
45 , with depression.
42. Part
43. 44. 45.
4<J.
of bowl of volcanic
ash,
Rest found in E.
See
Diam.
21
25.
Diam.
ca. 38,
h. ca. 20.
40
47. Potstand,
V. Description of Tombs.
xxviii.
Diam.
28,
h.
12.
49. Part
50.
51
of
14.
Rest of
53.
16.
2.
See
Broken.
type
xxiv''.
Diam.
14,5,
h. 10.
See
2.
$6. Slate
57.
bowl,
PI.
Slate pan,
PI.
^ with depression. 45 ^ with depression. This pan had been broken and mended
45
in
antiquity.
A
type
line
line
of breakage in order to
Like
10,
v.
vi.
^g.
Like
16,
type
Decayed. Decayed.
6u Like
62.
6}.
i5,
type
9,
vi.
Like 2
Slate
type xxvi.
PI.
Decayed.
pan,
45 ^
with depression.
The maker
setting in a
accidentally
cut
a
through
disc
the
slate
separate piece,
of
the depression.
Fragments of
Small
jar
^ with
depression.
^.
Diam.
9.
66.
67.
Top
a lot
of cylindrical
of
alabaster.
Diam.
10,5.
Found
10
cm above
floor with
There was
vessels
found
bit
of
slate
fragments of stone
5.
roof,
1.
stairway,
type B.
with a
number of tombs
2
corbel vault.
These
vaults spring
to fifth course
10
cm beyond
the
course below.
The
is
composed of
to
i);
composed of
is
bricks and
mud
laid in
very roughly.
32.
When
composed of
Some-
hump over
was
built
up so
as
to present a
case,
at
least
(N.
1515),
a thick flooring
an additional protection.
In some In
cases the
comer
is
groined, the surfaces cutting each other at right angles (N. 15S6,
1513, 1511).
other cases the comers are rounded by laying the bricks radiating around the corners (N.
1584).
V. Description of Tombs.
4)
As
all
these vaults are longer than they are broad, the sides
line
The
after
meet
a
varies
brick's length
of each other.
No
duce
a
case
was found where the projecting corners of the bricks were chipped off to provault.
On
the contrary,
smooth
surface
was obtained by
plastering.
wooden
logs
As
traces
all
In this case
we
find a central
The
walls
compound
niches
on the
sides.
Around
low enclosure
The
surfaces of
probable that
all
no evidence whatever
been preserved.
case of superstructure preserved,
the superstructure
stairway
filled
up.
is
The
crowded
described
N. 1586.
apparently:
1571,
1514, 1515,
1513,
1586,
N.
1572
as a result
of their being
in
The
N.
1585
is
first
The
A
about
and
Fig. 71
75.
Axis points
a
"^r^r-'-^^l^^^^^S^
55
east
of south.
Occupied by
five
groined
smaller chambers
on each end,
33
**
(shows groin in
The
course.
facing of the
corbel consists of
The
a
filling consists
all
of headers.
The
ducing
smooth curved
The
carried
up at
least
71.
N.
1586, plan,
lOO.
42
50
V. Description of Tombs.
cm
vaults,
The doorway on
inside,
a
is,
on
the
covered by
N
1586, section
saplings
supporting
the
see PI. 32
i^-ith
and
Fig. 72.
A B,
alternate
header
and
courses,
strau
plastered
on the
outside.
a
stair
was approached by
bricks
thick.
^
4i
sfair.builf
Z^y/i
and flanked by
This
stairway
side walls
brick
of
mud bncKs
on gebel.
laid
was
filled
with
73.
boulders.
The
by
N. 1586, section
C-D,
100.
sebbafiin to
level
the
super-
Only one
the tomb:
1.
fat
jar,
NE
chamber.
74.
N. 1586, plan of
I
:
75.
N. 1586, section of
i
:
number of other
SW chamber,
50.
SW chamber,
50.
dirt
roughly chipped
type ix
'
flint
knife, PI. 39
Jar,
4. Jar,
5.
Jar,
type v of coarse red ware with vertical scratches. type vi of coarse ware.
6. Jar,
7. 8.
Bowl, type
xxiv**
And
slate,
shown on
(5)
(i)
of
(24) of volcanic
ash,
of
alabaster.
volcanic ash, (4
5)
7)
of alabaster.
a
On
cells
were
cells
<=).
filled
which
filled
These
must have been made previous to the date when the tomb
construction,
into
its
present condition,
vault.
or subsequent to the
of the
The upper
that
part of the
The
The Coptic
burials
number of
cases.
V. Description of Tombs.
N. 1571.
43
Similar to 158^.
N. 1526.
of
workmen and received two numbers. The site was occupied by a depression
and gravel.
as usual.
And
all
filled
with a mass of
mud
The
inside surfaces
The
are visible
stairway was destroyed by the builders of 1572^ and the doorway, the sides of which
from the
to
tlie
inside
is
1572,
see
Map
u.
Owing
1572,
on superstructure was
E n rrance
76.
50.
On
and
Fig.
7<J.
Bowl of
with depression.
Broken
i
(all
found).
At
in
this
point, there
was
6)
embedded
mud
to a height of 40
2.
3.
cm
above the
slate, PI.
floor.
Fragments of pan of
Top
Plate
of
cylindrical jar
slate,
PI.
of
alabaster, PI.
49 ^
4.
5.
of impure
No
lip.
Broken
(all
found).
Bowl of
of
slate, PI.
49 % with depression.
alabaster, PI.
No
lip.
Broken (few
bits missing).
6.
7.
Bowl of red-veined
Plate
slate,
PI.
49 ^ with depression.
49 % without depression.
ca.
Broken
(all
found).
60 cm. Broken.
Part found higher
Bowl of
mud,
slate,
PI.
up
in
at ca. 50
cm.
7.
9.
10.
Parts of 8
and
^
11.
V. Description of Tombs.
Bowl of volcanic
Pan of calcareous
ash, PI.
49 ^, with depression.
Rim
chipped.
12.
13.
alabaster, PI.
49^ with
depression.
Broken
(all
(all
found).
Bowl of
Copper
like
with depression.
Broken
found).
14.
N.
1532,
Fl.
9 S see
PI. 31
15.
49''.
Rim broken.
line polish across face,
\6.
20. Plates
ca. 28.
On
10,
was found
v.
1821. Like
22.
23.
type
See
16.
(?),
PI. 41
"=.
at the
shoulder.
The lower
parts.
part had four vertical slate strips, dividing the surface into four equal
strips
These
at
The upper
part
was
scratched
four places
The
PI. 41
".
Whole.
bit found).
at the shoulder.
of
Broken
(all
but small
26.
27. 28.
of limestone.
Whole.
^
cosmetic,
PI. 41
".
Half of Half of
a bivalve
shell, to
hold
29.
slate
a fish,
eye
Found under
28.
In addition a
30 to 100
number of
were found
PI.
in the
*>.
mud
at
from
the
cm
above the
unnumbered pieces on
(3
49
-,
and
Begirming
at
(i)
upper
left
and 4) of
slate
in the
second row
of
of black limestone
(5)
(?),
(3)
of black
basalt, (4)
out
lip
or depression,
(6)
of brecchia-like
3)
of
slate
without depression or
all
In
PI.
all
of
alabaster.
Of
have
lip
and second
The
first
See
Map
11,
and
The site was occupied by a depression ca. 100 cm deep. The pit was filled with a mass of mud (decayed brick) and gravel. Individual bricks were not distinguishable except in the highest part, see PI. 27. The mass of mud, the crushing of the lower brickwork, the absence
of perpendicular walls
(cf. 1581, 1513)
are
all
characteristic
it
of the corbel
vault.
careful attempt
was made to
was impossible.
And
end shows
five
that there
were dividing
Therefore
vaults.
it
is
we
have
The
closes the
entrance to the
has a
wooden
15865
fill
the whole
length (east-west)
V. Description of Tombs.
45
The
stairway projects over the southeast corner of the vault of 1584. burial, it is true, cuts into both the stairway of 1514 and the vault of
the break in the stairway extends
An
unfortunate Copti ic
pointy but
1584 at this
some
50
cm beyond
Coptic
burial.
Therefore
of
super-
it
is
Traces
structure
were found on
of N.
1514,
as
shown on
PL
28
<^'
'jtiUki
Map
As
and
\m^
.\y.^
r.
II,
see also
^.
in the case
of N.
1581
1506,
this
super(i)
structure consists of
^
77.
compound
on
and
50
offering niches
(?)
N. 1514.
Position of objects
in
tomb,
50.
sides
ancieniTsur facei
of
low enclosure
wall at a distance of
modfm
surface
supersfrucfure
cm on
cm on
All
3I[
TEL
with
mud
and with
The
are
closing wall,
on
a level ca.
50
cm below
its level,
78.
N. 1514.
Section of
stair,
ICX).
fragments
of
see
Map
it it
n (marked
be
on
the Map).
as
This wall
foundation
would
wall if
stands,
naturally
explained
wall.
As
it
to
as
me
a
inexplicable.
been
N.
1514.
i
:
Section
ICX).
80.
N. 1514.
of stair,
i
:
Section
too.
utilised
of stair,
surface dirt
by N.
1^45 and
1583;
and may
as
The
present state
of the walls
is
no doubt due
to sebba^in.
1514 (see Fig. 77)
burial
were
Pan of
slate, PI.
48 ^, with depression.
PI.
Rim
PI.
broken.
Under
(all
were
2, 3,
4, 23, 24.
i.
2.
Bowl of
volcanic ash,
brecchia-like
(i).
48
^ with
light
depression. Broken
48'',
found).
Found under
Whole.
3.
Bowl of
under
2
volcanic
ash,
with depression.
Found
Ash
filled
with
4.
5.
Bowl of Bowl of
slate,
(2, 1).
it
Bowl of volcanic
alabaster,
Under
was
6.
6.
PL
Whole.
4|z
V. Description of Tombs.
7.
Bowl of
alabaster, Pi. 48
=,
without depression.
with depression.
(all
8.
Bowl of Bowl of
Plate
volcanic ash,
alabaster,
slate, PI.
PI. 48'',
".
Whole.
9.
10.
PL 48
Broken
found).
Under 9 were
lip
of
9.
48 S with
or depression.
Found
Found
unter
11.
Whole.
volcanic ash,
(10, 9).
Bowl of
under
11
PI. 48'',
with depression.
Round bottom.
No
lip.
Edge broken.
48 ^ with depression.
12.
13.
Bowl of slate,
Plate
PI.
of
slate, PI.
Round bottom. No lip. Broken (all found). 48 ^ with depression. Round bottom. No lip. Whole.
48 % with depression. 48
=,
14.
15.
Bowl of Bowl of
with
Whole, but
Bottom of
a
affected
by water.
with depression.
fine pinkish
cement
48
''.
(plaster).
Rim
was
25.
16.
Plate
at 16
of
slate, PI.
Round bottom.
Under
'.
No
17,
depression or
lip.
^
Broken
half found
and half
at 28.
PI.
i<J
were
18
and
26.
17.
Pan of alabaster,
48
Without depression or
lip.
Rim
16.
18.
Bowl of volcanic
ash, PI. 48
19.
Bowl of
alabaster,
PL 48
".
20.
PL 48
'',
Found under
11
(10, 9).
(11, 10,
Bowl of
volcanic ash, PL
48^^,
9).
".
22.
Lower
Upper
21
part
of bowl
of black-veined
?),
PL 48
much
affected
by soaking
in water.
Found under
(20,
10,
9).
23.
Bowl of volcanic
ash,
PL 48 ^ with depression.
".
24.
25.
Cup of
alabaster,
PL 48
Whole. Found under 4 (3, Without depression or lip. Found under 23 (4, 3,
2, 2,
i).
i).
Bowl of alabaster, PL 48
<=,
with depression.
pieces),
Whole
Found under
15.
26.
Bowl of
soaked.
alabaster,
PL 48= (two
18
'^.
with depression.
Broken
in two, water-
Found under
PL 48
(17,
16).
27.
Jar of alabaster,
Whole.
Without
H.
40.
28.
Rest of
(J.
of alabaster, PL 48
in.
".
cord.
Whole.
on lower
Jar of
Broken.
30.
$6^, type v.
similar to
H.
31,
Vertical scratches
56^, type v.
37.
part.
32
PL
46. Jar
47.
in.
H.
H.
22.
PL 40 , roughly chipped.
5(J".
PL
Broken.
In the dirt near the floor in the northern end were found:
50.
51.
PL
41
=.
fragment of a
mud
impression of
V. Description of Tombs,
35^'<i
b
47
N.
1515,
and
33
and
1515
Fig,
81, 82,
Like
sebba/tin.
ail
The
was
filled
with
was marked by an irregular depression made by damp mass of decayed brick and gravel. The walls
own
were
courses.
Even
way on
not
be
The
side
only
surfaces
of the main
*
on
a
height of
cmj and
to keep
it
from
the
falling, it
dirt
underneath
support the
These
bits
of
and
1515
groin
show
conclusively
N.
N. 1515, plan,
lOO.
about
cm
a
above
the
built
the
make-
certain
space
was (hurriedly?)
PI. 35 ^
and
Fig. 82.
The
no
flanking
walls
82.
cm
next to the
stair
N. 1515, section
A B,
lOO.
doorway.
The
rest
of the
was
cut in the gebel; and the gebel was plastered with mud.
was not
But
wooden
''.
lintel.
On
stripping
is
cm there was a line, see PI. 35 like that caused away the mud plaster, the wooden beam appeared, see
PI. 33
The
brick-work below
In the tomb, in the southwestern corner of the main chamber on the floor were found
the following objects:
1.
Half of bowl of
The
rest
of the bowl
at
3.
2.
3,
Bowl of
See
1,
volcanic ash,
with depression.
Broken
(all
found).
4, 5
Bowl of
10.
alabaster, PI, 50
'',
with depression.
Broken
(all
found).
Plates of
plate.
brown
23
of
Diam.
cm
(no. 7) to 30
cm
(no.
10).
48
V. Description of Tombs.
were found
in the
Bowl of
alabaster, PI. 50
^ with
depression.
No
lip.
Broken
(all
found).
PL 50 ^ without cord.
Rim broken.
14.
15.
16.
ware of Middle to
New
these,
Ti.
Near
on one
side
with green
paint.
At
about 200
cm from
slate
above the southern end of the tomb were found two fragments
a
of
M.
istt.
rough
palette
and
and
Fig. 83
87.
Axis points 59
east
of south.
The
ca.
2
site
was occupied by
a depression
meters deep.
Below
this
was
wet
mass
of gravel
in the
and
decayed
mud
brick.
Even
in
the
upper partj
a
PI.26.
26^ and
'=.
The
Whether
the thieves
N. 1513, plan,
lOO.
clear.
were formed
in the
shown on
left
side
of
84.
wider
until the
3,
section
A B,
lOO.
it
certain
amount of
gravel.
At
the same
85.
n.
15 13, section
c d,
100.
V. Description of Tombs.
,"sv..
49
until
filled
the
grave was
as
so
up
.aS5:
to offer the
M^j.
^^^^
^^<^^^\
^^^ ^P"^"^
di
M^^j^
^y
port.
that
fell
The
some of
result
was
these flakes
off after
we
had re-
moved
25
underside.
and
after
clearing out
debris. In
PL
24, the
stairway also
IN.I5I3.
N.
1
5 13.
50.
moved.
The
The
vault
a
mass of mud.
The
copper blade,
J
1 ^
PI. 40*^,
mere modelj.
T.!
I his
was
87.
cm
above the
PI. 25.
of vessels in
NE
chamber,
JO.
marked with
PI.
hmestone chip on
left,
b.
3.
A A
A
40
"=,
above on the
40
=,
on
copper
chisel,
40% on
Alabaster
6.
jar.
Pi.
46^.
Whole, but
PI.
affected
by water.
Bowl of
type
volcanic ash,
4^=.
Broken.
v.
7.
Jar
PI. $6^,
type
Vertical scratches
on
base.
H.
35.
8.
Like
v.
9.
10.
Bowl of
Like
7,
fine pink,
v.
red-veined limestone,
PI.
47
^.
Broken.
type
n.
12.
Bowl of
alabaster, PI. 47
PI.
Broken
(all
found).
Diam.
ca.
24,
13.
14.
Like
type
jar
jar
v.
15.
CyUndrical
Cylindrical
of clear
alabaster, PI.
47 ^
a.
c.
c.
16.
17.
of of
Cyhndrical
jar
With With
18.
Pan of
slate,
(all
with veins
volcanic ash,
46^.
Broken
19.
found).
Jar
of
Whole.
^7
50
'
V. Description of Tombs.
20.
21.
45 ^
With
".
depression.
Broken.
Bowl of
sion.
alabaster, PI. 47
slate,
With
ring.
Whole.
width 10.5,
h.
22.
Oval bowl of
PI.
46^,
Length
16,
7-5 cm.
With
depres-
Whole.
of
alabaster, PI. 46^.
jar,
23a. Jar
b.
Found
in b.
Whole.
Cylindrical
of
alabaster, PI.
47
''.
Whole.
24.
25.
Bowl of
Bowl of
alabaster, PI.
47
Whole.
alabaster.
Bowl with
spout, PI. 47
% of calcareous
PI. 47''.
Found
inside 24.
Spout broken
off.
26.
27. 28.
slate, PI.
46^ with
depression.
Badly shattered.
Whole.
Broken
found).
Whole.
stains, PI.
29.
30.
31.
47
(all
bowl of
alabaster, PI. 47
PI.
Cracked.
Saucer of alabaster,
47 ^
Whole.
".
32.
33.
Whole.
Broken.
limestone, PI. 47 \
34.
35.
alabaster, PI.
47 % with depression.
Water
of
of
Whole. Whole,
affected
'',
35. Jar
37.
alabaster,
PL 46^.
by water.
without cord.
Whole. Whole.
a.
38.
Cup of
PI.
39.
40.
41.
With sunk cord in relief, style Cylindrical jar of alabaster, PI. 47''. With cord, style a. Whole. Bowl of white limestone, PI. 47 ^ With depression. Whole.
Cylindrical jar of alabaster, PI. 47
Whole.
42.
Oval bowl of
alabaster, PI.
47
^.
Length
''.
23
5,
width
cord.
16,
h.
11.
of
alabaster, PI.
PI.
47
Without
Broken
PI.
Rim
broken.
44.
45.
Bowl of Bowl of
volcanic ash,
Rim
broken.
47 \
(all
found).
46.
47.
Broken
(all
found).
Bowl of dark-veined
of
volcanic ash,
PL 46^, with
ring depression.
Broken
(all
found).
alabaster,
PL
47''.
With
cord, style a.
Whole.
49. Small
50.
51.
bowl of pink red-veined limestone, PL 47 ^ Whole. Fragment slate pan like 20 and 26.
Fragments of alabaster bowl, PL 47 % with depression.
Cylindrical jar of alabaster, PL
47''.
52.
53.
With
cord, style a.
Whole.
Whole.
Jar
of
alabaster,
PL 47
''.
Whole.
PL 46^, with depression. PL 47 ^.
PL 47 ^
54.
55.
Bowl of
With
cord, style
cord. cord.
c.
Whole.
of
alabaster, alabaster,
Without
Whole. Whole.
Cylindrical
jar
of
PL 47
''.
Without
58. Jar
of
alabaster,
PL 46^.
V. Description of Tombs.
59. Cylindrical jar
5t
c.
of
alabaster, PI. 47
alabaster, PI.
^.
^.
With
cord, style
cord.
Whole.
of
47
Without
Without
Whole.
Whole.
\ Without \
*>.
62.
63.
Whole.
PI.
47
Without Without
Whole.
Whole. Whole.
polish inside, type xxv.
PI. 47''.
Bowl of
alabaster, PI. 47
".
Depression.
of
alabaster, PI.
PI. $6^,
b.
line
65. Plate
of brown ware,
PI. $6^,
Lines cross
face
of
plate.
Diam.
34.
Diam.
^6.
Like
67,
type xxv.
Diam.
30, h.
13.
it.
Jar of
H.
40.
72. Jar
73.
.74.
PI. $6^.
H.
19.
Like
type type
type
v.
H.
32.
Like Like
72, 72,
viii. viii,
H.
20.
18.
75.
H.
Broken.
viii,
76. Jar
Fl. $6^.
With white
action of
77.
or other mineral?).
v.
H.
25.
Like Like
7,
type
78.
91,
type xxvi.
All broken.
79. 80.
81.
viii.
Jar
Fl.
ix.
Bottom not
flat.
Cracked.
82. Jar
83.
Fl.
56^'',
type
vi.
84.
8^.
PI. 56^,
flat
type
ix. 91,
Stack of five
pans like
type xxvi.
type xxvi.
Broken. Broken.
line
86. Stack
87.
of three
flat
pans
like 91,
Small pot of
brown
ware,
PI. 56^,
red painted,
polish,
type
xxi*".
Fire
iii.
iir.
89.
Like
type
in.
in.
90. Jar
91.
Stack
pans, of
brown ware, PL
brown
type xxvi.
In addition
number of fragments of
PI.
46^ and PL 47 ^
52
V. Description of Tombs.
Two
on
the
skeletons
were found
(b).
in
the tomb,
one
in the
main chamber
(c)
northeastern chamber
left
Both were crushed and rotten, but both were certainly contracted
(local),
side
see
PL
25
and 26^.
About
the neck of
cylindrical
PI. 42.
Above
main chamber
PL
41
*.
and
similarly
two chambers
could not be
as
seems more
one chamber
at
29, 30,
Map
11
and
The
site
was
as usual
occupied by
filled
,,,^, ,, ,,,!,,,
^^^em
s orfac.
denuded
with
gravel.
The
dirt.
east
end of
of
this
type
N. 1584.
Section east-west,
I
:
lOO.
found
(see
however the
its
imitative
corbel,
N.
1611);
and
floor
is
on
is
The The
brickwork
extremely
The
were
Behind the
on
The
brick thick.
The
all
stretchers
overlapping.
is
The
southern
It
^ndenfsurPdce
nind^s/ir f;icp
x<emains
well preserved.
from
the
The
is
sanci
5tfafa
Thus
89.
dividing
N. 1584.
Section north-south,
lOO.
are
The
the
dividing wall
either
owing to
depression in the floor, or to closer laying, do not attain the height of the
of bricks on edge bringing the top ot the ninth course ot the dividing wall level
PI. 30
".
with the top of the ninth course of the outside wall, see
dividing wall
is
The
plastering of the
vault.
V. Description of Tombs.
53
on
the south end, and judging from the remains probably that
on
the north
end
also,
was
an afterthought (possibly made necessary by an unexpected weakness of the vault) and was
not begun
laid.
The
entrance
approached from the valley side by steps cut in the gebel and plastered.
The
sides
of the stairway are lined with walls i brick thick (overlapping stretchers); but the tops
a
The
outer end
sebba/;ttn
or Copts.
The doorway
lings.
two
is
That
which
lower section.
The
Owing to the denudation of the surface, no evidence as to superstructure was The northwest corner of the stairway of 1514 would if complete extend over
of
1584.
the vault
a
1514
at this
point by
If this
Coptic
burial.
The
as
cm beyond
is
the burial.
break was
made
then 1584
later in date
than
1514,
theory
made
plausible
by the
relative position
On
Ivory
Tip of handle
^,
2.
Piece missing.
3.
FHnt
bracelet, PI.
at
41'',
on the
3
left.
4.
Fragments of
least
_=
6[^
y,
two fragments of a
Beads of garnet, e
glazed
6.
7. 8.
Y
1514.
, _,
7]
^/
\7o<:hmt<
WM^!^MM^7^^^/^^^^WIW7W77^W>.
PI.
41% T^
of
'
;
'
of carnelian and
90.
off",
N.
, I
.^ 10.
steatite
(?),
glaze
jar jar
worn
PL
41
"=.
^,
b.
alabaster, PI. 41
Whole.
'^.
of volcanic
41
"=.
ash, PI. 41
Whole.
Comb
(?)
of
slate,
PL
9. 10. Jars
With
vertical scratches
N. 1572.
on lower
two chambers
marked by
a
i.
The
of
site
was
as
usual
depression.
The
substructure was
with
mass
mud
and
gravel.
The chambers
in the east
in the north
was simply
solid mass
of melted brickwork.
Only
well preserved.
The
laid
mud
brick steps
on
gebel.
The
The doorway is roofed with wooden logs and blocked The surface had been denuded leaving no evidence of
with brickwork.
superstructure.
54 This tomb
is
V. Description of Tombs.
built close to 1571 across the place
1571.
The
3074).
stairway of
1571
3061
and
The
superstructure of
building
as
unless
it
set
or
less injured in
1571
1572.
The
of
but avoiding,
of
1571.
The anomalous
This points to the
sites
on the north
to be explained
by
stairway
on the
valley side.
later
tombs
the independent
were occupied.
The
of
stairway extended up over the vault of 160$ and was apparently cut
160$.
away
in the construction
Thus
east.
jar,
than
1571
and of
a
1513
but
earlier
than
1505.
On
traces
skeleton
(PI. 31'^)
lying
contracted on the
1.
head
At
with cord,
cm, diam.
13
12.
15.
2. 3.
jar,
without cord,
20, diam.
cm, diam.
7,5
Alabaster
jar,
type Six^, h.
mouth
cm.
10.
Pots, type V.
(calf?).
lot
alabaster,
(PI. 51 *).
east
of south.
See PL 34 and
K
as
The
site
of
this
tomb was,
ca. 150
usual,
marked by
depression
filled
cm
deep.
The
pit
was
with a mass of
mud
(decomposed
brick)
and
by
its
own
fif-i
were
I
indistinguishable.
At
worked myself
of the
to find the
side
tpi.-^
position of both
was
clearly
marked by the
PI.
91.
N. 1605. Plan,
lOO.
34 ''.
in the pit
and
1586.
The
walls of
better
wooden roof tombs are always preserved because the wooden roof
N. 1605.
Section
A B,
lOO
V. Description of Tombs.
55
Therefore
it is
only protects the inner faces but also relieves the wall of the weight above.
certain that 1605
was
tomb with
filled
five
vaults.
The
were
li
stairway was
with stones,
34 ^'
"*.
The
steps
were of
brick.
The
side walls
bricks thick, consisting of three stretcher courses backed with headers alternating with
stretchers.
logs as usual.
The
surface
was so denuded
that
all
In the angle between the stairway and the north end of the tomb, there was
corbel vault (N. 1648, see
PI. 35
^)
small
with
single
common
its
type (type
v).
Owing
tomb
to
is
built
across
In the
mud from
10
cm
above the floor of the main chamber, were found nine small-
bore black
of
mud
above the
floor.
After the
first
all
the
dirt
carried out,
was
1
also
These
numbers
to 9.
On
were found
10.
% without cord.
Found
lying
on top of the
Broken
PI. 35''.
Whole,
PI.
Cylindrical jar
(all
of black
basalt,
50
^,
typ'e b.
found).
12.
'
13.
Cosmetic dish of
slate
a
in
the
form of
bull's
Opens by
Whole. Eyes
found).
inlaid, shell.
Pan of
21.
slate, PI.
50
% with depression.
varieties
Broken
of type
(all
Jars
v.
The
mud:
ash, PI. 50
with depression.
No
lip.
h. ca. 18.
23.
Fragments of
flat
slate plate,
jar
type S xxvi.
basalt, PI. 50
.
24.
25.
Top
of cylindrical
of black
With cord
.
in relief, style
b.
lip.
limestone,
PI. 50
Without depression or
Round bottom.
i6.
27. 28. N. 1626.
ash, PI. 50
''.
Depression and
lip.
bracelet, PI. 41
PI. 41''.
In construction similar to
Axis 43
east
of south.
of this tomb was not marked by any noticeable depression. The tomb was found in searching for small tombs between i5o8 and 1581. The roof was nearly intact (PI. 3<J% the plaster has been cleared off" by me except at southern end) but the roof as well as the door-
The
site
may have
entered anciently.
The
interior
was com-
56
V. Description of Tombs.
chamber (PL
3<J'*).
The
at
substructure
consists
of
at least, is
groined corbel.
The door
with branches
is
(PI. }6^'
S where the
are visible}
containing rotten
wood
and
3<J*^
where the
line
The doorway
3(J'''
"^'
is
a
93.
(PI.
"*),
blocked
at
N. 1626, plan,
100.
with brickwork
as usual.
The
approach
a 1-brick wall
which
is
preserved only
at the
north end
N. 1626, Section
A B,
lOO.
On
the floor
1
were found:
type
V.
4. Pots,
6.
1.
a.
The
rest
small
on the
side or end,
all
lie
in the
Map
i.
As
this
part
all
been more or
times.
But
i<5i4
The chamber
usually approached
round cornered
(1619)
or
3014).
groined corbel.
see
however N.
3022
and
The
entrance
is
is
by
a sloping
The
lintel
of the doorway
of wood.
When
seba/j
work began,
this part
sieves,
been removed, the gebel surface underneath was found very much broken especially
vicinity
of the graves.
At no point was
And
immediately
silt
down
to
which
is
found
at a
depth of 50 to 100
ravines.
cm below
the surface in
Furthermore, the shallowness of the Coptic graves which are here only 40
instead of 100
160,
it
60
at
cm
deep
shows
present.
Therefore
is
of the
first
now
preserved.
And
it
due to the
It is
may be added
show no
trace
of plastering or
finishing
on
the outside,
(2)
V. Description of Tombs.
57
the gebel
for
is
them,
all
(3)
extend upward
as
far as
of 50
100
in
cm
vaults
features
time
we
of
a size
which
easily
have been entered from above, entered fi*om the side or end.
stair
because the corbel was already in use for big tombs with
'
stairs.
the
prevailing
This
especially evident in
tombs
like
(3022, 3014)
where
as useless
rudimentary compartments.
1611,
The tombs
These tombs,
low ground.
N. 1611.
of
this
imitative type
are
\6\\,
1614,
16^13,
just
as in
cem. 3000,
utilize
of the ground to
is
the
The
entrance
on the
side
towards the
tomb of mud
two chambers
37^-''.
Owing
to
its
size
have
tomb with
east
the
class
of
imitative small
axis points 35
"
The
stair-
way
enters
e.
ravine,
i.
well as the
ned corbel
are
doorways
roofed with
a
95-
P^.37l^
N. 161
J,
corbel arch.
plan,
50.
inacces-
Here the
wall
began with
overlapping stretcher
and
stretcher
to
The
courses
96.
eighth
the
sixteenth
N. 1611.
Section
C-D,
1:50.
were
alternately header
and
stret-
cher courses.
bricks
The
corbel vault
of
all
headers.
58
V. Description of Tombs.
The stairway consisted of four mud-brick steps descending between mud-brick The doorway was roofed with wood and blocked with brickwork. walls. The tomb was completely plundered j and the surface had been cut
to pieces
sebbaftin.
retaining
by Coptic
burials
and by
On
chamber was
In chamber a
single
pot
(type
v).
were fragments
:
of
a
N. 1611.
Section
in c
were
97.
A B,
1:50.
and in
d was
(?)
of
human femur
and
In the dirt
was
a
M. 1*12.
fragment of dull black-top red polished ware, two small saucers of brown ware and
Axis points
ca.
47 east of
south.
The
pit lies
on
The
probable that
N. i6l2.
Plan,
two
are nearly
contemporaneous.
i
:
The
walls
50.
i brick thick
(all
Above
that so far as
brick thick.
In the
j
consists
of headers
of
and
12
consist of headers.
The
comers
is
not uniform.
The
surfaces of the
walls and
doorway
The doorway
with bricks.
approached by
is
slo-
blocked
is
99.
The
on
N. 1612.
Section
a level
A- B,
1:50.
point
on
The
Imtel of the
In the dirt were found some fragments of vessels of alabaster and limestone, see
PI.
37^5
but
M. MI3.
it
is
tomb or
entirely
to
1611.
i
Similar to
Grave almost
loi.
A--
N. 1613, Plan,
50.
100.
N. 1613.
Plan,
SO.
V. Description of Tombs.
M. 1614.
59
Groined corbel
vault.
Similar to
1611,
see PI.
39^.
1
Walls
on
sides i brick,
on ends
brick thick.
102.
N. 16 14
Plan,
50.
103.
N. 1614.
Section
AB,
$0.
N. 1562.
Similar to i6ii
^.
Axis
a
Covered by
groined
(?)
corbel vault.
The
base of walls
cm.
At
this
by about
25
cm.
Owing
destruction
end of the
tomb by
or not.
sebba^in,
impossible to deter-
end chambers
104.
N. 1562 and
1616.
Plan,
JO.
The doorway
a natural state.
It is
is
approached by
sloping trough
e
Plundered.
N.
1616
corner cutting into the brickwork and was therefore built later than 15^2, see PI. 39
<*.
On
105.
N. 1562.
Section
A-B,
$0.
Small pot of
PI. 51".
2.
3.
Alabaster pot,
Alabaster saucer,
4.
5.
PI. 51'^.
Limestone saucer,
7.
PI. 51''.
DOO
io6.
6.
8.
Jars
v, PI.
51''.
N. 1562, Pottery.
\
steatite (?)
9.
and limestone
(?);
one
shell
See
PI. 42,
i.
N. 1619.
Similar to
16121614,
There
is
single
6o
course.
V. Description of Tombs.
The lower
a
part
of the walls
is
i brick thick to
Here the
wall
thickens
form
vault.
^^^
The doorway is at the NE corner. It is roofed with wood and blocked with brickwork. The approach is a plastered
incline
and ends
door in
a single step.
built after
i<Ji8 (1501).
107.
N. 16 19.
Plan,
50.
108.
N. 1619.
Section
A B,
50.
109.
N. 16 1 9.
Section
C D, 1:50.
Similar to
in the angle
15(^2,
and
Fig. 91.
(see 1^05).
The
of 160$ passes of
156^2.
entrance
earlier
block
16^05
It
is
than
which from
its
position
in the
is
tomb
no.
''.
cemetery.
Plundered.
M. 1633.
On
156^2
the floor
v.
N. 1648.
Section
CD,
1:50.
Similar to
on sou^h
side,
see PI. 39
north.
Single
vault with
rounded corners.
The
wall
is
for three
112.
N. 1633.
Section
A B,
1:50.
III.
N. 1633.
Plan,
50.
113.
N. 1633.
Section
CD,
1:50.
V. Description of Tombs.
61
to
all
stretchers:
plaster
is
form make-weight of
corbel.
The mud
made
by the courses of
fig. 114)
The
is
at the
The doorway
approached by
brickwork.
a steep
rough trough
in gebel.
It is
blocked with
114.
N. 1633.
115.
N. 1633.
I
:
Plaster.
Pot,
10.
On
the
floor
were
Nearly rectangular
pit
cut in the
Axis points
(west of south?).
ca.
48
east
of north
a corbel
Covered by
which
are
rounded
cm by
around corner.
laid
Bricks in make-weight
116.
very carelessly and irregularly. Doorthe valley (or west side) apa
N. 1622.
Plan,
50.
way on
gebel.
proached by
N. 1622.
Section
AB,
$0.
side
and out:
Diam.
vertical lines
ca. 22,
inside.
2.
h. 9.
in-
xxi^-
*.
3.
Like
7.
type xxiv*.
Jars
vir.
8.
Jar
below.
9. Jar
v.
Ver-
tical
10.
Jar
vi,
thick
us.
n. 1622.
Pottery,
bottom
Contents,
mud
plug.
1:50.
62
M. U3*.
V. Description of Tombs.
alluvial
is
strata,
There
a single rectangular
chamber covered by
groined corbel
vault springing
Facing of
I
1
Make-w eight of
headers.
bricks
and mud,
above
The
small
mostly
sticks
Carefully
PI. 38
"
plastered.
seen in
roots of a
--B
'"^/^//////// /////M^.
There
doorway on the
a
west) approached by
gebel.
The doorway
line
protected by a
cuts
corbel
r
YlzM1
curved
which
lies
N. 1630.
Plan,
50,
corbels.
comers of the
wards the
doorway
curve
The doorway
brickwork.
blocked
with
On
I
the floor
3.
were found:
lines of doorwaif
Jars
and
of
NW comer arecomcidenr.
N. 1630.
Section
4. Jar
A B,
$0.
line polishes,
type xx.
And
sebbahin.
N. 1523.
few
scattered
human
bones.
Plundered by
Two
1523.
Their
121.
chronological
as
broken
at the
point of contact.
The
southern tomb
C D,
50.
is
a rec-
tangular well
dynasty
immediately to
the south.
badly
preserved
If there
was an entrance
must have
been over the large boulder lying under the southeastern side where the wall
is
broken through.
On
Plan,
I
:
may belong
50.
V. Description of Tombs.
63
it
The
123.
N. 1533.
Long
section,
50.
124.
N. 1523.
Stone vessels,
lo.
The
less
northern tomb had also been plundered and no bones were found.
But
five
stone
Nos.
14
are
of
alabaster,
more or
waterworn.
No.
is
7.
Tombs
a
162})
type B.
There
cemetery
N. 1623.
2. a.
a closed corbel vault (see
are only
1523
two tombs
in this
however N.
;
above).
on
the
itself.^
outskirts
of the
The
axis points 35
west
of north.
The
first
eight
courses
(ca.
a rec-
which
Ground
plan.
i brick thick,
this,
all
stretchers.
Horizontal section at
Above
weight.
F.
Section
A B.
114
n6.
N. 1623.
1:50.
form the
corbel
and
its
makethe
The
corners
completely plundered.
slate
were
dirt.
The
east wall
was cut by
Coptic
burial.
a rectangular
The
axis
points
40
'
west of north.
tombs of a
different
Isolated
period
is
a very
common phenomenon
five corbels
in
the cemeteries
of Naga-ed-Dfir.
shaft
mastabas of the third and fourth dynasties contained one grave of the intermediate period between
also
Cem. 3000
contained three tombs of the old empire, one of the middle empire and one of the
Coptic period.
64
VI.
N. 3000.
The brickwork
them.
is
poorly preserved.
off
The
by stretchers across
The
common
in the
700).
50.
129.
N. 1640.
Long
section,
50.
8.
M.
Addenda.
was
a
MW.
On
The
complex of
east).
walls
numbered
The
are
walls
so cut to pieces
by Coptic
burials
that
tomb
to
walls
belonged,
is
indeterminable.
plastered and at
some points
any rate
a
So we have
at
of
found.
the in,
been given
130.
two
additional
end chambers.
N. 1639.
Plan,
I
:
On
N. 1585.
50.
by fragments of
a flat alabaster
On
ca.
the south of
N.
1514,
above N.
1(^45,
hole
tially
60
cm
deep.
a
The
is
axis
of south.
par-
covered by
(3'''^
dynasty).
Therefore
burial,
as well as 1^23
and
The
been disturbed,
as
part of the limestone covering, was contracted an the left side head south.
The head
alone
was missing.
(?).
VI.
N. 3000.
AFTER
i~x and
and
2 (see Frontispiece
The
its
similarity
of their position to
tip 2
dynastic cemeteries.*
(4""
Land
mud
until
dyn.)i and
Land
tip 2
The
from
modem
' Of.
limekilns,
them-
VII.
Cemetery N. 3000.
debris
^5
desert
surface
selves
(PI. 57
b,
-^i
61^).
;
Trenching
this
revealed a disturbed
over the
but in the northeastern comer, some ancient surface was found with
superstructure walls
in the
(3017,
PL
57
d).
At
came on
The
excavation of these spots led to the uncovering of some intact corbel vaults and other sub^
structures.
May
as
1901
F.
and myself.
The
intact vaults
were
left to
W. Green my absence
a
at Der-el-Ballas
few
(PI. 57*).
The
rest
January 1904.
VII.
CEMETERY
N. 3000.
the other
strata
THE
from
2
first
is,
like
land-tips,
composed of
cm
thick resting
strata at a
on
of
soil.
in.
The
limestone basis
lies
below these
depth varying
is
meters, see
early
Map
The
tombs
One
are
of the larger
7>/
(type
Aib); two
,
wood-roofed
large corbels
2 b,
(type
2 b).
Of
wood-
Aia);
six
were
(type
2 a)
mud
30^1, 3091, a
3025); and four are simply holes in the ground (3019, 3092, 3033, 3025).
N.
a
3150
was
deposit
N.
3017
had
show remains of
a superstructure.
Thus
are
while
all
the types of tombs found in cem. 1500 are represented, the greater
number
of the corbel-vault types, but, in general, of smaller and poorer construction than those
In the same way, the pottery, the stone vessels and the other objects found
in cem. 1500.
(see chapters
vessels, p. 89
ff.)
part
of cemetery
Taken
altogether these
tombs
are
The
over in strengthening the corbels and the use of the corbel roof for the doorway in
3022, etc.,
may be
It is
{i. e.
joi6 and J062) was nearly contemporaneous with ijij, IJ72, i6oj, 1626) but extended downwards to a
9
f^L
VII.
Cemetery N. 3000.
ascribed with considerable certainly to the second
1500,
dynasty.
would belong
to a less
their types,
N.
301^
is
perhaps
J^[f
til
tomb
3013
in the
is
also earlier
at
3031.
The main
fmh corbels
and
3031,
all
that
vaults
differ characteristically
vessels
which
gives the
may not be
30itf
<^>
30^2
The tombs on
the southern slope are not contemporaneous with each other but distri-
Of
these tombs, the substructures of 3012, 3014, and 3022 were found intact.
3016',
The
burials
in 3015, 3023,
3013, 3017,
3017, 3o5t,
The
3150.
interiors
of
3053,
3on, 3031,
One of
3093 had
Demuiatun
vessels,
N.
The
contents of
debris.
And
3021,
of modern plunderers.
also suffered apparently
Thc cdgc of
from denu-
The
tombs between
building of the
substructures, previous
to
the
cem.
1500, p. 3).
^'^
These
are square
shafts
with chambers on
on
Gizeh
Wady
Old
etc.).
They had
3
all
mud
were found.
modern
quarries
was
^^
Middle
chamber
(see
such
as
occur in
the
5"^
and
5"" dynasties.
between the
4"^
Map
iii)
was
a
long
clmt
This led
a
chamber
the floor of
which was
shallow burial
a
(filled
with water).
as
were found
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
^7
The lower
munal
access to this
situated
been enlarged,
make
com-
<-'<>pi'<:
burial place,
and
a stairway
had been
Grave
chamber
the 6^ century A. D.
The
a
burials in the
its
chamber of
tomb had
suffered so
from moisture
floor
modem
was
3000 con-
no other Coptic
burials.
In
modern times
were
built
on
this land-tip.
The
limestone iovanJA-Uns
these kilns was broken wherever the stone was easily accessible in the immediate neighborhood.
In land
tip 2, the
of the
tip has
immediately
On
within 50
2
cm of
the surface
and to the
of
this,
and
meters deep has been broken, apparently by working in from the southern bank of the
Map
in.
The quarrymen
away the
side
also
of the Coptic communal grave, the upper part of two of the fourth dynasty
and
The
i
kilns
were upright
cylindrical
mud
i^
Some of
the bricks
These
lulns
were apparently
and rebuilt
and the great damage was done by the holes dug for
this purpose.^
The
is
(cf. 3015);
but
it
possible that
3021,
and the graves on the northern edge may have been cleaned out by them.
The
ashes,
the small limestone chips and the slag from the Idlns were
surface, see
the surrounding
PL
57*^.
And
so
we found
the
site
when we
attacked
it.
VIII.
DESCRIPTION OF TOMBS
IN
CEM.
3000.
1.
1.
a.
N. 3052.
lined
of stretchers.
So the
35
side
on
inside,
about 20
cm
cm.
was found
to a lesser extent
68
in
Cem. 3000.
',
The
left
surface was in
The
side,
contracted burial on
head south.
About the
burial
z.
3.
5.
Jars
v.
See
4. 6.
PI. 75>.
PI. 75'',
7.
Alabaster bowl,
PI. 72^.
Diam.
8.
18
h. 10
cm.
72"^.
Diam.
h. 8
cm.
PI. 72*^.
9.
ID.
Alabaster cylindrical
jar,
Fragment of
dish, PI.
9.
72'^.
n. Slate
N.MS4.
40
of south.
walls
The
was
a
all
which
header course
25
probably of wood.
The
on
left:
side,
head south.
:
v.
H.
ca. 35
cm.
132.
N. 3054,
so.
2.
Alabaster
jar,
PL
72''.
h. 15
cm.
N.MiL
were
ca.
70
cm
probably of wood.
(valley) side
A
at
The row
and
As
it is
is
left
The
xxi=.
Con-
of human bones.
polished, type xxv.
v.
134.
2.
3.
5.
Omitted.
wood-roofed
N. 301
1,
:50.
'
In
general,
batter,
lost
their roofs,
slight
outward
The chamber
square cornered
is
and
filled
The brickwork
composed almost
The chambers
filled
of roof).
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
69
Decayed.
6.
8.
7.
xxvi.
9.
See
3.
10.
Alabaster cylindrical
jar,
with
PI. 72^.
mouth down.
11.
Under
these fragments
jar
were toe
'
Rough
calcareous alabaster
(like PI. 72
}i6i)
(type S
in).
Diam.
h. 14
cm.
12.
13.
PI.
72^
Diam.
23
h. 7
cm.
2.
N. 3016.
A.
1.
b.
brick substructure,
51 east
Axis
of south.
The
outside
wall
were somewhat
irregular
were i brick
thick.
The
bricks
were appa-
23x11^x5 cm, but in the other about 30x15x7^- All walls were
main chamber
descending to within 20
cm
of the pottery.
Map
modern
plundering.
The
on the
left side,
135.
N. 3016,
50.
No
trace
The
disturbance
is
such
as
of the roof.
The
jar,
Alabaster cylindrical
Diam. mouth
including
13
cm
h.
24 cm.
2.
A
a.
jars,
PI. PI.
70 \ 70 \
Diam.
Diam.
19
h. ^6.
b.
c.
3.
jar,
h. 20,
13!
:
PI. 70^,
jar,
top row.
Greatest diam.
h. 14^
cm.
verti-
PI. 70".
Broken
two
pieces, lying
jar
jar,
one
4.
5.
Alabaster cylindrical
Alabaster cylindrical
70 ^
(PI. 70*)
6.
9.
and
7.
The
5a.
numbered 6 on
PI. 70".
Limestone, thick
broken.
black.
mended by some
Slate
bowl, broken,
PI. 70*.
JQ
8.
in
cem. 3000.
9.
See
6.
jar,
10.
11.
Alabaster cylindrical
PL
70*.
Alabaster bulging
jar,
PI. 70'.
jar,
12.
13.
Alabaster cylindrical
PI. 70*.
Fragments of
10
11.
14.
15.
PI. 70".
Diam. 8
cm
h. 5,2
cm.
bowl
16.
Rough
slate
25.
No
may
sign of green
but
slate
mud
18.
PL
13
70".
Under
6
it
19, 21.
19.
Copper
tapers
chisel,
about
cm
long,
section
middle
mm x 6 mm.
One end
to
mm
long
square end,
20. Slate plate
mm x 5 mm.
Diam. 30 cm.
12
down
2L
to
show
Copper
chisel,
about
cm
mm x 8
a
mm.
One end
'
is
square end.
73
Bowl, red painted brown ware, pebble polished all over, type xxiv ^, PL Bowl, of red painted, pebble polished, brown ware, type
plate
xxiv''.
no.
13.
24. Flat
of red painted,
polished
on
face,
type xxvi,
PL
25.
73''
no. 4.
Rough
Small
29.
\6.
26.
27.
xxiv'',
i.
PL
73''
no.
12.
flat
base,
PL
73^ no.
28.
for
pieces
lying
underneath in the
main
plate
pebble
polished on
face,
31.
type
xxvi.
PL
73 ^
no.
in
^.
3.
H.
34.
See
:
30.
32.
33.
Large
jar
of smooth red painted brown ware, type of red painted brown ware,
dull
Diam.
25
h.
45 cm.
73''
Deep
under
plate
polish,
type xxvi, PL
no.
2.
Diam. 30
cm
h. 10
cm.
Was
(kid?).
34.
35.
Like
31,
type
dull polish,
type xxi^ PL
73''
no.
6.
Black specks
Diam.
ca. 25, h. 30
cm.
kid(?).
38.
Like
flat
31,
type
v^.
For
38 see
PL
73
*"
no.
7.
Four
plates,
type xxvi.
VIII.
Description of tombs
in
cem, 3000.
7J
3.
N. 3062.
stair,
type A.
2. b.
A
work.
See
PI.
66 and
fig. 141.
45
I
height of about
they are
courses.
header course to
The
corners are
very
'35Fig. 141, section
The
it.
A B,
ICX5.
gravel behind
There were no
traces
of end
a definite conclusion.
The roof was probably of wood. The main chamber was entered by
but mostly destroyed before found by
a us.
on gebel
completely plundered.
floor
was broken
136.
Fig. 141,
In the dirt one complete pottery cone was found and several broken
as
section
ones such
in
N. 3071.
-were found near the 12* dyn. tomb on the northern edge and
at
D,
100.
many
100.
is is
This tomb
in the
quite irregular
in
built
partly
The
axis
43 east of
58
and
306^2
is
58
east
of south).
and
fig. 141.
The
(i.
walls
of
3071
are
3031.
The
was
brick thick).
The
incline
leading
to
3031
filled
with rubbish and plastered level with the floor of the north
3071 (see fig. 142).
end of
like that
of
3031.
It
137.
N. 3071.
Plan,
:S0.
probable judging from the logs over the door and the straightness of the walls that
The
wood, see
on the
left side
(fig. 137)
2.
3,
Jars
v<=.
4.
5.
72^.
6.
7.
8.
PI. 72^.
xxvi.
xxi*.
9.
Diam.
25
h. 12^
cm.
72
4.
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in cem.
3000.
2. b.
a
n.n.
See
and
fig. 138
and
139.
The
I
walls
make-weight
weighted by
in,
about
up.
vault.
And
between the
vault
and
rectangular.
The lower part of the vault was In the SE comer, a slab of limewhich was rounded (not groined).
The
thick,
cross -walls
The doorway was roofed with branches of wood (or saplings), and blocked with brick work.
N. 3017.
Plan,
lOO.
slab
ioperstructure
old
surface
The approach was a slanting incline plastered with mud and lined on the sides with i brick walls. The incline
was occupied by
a
fisrd
gebel
limekiln (PI.
59"^)
iirm^tane
N. 3017.
Section
A B,
lOO.
At
and
fig.
(PI. 57''
marked ^^^.)
of
it
The
north
bit
on the
was not
sides.
sufficient to
on the
that
filling
on both
Behind the
outside of
an interval of 45
cm was an
inclosing wall.
The
between
On
The
tomb
were
in the
PI. 5^.
If the
had been disturbed by plunderers the disturbance was ancient; for the debris over the vault
The
vault
The
I
objects found
on
tomb
19.
mostly with
flat tip at
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
73
20.
21.
Alabaster cylindrical
jar,
jar,
PL
71
Diam.
16. h. 25
23
:
cm.
cm.
25
:
Alabaster cylindrical
PI. 71 ^
Diam.
h. 32I
22.
23.
brecchia, PI.
71^.
Diam.
h. 14
cm.
Diam.
32
cm.
24.
25.
Alabaster pan,
Alabaster plate,
PI. 71
Diam. 34 cm.
PI. 71".
Diam. 26 cm.
Diam.
PI.
71''.
26.
27. 28.
Limestone bowl,
PI. 71^.
jar,
27
h. 12
cm.
16
:
Alabaster cylindrical
58.
Diam.
:
h. 22^
cm.
71^.
Diam. 20
h. 12
cm.
29.
Alabaster cylindrical
15
:
jar,
Diam. mouth
h. 18
cm.
jar,
30.
31.
Alabaster cylindrical
Slate plate, PI.
71''.
PI.
71^
:
Diam,
3
14
h. 32
cm.
Diam.
32
h.
cm.
:
32.
33.
Diam. 24
h. 14
:
Limestone bowl,
PI. 71 .
Diam. 29
h. 15
71''.
34.
35.
3(5,
PI.
18
h.
4 cm.
Diam.
h.
cm.
Fragments of
33,
37.
Limestone bowl,
Alabaster bulging
PI. ji\
jar,
Diam.
71''.
18.
38.
PI.
h. 10
cm.
39.
Length
71''.
cm,
:
Diam. top 4I
ji^.
h. 8,2
:
cm.
:
PI.
Diam. lo^
h.
L. of
b.
c.
71
Diam.
10 1.
Green
a.
and
b.
42.
43.
Fragments of Fragments of
near
18
laid in the
corner
by the workmen.
44. Limestone
45.
in fragments.
ca. 23.
polish,
xxiv'',
PL
74''.
Diam.
18
h. 7
cm.
xxvi,
:
PL 74^
11
Diam.
28
h.
4 cm.
bowl, PL
Diam.
ca, 27
h, ca,
cm,
-.h.
48. Plate
of red
pol. ware,
type xxvi.
Diam. 20
:
6 cm.
PL
49.
50.
Limestone
dish,
PL
71^.
Diam.
28
h.
d cm,
xxi**,
74*^.
Contained
frag-
52.
53.
Like
19,
type
54.
71b.
Diam. 24
h. 14
cm.
Underneath were
few
lO
coals.
74
55,
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
Alabaster cylindrical
jar, jar,
PI.
71''.
Diam.
18
h. 32
cm.
$6.
Alabaster cylindrical
PI.
yi*".
Underneath
$$
$6
were
coals and a
few finger
bones.
57.
Fragments of
Part of
28.
ss
5^ with
PI. 71^.
71''.
58.
59.
(Jo.
Limestone bowl,
Alabaster bowl,
61.
PI. PI.
Diam.
Diam.
14
23
31
:
-.h.
6 cm.
cm.
62. Alabaster
(J3.
bowl,
yi\
h. 10
Alabaster plate,
PI. 71".
Diam.
cm.
thin,
PI.
7I^
Cut from
Limestone
dish,
PL
71 ^
Diam.
28.
two
smoothed
marked
x.
Corbel with
See
stair, similar
of south.
PI, 60^'
\ 69
<=
and
140.
to
mud,
PI.
59
f.
The
space above
had mixed to
PL
59*^.
The
northern end of the vault had been broken into (or given way) and
the
filling
had come
down into
There
two chambers
at
rough stairway
The
stair140.
N. 8013.
Plan,
So.
way was
it
filled
fragment of
see
3017,
The
skeleton was
on
it
from
its
original position.
The
condition of the
skeleton and the position of the other contents indicate ancient plundering.
On
Two
fragments of
72''.
volcanic ash
antiquity, Pi.
2.
3.
Diam.
15^
h.
9^ cm.
Diam.
h.
15
h. 7
cm.
4. Plate
5.
Diam.
11
:
19^
6 cm.
Diam.
h. 8
cm.
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
75
6.
7. 8.
Like
4,
type xxvi.
Alabaster bulging
Jar of red painted
PI.
yiK
Diam. top
7,
middle
v.
13,
base 8
h. 8
cm.
H.
31
cm.
9. 10.
11.
Like
8,
type
v.
Contained
Diam. 20
dirt
h. 8
cm.
Like
8,
type
v.
Contained
12.
13.
brown
2
H.
17^
cm.
type
v,
broken.
i
14.
Beads: camelian,
long cyhndrical,
short barrel-shaped,
shell-shaped; amethyst,
i
15.
disc;
total
beads.
jar,
Black stone
small,
relief,
PI. 41'=
numbered
30.
N. 3031.
In
vault
rectangular hole sunk through the alluvial strata into the limestone, was a corbel
with stairway.
67
^'
=
See
PI. 66,
and
144.
as usual
The
but
at
still
143.
The
(i.
first
three courses
were
single stretchers
e.
The next
three
were
(i.
double stretcher
e.
wall
brick thick)
at
the
of headers.
The
with limestone
nodule of hard
built.
141.
There were
the
traces
Plan,
100.
NE
of the corbel,
with stone
vessels, see
fig. 144.
corner of the corbel, approached by a The doorway was in the (PI. 66). The whole situation indicates that the entrance was built thus to tomb }o62. The doorway was blocked with brickwork; and must have been roofed with wood but no trace of the wood was preserved. The incline was lined on the sides with i- brick walls. The
NW
slanting
incline
avoid the
older
as to
form
with
a rectangle a floor
ot
limestone
about
1,20
m
of
3031.
The
incline
was
filled
The end of
wood
to
form
j^
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
with
brick work.
p. 71.
In
embedded
no
cord,
mud
Alabaster cylindrical
PI.
jar,
thick walls,
70 ''.
Diam.
18
h. 18
cm.
T^
cord,
PI. 70''.
,^3
2.
Alabaster cylindrical
jar,
no
w^^
^
144.
^^
n. 3031.
Diam. 9
2 a.
h. 22i
cm.
a small
^
'
3^^,
/^C^^^ U
Position o. objeets 1:50.
Section of corbel,
=
in
two
parts,
PI. 70".
5o.
The lower
cm.
part
the
7.
Diam.
PI.
cm.
Diam.
7
:
Alabaster bulging
jar,
70
'.
h. 12
a
4.
70''.
edge
set in
bottom
in:
on the other
fillings.
were
five
wider (diam.
mm)
and shallower
pits
with-
out
5.
numbered
12=
by
mistake.
Diam.
ca. 15.
6.
Beads j
PI. 73=. 2
:
The
found mostly
(i
under no.
polished
is
among
15:
the stone vessels: the bright barrel-shaped bead the others are glazed beads, found scattered.
The
(?)
The
large amulet
jar,
was found
in no.
13,
similar to that
Diam. 7
h. 7^
cm.
Diam.
8.
PI. 70
K
jar,
h.
9 cm.
9.
10.
PI. 70''.
Diam.
9^ cm.
n.
12.
jar, jar,
PI. 70''.
Diam.
12
h. 12
cm.
70^.
decomposed by water, PL
PI. 70'',
Diam.
12.
12a.
numbered
13
by mistake.
Diam.
14
h. ^\
cm.
This
was under
13.
12.
70**,
not
13
i.
Diam. 10^
h.
cm.
pits
13a.
Limestone amulet,
PI. 73 S
on
The
in
eyes are
conis
limestone ring
with cement.
The rounded
back
13.
pierced by
14.
15.
Alabaster bulging
PL
jar,
70''.
Diam.
12
h.
9 cm.
Alabaster cylindrical
with cord, PL
70''.
Diam.
10
h. 27
cm.
3.
\6.
Alabaster cylindrical
jar,
no
cord,
PL
70'',
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
77
3.
17.
Alabaster bulging
Alabaster bowl,
jar,
PI. 70''}
between no.
and no.
15.
18.
PI. 70'',
for pieces
18
and were
On
70''.
PI. 70''.
32.
33.
xxvi.
xxiv''.
Diam.
32
cm,
Bowl of red
polished
5.
2. a.
N. 3012.
A
See
PI.
An
upw
hoif
intact tomb.
60 "-^ and
is
fig.
145, 145.
ouflme of
This corbel
space inclosed
by
of the entrance.
ouH'.nc oF vduI^
The two
sides
The
PiMd
laid in
mud
(PI. 61^).
The
thick.
front
The
walls inside are plastered: also the front and the inside
The doorway
It
is
roofed with
145.
N. 3012.
Plan,
50.
was
The
neath,
on the
left side
head
The
left loiee,
being under-
knee.
which
were found.
About
(PI. 60^),
tomb
146.
N. 3012.
Section
A B,
1:50.
2.
6.
Jar
v.
3.
Slate bowl,
(as if a
Diam.
4.
5.
17^
cm.
jar,
Alabaster cylindrical
no
cord, PI.
72''.
H.
13^
cm.
14
:
Bulging
See
I.
jar
xm\
Diam.
12
cm.
6. N. 3022.
two
small chambers
south end.
Intact tomb.
63
and
78
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
The
Avith the
crosswalls
main
wall.
They
The
rest in
The main chamber is built in a hole cut to limestone in The w alls on the north end and the two sides alluvial strata.
corbelled.
left
and covered by
corbel,
the
cm)
N. 3022.
Plan,
50.
The
walls
stretchers, i brick
i
x 12 x
is
<J
brick
wide: and above that the wall thickens to form the makeweight of the corbel.
side
built
The west
is
of the corbel
built
of headers j the
east
side,
having a
less
degree 0/ curvature,
The
north end
is
built
of headers which
of the
The
on
148.
comers of the
a level
The
west wall
is
based
about 2
cm
and
The
plastered.
A B,
50.
top
inside
surfeces
of the vault
vault
a
were
heavily
filled
The
interstices
between the
with mud.
doorway
(see PI.
63'').
blocked with a
mud- brick
brick
thick
heavily
plastered
outside.
(PI. 6z^)
and limestone
gebel.
The
as in
a steep
The
PI. 63".
When
opened the
interior
was seen to be
The
floor
was covered to
depth of 20
cm
The only objects visible were 6 and 7. After clearing away this debris, we found underneath it the pieces of alabaster (8, 9) in the outlines of a wooden coffin, and the
the pottery,
rot of the coffin, etc.
coffin
wood
two
filled
The end chambers were quite empty. The skeleton was contracted on the
the knees
(i.
left side
head south,
legs).
PI. 63''""^,
e.
left
right
The
old female
(?)
six in the
no other tooth
to be nearly
yellow
plaster.
The
boards appeared
cm
thick.
The
follows:
vertical lines inside,
PI.
']$".
type xxiv,
PI. 75=.
2.
animal (kid?),
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
79
3.
Limestone bowl,
of rim missing.
PI. 75''.
4. Jar
5.
Cup -bowl of
xxiv=,
PI.
75"^.
PL
75"=. 72*^.
8.
Alabaster bulging
9.
10.
Alabaster bulging
Plate
somewhat decomposed, PL
72^.
PL
75"=.
Contained
bones
of
down
small
two
south end.
Axis
53
east
of south.
fig.
149
151.
The
end chambers
are not
bonded with
mud
the
plaster.
The
| brick thick;
edge).
small
dividing wall
\ brick thick
(i.
e.
brick
on
The
on
corbelled
on the two
sides
3
The
the
is
where the
vault begins,
brick thick.
Above
the
5"^
thickens to form
east
of the door,
slope of the limestone surface, the courses of the west wall are not
on
at
level
line
the
sides
is
is
irregular
149.
(PL
64''' ^
and
The
corbel
built
of headers on
all
three sides.
N. 3014.
Plan,
I
:
50.
at right angles
rather irregularly,
PL
65^.
The
The
gebel are
is
heavily plastered.
The
interstices
corbel
a wall li brick
thick heavily
approached
slightly
by
sloping
incline
in
floor
rounded,
plastered.
cut
hard gebel
and heavily
The
it
After
150.
n. 3014.
section
a b,
1:50.
80
oif.
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
The
12
interior
was seen to be
of crumbled
as
in PI. 64'.
plaster
left
The
floor
was covered to
fallen
depth of
roof.
cm The
with
a layer
mud
on the
fi-om the
side
(local north)
The
underneath
a coffin.
is
showed wood
The
position of the bones of the right hand and of the left foot,
typical
of
body which
has decayed in a
side.
On
151.
the
bones were
N. 3014.
Section
C D,
50.
of
cloth.
wooden
bctx
and covered,
burial,
skull there
were
or
fragments of charcoal.
In the end-chambers, were:
1.
Jar
v, PI.
numbered by mistake
306^1.
2.
3.
Plate
PI. 74^.
Jar
PI. 74".
N. 3*53.
on
the north.
154.
Axis 44
east
of south.
See
PI.
6y
''
and
fig. 152
to
The 38 cm
154.
The
corbel was
Owing
to
bricks
whole
down on
We
found
c
The door
So
it
is
anciently.
with
corbel
see
PI.
6y^.
152-
The approach was a plastered incline. The skeleton was contracted on the right side, head to The body was in a wooden box with boards 2 cm thick The jars 8 10 may have been in the ends. coffin originally. The objects 5 7 seem to owe
N. 3053.
Plan,
:S0.
The
skull
was missing.
their position to
Scattered
at
various
were
bones of
The
objects in the
I.
tomb were:
cm.
Plate
(J
153-
n. 3053.
section
a- b,
1:50.
burials of the
4''>
6'1>
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
81
polished, with ring
2.
soft
Diam.
(?).
23 i :h. 14
Near
it,
shoulder
blade of kid
3.
Slate bowl,
in
bottom
3
Diam. 30
(?),
:
h.
6^ cm.
legs, ribs.
154.
Near
and
bones of kid
backbone,
4. 7. Alabaster cup.
5.
Alabaster plate,
N. 3053-
Section
C D,
50.
Pi. 72'.
Diam. 24^
PI. 72^.
h.
4 cm.
:
6.
7.
Diam. 20
h. 10
cm.
See
4.
jar
jar,
8.
Alabaster cylindrical
Alabaster cylindrical
base,
PI. 72^.
PI. 72=.
Diam.
18
h. 16
cm.
side,
9.
Small break
on
next to the
it
mended
anciently
by inserting
:
with cement.
10.
11.
Diam.
12
jar,
h. 20
cm.
PI. 72 .
Alabaster cylindrical
14.
13.
without cord,
Diam.
18
h.
:
24 cm.
15.
Diam. 20
18
:
h, 33
cm.
12.
Diam.
h. 33!
cm.
14.
15.
See
II.
In the
debris of the
mouth of
found
jar
of type
iv,
and
on the west
side.
Axis 44 east
of south.
See
PI. 6-/
^' ^
and
Above,
it
thickened to
ca.
brick thick
70 cm.
The
corners
'^>'7(
(like 3023).
built into
brickwork especially
at
On
visible,
doorway was
plainly
the melted mass of brickwork of the doorblock and the vault. the west side of the hole at a height of about 100
layer of plaster
On
'S5-
n. 3015.
pian,
1:50.
cm
on
been sealed
The
The
on the
left side,
head north.
there was
disturbed.
In
fact,
The
Alabaster cylindrical
jar,
PL
72<=.
Diam.
I.
14
h. 23
cm.
n. 3015.
section
a-b,
'
1:50.
82
2.
3.
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
Alabaster cylindrical
4.
jar,
PI. 72=.
Diam.
:
17
h. 27
cm.
Plate
Diam. 24
inside,
h.
4 cm.
Diam. i6:
5.
type xxiv''^,
cm.
14.
6.
7.
10.
13.
10.
Diam.
25
h.
34 cm.
Alabaster bowl,
PI. 72=.
Diam.
jar
32
h.
9 cm.
PI. 72<=.
8.
Alabaster
with shoulder,
Diam. pi
10.
h. ii^
cm.
:
9. Jar
10.
11.
Diam. 20
h.
16 cm.
See
Bulging
jar
ix
5.
Diam.
21^
h.
26^ cm.
12.
Volcanic ash cup with recurved rim and hole in rim for spout,
h.
PI. 72''.
Diam.
6 cm.
See
6.
13.
14.
M.
This was
x 140
a
cm and
160
cm
deep.
Axis
a
ca. 43
east
of south.
On
brick.
Map
ni.
6.
N. 300L
Indeterminable Graves.
long, and 140
A mud
Fig. 157.
cm
53
cm
and about 80
cm
deep.
Axis
east
of south.
See 3002.
See PL 57
''
and
75
a
?
and
Cleared by Green.
:
30
The
walls
cm
thick,
5002
packed with
mud
not be distinguished.
Therefore
if
it
also
The
size
end- chambers.
The
situation
on the
mound
tomb (although no
or volcanic ash
3015.
3017, 3013,
a
In view
corbel
vault with
either
on the
pian, 1:50.
dirt
The following objects were found. Nos. and 2 were in the 157- n. 3001 and 3002. 10 cm and 20 cm respectively above the floor. The rest were on ihe floor.
I.
2.
5.
Jar of
v''.
*.
3.
Alabaster cylindrical
PI.
72
Diam.
14
h.
:
24 cm.
h.
4.
5.
Alabaster drum-shaped
jar,
PI. 72
Diam.
13
4 cm.
See
I.
6.
Limestone bowl,
Fl. 72".
Diam. 28
h. 10
cm.
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
83
7. 8.
Limestone bowl,
PI.
72^
Diam. 3^
h. 7
cm. Diam.
11
:
h. 15
cm.
9.
fragment of
3021
large
jar
type m.
About
10
cm
to
the west
of
3001,
about
cm
3001, PI.
73% see N.
3150.
Axis
of south
(like 3001).
a
This may be
wall of 3001.
30
burial
fig. 157.
The
walls practically
touched the
The
floor
was about
30
cm above
It
The
walls
were about
cm
was melted.
1507),
The
skeleton,
which was
filling
left side
the
chamber.
There were
of
wooden
coffin
under the
mud
on top of
wooden
box,
cf. 1538,
16^07.
On
jar, N. 3055.
the
body were
an alabaster cylindrical
mud
Noted by Green.
a
Walls i- brick
thick
all
stretchers and 70
cm
high.
wood
roof.
Bricks
24x12x7 cm
on
left side
ossified vertebrae.
No
mud
brick structure
like
3015.
of indeterminable cha158.
Perhaps
See Fig.
The The
that the
two lower
on edge, and 42 cm
bricks
The
were about
28x14x7
cm.
There was no
trace
of body.
158.
On
N. 3034.
I
:
Jar of
v=.
H,
35
cm.
Plan,
JO.
2.
3.
Diam.
5
:
22.
Alabaster
jar
with shoulder,
PI. 72
^.
Diam,
h. iii
cm,
M. 3051.
See
PI,
69* and
Fig. 159.
Cleared by Green.
corners were rounded and the two north comers were strengthened
3053,
3013,
3012),
It
a corbel,
The
collapse of the
was
clearly
coffin.
59Flan,
N. 3051.
I
:
contracted on the
left side
mud
$0.
The broken
The
were on the
84
floor in the
I.
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in cem.
3000.
PI. (Jp*.
Under
the
slate.
Bulging
75*^.
jars
with
flat
base,
PL
3.
H.
25
Alabaster cylindrical
PI. yi**.
Diam.
la
h.
15.
4.
H.
Alabaster dish, with curved rim and with ring depression, PI.
72"^.
Diam.
32.
MUX
A
south.
known
grave.
Axis 40 east of
154.
See
PI.
69^ and
fig. 152
The brickwork
on the west
side out, side
and
course of bricks
sides.
on end,
flat
Above
that, the
Plan,
I
:
courses are as in
two northern
40
50.
Section,
50.
160
162.
N. 3023.
comers
slightly
are rounded.
The
is
wider
cm
the
it
is
at the
floor.
a
At the
corbel
but Green
quantity of
present
the
at
clearing
was
wooden
walls.
The
left
side,
at
the head
and in front.
On
which
On
The bones
The
on the
floor were:
Alabaster cylindrical
jar,
Diam.
14
h. 15
cm.
75*^.
2.
3.
PI.
75''.
4.
5.
Like
3,
type v*.
Broken.
xxvi, PI.
75''.
number of
sign
one
with
potmark
on
its
i6z above.
A mud
Axis
ca.
45 east of south.
See
in a hole no
x 67
and
ca.
70
cm below
a
old surface.
The
a
header course
header course.
skeleton contracted on the
3150,
left side
head south.
No
objects
The
stone vessels, N.
were between
this
A mud
The
brick well,
nyxSo cm
,
and about 62
cm
high.
walls
six
header course, a
VIII.
Description of Tombs
in
cem. 3000.
35
N. 3093.
This was
hole 180
x 130
cm and
about 80
cm
deep.
The
difficulty lay in
Around
the
a wall
either
of
lining wall or
of
appeared to
me
to
be part of
wall of
cm
which
PI. 57=.
The
well
which once lined the hole must then have been torn out by lime-burners or plunderers.
N.3094.
This was
a small
cm
of south.
A
N. 3003.
east
of south.
The
ca.
lining
was found
partially
destroyed (see
PI. 61^),
The
east wall
was
50
cm
The
left:
line
by two Umestone
perhaps of stone
side,
The skeleton was contracted an the With the burial were the following:
I.
2.
Jars
2
v.
H.
35
cm.
J33
j^
^^^^
No.
3.
1:5.
mud
to half
its
height.
H.
\6.
7.
Pottery and
mud box
ca. 75 PI. 57*^,
burials.
the level of the base of the
"
N. 3018.
cm below
and
3017.
68^.
Axis 40
east
of north,
parallel
to
or immediately next to
it
78
x 53 x H. 35
slightly thickened.
The
east).
thiclcness
cm.
The
material
The
skeleton,
young
adult female,
side
head north-east
a small
(local
i)^
About
the neck
were beads
pot (no.
(nos.
2, 3).
Small
jar
with shoulder, of smooth pink ware, with rounded bottom, type xiv=.
H. 16 cm.
2.
3.
Jars
PI. 74*.
4.
Beads,
below: limestone or
shell beads,
shell shaped,
pendant, 4 disc
more or
discs,
less
barrel-shaped beads;
unpolished carnelian,
N. 3061.
on
Axis
4(5 east
of south.
See PL
and
fig.
1(^3.
The
elliptical,
^
It
IX. Burials.
The
pottery
lid
in the box.
cavities
made
in the clay
of the upper
i6}^.
The
rim
fit
The
female.
on the
Under
young
the
adult
body were
About
the neck
z);
and
in the coffin
I.
were two
3).
Alabaster bulging
dummy,
PI. yz^, a
see type S
iii.
H.
left
10.
z.
Beads from
camelian,
a necklace, a
or from
bracelet
on the
arm,
shell,
PI. 73"=:
3
number of
(?)
barrel shaped
i
disc
163.
^'"''
n. 3061.
beads j
syenite
pebble pendant}
copper
'^'
and
3.
Alabaster cylindrical
with cord.
Diam.
10.
of alabaster cylindrical
jar
with cord.
Diam.
11.
''.
Diam.
(J
2i|
H. p^ cm.
6. Plate
Diam.
27
h.
cm.
lf.M9L
small
mud box
a level
" ^
3093 as
now preserved. Axis 38 north of east. See PI. (58 and fig. 154. The box which was ca. 65X30XH. 15, had rounded ends but parallel sides. The walls were about 2 cm thick. The skeleton, a child, was contracted on the left side head to the northeast (local east) face
strings
f^F^S^
,64.
'''*"'
ffj^
n. 3091.
'
towards
i).
3093.
About
two
distinct
^'
of beads Cno.
in
Just outside
was
pot
(no.
3),
removing the
1.
of which
Beads:
string
two camelian
jar
disc beads;
and one
Diam.
Alabaster cylindrical
without cord,
PI. 73 .
h. 7i
ca.
cm.
19^: h. ca. zy^ cm.
3.
Bulging
jar
PI. 74*.
Diam.
4.
M.
half decayed
wooden
at
Found
MM.
An
oval
on
a level 104
cm
above
Axis 6}
east
of south.
thick.
The
left
walls
were
cm
child
side
head south.
8.
Burials in holes.
few bones of
east,
H. MS5.
An
side
see PI.
The bones
rested
on
IX. Burials.
g7
At the
knees,
alabaster
On
2.
Alabaster
with handles,
PI. 72''.
PI. 72
^
a separate piece
Alabaster
and was
left
off in the
Beads
number of
form thick
discs.
N.3019.
Adjoining
3018
on
on
The
skeleton lay
on the
left side
head west.
No
is
trace
of wooden
coffin
were
wooden
I
coffins
This
burial
contracted
burial
on
left
side
head south,
ca.
22 east,
^'
<.
In these photographs, the upper stratum found cut to pieces by lime burners had
level
is
probably 60
a
100 cm
Between
3021
and
3001,
we found
group of stone
PL
75
<*,
in
the
loose gravel
surface.
It is
Alabaster
jar
x, PI. 73 s
2.
3.
Alabaster
jar
iv,
PI. 73*.
4.
Fragments of alabaster
with shoulder,
PI. 73^.
IX.
BURIALS.
all
Prisir-
T^HE
X
burials in
three burials
were preserved
(1532,
1513
were badly
decayed.
The
all
plimdered.
Consequently
more shallow
mud
and pottery
coffins.
And
it
is
placed in
would be
In cemetery
number of
intact graves
more abundant.
mud, pottery or
But even here no skeleton was found well enough preserved to permit
removal.
The
following
are
summary
gives
a
all
the
burials
found.
The
burials
in
wooden boxes
marked with
left side.
star *.
like the
coffins,
in the coffin.
&8
IX. Burials.
On
Head south
1513 a 1513
On
east
Head north
1531?
Head
3012
Head west
1525
Head
1535
3022
1*
(disturbed).
3023*
3025
i6}6*
KJ35*
3013 (?)
1525 II*
>53i
3018*
1602*
1664
j$6i
1592
3026
3051
3014*
3053*
5 cases.
3091*
1645*
1645
3019
cases.
3052
1585*
3054
3055
cases.
3002
3003
30^1*
3071
3013 (?)
3015
3021
22 cases.
Burw^j
it is
perfectly clear
(i)
that burial in
a contracted
^ it/^ji^ position
htttJsntk.
on the
left side
was customary,
(2)
was
fi^
we
disregard the
box
burials.
The
position of the hands and the feet was not uniform either in these burials or in those of the
It
may be
3'"<*
said
however
that
In the
4'*'
between the
Ompariten
fotitio^
legs or
around them.
a
This conclusion corresponds entirely with the loiown predynastic custom of burying in
left side
L^'
royal burials at the same place, with the second dynasty burials at el
Amrah
at
table,
fifth
left
dynasty burials
Dyn.
I
Cem.
.
On
side
On
left
side
On
side east
On
left
side
On
right side
On
right side
On Back
north
5
Head
Head west
Head south
I
Head west
1500-3000
23
4 4-(J
N.
3500
6
7
134
N. 500 N. 700
Gizeh
burials in
61
5
as a rule,
12
The down on
even
later
often relaxed.
left side
as early as
burials are
extended on the
7"'
on the
The
earliest
a
we
3501 (?)
dated by
large
(on side or back) became customary but the poorest burials were
left
side,
IX. Burials.
g^
older
To
state
it
in
another form,
the
in
poor
period
right
probably for reasons of economy. But these poor contracted burials of the
tightly
later
contracted
as
for
the
femurs were
at
up near the
pelvis,
e.
approximating as nearly as
Very
and
lay
little
}oizffmappings
3014, there
in places.
The
skeleton in }o6i
on
woven
linen).
The
in 3025
had thicknesses of cloth over and under them but were not wrapped.
In
1532
and
1513,
there was
some dark organic matter under the bones but whether from mat,
But
this
cloth or
wood
the
wood might
soil just as
comparison of the
6^
dynasty
cemeteries of this
The
5'^
dynasty tombs of
all
trace
of
tissue,
wood
while the d'^ dynasty tombs of cem. 100 being in high dry limestone con-
one
The traces
were
loosely
folded in several thickness of shawl- like cloth after the manner of the
dynasty
contracted burials.
burials
The
were
It
The
4'^
5"'
dynasty extended
on the
side
up
Wood, mud,
Co/pts.
Wood:
Pottery:
1538,
The
joints
were overlapping or
bevelled.
3018,
(3
1640,
1585;
30(^1.
The
coffins
in 1640
and
1585,
probably
tainly
later graves
I
of the
1,
Mud:
Basket:
1635, 1525
153(5
1(535.
ido2,
1(54.5,
3091.
These
are all
302(5,
of
the rectangular
form though
N.
3051
were oval
in
form.
Mud
Mat: \6^6a.
Evidence
as to
wooden
portable coffins.
It is
therefore
on the
'
Chapter on Burials.
'
of moisture th<m
massive
'
The beginning
is
to
be found of course
in
the tombs
generally customary.
'^
90
This whole material in certainly
X. Pottery.
small.
But
all
there
is,
shows
simple continuance of
f^J
^^
The
replacement of
wooden
grave-casings and
mat or
skin outer
'"^^
is
a perfectly natural
on advances
in technical skill
the
arts
The
first
rendered mats and skins superfluous by providing that dirt-free space towards which there was
a
gave greater
for working
wood
There
is
not
bit
3
of evidence
4"^ dynasty,
Furthermore the
present only
burials
of the
be
shown
in the later
volumes of
this series,
a perfectly natural
continuance
of the
burial position
and customs of
a
this period.
fast rule
The
;
earlier orientation
hard and
is
Whatever
technical
else there
skill.
was of change
sufficient explanation
in the
advances in native
X.
POTTERY.
1500
Kindt
n^HE
X
I
two
cemeteries,
is
and 3000,
qualities
is
all
hand made
(i.
e.
hand
*/
clay,
The
material
of three
varies greatlv
with the
a.
Mud,
or
(field earth)
only
slighdy baked.
less in
all
This material
is
dynasties.
b.
mud
milar).
When
soft baked,
this
appears as a
a
baked, as a
It
is
depth of
(i)
mm
3
and black
are
inside.
usually
haematite wash,
iii,
Certain forms
hand
in turning:
types
A
"=,
few
xxii.
xi,
xii, xxi*',
iii,
It
is,
the red polished pottery, black polished pottery and the rough faced pottery and in the succeeding periods later than
c.
2"''
light
iafl.
The ware
The
surface
is
The
cases
surface
sometimes painted
This ware
is
in
no
case so
is,
good
as
handled,
3(5,
38,
40) but
nevertheless, in
many
distinct imitation
of the
X, Pottery.
n
In the later periods especially firom
i,
xviu.
dynasty onwards,
Ballas
this material is
down
to the
Keneh and
Types
Type
1
of pottery.^
= 2 = =
1
1532, 33
(potmark
a).^
1
n{b); 1505,
{e), 2 (/j.
The
;
The
lines
For pot-
mark
tombs
e,
cf.
PI.
W,
Y, T, X, U, Q)_and R. T.
with inscription.
tical
This
is
well-made prac-
jar suitable
See Petrie, R. T.
In form
larger
its
it
PI. 39,
165.
Type
I,
10.
12;
Abydos
I,
PI.
35
41.
has
no
may be
of
a modification
of one of the
beer
jar
wavy handled
it
jars
W.
31, 33);
or,
on the
basis
its
function
as a
and
material,
36^)
There
at
are
two examples of
in alabaster,
one with
Abydos, // Origines
823.
roofed tombs.
At Abydos,
long cylindrical
at
jar
Mahasna
in
is
still
further degeneration
on the shoulder
found by us
at
Gizeh.
j
1512, 23.
soft
dull pebble-polish.
Experiments
jars
modern
/,
polished
jars
of Mexico,
as
cooling liquids.
this jar has
jar
See Petrie R. T.
In form,
no
of similar proportions.
types.
number
In our tombs,
it
occurs only
166.
wood- roofed
Type
II.
is
the one
shown
in the figure.
The numbers
of corbel vaults
are
marked with a
'
star .
in
Type
occurs
92
X. Pottery.
Type nil
2
3
=*
1513,
90
(a
is
on op-
posite side).
= = *i5i4,
jar
is
Smooth,
ware.
red painted,
still
brown
as
This
is
suitable for
grain; but
not so strong
the
predynastic prototype.
See Petrie,
Abydos
/,
Tomb
M 14 on Pi. 39
II,
and
167.
Type
III,
10.
Abydos
44, pd.
in the late predynastic period
(Petrie L46,47,
and
at el-
The form
later
occurs in 4"'
(12"'
5* dynasty tombs
at
found in
I
tombs
to
18''').
Type IV
= 2 = 1529,1;
hard,
1525, 32 and
X; *3oi5,
16;
*i6o$, x.
*i(Ji4,i,2;
*I5I3, 71;
*3oi4j3; *3022,
7.
Smooth
fine-grained
reddish
brown ware,
manifest
late
The
PI. 40,
type
is
L 3(J,
but
still
/,
and possibly
liquids also^
See Petrie, R. T.
Exactly the
^6)
form.
^ ^\^
side
we found
resembUng
this
The
have merged
in the same
by
side
tomb
Type 1
* 1(^30,
i;
*3o53,
10, 18,
*i584,
I
9,
10;
^1572,
9,
x; * 1^14,
15,
2;
3003,1.
;
i<^o2,
4,
s;
^<S}6,
1,
2j
*i(Jii,
*i882
10; *i(Jo5,
17-21
5;
2;
10,
3011,4,8,9; *3oi4,
13,73,77;
*i<^i5j 7;
I 3,s; 3054j
2.
'>
1^7^, ^-i-
= 5 = *i6iz, 6 = *i(Jo5, 1616, 10,60 see type 7 = 8 = *3oi7, 1-19; *3oi3, X; 1525,23,24; 9 = 10 = }o\6, 710; *3oi7, 1
4
i(5o2, 5;
1512.,
'7;
*I5I3> 7,8,
3018,
8.
16;
4;
*i<530, 2.
1512,
(58,
vi); 3018,
3.
12, 13.
*3053,
1581,
3016', 27,31;
19;
*30I2, 1,2,6.
4.
*3022,
Rough
'
(material b) varying
water
jar,
soft
It is
European sugar
called gerra
or
for transporting
cane syrup,
X. Pottery.
93
baked ware.
has
The neck
by
been
smoothed
passing
the
wet
finger
around horizontally.
base
is
The
invariably
marked
as if
by vertical scratches
it
wooden
a
The same
occurs
in
phenomenon
few
examples
of
the
predynastic prototype of
type
IV
found
is
at el-Ahai-
169.
Type V,
10.
wah
and
especially
tall
common
The
grave.
in the
jars
of the
(i,
i8">
dynasty.
See Petrie R. T.
I,
PI. 41,20,21,22,24,25,28.
iv.
best examples
2,
3)
are,
The
6,
8,
9, 10).
in
the same
Even
better
and
on
PL
PI.
51 j
1525,
PI.
54 J
55;
i5o2,
3016,
J
55;
i6o5,
3017,
PI.
-4
170.
PI. 73 J
PL
74).
As
were
with
a
rule
these
jars
found empty or
but nine
filled
mass of
1-4,
dirt indistinguishable
examples,
1601, 4,5,
16^33,
and
3012,1,6,
contained
sort
of
mud
plug in the
bottom
as if
mud
tomb?) had been brought and scooped out with the hand
jar
is
leaving a remnant'
for
type
vi).
some temporary
pot of
is
by
of the round
its
bellied
the 8"*
12"' dynasties, as
use
as a
mud
jar is
carrier
only
secondary
fiinction,
its
traditional
function.
seems to
me
of
this
L
'
30
33*""^
(L
33**
seems to be type v
itself).^
Type v
Dr. Borchardt found the S'h dynasty successor of this jar used for lime - plaster at Abusir, see
In the
-Htiligium,
I,
p.
62.
It
was
far
more
were used
for trans-
In this connection,
it
may
burial,
see
p.
I.
' It
may be
is
said, in passing,
PI. 41)
in
5 '^
dynasty pots
which, so far as
recorded
in
a predynastic burial.
So
also L
y^
dynasty pot.
94
and almost
in
X. Pottery.
This
jar, still
hand-made, con-
3'"'*
fig. 170).'
This persistence of
a pot,
temporary use,
still
tlie
invention of
potter's wheel,
shows
a traditional
made only
1535, 5}
Type VI
= a = = *i58i, X 4 = 1512,58; X. 5 = 6= *
I
i<Jo8, ij 1647,
1530, 67;
*i<J22, 10}
(3
*i58(f,6.
pieces).
still
smaller, 1512,16,19,21,3033,59,6:.
i6i\, 6
1581,
For
see type
vii.
1513,82.
Rough
on the
by
its
like
type
v.
Neck smoothed
base.
type
v.
Otherwise the
its
from type v
See
Petrie,
R. T.
/,
The
N. N.
the
16^22, 10
cavity
small
as
if it
were almost
dummy
jar.
and
1(547,
35 contained each a
1533
mud
vii.
1533, 5
in
grave, especially in
and beside
The The
1500.
prototype
is
3d''
or
38.
however
el
Kab,
Type VII
= 2 =
I
*id22,
5,
6;
1(^21, 6j
1581,
X; *i5i3,
74.
*I(J22, 4,7-
Rough
like
(material
b)
types v and
Neck smoothed
/,
v and
vi.
No
trimming
172.
scratches.
See Petrie, R. T.
cavity
is
VIII,
lo.
The
tical
small
and
it
is
difficult to
use for this jar which might not as well have been performed by types v and
The
pro-
jar is rare,
i62z;
in \6z\).
Its
prototype
bably
perhaps
xii 21).
74, 75.
It
(cf. el-
Kab
74, 7^, 7S
(fig.
ml
brown ware
(material
b)
like
red
painted,
vii.
See
Petrie,
R. T.
I,
31
and
p. 29,
v.
in 6g. 170,
while Dtnderih xvi, 26 has neither connecting links nor similarity with type
At Gizeh these
filling
pots
were
mouths
of
untouched
pits.
in
layen of the
of the 8
of mastabas, in plundered shafts, or even in offering chambers, apparently cast aside like the round bellied offering pots
12*
dynasties.
And
away
jars
for
subsequent
masons
X. Pottery.
PI. 4i, 65107
95
especially 6997.
this
There
is
late
we found
its
at
el-Ahaiwah
similar
enough to
I
type (something
like a
3.
copy of
34"=)
to be
prototype.
Type IX
*i585,
1525, 25.
29.
45
*i5I3j 84i
*i58(^, 4}
*i6o5,x{i)i *i53o,
3015, "
3.
1,
2.
brown
to hard red.
material
c,
The
better examples
seem to be of
terial
b,
N.
3091
was
Type
IX,
I
These
:
See Petrie,
lO.
R.
This
53
(cf.
especially
53^ in
Diospolis Parva,
PI. 19,
53*'
el-Ahaiwah in various
(cf.
sizes j
21,
in
Naqada
25" in Diospolis
Parva
see
xv).
Type
ix is
fine
pink or white
material
of the prototype.
xxxi, 20
(4'''
Medum
vii.
Type
X =
I
= \6o6^
c).
See Petrie,
174-
R.
T.
I,
39.
We
Type X.
to trace
in our
dynasty cemeteries.
Type XI
XII
= 1647, = *is62,
150I,
2.
2.
b ==
C
*3oi7, X.
3-
1(535, 'j
I.
*i58<^j
x; *3oi2,
14.
1.
and *i585,
and
3018,
x.
^'
175-
I.
Type
XI XIV,
10.
Types
xm"'
>
XI
and
xii^~''=
are
of
dull -polished,
fine
c);
are
of
dull red-polished
c).
brown ware
same,
(material b) ; xiv
/,
are
of hard
and
98,99:
fine
pink or drab
ware (material
cf.
For type
xi,
c Petrie, R. T.
55:
for
xiii'',
type
xii^-'',
R.
'
for xiii^, c
xli,
cf same
57:
a prototjrpe
Naqada
be
itself
96
for xiv, cf. satne, 6i: for xiv*", cf. same,
33,
X. Pottery.
same,
57.
These
direcdy to
$2
54
S u
as
(Petrie)
and
it
also
P 44
46.
stone vessels,
cf.
Xj
and
xiv
occur in small
tombs probably
forms.
similar
the
corresponding stone
Similar forms
were found
in the
3"^^
700
and
Type
XV =
XVI a
*3oi3,
12.
= *3oi7, X. b = XVII =
*i5<J2,
J.
*I5(S'2, 4.
XV
Wl
'7^-
Type XV
Petrie, /?. T.
I,
is
of brown ware,
42,49.
stained
black
xvii
all
apparently
are
fine
accidentally,
see
PL
Types
50.
xvi"-''
and
c),
see
R.
XV,
T.
/,
and
cf.
91
92
for XVI,
cf.
61
6}-,
for xvii,
cf.
6$ and
42.
=
a
1602,
^==?
XX
1521, 1.
b ==
n
*3 "3031,
-3013,
10.
5.
1
XX =
xix are
poor
sort).
is
XVIII
XIX Q
XLX-t
Type
types:
xix** is
dull black
polish.
124.
Type xx
of
177.
Petrie,
R.
xvm
at
is
practically
T. 43,
5i
{Nagada,
a
PI. 32)5
a
xix
W90;
xix'' is
W7i''j xx
all
is
like a piece
found
with
bottom of
separate piece.
These types
seem to cease
this period.
Type XXI
a 3
= 2= I532,3,32,S'j
i
1532, 50.
I<J2I,4}
*i5i5,.6.
i532 s8.
1533, 7i I512, 46.
1532, 6;
*i5i3,
.2.
35
*I5I447,49.
*i5i3 87.
i533> 4.
I.
3011,
50;
*3023, X.
X
178.
2
^y
I
:
8-
Type XXI,
lo.
2.
Types
xxi""
<=-
xxxvii, 1,2,5,6).
xxi='4
is
The
c- forms
rim.
X. Pottery.
97
(1532,58; 3011,
i
These
were found
jars
[human?];
1514,47,49).
3017,50);
jars
of
this
type
(1532,58;
fire
Ashes
and beside
and
(J3;
1533, 7
and
1513, 87
were
10
(?).
stained.
The
Type
predynastic prototype
42,
9, 9'';
and P
The
type
is
not found in
It is
1571,
PI.
49 , type S xiv.
XXII =
1532,
n.
This type
is
practiis
There
no
very
form occurs
in
polished
as a large
brown
ware.
'79-
Type XXn.
80.
Type XXin.
This
is
practically the
same
form of xxiv
it
Otherwise
has
no prototype.
i<^34,
Type XXIV
*i6i2,i.
1532,
1525,
16;
(no
pol.);
(no
pol.).
2
XXIVb
b
b
= 16^6,1; 1522,2 (dep.); 1601, 2 = 1525, X; 1647, * = 5,8,9; 3001, 3022, ;\_
1
1611, s;
}oi6, 22;
* 3053,
(circular dep.,
no
pol.).
21,
I.
1532,
*3023,
(no
ai 3oi5>
5.
/'\
y
.
'
pol.);
V/'\
k
I
:
!>~^^
XXIV c
c
^ c
= 2 = _
1
1532, 20.
1532, 56.
,<- ,,. 1512, 54,
k
*, 3"?
, 5-
'V /
I8l.
/
10.
'i
a
1
J
2,
Type XXIV,
Red
inside
or
brown ware
are
polished
all
over).
the
polishing
vertical
(i.e. radiating
from bottom)
inside,
dynastic bowls, or both vertical and horizontal (thus producing an unbroken polish, see
horizontal
on another,
see PI.
on
on the
inside
of rim
also.
PI.
The b- forms usually have horizontal hnes (i. e. around the bowl) inside 54'2'. The c- forms usually have vertical hnes Hke the a forms, see PI. 53'4.
predynastic prototype of this type
is
The
bowls.
direct
12
19
(P
23
28).
types XXV and xxvi, are the bowls which seem to have given rise to the forms of the stone
in the
6*^
tombs of the
third dynasty in
cem. 500
700.
is
dynasty.
Type
XXV =
in
16^02,2;
1617,
x; 301^,33; 3011,2.
like xxiv.
This
particulars a
ware
In fact
it
is
merely
a variety
182.
the predynastic
Type xxv.
forms
12 '"'"<=
(P
25).
This form
I.
also
is
98
Ty-pe
X. Pottery.
XXVI
= *}o6i,
all
1532, 395
i5ii> 'J
= ^^
41
i5i3 91.
These
are
height from 4 to 6
cm and
were:
in diam.
1532,10, 3949,
(3
M.
as. 45.
examples, one
stack
^^^
no
pol.); *i57i,
16, 17.
*tsi5,
9,
^^p^ xx^i^
of 6 pans) i
*i58(J, 7;
*i<S3o>Sj
3001,9,10;
3011,6,7,13;
*303i, 3; 305^?
6,
11;
This ware
is
red painted,
The
lines
run across the fece from side to side and around the outer side of the rim.
This
plate has
no
direct prototype,
It is as
earliest
of cem. 500
700.
of
common
i^'
most
to
found
in stacks
pans.
The form
Type XXVII.
Rough
ware (material
red painted.
f
'^t-
ware
'^^^^
^^v"-
Two
= 1512,47;
made
'^s-
1533, 6.
The
offering tables
The
down
to the
New
Empire.
Type xxviii.
Type XXIX.
2
Slightly
baked
*i5i5, X.
mud
ware
= 1616,
i,
1525,
x;
= 1628,
2;
See Petrie, R. T.
PI. 43,
mode
of manufacture by laying
lump
of
mud
in a hole in the
it
ground
^^^
^C^
and trimming
forms
with
by hand.
The
Pred^n^^
^^^
^V-^j
^^
,^,,.,f.
12
^^j;;7
^^^
flat
bottoms were
fc
believe that
h-ll
1
:
ti
Type XXIX,
10.
for
baking
bread
/^ - bread )^
"predynastic" were
found
at
El-Ahaywah
3
in
numbers:
the
forms
at
of
(dynasties)
were found 6
at
Gizeh Wady;
and
is
ed-Der; 6 (dynasty),
18
(dynasties)
were found
at
Naga-
11
(dynasties)
It
12
(dynasty)
were
found
Naga-ed-Der;
of /^-bread)
purpose
after
(as a carrier
would continue
*
to be found as
the invention
44 and on the
fig.
of the wheel.
of
CC
the form of the /^-bread above the offering tables on the seal cylinders,
PI. 43,
4*11
dynasty stelae
Wep-
em
is
shaped
like 3
in
186.
XI.
Stone Vessels.
99
The forms of
fingers
i8"
were
still
hand-made
thumb or
a finger
XL
STONE VESSELS.
of the
first
ONE
The
of the most
strildng characteristics
is
the abundance
AOudanct
and variety of the stone vessels found in the tombs, especially in the stairway
following table gives
a
tombs.""'^"^"^""'
in the less
comparison of the numbers and forms of stone and pottery vessels disturbed tombs of both cemeteries.
type,
it
"""''
may be remembered that A means wood-roof, B means corbel-roof; Abbmia"'"''' I means chamber entered from above, 2 means chamber with entrance on side or end; a means single chamber, b means more than one chamber. Under kinds of stone,
Under tomb
a.
s.
=
=
=
alabaster
slate
m.
bl.
V.
b.
1.
volcanic ash
brecchia
= limestone
The upper
Tomb
N.
1532
part of the table gives the large tombs; the lower part, the small tombs.
Type
Preservation
Number
Vessels
Number Forms
2
12
Kinds of Stone
a. 1
A
A
lb
Anciently
4 stone vesseR
71
forms
V. 2
bl.
1. 1.
plundered
pottery
N.
1512
2b
Anciently
18
stone vessels
forms
a.
s. (5
V.
1.
2.
plundered
40 pottery
7
10
5^
N.
-1,0x6
lb
Undisturbed
20 stone vessels
18
forms
a.
16
S. 3
1. 1.
(small)
pottery
N.
1514
B 2b
Anciently
28 stone vessels
19
8
3
forms
a. II
S. 11
V.
V. b. 2
m.
l.
plundered
pottery
N.
1513
B 2b
Anciently
55
stone vessels
13
forms
a.
41
s.
V. 5
1.
p.
1. 1.
plundered
$6 pottery
33
10
N.
3017
B 2b
Anciendy
plundered
stone vessels
11
forms
a.
20
V. 2
1.
y.
1. 1
1.
29 pottery
18
3
N.
3031
B 2b
Ancient
plundering
stone vessels
9 forms
3
a.
14
S. 1
V.
3.
pottery
by plunderers).
100
Tomb
N.
3013
Type
Preservation
Number
Vessels
Number Forms
4 forms
a.
Kinds of Stone
2
V. 2
B lb
Ancient and
$ stone vessels
black stone
1.
modern
(?)
9 pottery
plundering
Small tombs.
-:-i.t..
-r
N.
1647
la
Undisturbed
5
stone vessels
pottery
forms
N.
1525
A A A
la
Undisturbed?
stone vessel
vessels
form
forms
forms
y.
1. 1.
9 pottery
N. 30U
la
Anciently
4 stone
vessels
a.
1. 1
m.
1.
plundered
8 pottery
4
3
N.
3052
la
Anciently
4 stone
vessels
forms
a. 3
s. 1.
plundered
6 pottery
1
2
1
N.
3023
B 2a
Anciently
stone vessel
form
forms forms
plundered
8 pottery vessels
2
N.
3012
2a
Intact
stone vessels
2 2
a.
s.
1.
4 pottery
N.
3053
B 2a
Anciently
7 stone vessels 7
5
4 forms
3
a, <J
s.
1.
plundered
pottery
a.
N.
3015
B 2a
Undisturbed?
stone vessels
4 forms
V.
1.
9 pottery
4
3
N.
3022
2a
Intact
stone vessels
forms
a.
1. 1.
7 pottery
N.
3014
B 2a
Intact
3
stone vessels
pottery
forms
forms
M
a. 3
:
N.
3001
Anciently
5 stone vessels
5
3
1.
2.
plundered
6 pottery
KimJj tf
It
is
unsafe to
vessels
in
small
tombs because
contents
are
naturally
limited
of the
relatives.
It is also
certainly significant.
noteworthy
of
from N.
1513
on;
and
it
may be mentioned
in this
alabaster,
lOJ
The
to have
outside.
cleft
dummy
forms of type S
i*
and
iii",
appear
Atuhod
being more or
less perfectly
formed on the
a
factun
have been the usual blunt oblong stone held in the fork of
to have
been turned by
nets,
while the
was held
all
other hand.^
Different sized
except type S
The
dummy
in
all
After being bored the vessels were finished off by rubbing with
cases and in
many
cases inside
as
well.
The
ment
down through
3031,4).
the bottom of
bowl and
a false
bottom
fixed in with
cement
(1512,635 1514,13;
Types of Stone
Type
I a
Vessels.
= x3 2 = 62; 1572, (basalt), 160$, = X; 160$, a (hard black stone) 3 4 = 'A a 5 = z 6 = X. 40 1585, X = a 7 16; 1882, a 8 = a 9 = 15; 3023, = 10 a = 3001, a = 3oid, a = 3oid, a (volcanic ash). ai4 = 3031, = 3031, a ai(J = = 3015, a = 3016, lb b 2 = 3015, = b b 4 = b 5 = ^osz, h 6=
I
1532,
3 ;
157I)
1513, 66,
i;
II
1571,
24
15137
I512, 66
1513, 39.
1513,
l6ii,
1513,
4.
1513, 52.
I5i3>
I.
1513, 59.
8.
II
12
13
2 b.
3-
15
IS-
3011, 10,
17
10.
JOlt-'t
3014-12
I5II-I
i5!l-2
1513-23
\Sa-S5
IS7HJ
4.
187.
Type
la, b,
10.
12.
1581,
I.
1581, 2.
c C
15137 23
9.
= 2 =
I
1513, 55-
==
b 7 ==
1
1571, IS
1572, X.
C 4
1513, 27;
1582,
X;
3015,
I.
See BoRCHARDT A.
Z.
xxxv (1897)
p,
and Green,
rotating
I
1.
c. p.
was formed by
the vessel
sand
in
a hollow made in
hard mud
plausible
treatment is visible
have seen.
102
Type
c 5
c
I5i3 37.
1513. S7.
?^
1571-
'
c 7
1571, X.
=
c 8
c 9
1572, 2.
1523,
1.
I515-54
1513-A3
15t3-U
1515-27
I5IJ-37
1513-57
1572-7
1523-4
CIO
c n C
12
3017, 30
3031, 16.
1571,
>
188.
Type
Ic,
10.
3051,
3.
3051
3012
3012,
4.
5
131
3001,
3053, 3017,
4.
8.
ci6
c
17
ay.
J
r~?
KJ05, 9j 301s,
2.
317-3(l
'^
pT
3017, 21
,.[
3053-J
3417-27
C18
I
3016,
2.
3017-21
36li-2
189.
Type
Ic,
10.
di
1513, 61.
di
d3
=
1513, 60.
3016,
5.
d4 ds
1571, X.
3017, 20.
d6
dy
I e
I
=
3017, 56.
1513-41
1513-tO
'
301fc-5
1571-
3017-20
3017-ii
1525-3
I5i5
3.
190.
Type Id,
10.
30J7> 55.
e 2
3001,
353,
3031, 3031.
3. 9.
2.
63
64 65
e<J
'
3017,29.
=
I7-S
3O0I-J
3053-')
3fl3F2
J031-I
3003-3
f,
3002-'
i?S2-l
l?!!""
3003,
3.
1.
191.
Type
le,
g,
10.
67
I f
1
3002,
1882,
I.
I
1581, X.
= h 2 = 3091,
h
I
1515, 13.
2.
1584, 6 (v.).
7.
h4
= 1584,
UDc^D
192.
Type Ih,
lO.
These
of volcanic
vessels
are
all
of alabaster j but
(a. 3)
1^05,
(a.
2)
is
of black
(h. 3) is
of volcanic
ash, 1605, 24
is
1584, 6
ash.
all
Almost
of them,
after being
The poor
7,
some of them
possibly not with a shaft-borer, with thick walls and are not dressed inside.
It
is
noteworthy that the wood-roofed tombs have only the better a -forms and
are in
all
the
in
poor ^- forms
cem. 3000.
The form
is
essentially a
later
XI.
^th
Stone Vessels.
103
(jth
loo.
The
curving lines on
are incised.
3
The group A
is
group of miniature
a
of which
certainly
a
2 is certainly
from
a child's grave,
child's
grave and
jar is
is
not from
child's grave.
This
connected in
Origiu
fiype
^''
series
without cord have been found, occurring in a few isolated examples in nearly
193
where
5
el
from Naga-ed-Der, 4
(PI. 16, 1,4)
from
Amrah^
and S
i'',
S 4* fi-om
earlier
51*
'93-
540.
late
53,
wavy-handled pottery
55
(Naqadah,
6,
These
late
forms
jar,
fine
white cylindrical
23, 25,
W71 80,
M.
id,
Abydos
is
xl^ in
El-Ahaiwah, A.
and in general
W71
as early as
W55
jars
61
71
Thus
80
seem
to be copied
from the
and then
descended
194.
55
6z
which were on
1:12.
pots.
known examples of
In
there
all
stone cylindrical
jars
with cord.
cemeteries
the
recorded predynastic
are
jars
stone cyhndrical
Naqadah
1=
(with
late
195.
6.
middle predynastic;
Naqadah
Si% possibly
slightly
pre-Menic; Naqadah,
'R
100,
Naqada
1401
our cemeteries,
it
is
Wyi
and came
of Menes.
W55 53
The
Dmeiope-
195,
Abydos and
first
X/"V/
'" *?'
stone copies of W55-53 are rare and have not been found after the
dynasty.
The
stone copies
Petrie's
Abydos Cemeteries
Fig. 6i^
liii.
<>/'.
royal
Abydos, see // R.
They become
is still
12
El
Amrah
p.
19 tomb a 16 jar
S 4S
late
middle predynastic;
19 tomb a 95 jar
104
Stairway tombs j el-Kab p.
xxvii stairway tombs.
early fourth
jar is
Lmttr
Mahasna
stelae
xiii,
xxii,
At Gizeh we have found several dynasty but without cord; see also Medum,
oil.
In the
dynasty, there
is a
^^si.^^ Abydos
and forming
sixth dynasty.
The
Pepy
jars is
As
Pyramids PL
14.
down
by turning
it,
making
a cylindrical
hole and
off
and
the bottom
smoothed by hand.
cylindrical jars
and
easier to
The
used
as
carriers
of
oils
12'''
dynasty cemetery.
Those forms
which have no
known examples
the
museums.
In the
18'^,
dation deposits; and the function must have been taken over by
possibly
in the
vessel,
by the
iS"*,
alabaster
cup with
foot.
The occurrence of
jars
is
inscribed in the
in part copied
no doubt due to
tradition.
These
18*
jars
were
143.
Thus
we
have traced
new
empire.
3.
Type
II
Ill a
I
= =
1513, 35-
Type
III
8
J
1535,2.
jy
1529,
3.
= 3024, _ ^j^^^ =
xo\6.
^^ pieces).
15^3, 2j
A7
II.
15I3> S3.
2 == 1572, X.
1562,
I.
30<Jl, i;
I
3.
3oi(J, 2.
2
;
1533,
I.
1513? 23.
1513, 56.
3oi(J, 6.
i57i 25.
s.
1513, 28.
1513, s8.
I'17.
Garstanc's
basis.
effort in
p. 41
to date the
etc.
to
has abso-
lutely
no
The
pottery,
the position
of the
burial,
show
at a
tombs
105
Type VII
= 5 = 30175 7 =
5
I
1514, 27.
38.
1571, 26
7.
(two
pieces).
Type
VIII
== 3013,
14.
8;
9.
7.
1628,3.
1513, 43.
I.
These forms
varying quality.
especially the
(of.
are
of alabaster of
more
made
alaII,
O .o
Jiij^L
I5I3-5S
J03I-II
3MI-I7
l5l^--27,
liQ-n
3013-7
iat-ih
,0? ^^
inn-i
96.
'
3022-<l
l!?2-7
JI50-1
Types II X,
10.
of coarse opaque
baster.
Some of the
better forms,
IIIb2,
VI
i,
and
have
a dull polish;
smoothed
inside, to
surface nearly
a
to
the
outside
?)
and
rough.
Apparently
pieces
in the
(i.
same way.
a
The
smaller jars
finished
e.
with
small stone
The
first
it
made by hand
is
the
where
assumed, hole
was
197.
bored with
'
and hole
3,
cavity
4 and hole
'
4, alternately
Type
vi =3oi(5,
dynasty,
II
VII, IX.
Of
all
vii, ix
ui b
= 1^07,
i ;
nibs
= 3016^,2;
B and
b 4
=
at
1533,
1 ;
IV2
= 1525,1:
first
At el-Amrah
bi4o, bss,
all
which may be
late
first
or early second
(early
li^
b33,
of type m.
jars
In Petrie's cem.
Abydos
dynasty)
only
three
similar
278, 283.
The
bottle-shaped
jars,
6^27, 66'],
exactly the
types
In the
number of
329, 330,
examples
333>
occui*, see
334*
We
form
17,
as
type
xi.
H 25 45
Abydos
b
55.
and
see type
is
The
list
above shows
(/
ix 5
12).
See el-Amrah vu
also
(tomb
54),
(tomb
in
and tombs b
33,
b
I.
145,
b 140,
They occur
in
the
stone
roofed graves
106
at el
Kab
(p.
6 no.
191
and no. 88 j
587)
PI.
xxvii
loi, 1^6,
166,
170, 178).
They
period,
are
found
in the
stairway tombs at
xi 17
Naga-ed-Dcr (N.
p. 16 to
and other
sites
of the same
see
R
i).
Naqada
25
as
(stated
on
description of tombs),
Mahasna
Reqaqnah
vii, ix 23,
xi 34
R 40
made
and
of Kha(?)-sekhem(?)*
xii.
35 (from
i,
type
11.
Type
IV is the
same in form
all
pottery type
practically in
Type
earlier
vxu
is
almost
characteristic
It
at
Abydos
N. 4900,
55,
{11 R. T.ix).
In our cemeteries
is
4573,
N.
b
573 (stairway),
12,
b 70J
el
See el
Amrah
142,
PI. 10 13,165
Naqada
is
mentioned in the
In the later
Q^75, all stairway tombs)} Reqaqnah vii from R 40 stairway tombs at Mahasna no example of this type was found.^
viii
There
are a
in pottery,
N.
xvi
4175.
Type X
a similar
in cem. 3500.
Naqada
165
presents
the text
e.
material).
This
type
is
no doubt
copy of the
which has
Naqada B
show
4(Jc,
37,
The
VI
from I Abydos
and
and I R.
T. xlii,
The
fifth
of the
198.
U
1
:
IRTx'un
WV1I
in that period.
Type
n
XI
XII
XIII
= 3025, = 3013, =
(alabaster).
15
(black stone).
1571, 23
(volcanic ash, in
two
^
199-
the edges of the upper and lower halves, after they had been
fitted
as
Types xixra,
Of
these three
jars,
and
is
are
cosmetic
Type
xii
decorated with
cord pattern, cf // R. T. vi
viii 4255.
27
(Dr).
6
Type
Naqada,
(tomb
16)
Type XIV
ff
XV
,
= =
1571, 27
1571, 26
Mace
fi^
and the
*
identification
lists.
Mahasna xxvir
vm.
J07
Type
XV
= 1513,32 = 3017, 4 = X =
2
3
I513,
is
type XXIC4).
41
alabaster).
1513, 30
(white limestone).
(vole. ash).
m\nr^)(y'hw^f\^^
200.
m^
Types XIV-XVI,
10.
XIV
rare
and was probably copied from the more numerous pottery vases of the
The
known
first
to
me
is
The
Type XV
see
also
is
some
beginning of recurvature.
But neither pottery nor stone forms are recorded previous to the
dynasty.
vii 26,
The
in
earliest
and
91
at
Amrah, see
el
Amrah
36
xvi.
Dr
(Zer) and
Dt
(Zet), see 11
R.
7".
vs, xxxiv86,
91,
xxxviii
and / R.
T.
xxxvi
6.
common
N. 500
(see el
Kab,
stair-
44,
40, stairway;
vii
Mahasna,
xxiv,
tombs
el
Amrah,
10;
it
Naqada, B
is
172;
p. ^,
No.
1(5(5,
and
PI. 27);
side,
the prototype
recurved rims which are almost characteristic of the third and fourth dynasties and were copied
in the characteristic pottery forms of that period.
all
The
small
Type
XVI
is
No
at
Naga-ed-Der previous
Type XVII
a 3
a a
= 2 = = 4 =
i
1512, 15
XVII
39 =
a 10
II
1513, 65 1513, 34
(a.). (a.)-
1514,
(v.);
(v.),
(a.).
1513, 26
(si.,
ring).
1514, 18
1513, 21
=
=
=
1512, 40 1571, II
(a.).
37 =
a
(v.).
(3.);
XVII b
b b
b
b b
b b
'
= = 2 = = 4 = 5 = 5= 7 = 8 =
8
I
1514, 9
1532, 2
1512, 42
3017, 23
(3.).
(1st. bl.
with w.
(a.)
veins).
(v.);
1514, IS
1571,
3031, 4 (a.)
(a.).
1514, 20 (v.),
1515,
1
(3.).
(v.).
12
13
1512, 41
(w.
(a.).
1st.).
1514, 6 1514, 2
22
(v.).
(a).
15
1514, 21
1513, 47
(v.).
(v.).
(si.)(si.)-
11
12
13
(v.);
1571,
38 (v.,
1532, 4
1512, 26
(v.).
(1st.)
dep.), 1514, 26
(a.),
14
1571, 6
(a);
1571,
SI
(a.,
1514, 8
(v.).
very
no relation
to this type.
thin).
108
Type XVII
15
i57i>
(v.)}
(a.)}
(a.).
1514, 19
(a.);
1514, 22
(m. veined).
1514, js
151+ 6
(a.)}
1513, 46 (v.)
17
iSih
SI
23
1515.
1513, 44
(a.)j
1572, 8 (v.).
I5i3>
bi8
b
19
3031, 18
(a.).
b24
b
(v.)i
(v.,
ring);
3017, 34 (v.).
1571,
3011, 12
(m.).
(a.).
b2o
31
(s.)i
i57h
IS
(s.)i
25
3oi(J, 6
1571, a
(s.)j
3015,
(s.).
b 26
3017, 37
1523.
(a.,
thin).
br.).
bzi
hii
(T Q
1514,23
(v.).
a.).
XVII
(r.
and w.
3015, 7 (calc.
c 2
1882, 8 (a.)
z^^^=?^;^:<'^^^v^
^2^
I^N
^fwii
201.
Type XVII,
lO.
These have
all
left a
and
out.
The
a
circular depression
of the
finishing process.
like
the ring
(?)
is
an incised
line
made by
shaft,
the metal-
shod
tips
metal tube.
In some cases,
a false
been bored
straight
1514,13; 3031,4)
and
bottom
set in afterwards.
The
and
a 9,
with
away
sides,
by the straightness of
in section
and type
c is
merely
a
slight swelling
numbers have
Type
is
the
the higher
cem. 3500,
500700
(i.
e.
3'"<*
109
The bowls
.
type xvii
a,
believe, characteristic
of the
dynasties, .^
a
We
Nor
is
bowl
Kab
*""'
predynastic
awrf/ro/*-
With
Nagada, Diospolis,
Amrah,
el
^""wi"
None
are recorded
(Zet).
T.
Liii.
The
xiii.
These bowls probably performed the function of the predynastic broad pottery bowls.
Type XVIII
==
1512, 12
(s.)j
1514, 4 (s.)
1535,
1
i57i> 4
1512,
(s.)j
1513, 20 (s.);
i5o5, 14
(s.)j
3031, 31
1513,
(a.).
(s.),
1571, 2
(s.)j
(PI.
47
left
of
21)
(a.)
1571,
(s.).
1512,
(s.),
56 (s.);
1572,
(v.),
17 (v.),
(v.);
3053,
(s.).
(1.
a.).
1513, i8
(s.);
3017, 64
(a.
thin)} 3052,
(s.
thin).
15157 2
(v.).
i57i>
X
I
(a.)j
(S.);
3017, 24
(a).
(S.)j
1514,
1513, 12 (s.),
13 (S.),
X(S.); 3051,4
(a.).
(S.).
11
1512, 13 (s.),
14 (s.),
34 (s.);
(s.).
13
29 (a.);
3071, 4
(a.).
203.
Type XIX,
10.
202.
Type
XVIII,
10.
Type XIX
= 3017,
//
22
(red
Cf. // Origines
I Abydos, PL
44,
tomb M.
17;
Pi. 47,
tomb M.
19;
R.
T.
PL 47
(v.). (v.).
A.,
Type
XX
a a
XX XX
b
c
C c
= 2 = = = 2 = =
I
1513, 38
3031, 8 3013,
2.
(J
1513, 41
(white
(v.).
L).
XX
d
d
I581,
1513, s
(v.).
(v.).
1514, 7
1571,
(a.).
(a.).
1513, 29
7
L).
(I.)-
62
(a).
no
Type
XX
d 4
d d
d
<J
as
10
(a).
(a.
thin).
a\^,
J^_A3,J|\_74
I513, S4
3
(v.).
^\^^j\^
(soft fine-grained
black stone).
G-).
(a.). (a.). (a.).
(a.).
(I-)-
13
13
1513,
'
204.
(I.),
Type XX,
lO.
15
(a.).
The
without
earliest
forms of stone bowls, those occuring in the predynastic period, are small
xxiii
and xxiv.
These bowls
become
xlv
larger
j
^24
and // R.
T.
mi
and continue
made
pottery.
The
Mahasna
xiv 2123,
are traceable to pre-
These stone forms resemble the pottery forms type xxiva c, which
dynastic types, and both stone and pottery forms were probably used for the same purpose.
Type XXI
= 2 = = i5o5,
i
1513, 22
(v.).
(a.).
(s.).
1513, 42
V
*=<
y.5.5
22
Type
XXI
is
the same as xx
except that
it is
oval in form.
11-24.
Type XXII a
/
^
^t
(s.)
3"<i=
22"
i
3017,41 (y.
1.)
2
3
= 3oid, = 24
1571,
205.
Type XXI,
lO.
14
(v.).
YB-IZ
|w||p[ ?wy^^\jr^
206.
o
i
:
xlvii
M. 24
e).
Type xxii,
10.
They
oil,
are
bowls with
open
xxii, xxiii.
Type XXIII
= x i = ^^S^^'
i
1571,
(v.).
(a.).
Type
Type
Type
XXm3 = 1513,9 4 = 3053, 5 = 3017, 6 = 3052, X 34 with white spots) 7 = 8 = X (PI. 47a under 32) XXIV = n 2 = 1882, 5 = H = i5H> 6 = 3017, 60 4 = 7 = I5i33' XXV = 20 2 = I514, 7 = 1572, X = i5i4> 8 = 1572, X 4 = i57i5 X so 9 = X (PL 47^ beside 9) 10 = 3017, 5 = 3031, 6=
(1.).
(a.)
35
7
(a.).
(a.).
1571J
(bl.
1.
1513,
(a.).
207.
Type
XXm,
lo.
1513,
(a.).
(a.).
1513^
(a.).
'
1515-Jl
17 (a.).
(a.).
(a.).
I5i3> 45
(a.).
'SIJHI
"
208.
'
IIH-3
1514-17
i
:
Type XXIV,
lO.
1512,
(a.).
II
(v.)
26 (a.).
21
(a.). (a.).
12
13
== 3001,
(1.).
12
(s.)-
(s.).
1571,
1513,
(p.l.).
32
(a.).
i(J'o5,
2s
(1.).
II
12 a (v.),
6 (a.). 33
(1.).
54 (v.). 47 (a.).
Numerous examples of
II R. T. 4d
52
and
/.
A. 42
47.
209.
Type XXV,
10.
Type XXVI a
3 a
= 2 = =
i
1514, 10
(s.).
(s.)i
3017, 49,6s
= 3031, 5 = 3017.
(S.).
4'
(a.).
(s.).
(1.).
(1.).
(a.).
(a.).
(s.).
3oi(5,
210.
Type XXVI,
10.
These
plates
a do not occur
in
at
Abydos
in
(see /
Abydos,
PI.
42
47)
the
Abydos
PL
(see
// R. T.,
PL
51 f,
tombs
z).
PL
51,
tombs
PL 49^, tombs
u, q_, y, p;
51^,
tomb
y;
PL
51*^,
tomb
J2
XII.
FLINT IMPLEMENTS.
are roughly chipped.
i>igintrm-
ALL
the
flints
t^ti^g,
l\
probably purely
work; and
all
ceremonial in
The large knives are very usage. The small flints, of unwhat
is
known
in part better
large knives.
may be
form of knife;
in
tjfe
may have served a perfectly practical purpose L N. 1581, 1, PI. 40 , late first dynasty.
N.
1585,3, PI. 40'',
some
traditional
ceremony
Curved
derived from
on both
below,
flint
sides.
Apparently
a
cf.
II
or from
copy
in
This handled
in
form
cf.
certainly
See el-Kab
16
p. 8,
stair-
way tomb
Denderah
(twelfth dyn.);
are recorded:
/ Abydos xiv
xv
where
a series
is
given extending
See also
stela 24.
forms subsequent to
tip.
Wdj-mw
on
in the
tomb of Khasekhemui
are
practically the
same
as these
just noted.
found This
in
fact
Wdj-mw
(Den).
a
especially interesting
for the
spread of forms,
about half
dynasty later than the Abydos tombs in which the same forms were found.
Type
II.
.
N.
1514, 48,
PI.
40 % second dynasty.
tip,
like
The
earliest
Menes tomb,
of 30
1(34
(six
35 others).
See also
stela 27.
This
above
with nearly the same variations in form and for the same length of time
the twelfth dynasty).
e.
certainly through
at
is
Abydos, / Abydos PL \6
19
see
Dendereh PL
32
Kahun
xvi
lllahun vn,
7,
xiu,
6.
This
flints.
III Beni
Hassan
p. 34, 35.
The
/ Abydos
Typ
first
Icnives
:
mentioned above
are:
(cem.
M.
13)
and
28
M.
14),
N. N.
1581,
7 pieces,
PL 40
>,
3551,
one piece, PL
40'',
second dynasty.
at
Small
flint
chips usually
is flat
more pointed
end.
'
One
The
side
or slightly concave.
by Lythgoe
in
These
chips
may be descendants of
all
the tailed
showed
circumcision.
113
scrapers so
common
flakes
33-
in predynastic times;
or they
common
qadah
flint
may have served the same purpose as the see Balfour in El Amrah 44 See Na45.
lxxi,
The
Menes tomb,
/ Abydos xiv
13,
xv
first
two
dynasties.
See also
Kab
p.
PI. 2,2
(third dynasty):
5147.
Medum
xxix,
23
(fourth dynasty.)
We
have also
cemetery
Type
IV.
at
Gizeh (not yet pubUshed). See further Kahun xvi (twelfth dynasty)
12
lllahun vu,6, u.
N.
1581, 9,
pieces, PI.
40 ^,
late first
dynasty.
flint
N.
N.
1538,
1,
PI.
40^,
late first
dynasty, with 5
nodules.
1515, 12,
Pi. 40'',
second dynasty. 40
'',
N'
ISSh
pieces. Pi.
second dynasty.
either
also
Small
flint
chips with
worked ends
These may
rounded or square.
flakes
In
general
the square
later.
be related to the
The
earliest
xv,
shows the
tomb of Dt and
Naga-ed-Der
in the
second dynasty.
ended
flints
2
;
were
also
N. 4370
and
p.
N.
4139,
N.
2939,
N.
4771 (see
PI. 45).
See
Naqadah
1201,22;
p. 5
QJ07
2500.
third dynastyS
and
p. \6
Q^i
1225;
(fourth dynasty?).
1233;
Cheops cemetery, G.
Medum
PL 40
1',
xxix
late
(fourth dynasty).
N.
1529,
second dynasty.
like a
sickle flint.
Three
periods.
sickle flints
were
also
found
(cf.
by Mace
in
N.
5147
;
They occur
in
all
See Hieroglyphs, p. 48
Kahun
ix, 22,
xvi
lllahun
211.
Protodynastic
flints
from other
sites.
in
the text.
IS
JJ4
OMr
XIII.
These
were found
a)
are
all
the forms of
first
but
number of other
several
two
dynasties
were found by
also
Petrie
at
Abydos and
forms
Hierakonpolis which
vi
may
be of
this date
(4:3).
Arrow-heads, II R. T.
(DrJ 515,
Fig. 211,1-3
(2
=
b)
c)
Fig. 211,4
7),
cf.
xxvi, 292-294.
211, 5 (2
:
Pointed forms with double notch at the handle end, I Abydos xiv {Dr) Fig.
7).
d) Scrapers, etc.,
e)
/ Abydos xiv
xv
(Menes-Khasekhemui), Fig.
211,
6,
7 (2
7).
Big knives similar in form to the predynastic broad Imives {Naqadah lxxiv,
the curving knives
86)
and
{Naqadah
lxxiv,
84),
211,
8,
3-5).
XIII.
r
set
^he
number of copper
when we
played
its
hand copper and bronze objects have never been found in great numbers in Egyptian tombs
Vmim #/ until
Like gold ornaments, they were either too valuable to be placed in the
in an unusual degree the attention of plunderers.
basis for the later
This value
on copper
objects
1.
Praciuai
and indeed in
all
other
first
dynasty
"*^
practical often
Xjf L
N.
1513, 1,
(?)
PI. 40*=
below.
Adze
The
camp on the
more
of the so-called
flint
hoes.
are:
flints,
Naqada,
Naqada,
Hierakonpolis
p. 20
1.
tomb tomb
late
c.
PI. 74, 84
p. 22
L
II, p.
50,
88,
6'^,
and
W 7180.
is
33,
x6
two copper
the
chisels
tomb but
Origines
II, p. 251,
first
tomb
835,
Fig. 833,
83^,
at
or second dynasty.
77,
// R. T. xLv,
'
Modeb
of copper implements cut out of thin sheets of copper appear to come into use
in
second dynasty,
(late
UK.
7".
p.
28 (Kha-
sekhemui).
See Rtqaqnah
dynasty);
;
also
tl-Kab XVIII
56 65 (Sneferu-period)
;
Gueh
22 (sixth dynasty)
(sixth dynasty)
Mack
1.
(xviii'h Dyn.);
c.
c
tl.
89
PI.
Thcban Ttmples,
Amrah and
XIII.
J J
Mahasna,
xvi,
3,
from
1,
Mahasna,
el-Kab,
Type
II.
from
third dynasty,
fr)urth dynasty.
from Ka-mena,
right.
N,
1513,2'',
(?),
PI,
Adze
The
late
Diospolis, p, 35,
U 74,
from
probably a
II R.
O
13,
23,
a first
Dr
(Zer) cemetery.
/ Abydos,
from
M
7,
first
dynasty.
Mahasna,
xvi,
s,
6,
10,
n,
19, 25,
29
and
xxiii, 33,
from
and
2,
third dynasty.
64,
Medum,
xxix, u,
down
of Thothmes
in,
Abydos
lxi.
N.
1513,2^, PI,
left.
Axe head
cases
for battle-axe.
Appears to be
later
form than
above
if
the
two Naqada
dynasty
tomb
U
13,
74,
first
/ Abydos, L tomb
I R.T.,
// R.
XV,
16
IVdJ-mzv
= Den),
K
xvii, 26
(6wr-,/
= Mersekha).
// Origines, Fig.
from Abydos.
2; xvi,
21, 22
Mahasna,
el-Kab,
from
Medum,
frontispiece
x, xiii representations in
colored
relief.
The
Type
IV.
later
slight
new kingdom.
3015, 21.
N. N.
1513,3,
PI.
3015,
19.
N.
Copper
chiseF.
are
Naqada,
p. 27
a
67^=),
rough
slate pallette
1233,
Naqada,
p. 27
late
with rough
flint
Icnife
(lxxiv,
81),
rough
Diospolis, p. 16
lance (lxxiii,
and
late
pots (L 40).
tomb
II R.
T.,
VI,
all
18,
25, 26,
from 0.
31;
from cem.
W.
xli, 9093
tomb of Den;
first
dynasty.
numbered below 162 but are not mentioned
p. $.
in
Naqada, lxv,
9, lo,
13, 14, 15
are
description of stairway
(?)
tomb 162 on
11^
//
XIII.
R.
(models) from
18,
dynasty.
Mahastia, xvi,
17,
1331
and
2,
third dynasty.
El-Kab,
xviii, 5658,
The same
Dmtffiki
t^ptr
chisel occurs
new kingdom.
in the late
pre-
dynastic and early dynastic period which complete the evidence that copper implements were
"^^^^^introduced
the
first
full
developement in
two
The recorded
tomb
Naqada,
p. zz
835, a grave
not
middle predynastic,
copper
dagger^ copy of
a flint form.
late
Naqada,
Naqada,
el
p. 23
tomb B
^<),
middle predynastic,
earlier
p. 27
bone form.
807, late predynastic,
tomb
tomb
Amrah, Amrah,
p. 20
flint
131,
late
middle predynastic,
51, 56).
form {Naqada,
lxxii,
el
p. 23
tomb b
230, late
middle predynastic,
a copper dagger.
Small implements.
Diospolis, p. 34
51
cem.
C, a
graves
Amrah,
Naqada,
p. 18
tomb
139
a copper pin, middle predynastic. a copper pin, middle predynastic. a copper pin, middle predynastic.
late
p. 28 p. 29 p. 24 p. 21
p. 18
tomb
tomb tomb
1485,
1821,
3,
Naqada, Naqada,
el el el
copper needles,
6$,
117,
middle predynastic.
tomb tomb b
tomb
a copper a copper
tomb b
p. 21 p. 21
189, a small
implement curved
(?)
one end,
late
middle predynastic.
(?)
218,
copper piercer
double
burial,
plundered, late
middle
(?)
predynastic.
el
el
Amrah, Amrah,
p. 21
tomb b
235,
late
middle predynastic.
p. 23
tomb
2.
104, a pair
objects.
For
list
of copper ornaments found in N. 1500 and N. 3000, see below chapter on beads,
bracelets etc.
The copper
p. 21
from predynastic
sites are
as follows:
El-Amrah,
p. 16 a 58, pieces
Naqada,
Naqada,
tomb
burial
218,
is
copper
a staff?),
one
middle predynastic.
small twisted piece
p. 24
tomb
22,
of copper
like
wooden
middle predynastic.
etc.
|J7
el-Amrah,
p, 18
p. 21
28,
el-Amrah,
el-Amrah,
b b
d2,
210,
p. 21
copper bracelet,
378,
late
middle predynastic.
late
Diospolis, p. 34
tomb B
predynastic.
Naqada,
el-Amrah,
el-Amrah,
p. 27
tomb
1248,
57,
51,
predynastic.
late
Diospolis, p. 32
p. p.
tomb B
predynastic.
late predynastic.
a 67,
small chain,
late predynastic.'
Naqada,
p. 28
tomb
1480,
of copper punctured in
capsule in
N.
1532
3.
Summary.
latter part
we
have
FUnt
with certainty copper daggers, spear heads, harpoons, pins, needles, wire bracelets and rings. ^Jj/S In the late predynastic period, a number of copper implements have come into use, chisels,*^ '"'^^"''
adzes, axes, tweezers, etc.; and flint daggers, loiives
apparently disappeared.
In the
first
full
equip-
ment of copper weapons, implements and ornaments and forms of the old flint weapons and implements.
XIV.
etc.
AHst
1.
the
two cemeteries
is
given below.
The
characu.
rtsttc
are:
The copper
strips
bracelets
and
rings
which seem to have overlaid wood or cement while the predynastic metal
ornaments.
are usually
2.
hammered
wire.
Flint, slate
new and
characteristic
of
this period.
They
in the
drill
imitate in
3.
bracelets,
which
far
still
occur.
Long
in the
of stone are
predynastic periods.
metal (copper)
same manner
The
Maclver dates
this
tomb previous
to S. D. 41,
solely
believe
on type of
burial.
But graves of
his class
See Petrie
in
Naqada^
for
p.
44 65,
manner
in
viras
polished.
See
Hie-
rakonpclis, p. 12 31
'
a picture
in
Diospolis
In the
burials
The
beads,
el
Amrah,
J J
dishes, etc.
N.
1532
find; 1501,
with
seal
2
at
on skeleton B;
with
1552,
with
2.
3.
seal cylinder;
1535 at
neck;
:
3031, 6;
3091,
one bead.
;
N.
16^04,
seal cylinder.
Haematite
N. N.
1532,
PI. 8,
4.
Camehan
1532,
PI. 8,
rows
i,
and
N.
3031, 6
one bead;
5.
3013, 14.
:
N.
3091.
Barrel-shaped beads:
1.
Camelian:
3018, 4
;
N. N.
1532
find,
PI.
nos.
12;
1584,5;
1^04,1;
3051,2;
30^1, 6.
:
2.
3.
Haematite
1532,
PI. 7
no.
3.
1584, sb;
8, 4
;
N.
14.
14.
4.
Amethyst
N.
1532,
PL
3013,
Spherical beads:
I.
N.
1532,
PI. 8,
N.
16^04,
3018, 4
3013, 14.
down
Camelian: N.
Garnet: N.
PI. 8,
13 >&; 30^1, 2;
;
3091, i; 3025,
2.
3.
1532,
PI. 8,
10 n
1584, sa;
?)
:
3025,
3.
White beads
Steatite (?):
(shell
or limestone
1532,
N.
1603,
3018, 4
30^1,
2.
4.
5.
3013, 14;
}o6i, 2;
3091,
i.
N.
1^03,
1532,
PL
PL
42, i;
i.
6.
Syenite (?): N.
7,
1532,
PL 6 and
7 (gold), 3031,
14
and
30^1,
(both
The
bevelled
syenite pendant,
3018, 4
;
N.
1532,
PL
7 no.
limestone pendant, N.
flat
shell
pendant, N.
3031, e;
15^2, 9
limestone
shell
N.
42,
blue
glazed
used
N.
1^03,
PL
no.
i;
shell-shaped
the
N.
3018,
(shell
or limestone), N.
3013, 14
(camelian).^
1532
and the
and the
gazelle
amulets
Bracelets
1.
Slate
N.
1532,
2,
Flint
N.
first
1532,
PL 9 PL 9
1512
fragment
3.
1592
two
in debris
1513,
p. 52
1584,
2.
1584,
two d3masties
cf.
11 R.
T.,
xxxiii,
i6 ai (m.
viii,
I),
xlii,
10,
40-43
(tomb of
*
*
/ Abydos,
p. 16, PI.
153-170.
For
late predynastic
PI. 58.
The
ilate comb-like
N. 1584
(PI, 4l<:)
is
XV. Writing.
3.
U9
Copper
Gold
: :
Shell
N.
:
1541
N.
;
i5o8, p. 35.
16^05,
5.
*>.
N.
1532,
PI.
N.
1571, 14.
4,
Ivory
N.
1584, 4
PI. 41
6.
N.
1532,
PL
9.
Cosmetic
dithtt, tic.
etc.:
Natural shell
Slate dish:
N.
1571, 28.
2.
3.
N.
(?)
1571, 29
(form of
like
a fish);
1^05,
12
(form of
1584,
i.
bull's head).
Ivory ladle
with handle
an animal leg: N.
flat
4.
handle; N.
1571, 27.
1514,
knob (?peg
hole)
and in N.
1512,
a
(PI,
open
XV.
WRITING.
seals.
is
1.
Cylinder
The
-^'a^
</
Petrie in /
R.
T., PI. 18
29
a
and // R.
officials.
T., PI.
13
25,
Nos.
Abydts.
218.^
These
are
seals
of royal
The number
of dated
seals
number of undated
seals
The
fourteen cylinders and one seal impression found in our cemeteries form, therefore, an
Photograph
Copy
Tomb
Tomb
type
Date
PI.
9
43
c,
i
PI.
44
44
i
N.
1532
1501,
t/
-^
1
Large wood-roofed
Small wood-roofed
Late
n
dynasty
i i n
'
43 f 43
43
44 f 44 d
i(Jo4,2
'^
Small wood-roofed
1514
y
'^
I
Large corbel-roofed
Small corbel-roofed
440
44 k P
iS^hi'^
160$,
n
J)
43 k
43
Large corbel-roofed
n
n
Late
n
n
Ii
Ai
*
44?
44
160s, 160$,
n
n
))
43
43
m
n
I
n
n
J)
44n
44I 44)
160s, 4 160$,
i
* '^
AA
43
43
43
))
V
n
160$, 6 160$, 7
1 '^
*
J?
44h
44
e
V n V
43 e 43 g
\6o$,
n n
A1
'
n
n
3
44 g 44 c
44 b
KJ05, 9
i T
43 c
43 b
'
3091 t^
I59I,
.
Small
mud box
Irregular hole
to in the following
T 1
53
numbers used
by Quibell
in his
20
XI. Writing.
About
27 signs
easily identified.
Yet the
owing to the
it
difference in
names and
analogies
titles
At
first
glance
(i,
appears as
if
there
were no
at all
seals.
k,
m,
n, p)
of
man
which
are
of /^-bread
on the
late third
stelae
seal (q), a
man with
seals
Such
figures, well
also
from purchased
44
v, x, y),
is
at all at
Abydos^
The
difference
between our
titles^
workmanship
at
the
command of
It
Abydos
families.
seems a priori probable that the signs immediately in front of the seated figure rea
present
Rtvtrsai
proper name,
if a
name be
at all
The
six seals
which
^| x,
'^P^r'P^P'4''P
"^^^
^J^- -^^
frtptr
seals
does show
a large
x
[1
and
is
U,
pounded with
(|
Furthermore
U H
formed
(seal 23),
(seal \6\
0*='
(stela
xxxu
\'='
These
are therefore
not
Now and ^^
x U
;
'^
and
>
'
LJ
"f"
ci^
|' (?)
and
seals
cr^n?
//
This
is
we
R.
T. seals i5i, 53
qP^
the
in
!>
,^
U
titles
name
is
written
U
and
repetition.
title,
// R. T. xx
35,
158
is
name
all
and
";^;
and
seals
42 and
133
also
Almost
these seals
show
reversals
of ike name
only,
of name and
and
other devices to secure perhaps symmetrical appearance or perhaps to guard against the misreading of the
seal.
Among
our
seals
which
of
man,
group of signs
is
repeated reversed
in three cases:
^
In
and
= o.);
is
[\ and \[
(i<^05,
e.)
^^ ff^ P
i|l|
and
ff^
^^
Ci(5o5,6
j.).^
16^05,9 (g.)
the
name
apparently repeated:
tj'o
and
show
(cf. seals
I R.T.io,
'
of a totally different
atyle;
in question
shows
at
Abydos
are
women and
(||'
children.
simiUr reversal
is to
be found
I A.
1.1
27:
n?P
y.
Ol^'
^'^ ^^ ^- ^"^ ^
'
^""^
"''
^'"'^""^ * 5*
(U 364,
p. 36)
JO^
^.
See also
PI.
44 seals w, x and
XV. Writing.
u,
15,
j2J
18,28
titles
1^
Z!Z
In
i<S^o5>s (1.)
name seems
to be merely repeated:
and
>^f.
and
'0'
^U
with
^"^
(stela 53),
^^
(stela 74),
x|U
n/a.
'^
(stela
10);
A with[jj
(seal 30),
and
Hj
name
It
^.
xui).
titles
as in the case
of the Abydos
is
seals
(see Sethe
it
Mahasna,
is
p. 19).
not part
often omitted,
also
probably
as
a title
or part of a
title.
Tentatively
on the
seals
may be
arranged
follows.
The names
are enclosed in
rectangles
q. 1532-
iiimmi
^^
u
flP
o.
160$,
I.
^,
tu
p,^
u u X
J
m.
KJ05,
3.
im\ u
I
Jri
9[
p.
icJoj,..
1^'
f t"
[^
LJ
n..i5o5,4.
t^f
IghP
'^s..
p^i'^;,f3,?>f
n
tllJ
e.,o5,..
>^
P
Pf
>
ffi
{(1
h.
i5o5,7.
g.
ido5,
9.
'^
f.
.fo4,.
PUPP (fl^
(flP^ ^ftlP
i..*os,..
PU^P
w ij
11
fff)^
^fil
orU^
^5^.3-
1.
1501,
1,
T ^^
(f.),
Pfi^UPP
fill
In
160$,
in
an n
is
used either
as a title
or
as
mere mark of
separation.
In 1605,2
(p.),
the
[I
which
is
figure
a
in afi:erwards,
is
on the contrary
necessary part of
name or
'
the
title.
In 1605,5
and
above^
The
is
between
ri
and
sM and
is
perhaps to be read with both the preceeding and the succeeding groups of signs.
I.
16
22
filling
XV. Writing.
2
marks.'
N.
i<Jo5,9(g.)
(cf.
and
160$,
(h.)
seem to give us
p. 30
a title
f^\
Z:z^
Griffith Hieroglyphs,
Fig. 6,
possibly
" Overseer of
In
instantly
2(J,
water "
(?).
and
1605,5
(1.)
are titles ^
a title
''^ or
'^
and
>^*^
134,
or
'^
which
20, 24,.
remind us of the
occuring as
is
{R.T., seals
16, 17,
etc.:
stelae
to be a bird
with the head and horns of an ibex (c figure of an ibex with head turned
II
fig.
around Origines
864).
is
See also
y and
z.
In 1605,1-4, there
group of very
words
(9)
sntj
ground
nLJj^l
of these
seals
t''T'nt' ^^^
were found
in
'--'Hi*
(1605)
The
one tomb
tLUT
^^
main to
to
different people,
especially
distinct
constant use
44 below).
It
is
therefore
more probable
that they
were
marks of
tomb or marks of
his death.
authority given
by him to
different
members of
his family
and relinquished on
2.
Potmarks.
i, iii
pots of type
and xxix.
They
at
are
drawn
and
similar
names found
Abydos.
3.
Writing.
at Ball^s
and one
at
found
(cf.
white cylinder-seal.
160),
The
inscription in
and
building
A. Z. XXXIV
and in the other three birds f but these inscriptions indicate in any case
two cemeteries
writmg
give us
the
practically in
which we find
in the
same
a
period at Abydos.
~
These
In tact
the
earliest
believe
that
they
it
are
earliest
If 11
is
title
may
not be read / or
/^ "man"
later written
in
or s g.
In this case
in
which
seems to occur
as an ideogram are
^a. U
rhS^-ntr
of Anubis, stela
I R.
Jl
|
T. xxxii 17);
M
AAAftAA
t
^^,
tel 6a);
I'
I R.
T. Jtxxii 8;
and possibly
in
(seal 30);
The
* It
[WT
cf.
teems
we
p.
have here
/^j^j^ LI,
n written differently.
See I Abycht,
23 22 to
12.
XV. Writing.
23
in
It is
therefore
the case of
tomb
made
And
it is
spread
among
writing,
It
practical
of
life
symbols of authority.
This was
still
at a
known
use of
when
has
it
was
in a stage
that
not
often
been urged
writing was
was
But
origiH
comparatively perfect
state.
of kitrogiypku 'y"""'
an investigation of the
a
known
facts
On
the contrary
comparison of the
plainly
earliest writing
reliefs
shows
enough
racial forebears
of
all,
no one
has
Foreign
known system of writing of equal age from which the hieroglyphic system may have been derived. The theories which have brought us tales of the wanderings of people of Punt or of Lybians lack any basis of known fact and involve us in the still greater mystery of how the Egyptians got writing from a people who have themselves left us no trace of writing. De Morgan has suggested Babylonia as a possible source of hieroglyphic writing. And although
to any
that
""hUro-
^'/^l'^"^
"'*"'
believe,
serious support,
it
will
be well to
state
briefly
here
the
chief facts
which make
impossible
of acceptance.
Whether we
take
Nabonidus' date for Naram-Sin or reject it\ the system of writing used in Babylonia
time of
different
at the
Menes
3300
BC
+ 100
'',
Taking those
signs
which can be
star,
identified
we
as sun,
earth,
mountain,
house,
Radical
woman, hand,
face, head,
mouth,
heart,
fist,
then
we
find
real pictures
that
shp'^i'
writing.
the most conventionalized Egyptian signs (city, house) differ essentially from the corresponding
Sumerian
signs.
more
been taken
directly
however,
is
suggested
that
the Egyptian
some ancestor of
known
facts
We
which would
There
is
much
less
On
the other hand an examination of the material presented to us in Egypt itself shows
of
system of writing
is
is
Personally
is
unneccessary to point out that the adherents of an older date have been unable to
24
used in the
earliest inscriptions in
XV. Writing.
anything
like
as
the perfection
it
dom.
We
must consider the phenomena which attend the introduction of other inventions
and new
arts
which
stone vessels
made with
the
shaft-borer,
copper implements, wheel-made pottery, or even brick vaults and stone buildings. In every case,
the earliest examples ever found
dition of perfection
show
form, in
certain con-
The
the future
usefiil to
the
man
in
in the
on
common
use.
In fact
all
the things found in the graves appear, in the earliest times at least, to be objects actually used
in the daily
until
life.
It is quite
new
arts
in the graves
individuals,
they were in
common
their
art
daily life
an
essential part
of
household goods.
could assume
comparatively perfected
grave.
and so find
a place in
the
complete system
fulfilling
And
it
becomes
first
we have
the very
equally early.
is
It is generally
dynasty
tive
system
writing.
An
examination
inscriptions
meagre
they
are,
more
primitive
a rapid
*'^
tytum.
noted
very important difference between the form of the hawk in the inscriptions of King
that in the inscriptions
Weha'-mer and
a
{_],
He
has also
shown ^
and
"/<>
even
in the period
as
of
Wedy-mu
down
(Den) such
common
=d
=n
were used
conside-
ration of the
cylinder seals shows the same rapid advance from the seals of
Menes through
Wedy-mu
therefore clear
that
we
have in the
time
of Menes
system
of writing
still
primitive,
in
and
we
that this
especially during
the
first
dynasty.
very
doubtful
'
Bettrage, p. 23 8
It
i.
' Beitrftge,
'
seems to
me
Horus name
name
was one
*
was
put.
See Petrie // R.
7*.
p. 3
3.
XV. Writing.
i25
actually invented
we find the tombs of local kings of the district in which writing was whether we shall ever get any more primitive form than we have already.
unless
this,
But in
spite
of
there
is
sufficient material to
show
found in the
steps
Basis of
some of the
of the system.
We
have
earliest
predynastic
times
down
to
drawing symbols of the gods, figures of men, boats, animals, plants and conventional designs, ^;^;,';". and a very true skill in cutting animal figures in double rehef on slate palettes. The skill which "" f"J was used
making the pictures on the Menes and Weha-mer tablets and slates is a manifest/"""""^' outgrowth of this earlier handiwork^ and produces representations which are indubitedly the r7i!f,.
descendants of the earlier pictures, for example the symbols of the gods, the figures
....
dynastic
lineal
Predynastic form.
^y *p or ^ ^
1^
N. Lxvi
lo
with
Hierakonpolis xxvi
N. LXVI 6
^
Y
Origines
II
PI. II
Diospolisxvi4ib
III^
^
.
N. LXVI
"
^ ^ Abydos
T
Protodynastic.
14
N.
Lxvii
LXVII
Hierakonpolis xxix
N.
Y Hierakonpolis xxvi^
of objects symbols of
These
and
this use
skill
of these pictures
is
plainly a primitivepfi/yZtu
J^^"^,
^'"''"
form of
ideographic writing.
Given then
this
in picturing objects
hiero-
all
things
one.
giyphic
We
for themselves
"The
^"
"'^'
Then
of which
is
marks on pottery, the need for conveying authority from the head man to
subordinates,
the necessity of marking the indistinguishable equal years by the great deeds, the great events
of the lung's
life
all
to
time of Menes.
satisfaction
The
early examples
of writing which
Like
all
serve
other
'
is
between the
line
relief
work
is
due mainly to the difference of the material, and forms probably the beginning of the separation between the cursive or
script.
hieratic,
See
in
Lettres" ,
1905,
p.
257.
26
XVI. Summary.
it
the
chiefs
it
is
and kings
quite clear
To me
been
lost to us
of the steps
in the invention
For
the
first
time,
we
see the
it.
growth of
is
which accompanied
It
conditioned by
won we know
not
life
how
in
some
early
stone age, but always used in the serv^ice of the practical needs of
built
up into
a useful
system of writing.
XVI.
SUMMARY.
different
vessels, flints,
found
Smriai
ii^itfr</
in the tombs,
and
now
this
view
in
order
set
and following
Our knowledge extends to a point perhaps a thousand years before the second dynasty ^ When we look back to this early predynastic period and compare it with the period of our cemeteries, we find the clothed body still lying contracted on the
side
left
It
is
still
carriers
for food
in a
and
drink,
by
articles
and ornaments,
daily
word by
objects
usage.
The
changed in any
Diferemetjdue
conception of
life
to the dead.
in the grave
and
in the construction
of the grave
in the
a
mucAanLi^^^^^^f
inventums.
^qc\ij;^q^\
powers of the
tace,
on the one
side
a great increase
di-
minution.
'
See above,
p.
1 1
S-
at
The
chief publications
Balias;
De Morgan's
III,
The
was
was
written,
is
entirely
lacking in that
exact description
As
we have
Petrie,
Medum; Quibell,
Quibell and Grsen, Hierakonpolis ; Petrie, Royal Tombs I and // and Abydos I and //; MacIver,
this
early period
see especially:
Sethe,
Agyptische Chronologic.
calender
was introduced
ca.
at the beginning
the years
42414238 B.C.,
may say
that although
find that
the length
is
extremely doubtful
if
the earliest
known grave
is
earlier
In
we have
Egypt; and
it
appears to
me
simply inconceivable that the Egyptian calender can have been introduced formally at tht time.
is
The other
alternative
which Meyer
is
offers
us
2781-2778
I
B. C.
Whether
this
calendar
is
really excluded
by
"historical facts"
a matter
which
(el
feel
inclined to question.
We
Amrah,
p.
the
XVI. Summary.
J27
a
In order to
the
show
is
two periods
PREDYNASTIC PERIOD.
Small
graves
pits
:
shallow,
oval
or
Small graves:
andcow/aW/o*
vjith.predyH<tstic
round
roofed
left side,
and
the
early
skins
Body contracted on
N. 3000
i
left
side,
^y^'""
graves.
Diospolis 51-5Z
N. 7000
i
head south
El-Amrah,
Large graves
class
and
5,
2.
N.
1500,
R. T.
8 etc.
class (J-8.
Naqadah-Ballds, PL
:
82, 83.
Abydos
18
fF.
el-Amrah,
x2 m
Large graves
rectangular, ca.
8x4
:
meters
and
i|
and
mud-brick
(R. 134)
PI. 5, 82, 83.
Naqadah-Ballds,
Hierakonpolis
11,
N.
1500,
N. 3000
R.T. I and
//.
52 PI. 57.
2.
Fum
daggers.
Diospolis, PI. 7:
Abundance of worked
II R. T.
flint
Naqadah-Ballds,
PI. 72
74
Lythgoe
B.
El-Amrah,
PI. 7
and
10
and N.
N.
1581,
1514,
1585.
PI. 4, 6:
Abydos I
Hierakonpolis II PL 60,
Origines II
Malachite, galena and haematite, used
(as
3.
p. 200-201.
Heavy
loiives,
practical
Copper.
oxides
etc.) to
daggers,
implements and
grease paints.
ornaments.
forms
Axe-heads:
N.
1513
I Abydos
l:
Mahasna
Dios-
and
later
copper adzes
chisels.
(imitating
stone forms)
and
to
AH
Adzes
N.
1513
copper objects
previous
the
middle
II R. T. XLV
77
Mahasna
92.
xvi 34.
Harpoons
Chisels
:
// R. T. xxxv
Dagger blades
p. 20, a
Naqadah lxv 3
p. 23,
el-Amrah
N.
1513
// R. T.
xxxv 9091
XLV
xvi.
65
131,
230.
XXXVIII 94;
to 75
:
XLI 85-93;
XLII 74;
/ Abydos
Mahasna
is
nearly
first
dynasty).
These must be second or
third dynasty
;
of contents
'
See
I.
c.
PI. 71,
bottom.
late
In
any
difference in time
between the
late predynastic.
128
XVI. Summary.
Harpoon
Chisels
(copies
Knives:
I Abydos
l;
dah Lxv
:
7-8.
Mahasna
914 also tombs 807
Naqadah lxv
1233.
and
li.
Tweezers: el-Amrah
Pin
:
p. 23, a 104.
:
Pins
p. 18,
(?)
// R. T. XXXV 93-95
17;
xxxvm
92
Naqadah tomb
a 139.
(cf.
1821
el-Amrah
XLUI
Nails: II
XLIV47 49.
xliii
16.
R.T.
Needles
xxxvm
93;
el-Amrah
Bracelets
(like
p.
i(J,
a 117
p.
21,
6$.
14;
XLV
18.
bone
and
1248
:
shell
forms):
p. 20,
Bracelets:
N.
1532;
N.
1571.
Naqadah tomb
b 52;
p. 21,
el-Amrah
b
210.
(J7
;
Rings
el-Amrah
p. id, a
p. 18,
28.
25.
Our
expedition
Shells
3
El-Kab
(especially
p.
11
previous to the
predynastic at el-Ahai-
wah,
Ballds or
Naga-ed-Der.
at
None were
Hierakonpolis.
Common
fats,
4.
Common
fats,
ashes and
mud
(mortar?).
as a
Skilfully
Most forms
rule
of poorer,
e.
more
They
(see
are
still
the
pottery
vessels.
In
the
later
especially
is
i vii
above)
but
there
nique.
distinct
degeneration in tech-
As
these
Cf Naqadah
pottery
W. R.
and L.
not so
marked
as in
5.
See above
fint
5.
p. 89.
Cf el-Amrah
p. 47-48.
5.
(Naqadah
C)
the
class
so well
made
as the older
line
line
in-
types X
to
XIV, xxiii
xxvi
I Abydos xxxvi
(Naqadah
class
red
XLi,
marked
P).
Four
examples
of
(Naqadah
class
cised type
(Naqadah
recorded
see
el-Amrah
PI. 14
2 b, thin
from
The
dynasty; / Ab^'dos
in the
down
to
of the
first
The
become
infrequent.
About
the begin-
xiii,
XVI. Summary.
129
(xiv,
ning of the
first
dynasty,
the
red line
xviii
xxii,
wavy
like
xxviii).
On
in
the whole
first
we may
the
say
parallel
splashes
we
find
the
two
of
dynasties
fine
rows of commas.
Cf. Naqadah, types
P. F. C.
only
degenerate
remnants
D.
and B.
PI. 14,
See Diospolis
15
PI. 2
and el-Amrah
late
Cf El-Amrah
p. 47
48.
(note
the interesting
middle pre-
dynastic group
on
PI. 8
6-i).
6.
6.
They
PI. 8-9,
jars
are for
They
stom ^'""'
the
jars
vessels,
are apparently
H 1-74),
on
small
(Naqadah
Abydos
23-34).
They
above
3,
=,
5, 7,
present
chapter
a great variety
xi),
of forms
(see
large (see
bowls (Naqadah S 44
in animal
47),
and some
jars
IlOrigines
form {Naqadah S 80
84).
The
workmanship
but
(see
// Qrigines
66^-$)
material
is
many of
the
forms can be
traced
In the
jars
late
middle
of the pre-
and
late
period these
increase in size
x, xiv, xvii to
Types
xi, xx'^ 7
15,
xxiii
Naqadah
p. 10 19).
rx.
Types
xii, xiii,
new types having their origin in the new skill applied to the hard material. The materials are slate, alabaster, volcanic ash and limestone in the common graves,
porphyry, crystal and syenite in addition
in the royal tombs.
7.
Slate
7.
Large ornamental
resembling
siati
and red
hawk,
The forms
are
rhomboid,
hippotamus
The
rest
of the
reliefs
and
jackall,
the
the
which occur
predynastic,
'
later in amulets.
to national events,
prevailing
line
forms
are
or to hunting
p. 15,
(?)
scenes.
Only two of
S7
with-
p.
29 1676; el-Amrah
like
62, alabaster;
p.
71, basalt.
Hierakonpolis
41 PI. 29.
17
130
XVI. Summary.
by
European
at
Hiera-
See
Naqadah
PI.
47
konpolis.
They
purposes.
In the
of Cemetery
Abydos and
in the
were
late
predynastic period.
// Origines, PI.
z,
and
p. z6s.
ivory
the
carvings
smaller Hierakonpolis
i.
e.
time of Menes or a
latest
slate
little
older.
is
The
dy-
palette
8,
know
nasty, el-Kab, p.
8.
ktadi.
stairway
tomb No. 6.
8.
referring to
the
as
king and
to national events.
Found
yet only in
weapons
with
some
the temple
site
at Hierakonpolis.
Purely
ceremonial.
Other bulbous
mace -heads
See Diospolis, p.
33 ^^
85, PI. 5
one with
shaft:
also
occur.
The
splay
at
horn
shaft
Hierakonpolis where
Naqadah,
el-Amrah,
xvii, 125:
PI. 10, 6
:
may be
predynastic.
The ornamented
is
and
splay mace-head,
Hierakonpolis, xxui,
// Hierakonpolis, xxvii.
however
significant.
xii,
:
/ Hierakonpolis,
XIX,
3,
4,
xxv, xvni,
17,
XXVI, a c
"
// R.
T., XXVIII, 69
XXXVIII, 85-87
XLl, 9S
Reqaqnah,
PI. 7:
king on the
VVhj-mr
slate
14.
and
on the fragment I R.
Ttiitt
T. x,
9.
Combs,
bracelets
hairpins,
9.
Combs,
lets
and amu-
of
shell
materials
in
the
predynastic
period.
etc.
Long
copper
drill.
XVI. Summary.
131
Combs and
Lxiv
:
hair
pins:
Naqadah,
4
lxiii,
2,
3,
Combs and
xxxviii,
8
;
hairpins:
//
R.
T.,
iii,
20;
;
el-Amrah, vm,
IX,
and
xri,
// Origines, Fig.
75^759
Diospolis,
2125; X, 1-12.
:
N.
no.
579
(4* dynasty):
p. 8
el-Kab,
p. 6,
10,
Naqadah,
lviii (date
312, 185;
;
no. stairway 6\ p.
;
of 0^3, Qj'op ?)
polis, LXIV,
Lxii
Diospolis, x,
no. 178
3
PI. 27,
all
of the
Hierakon-
dynasty:
etc.
On
the
manner of
p. 44,
11,
Bracelets: //
R.
T.,
31,
743
el-Kab, p.
6,
no.
312;
i.
e.
bits
or
Di-
flakes,
bored with
disc,
minute
flint
point,
rubbed into
barrel or spherical
Beads: II R.
(cem. M.).
form on
block
of sandstone and
xxxviii, 9-29
IVdymw),
I Abydos,
// Abydos,
(02.=
K'j-c):
Lii
(cem. M.)
153- :6i
VIII,
731,
81
744.
Amulets
11
R. T., xxxv,
LI,
/ Abydos,
II
19
LII,
61
Abydos,
vi
vii,
50132:
i
and 4.
lo.
Woven
cloth,
woven
the
10.
Woven
cloth.
woven
as cere-
Wtaiing.
skins.
Pouches
for
clothing
male pudenda.
The
best
on
these
points
monial dress.
the
The
statuettes
still
show
7000,
el-Amrah,
p. 30.
Hierakonpolis
vm
and x;
slate palettes
p. 252.
No
n.
Painting
^^riting.
is
found
in
the
system of ideographic-
dynasty.
:
phonetic writing.
animal groups etc. in line
Earliest period
C):
see.
N'aqadah,xxi-x.,<)i<)Z:
14142:
Diospolis,
(especially
PI- 2j
1, 4,
XIV, 93 b:
el-Amrah, xv,
21
:
17
120, IV,
I 20,
:
interesting),
:
/ Origines,
56^1
3>
'3.
and
Fig. 8^4,
132
Middle period: scenes firom
life,
XVI. Summary.
men,
1.
c. Fig.
bis.-
857
Quibell,
No.
14238
painted
11, a, e, 7,
pot
1315.
signia
of
the
gods in
line
drawing on
(Petrie's
/ Abydos
l.
See also // R. T.
red -line
decorated
pottery
D)
Weha3-mer
xiii,
(Nar-mer): II R.
T., 11,35,
and
in painting in the
:
Hierakonpohs
Tomb
3(J*"^,
9194
Hierakonpolis, xxvi
B and
is
per-
found by Green
J7,
See
Naqadah xxxiv
PI.
haps
C (ivory
maceheads), xxiv
etc.,
slate palette.
With
Zer, Zet
there
rapid
XVI
El-Amrah
IX 2,
xiv
3,
/ Origines
2,
vi 5,
VII 4, vni,
X.
w ith
tomb
Lxxv
charcoal drawings,
a 41
;
El-Amrah
11
xii, p.
16
See
Green's tomb
Hierakonpolis
Lxxviii;
with determinative:
T\
,
ra
J "^
(207);
^,23
// R. T. XVI
Late Period:
116.
(iio);
a
seal - cylinder
Lythgoe
Sethe,
<]
J^
i
I
AWWA
^^^'^^'
Ballas
(birds etc.
on
reused cylinder
like
See / R. T.
xxxvi
p.
// R. T.
Beitrdge,
39
41,
:
p.
xxxi 64;
61
N.
7304)
probably the
reliefs
on
the lime'
/
31
Abydos
V,
XI
xiii
//
Abydos v
stone
jar
of
^
i,
33, 3<J;
279;
XVI.
Ka-Ap
repre-
king //
Abydos
11
palette
xvii, xxviii
and
on the
flint
knife in the
1426$.
It is
clear
arts
of
flint
#/X
'^''
2/of pottery,
mat and cloth weaving, bead boring and rubbing continued to be practised
and many of
their products can be traced directly in technique
and form
arts.
down from
the oldest
known
products of these
But
it
is
were
the
implements.
The
in
and show
marked degeneration
of the workers'^.
On
manu-
introduced in the
Prtdmetj
late
But
fine
it
was something
excelling
on
For the
hand-made pottery
#J Irtt" vessels of the predynastic period have been actually replaced in the early dynasties by the
TtpUutd
tj prtdtufi
> '
See MtTCR A.
comroe
il
C p.
132, note 2.
royalt,
p.
'/
fartt.
See Di Morgan,
travail, a
Tombeau
201 (speaking of
flints):
"Dans tous
les cas,
les instrument
inCfaieurs,
avec beaucoup moins de rdgulariti, et bien que les pieces soient fort
taillfee
grandes,
de
la pierre
en Egypte."
'~^
XVI. Summary.
133
artisans the craft
was confined to the manufacture of cheap pottery for the most common uses or for temporary ceremonial or traditional purposes.
the Egyptian potter was
dynastic pottery.*
It
is
no longer
the
flint
able to
make those
So
also
use by copper
fine ripple-
common
and the
lost art.
The
two new
the manufacture of copper implements and the use of the stone borer
arts serving the
on
shaft j
same purpose
as the
products of the
more
usefiil
and cheaper
They
arts
for household
The
old arts ceased to be practised continually for general use and degenerated, and in
the degenerated form only continued to be practised for the manufacture of very cheap objects
Thus
<^''//"-
which
.
implements,
are
stone
But *"").'v^''
<:\ox\\.'""j'''jf
weaving
still
dynastu
period.
This
classes,
fact
separate
the
objects
found in
this
distinct
useful objects
new
arts
and
The
products of the
which on account of
of the old
inscriptions),
and
also the
products of old
arts
for
which no better
cloth,
life
seal cylinders,
These
objects
as
were
bound by
fihal
piety to
^"/"'
objects
and
The
traditional
of ceremonies
etc.), flint
still
kept up by tradition,
ii,
in,
v^,
t/,e
graves.
(found
as
Such of these
as
of
flint
chipping
the other
to
their
distinct degeneration
slate
of technique.
On
call
palettes)
which could
copper
a
chisel,
the
new
skill
in
writing,
show
degree of elaboration
The
ceremonial objects of one period are the useful objects of some past period whose
Just as the
art
machine-made stone
vessels
we
find in the
II
and fourth
cf.
Hierakonpolis
17 44 and
the
Used probably
in
making the
traditional
^J-bread as a funerary
Used
for bringing
to plaster
and seal
the grave.
'
Still profitably
made
of pottery on account of
its
size.
34
XVI. Summary.
dynasries the wheel-made pots driving out stone vessels for ordinary purposes.
And
just as
made
so in the fourth dynasty stone vessels continued to be made for use in the graves of that
period.
lines,
on
much
the
dynasties as the
will
a question
which
be taken up
more
the
at
Now
new The
be traced
must be remembered
that these
two
classes
of objects
arts
and the impractical objects whose descent from the products of the old
can
these
people
two classes of
etc.).
el^i^
who
practised the
new
arts still
arts
r^ *"' of the people of the earlier graves, as only lineal descendents are capable of doing. In nmHnm i another place the anatomical evidence of this lineal descent will be presented by Prof Elliot
s
frtm
tJu
1
tariittt
Smith.
to be perfectly conclusive.
it
is
think
clear
that the
differences
stone
third invention
copper -working
we may
115)
the keenest
result
The
possession
wider range of
tribal action,
opened new
fields
for obtaining
the
first
kings of
Egypt.
Under
this
new
materials
soon followed.
vessels,
Copper implements
the practice of
may
better borer
the
we
it
crank
and
shaft
man.
In
like
manner, copper
as
such scenes
see
on
inscriptions.
Thus
was the
all
first
conditions which
would make
for
development.
And
it
is
this
The
work
Egyptians had
it
known copper
known
into ornaments
perhaps in the
middle
were
time
in possessions
middle predynastic
at a
when no one
is
foreign invasion.
is
The
Egyptian
borer
Egyptian;
Egyptian.
shaft
to
to a crank
was
transmitted
tools.
by a
a boring stone.
All other
known
early
mills,
directly in the
hand as
XVI. Summary.
35
The
and
slates
flint,
bone and
Even
of the dynastic rulers of Egypt are more closely bound up than anything
with
the past as
we
see
it
in
It is,
the conclusion that the inhabitants of Egypt from the earliest predynastic period
down
to the
that
we
of
by which they conquered the stubborn materials of the earth and earned
that
civihzation
which we
call
Egyptian.
APPENDIX.
The
Basis for dating
Tombs
of the
III
and IV Dynasties.
have constantly referred to certain tombs in the publications of El-Amrah, Naqadah, Elto
them
given
The
basis
of
this
new
dating
is,
for the
most
part, the
following
in large
I
(first
tombs:
half).
Wood-roofed
Corbel-vaulted
...
Dynasty
with
a stairway
...
II
(second
half).
=
=
,,
11.
from
III.
North
subterranean
Deep
chambers
reached
by
straight
square shaft
IV.
(including
Sneferu).
The
groups.
types of objects occurring with each of these substructure types form characteristic
By comparing
the small tombs and their contents with the classification of the large
tombs and
tombs
Wood-roofed mud-brick
Corbel-roofed
Stone-roofed
wells
with entrance
= =
^=
Dynasty
I
II.
and Early
II.
II
and
III.
Corbel-roofed
Square
pits
without entrance
= = =
which
Naga-ed-Der
will
and
III,
burial
always be of course a certain range for the date of most individual tombs, but
a range
of only half
For convenience
my
conclusions
on
the dates
EL-AMRAH.
I.
Late
I.
Late
I.
or Early
II.
Probably
II.
II.
Late
II.
to IV.
X 3 X 8 x41
b 91
b
13
b 33 b 59 b 80 b 81 bll5
bl31
bl80
b 69
b 54 b 57 b 58
bl37 bl78
b
b 97 b
b b
4
7
b 2 bl75
b 98
bl85
b 50 X 50 X 51
I.
b 12 X 74
bl82
bl42 bl77
b 99
bl73 b 70
b 10 bl45 bl26
l8
bl33
bl48
138
Appendix.
NEGADAH &
Ule
Pradyn-
BALLAS.
m.
Ute
Predynstic-I.
I.
I-II.
II.
U-III.
Eariy lU.
Ute
IIL
IIl-lV.
IV.
Ute
IV.
atk.
Q99 N39
Q Q
97
98
Q874
Q Q Q Q Q
93
99
100 106
190
Q Q Q
24 6887
Q172
179
161
71
353-
212"
4464
?T
15
265
162
201
107
179"
524
300
265
?358-
Q445
?212
353
265
524 x
Q
?T
81
686"
103
15
Q Q Q Q N
208
337 338 428
17
?358
365
.522
526
143
180
586
62
235
446'
52i
?103
178
446
N1248
260
4463
275
311
80"
836
X
intrusive.
shaft.
850
314
367
round pot.
wood.
865
63
EL KAB.*
L.P..I
ML
2 4
141
n.
IIU.
ii-iii.
III.
m.iv.
IV.
I-V.
LI
L
L
L
L
? ?
11
L3
153
12
LIO
94 239
L L L L
5
7
13 14
St. St.
St.
St.
St. St.
e*.
8
9 206
241
?
83
8 89
101
2 6
9
318
m. A.
B.
1.
178
C.
%
179
D.
E. 42
101
St. 10 St. 12
88 99
131
174
?186
228
231
170 172
177
' ' '
166
187
185
'
192 214
249
?280
315 316 319
Quibell has recognized correctly that the stairway tombs are earlier
III
191
288
301
than the shaft tombs, and that the dates are respectively
and IV Dynasties.
?204
The
etters
e.
m.
1.
mean
"early'
"middle",
"
late".
312
Ute
lU.
Early IV.
IV.
Late IV.
V.
After VI.
R46
R19
70
R64
R R
63 62
61
R R
R R
75
R70
88A-C
92
94(?)
R R R
50 89 80
R71x
R14
56A-B
68 57 58 67 97 98 99 66
54
55A
?
93 95
%
87 ?250 ?R 72
R
?R
55B
59
R251
LIST
OF TOMBS
Photograph
Pottery
IN
NUMERICAL ORDER'.
1500.
Other
Objects
PI.
Cemetery N.
Tomb
Number
N.
Descriptive
Stone
Vessels
PI.
Place
Referred
to in
Figure
of
Tomb
PI.
Photo-
on Map
I.
Text
Tomb Type
Date
Text
P-
No.
graph
PPI.
1501
22 33
24,
25 06
IS-l
...
42o, 43
2 2
...
wood
1506
55,
lla-c
Small, roof
roof
I.
55
Y
...
5, 10, 11,
Large,
I.
II.
12, 14
...
wood
1508
1511
1608
...
...
...
...
...
...
Middle
38
Kingdom
68-70
Burial
19,
>.
XII.
1512
20
52b
45
41
W2
Z
<=
4,7,8,10,
12,
14
I.
1513
48 44
24-26
83^7
27,
56^
46b, 47
41b
9,
10
II.
1514
II,
77-80
28
56
48b.
40, 41
Y2
Z 2
5, 6, 7, 9,
n.
43
1515 47
81-82
33b, 35". d
...
10, 13,
14
50b
40b
7, 10, 13,
TL
...
II.
14
1515X
1516
1517
1516
...
Z
...
...
1 1
10
...
SmaU, corbel
...
...
wood
1518
1521
.
Small, roof
n.?
A
53 53
Indeterminable
n
...
I.?
I.
18 18
1522
6,7
122-124
1523
15251
62
17,
39c
16"
50
<=
W2 W2 W2
...
Under boulder
Small, corbel
m.?
Late
I.
20
18-20
54
...
Y Y
10
10
wood
1525n
1526
Small, roof
n
20 43 26
18-20
16-0
31"-=
54
...
II
76
49". b
41 -c
1571
II.
1529
1531 1531
47, 48
23<'
54''
...
...
W2
X
1 1
1
10
II.
wood roof
16
21
3 3
52-54
. > *
...
ti
I.
...
42
1532
29
4,5
53-i>,
46
6-9
X X
10
7, 10, 12,
I.
54b
14
1,533
28
50-51
10a
54 b
...
...
W
Z
Z
7, 10, 11,
I.
12,
14
1535
1536 1538
17 17
18 ISb
>
50c
Indeterminable
Late L
n
n
fi
2 6
. .
15
40b
. . . .
.
1538A
'
15
14d
were not used
Y2 Y2
Numbers not
in this list
for
tombs
in
I8*
140
List of Tombs.
De-
Photograph
Figure
of
Pottery
Stone
Vessels
PI.
Other
Objects
PI.
Place
Referred
to in
Nomber
N.
Tomb
PI.
Photo-
on
Map
I.
Text
Tomb Type
Date
Text
P-
No.
graph
p.
PI.
1541
25
44
...
...
...
...
VB
Z2
Z Z
b
3,
10
wood
1561
Small, roof
II.
1581
...
...
...
51''
...
1562
59
43
104-106
391
51
!>
42', 43''
7,9,11,14
II.
1571
76
31-c
...
...
49^b
.51a
41a-c
7,9,10,13,
14
II.
1572
1581
53 36
16
Map
I.
...
7,9,10,14
3,4,5,6,7,
10, 12, 14
II.
I.
65-67
21,22
II.
52a
45
1-
40 a.
X-W2 Y Y2
1
1.5R?
Map
60-90
14^ 17
29,
...
... ...
Wooden box
9, 10, 12,
I.
1584
52
30
41
.-c
1585
M
41
Map Map
11.
14
... ... ...
II.
II.
Y
39=-
'
III.
1586
71-75
32,33
...
48a
Z2
14
II.
1591
18 18 17
...
43
...
Wl
Y2 V2
X Y
Z
1
Hole
Indeterminable
Late II.?
II.?
I.
Map
5
22
II.
23<= 17<
41b
53a
...
Mud box
10
22 24 54
...
...
424
41a, 43
wood
1604
1606
Small, roof
n
I.
35,36
14a
34, 35a- b
...
1 1
10
...
II. II.
91,92
32-34.
50a
44 41b,c
43,
1606
1607*
1607''
23
24
19
12a.''
54''
Y X X X
...
wood
14, 15 14,
Small, roof
n
II.
14f 14f
12c, d
1
1
II.
15
10
7, 9, 10,
I.
1606
34
57,
58
14
I.
1611
57
95-97
37 a.
...
...
A2
7,11,14
14
II.
1612
58
58 59
98-99
100-101
39
1613
1614
A2 A2
Z2
50
!>
7, 11,
IL
II. II.
7,9,11,14 7,9,11,14
102-103
39f
1615 1616
-1562
>
a
23 22
59 26
38,39 28,29
26,27
107-109
391
...
Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2
9,
10
wood
1617 1618 1619
9,
Small, roof
n B
II.
10 10
II.
9,
II.
II.
37
c.
...
...
...
7,9,11,14
1620
49
59-62
...
...
...
...
Y2
10
wood
1621
Small, roof
II.
35
...
'
...
Y2
Y2
7,10,11,
14
I.
1622
61
116-118
38 c
55''
7, 11,
14
II.
List of Tombs.
141
Tomb
Nnmber
N.
Descriptive
Photograph
Figure
of
Pottery
Stone
Vessels
PI.
Other
Objects
PI.
Place
Referred
to in
Tomb
PI.
Photo-
on Map
I.
Text
Text
P-
Tomb Type
Date
No.
graph
PI.
P-
1623
63
114-116
63,
...
Y2
X
2
7,
11
Closed corbel
Large, wood roof without stairway
IIMV.
I.
1624
35
64
12.b
7, 10, 11,
14
1625
22
23
...
X2
'
10
wood
1626
Small, roof
I.
55 22
19
93,
94
36-d
X2
X
2
7,9,10,14
Late
II.
1627
10
IL?
wood roof
1628
1629
1630
12,
13
25
62 25 24 60 20
16
16
17
41,
42
38'^.b.d
X2 Y2
Y
1
10
B n
I.
10
7, 11,
I.
120, 121
14
II.
1631
40
37
111-115
...
Yl
Z
1
10
wood
1632 1633
10
7,
Small, roof
II.
IL?
II.
391'
Z
.42
11, 14
Small, corbel
with entrance
1634
16, 17
...
XI
XI XI XI V
1
10
wood
1635
1636 a
1636i>
Small, roof
I.
4a-d
17'
Basket burial
...
II.?
4a-d
17i>
Mud box
3,
1637
26 23
64
45
...
10
wood
1638
1639
30, 31
Small, roof
n
II.
W2
15
c
10
I.
130
VB
Large,
I.?
wood
1640
roof
63 26
25
21
128, 129
...
W2
.
.
m-iv.
II.
1641
46
...
V2
3, 10, 11
wood
1642 1643
Small, roof
n
n
43
21
V2
13=
10 10
10
II.
I.
I.
23
18
17
W
Map Map
8-11
II II
2 2
181
16 d
15.''
Indeterminable
II. ?
18
Y2 X2
Z
1
Mud box
10
IL?
I.
Small,
wood roof
1648
60 24 24 25
18
18
91, 110
35^ 39a
7,9,11,14
II.
1649
Y
14c
10
Small,
...
wood roof
1650
1651
10
...
...
I.
Map
II
1652 1653
Y2 X2 X2
Indeterminable
n
I.
142
-_
List of Tombs.
Cemetery N.
Descriptive
3000.
Took
Number
N.
Photograph
Figure
of
Stone
Pottery
1
Other
Objects
PI.
Place
References
in
Tomb
PI.
Vessels
PI.
on Map
III.
Text
P-
Tomb Type
Date
Text
P-
No.
PI.
3001
82 83
85
157 157
57b, 75d
72
...
aooe 30U3
3011
72f
133
61
...
74
...
72f
72t
...
68
77 74 79
81
1^
145-146
65
Corbel vault?
n
II. II.
65
65 65
ii.-ni.
II.
wood
3012 3013
3014 3015 3016
Small, roof
60,61''
60-i>,
72b
41c, 72b
...
7, 14,
65
Small, corbel
II.
with entrance
140
690
...
...
D-A
B-D
7,
65
II.
149-151
64,65
67.f
74.
...
...
7,12,14,65
II.
156-156
72c
D-A
C-B
7, 7,
65 65
II.
69
135
73b
70"
I.?
3017
72
138,139
138 138
.
58,59,69.i>
74b
71 a.
7,
65
II.
3018
3019
3021
85
87 84
77
67<>,68
73c
.
65
II.
65
65,
Stone slabs
...
IV.?
66
147, 148
57 , 61-63
69f
75c
72^
...
B-D
B-D
7,12,14,65
II.
84
83
160-162
751'
...
...
7,
65
wood
158
.
Small, roof?
...
72b
>
BD
C-B
65
Indeterminable
Burial in hole
III.
3025 3026
86 86 75
83
67
751
72b
65
65
7,
am
3051
141-144
66,67''.c
VOb
75=
70 b
73c
C-D A-C
C-B C-B
Oval
65
II.
II.
with stairway
159
131
69'
...
72d
72d
...
65
65 65
Small, corbel?
II.?
II.
3f?
75 b
wood
H(K>3
Small, roof
80
152-154
67 .b
75<:
72
...
D-A
C-B
C-B
7,
II.
305t 3066
3061
68
83 85
71
132
...
...
72b
...
65 65 65
7,
wood
t
. > .
Small, roof
II.
Small, corbel?
163
141, 135, 136
681'
72 b
. . .
73c
B-D
Pottery box
3062
66
AC
. .
65
Large,
wood
I.?
roof with
stairway
3063
3071
82
71
141, 137
671
...
72b
...
AC AC
C-B C-B C-B C-B C-B C-B
'
65
7,
65
II.
3072
3091
84
65 65
65
86
87
164
68<=.f
74.
> > .
73
.
.
43c
Mud box
Burial in hole
II.
68=.
if
. .
rv.?
85
68c.
65 65
65
85
87
*
751
73
...
Accidental
deposit
II.
LIST OF PLATES.
Frontispiece.
cliff
2.
Cemetery
3000.
hill
Cemetery
Cemetery
Cemetery
1000.
Cemetery
Cemetery
1500.
Plate
I,
3000.
2.
Cemetery
2000.
3.
looo.
Cemetery
1500.
Plate
2.
General views:
a.
river bank.
S.
i.
The
first
ravine.
3.
b.
The second
ravine.
The
and Naga-ed-Der.
c.
nearer view of the desert between the second and the third ravines.
1500
:
Plate
3.
Views of Cemetery
a.
From
the limestone
1500.
hill,
on
(b),
Cemetery
b.
From
itself
Cemetery
1500.
The view
of the cemetery
hill.
The
Plate 4.
N.
1532,
tomb of
gold ornaments.
side.
Meter
staff
on top of south
Plate
5.
N.
1532,
a.
Head with
b.
c.
Plate 6.
N.
1532,
The
The bull with the Hathor-head girdle about the neck (reverse on PI. 9). 3. The male gazelle with the ss girdle about the neck (reverse on PI. 9). 4. The univalve shells of beaten gold. The underside is shown in the right hand shell in the top row. 5. The beads of a compressed barrel shape with indented pattern. 6. The golden tips of the copper girdle (?).
(reverse
on
PI. 9).
2.
Plate
7.
N.
1532,
I.
strings
of beads.
Carnelian and hard speckled stone beads, arranged according to order found
two speckled
gold beads.
correct.
beads.
8.
2, 3.
Thin gold
with cement.
7.
Solid
9, 10.
)44
^"i^T
*^ Plates.
Phte
Sy.
N.
1552,
beads.
barrel-shaped beads.
3;.
2.
Middle bead
is
is
of haematite^
Middle bead
From
8.
left
to right,
(fayencei.
6J
10,
7.
Li^t green
short.
Garnet beads.
12.
16.
CameUan beads.
Plate 9.
N.
cylinder &c.
Reverse of H.
and
5.
b.
Gold
rings,
seal
shown
also in d.
also in d. (see p.
31).
c Gold
d.
Gold
Gold
circlet
or head band.
a broad
From
the
left,
and
copper bracelet in
(^see b.).
bracelets,
tN"pe
without stairway.
end.
n'l.
b.
c.
N. 1533. \'iew of substructure, looking down ftx>m the nordi N. iyo6. Logs of second, or upper, roof seen firom above isee PI.
N.
1506.
Meter
staff
S\-mbohc
doorway marked by
southern cross wall.
mud
plaster, visible
on northern hce of
Meter
staff
Pbte
u.
t>"pe
widiout stairway.
77.
X.
i5o<J.
The
meter
b.
staff
N.
N.
i>o<J,
superstructure.
Nearer new.
Meter
staff lies
east
doorway.
c
d.
1506W
The
PI.
loK
Meter
staff
NN.
1621.
filling
t>."pe,
Meter
staff
Plate
12.
without stairway.
down.
b.
N.
plaster.
c
d.
N. N.
Broken by plunderers.
north end mat4i:ed with
Wooden
roofing
beam
at the
N. i6o6
walls.
is
above meter.
On
the
left
b.
Copnc burial extended on the back, head west. N. 1606. Brickwork on west side, stripped of its
plaster.
List of Plates.
45
Plate
13.
c.
N.
1643.
Looking dowTi from the west. Shows Looking down from the west.
staff.
traces
of wooden roof.
On
the
left a
d.
N.
1501.
just
under meter
Plate 14.
N. N.
i<$o4.
burial.
b.
1582.
From
coffin
between
c.
and
wall.
Taken
d.
e.
N. 1649. From the west. N. 1538 a. From the south, showing wall of N. 1505 superstructure built over pot. View looking east between N. 1513 and N. 1584. In the foreground are N. 1631
and
MS43.
In the centre
p.
is
1525.
f.
N.
1607a and
From
the south.
Note wooden
logs
on
right,
and Coptic
burials in the
background.
Plate
15.
N.
N.
1647.
From
the south.
logs and mud-brick as found
b.
1647.
on west
side.
c.
the northeast.
burial.
Plate
16.
Burials in boxes.
a.
Boxes
and
11,
looking
down from
the reproduction.
b.
1525.
Box
II,
looking
I.
down from
looking
were
underneath Box
c.
1525.
Box
is
II
burial,
down from
The bottom of
the picture
d.
at the
bottom of the
looking
plate, like a.
N.
1646.
Mud box
Wooden
down from
Plate
17.
Burials in boxes.
a.
N. N. N.
N.
1582.
Taken before
east.
PI. 14''.
b.
c.
i6}6.
i(5o2.
Burial in a
mud
Mud
d.
1522.
Plate
18.
Various
a.
burials.
1535.
N.
Contracted burial with the lower part cut away by a Coptic burial
east:
N.
1535.
mud
east.
Remains
of Coptic
wrapped
c N.
d.
1635.
Remains of contracted
is
The mud-
brick wall
we found
remains in place,
N.
1645.
I.
Contracted
from the
east.
'9
146
Plate
19.
List of Plates.
N.
1512,
large
looking down.
Plate 20.
N.
15U, large
a.
stairway.
at foot
of
stair,
All courses
alternating.
of headers, bricks on the edge and bricks on the side of doorway on right
Pile
side,
b.
Chamber D.
the east side.
c.
N.
1512,
Looking down
two meters
long.
N. N.
1581, 1581,
a.
large large
Plate 22.
North end of
is
The
two
roofs
shown by white
b.
Note Coptic
by Coptic
burials,
Superstructure.
burials.
Plate
23.
N.
1581
a.
N.
flint
knife
floor in
cross.
b.
c.
N.
N.
the only stone vessels and pots found in position, seen from the north.
1592.
Remains of contracted
The
d.
bracelets
were
cm above
the spot
where they
are lying.
N.
1529.
From
Plate 24.
N.
1513,
large
corbel -roofed
tomb with
stairway.
The
stone vessels and the pottery in the background on the right have been
The
were found
N.
1513,
large
corbel -roofed
tomb with
stairway.
the west side south of the stairway, taken at the same stage as
the remains of the burial in the central chamber.
Note
lies
i
The
stone near
on
was
the
floor
about 10
found in the
Plate i6.
No.
Room B
is
N.
1513,
large corbel-roofed
stairway.
a.
The
mud-brick
b.
c.
Looking northeast.
skeleton.
east side.
showing brickwork.
Looking south.
Plate 27.
N.
1514,
a.
tomb with
stairway.
east.
b.
List of Plates.
47
Plate 27.
c.
The bottom of
the picture
is
of the book,
d.
of end chambers.
Plate 28.
N.
1514,
a.
large corbel-roofed
tomb with
stairway.
first
wooden
b.
Stairway with mud-brick block seen from the west over the south end of the
vault of 1584.
The
vault
is
c.
N.
N.
1514,
1514,
superstructure.
d.
superstructure,
The meter
N.
1584, large
corbel-roofed
east
tomb with
stairway.
stairway
showed on the
is
surface
seen under
N.
1584, large
a.
corbel-roofed
tomb with
stairway.
Structural details.
South end of vault with cross wall and south side of doorway seen from the
north.
See
b.
b.
Wooden
80
90.
The upper cross marks the level of the doorway. The lower crosses mark the The brickwork on
is
roof of the
level
of the
roof of the eastern section of the doorway; and the right hand lower cross
cross
part of the
door block.
Above,
on
level
staff.
band of
gravel clings to
under roof
and
level.
d.
Joint
between corbel
vault
cross
wall
in
south
end of
vault.
From
the north.
Plate
31.
N.
1571,
a.
N.
1S26
and
1572,
large corbel-roofed
tombs with
stairway.
N. N.
50
1571,
N.
1526.
Objects
situ
on
floor.
N.
N.
(Nos.
23
28)
The meter
22),
is
cm
1571,
long.
1525.
c.
N.
the
seen from
east.
1572.
d.
N.
Looking down on
floor
traces
side
of contracted
vault.
burial
on
east,
on the
on south
of main
stairway.
Plate
32.
N.
i58(J,
large corbel-roofed
tomb with
east.
19*
48
53.
List or Plates.
Plate
N.
158(5
a.
and
1515,
large corbel-roofed
tombs with
stairway.
Details.
N. N.
158(5 j
1515,
inside
b.
entrance
mud
brick.
Plaster partly
removed
35"^.
From
the west.
Taken
after PI.
N.
N.
158(5,
wasp-nests on plaster
on west
d.
158(5,
Plate 34.
N.
i(5o5,
a.
large corbel-roofed
floor,
tomb with
looking
stairway.
Stone vessels on
down from
Shows
b.
cutting
made by me
in effort to
c.
Stairway
as
found,
filled
east.
d.
The
doorway
crosses at the
filled
staff".
The
N.
i(5o5
a.
and
1515,
large corbel-roofed
N.
N.
1(548,
i6o,
and
earlier
than
that stairway.
b.
c.
From
the south.
(?)
See
i6o, skeleton
1515,
of calf
from above.
N.
by
The
this
plaster
of
ridge
off"
visible
at
cm
80
90
on the
PI. 33
''
shows
log after
stripping
d.
N.
1515,
southeastern corner.
is
The
a
gravel filling
brick cover
Plate
3(5.
marked with
white cross.
stairway, perhaps the
latest large
N.
152(5,
large
corbel-roofed
tomb with
corbel in
the cemetery.
a.
plaster has
been stripped
southern end.
b.
the top of the picture the small holes containing decayed remains of roofing
logs
c.
of the doorway.
curve of truncated vault which comprises the doorway,
the hole through the door-block and the remains of the roofing logs across
the top of the doorway.
d.
From
the inside.
The
is,
The
Plate 37.
Imitative corbel-roofed
a.
N.
i6u,
inside
of
N.
i(5n,
The mud
bricks in the
List of Plates.
j49
Plate
37.
c.
d.
N. 1%, entrance and substructure from the northeast. Door-block across entrance, N. 1619, remains of roofing logs of doorway visible on east side of doorway.
tombs with entrance,
Plate
38.
Imitative corbel-roofed
a.
N. N.
1530, 1^30,
b.
vault.
The
sticks
from above.
substructure seen from the west.
N.
N.
1622,
d.
1^30, substructure
Note
brick,
mud
The
hole in the
Coptic grave.
Imitative corbel-roofed
a.
N. N.
1548, section
;
The
clear.
upper
courses
b.
See PL
35^.
1^33,
north.
The meter
staff
is
on
level
c.
N. N.
N. N.
1523,
d.
e.
f.
15^2,
1612,
From
the south,
1614,
Plate 40.
Flint
a.
On
the
the right, a
left,
flint
knife
from N.
1514,
1581,
(No.
i,
See
PI. 23*
and
fig. 65).
On
i
:
flint
knife
from N.
a,
(No. 48,
See
PI. 27=
and
fig. 77,
marked
2.
b).
Both
worked.
Scale
Flint knife
from
158(5,
1515, 1538,
and
The
underside
is
the fourth, the ninth and the tenth chips in the lowest row.
c.
Scale,
about
i
4,
1513
(Nos.
2'' is
3,
fig. 85).
3 is
No,
is
below;
No,
is
above on the
about
i
:
left;
4,
No,
on the middle
right.
Scale,
Plate
41.
1^04.
On
the
left,
on the
right,
faded blue
In the middle,
two
strings
of beads from N.
(?)
1584.
No.
5^ are
i
:
of garnet;
i.
No.
5''
alternating.
Scale
Below on the
fragment of
crystal
is
From N.
a lot
1512
(No.
6j,
found in room
6^).
about
i
:
10
cm
of
slate splinters
belonging to No.
Scale
i.
50
List of Plates.
Below on the
from N.
Plate 41.
b.
1571
right
28,
is
(No.
see
slate
52).
31''
and
fig.
76).
Scale
1513
i.
Above on
first
the
left a
bracelet
from N.
in
(found about 20
tvvro
cm
above the
skeleton, see p.
bracelet
1541.
Above
the middle
slate bracelets,
and one
flint
from N.
Above on
bone bracelet
from N.
left, a flint
bracelet,
bracelet,
two fragments of
flint
least three
ivory bracelets.
left,
Below on the
tip
N,
1574
(No.
i).
Below
a handle
(on the right) and ornamented with a rope pattern in relief from
27,
N.
1571
(No.
see
PI.
31''
and
fig. 76).
Below on the
right fragments
27
of
flint
i
:
28).
Scale
4.
Above on
the
left,
when
fitted
The
dish
The
fig. 91).
From N.
Eye
1^05 (No.
13,
On
(No.
the right
is
N.
1571
31''
and
fig. y6).
inlaid
with
shell
disc.
In the second
row on
first
the
jar
left,
two
is
is
and
a large
pendant
is
from N.
1584.
;
The
(1584, 7)
(1584, 6)
of alabaster
(1584, 8)
On
the right
is
a small ivory
knob
(?)
from N.
(No.
50).
Below on the
see PI.
31''
left are
two
from
1571
(Nos.
23
and
24,
and
fig. 76).
On
is
number
559
is
a small jar
of
basalt
559.
On
number
30,
3013
(No.
Plate 42.
see p.
75).
Scale
4.
Beads.
Above
(No.
are
pendant of
shell
(or limestone)
and
necklace
of tubular beads of
9).
and of
shell
third necklaces
from above
is
from N.
and N.
1501.
The
lowest necklace
shell.
composed of
1^03.
disc beads
i.
of
similar material
From N.
side
Scale
Plate 43.
Cylinder
a.
seals
and
mud
impressions.
ball.
Two
views of a
mud
On
one
lines.
1591,
i,
two
holes
(string
holes)
on the
CyUnder
Cylinder
seal seal
of black stone, N.
much worn.
of wood, N.
3091, 4,
half decayed.
List of Plates.
J5J
1514.
Plate 43.
d.
e.
f.
Mud
impression of
seal
cylinder
seal,
N.
Cylinder
55
1^05, 8, nearly
new.
,,
1604,
2,
worn.
g-
KJ05, 9,
1605, 7,
1501,
I,
much worn.
worn,
h.
i.
worn,
nearly new. nearly new.'
j.
1605,
15^2,
6,
3,
k.
1.
1605, 160s,
5,
3,
m.
n.
o.
1605, 4,
Scale
I:
I.
160s,
1605,
I,
worn,
worn.
p.
2,
slightly
Plate 44.
Inscriptions
on cylinder on
seals,
staniol impressions
PI. 43.
seals,
q.
z.
Inscriptions
seals
represented in
is
N.
1532, Fl. 9.
v^
Above on
seals,
me by
These
is
Mr. P. E.
are
all
them
in
which
is
in the Strassburg
Museum and
published
m,
r,
o.
Below
f,
m,
h,
o, g,
b.
Below on the
and
left are
seals.
a fourth
dynasty
seal
with
a charac-
shown
Scale
I
for comparison.
:
I.
Plate 45.
first
dynasty tombs.
1512.
The numbers of
tomb
Nos.
are given
Nos.
41, z6,
are of limestone.
Nos.
are
12,
of
63,
alabaster.
6,
64,
13,
5),
and
34,
are of slate.
Nos.
ash.
42, 24, 39
i
:
debris) are
1581.
of volcanic
Scale
left,
is
6.
(i
Above from
the
= 1581,
rest
2;
1581, 3)
are
of
alabaster.
The
next bowl
of volcanic
i
The
of
All these,
except
i
:
(2)
and
2 (3)
were found in
tomb chamber.
Scale
6.
Stone
a.
vessels.
a first
dynasty tomb, N.
in the
1532.
The unnumbered
Those
fragments
above were
all
tomb.
in the top
row
are
on
'
On
p. 118,
by
o^N.
1605,
I,
and k
= N.
1562, as above.
j52
the right,
List of Plates.
which
3
is
(?).
Below,
is
of dark-veined
porous stone;
volcanic ash.
Plate 46.
b.
is
of alabaster;
i
:
is
of
is
of green
Scale
a
6.
1513.
Above, calcareous
and
38
Nos. 46 and 47 are of dark-veined volcanic ash; 44 are of hard volcanic ash; and 54 is of light blue volcanic ash.
vessels in the
The
Plate 47.
a.
bottom row
from
a
are
of
slate
18,
26,
20,
22.
1513.
Scale
6.
vessels
is
Top
of
row, No. 30
alabaster.
The
49, unare
numbered, and 9
fine hard
are
of
and 29
white limestone.
The
b.
rest
of the
all
of
alabaster.
Scale
6.
Alabaster cylindrical
6z and 66 (in
Type I: 39, 15, 52, 17, 48, 40, id (all in top row); second row). Type P: ss ^^^ ^3 (iri second row). Type I"=: 57
top row)
;
(numbered
43 (in
Plate 48.
37 in
56^,
i
:
64,
and 60
(in
second row)
37,
6^3,
27,
6i
and
bottom row).
Scale
6.
1514.
N.
1585,
all
found
in debris.
;
left
above
:
is
slate
i
:
5 is
of
In the second
;
row
of
ash
b.
5 are
and 6
are of volcanic
7 are
alabaster.
Scale
5,
6.
11,
from N.
1514.
8,
2,
are
of volcanic
23
ash.
18
In the second
are
row,
volcanic ash;
and
of volcanic
ash.
all
The
c.
of
slate.
Scale
6.
N.
1514.
All
22
the
is
vessels are
fine hard
line.
No.
of
Scale
6.
Plate 49.
N.
i$z6.
Volcanic
ash, slate
vessels.
DIAGRAM OF THE
2
slate
PIECES IN PL.
X31
slate
49*.
8
slate
X32
slate
X37
fine vole.
x }6
black
I
X35
St.
X 34
grey vole.
X33
fine vole.
I
X 30
brecchia-like vole.
II
black basalt
4
impure
7
slate
X38
slate
vole, ash
fine vole.
vole.
5
slate
X 40
slate
X39
slate
Scale
'
i:
6.
to in Chapt.
The unnumbered
pieces
were
XI under
the
numbers given
in this list.
List of Plates,
J53
Plate 49.
b.
Alabaster vessels.
DIAGRAM OF VESSELS IN
15
PL. 49".
3
X44
X 43
X45
X 46
25
41
X 42 X 50
26
X 47
X 48 X
51
X 49
13
6
12.
X 52
Seale 1:6.
Plate 50.
Groups of
a.
vessels
from
25
is
different
N. N.
13,
1605.
;
No.
No.
and
of white limestone;
22,
slate;
24, blaek
basalt
b.
II,
blaek basalt ;
5
voleanie ash ;
alabaster.
Seale
6.
1515.
II,
I
10 are plates
and 4 are of
1535.
alabaster
is
of voleanic
ash.
Seale
6.
c.
N.
of
1513
N.
1523,
No. No.
5,
is
rest,
Nos.
2,
i,
3,
4, are
alabaster.
N.
N.
1535,
2,
on
the
left,
is
of alabaster
.
No.
i,
on the
right,
is
of
slate.
Scale 1:6.
d.
1882.
This tomb
500,
is
a small corbel
and Gem.
and
is
probably of the
second dynasty.
The
vessels, all
of alabaster except
also
3
There were
bowl
jars
of pottery, type V.
N.
1881,
empty except
for part of a
XXIV),
Plate
51.
N.
1572,
stone vessels.
PL. 5I^
3
'.
24
alab.
2
alab.
I
25
X 16
alab.
alab.
alab.
alab.
21
X18'
vole.
19
X 20
vole.
22
alab.
vole.
alab.
alab.
14
15'
1(5
X17
vole.
vole.
vole.
vole.
xn'
slate
12
X13
slate
slate
Scale
'
i;.6.
Referred
to
on
p.
p.
8.
^ '
Referred to on
12, as
5,
1572, x.
Referred to on
p.
09 under XVIII,
I.
as 1572, x.
54
51.
List of Plates.
Plate
b.
N.
See
p. 59.
Nos.
and
are
of
alabaster;
c.
of limestone; the
1616.
of pottery.
are
Nos.
from
1614.
Nos.
i,
4, 5 are
from
1616.
Plate 52.
Pottery from
a.
dynasty tombs.
N. N.
1581,
1512,
Types VI,
VII,
IX and V.
b.
Plate ss-
dynasty tomb N.
painted
1532.
Pebble-pohshed, red
bowls and
i
plates
of brown ware.
2 are
These
are
3,
numbered
is
in order
20.
on the
plate
is
3.
Nos.
56.
i,
bowls
1532, 5, 8, 9.
No.
17
bowl
1532,
No.
4,
bowl
1532,
1532,
21
24,
26
30, 35
I,
38, 68.
II,
Nos. 16
19,
23 are plates
39
h.
Pottery of types
first
V, XXI, XXII.
Plate 54.
Pottery from
a.
dynasty tombs.
pieces are in the top
3
N.
1525.
The unnumbered
i,
row
28;
No.
33
beside 27
23
No.
and
between 24 and
No. 4 between N.
32,
Scale 1:6.
On
the
left, a
piece of type
3
I,
1532, 33.
Above, Above,
two
pieces
from N.
1529,
(type XIV'^).
are pieces
on the
5,
right,
two
1
pieces from
N. 1606 (type
X).
Below
1533,
2,
4,
6,
7.
Scale
6.
Plate 55.
On
the
left,
above,
is
N.
1521%
type
1602,
XXIV
3
and XIX*.
Below
i,
is
1522,
i,
type XIV"*.
In the
middle,
2 (type
N.
16, type
(type
XXIV"
XVIII, and V.
On
b.
the right,
N.
1522,
XXIV''), and
pieces (type
XXIV
left,
Scale 1:6.
On
the
N.
i6iz,
10.
On
the right,
N.
1^05.
Above
Scale
in debris
tomb.
21
(type V).
6.
Pottery in
a.
tomb
the
groups.
first
On
left,
1501.
On
pottery from
b.
N.
'
N. 1537 by mistake.
Mentioned on
p.
95 under
XW^
as 1522, 3
by
misprint.
List of Plates.
155
CEMETERY
Plate 57.
N. 3000.
the
camp looking
west.
In the foreground
is
Cem.
3100
b.
In the foreground
N.
3001.
Looking
c.
Surface of
Cem. 3000
after
removing limekiln
debris.
b.
N.
3001
is
The
not
debris.
III,
The
PI, 78).
the old
cemetery surface
d.
Map
3014
The
eastern
half
of Cem. 3000
after
removing
debris.
Looking north.
The
N.
is
note under
Plate 58.
c.
N.
3017,
view of stone
vessels
interior.
Seen looking
down from
and door
threshold
is
Note
just
above pot on
left
left
the stone
visible
e,
and
69, a
b.
For
on the
and N.
left.
N.
3017
3013.
N. N. N.
us.
3013,
looking
east
down
entrance slope
at
in
position.
b.
3017,
See
c.
looking east
down
a.
Shows
3017,
east,
The
3017,
d.
N. N.
pit.
view of
wooden roof of doorway. looking down from north end. Note the
3017,
limestone chips used as filHng between the vault and the sides of the
f N.
Plate 60.
down from
the north.
Note
Corbel
a.
vaults.
3013
3013,
South end of N.
showing stone
vessels,
See
PI. 69'^.
b.
North end of N.
south.
See
PI. 69".
c.
N.
3012,
looking north.
N.
The
N.
ancient surface
is
is
The
black stratum
undoubtedly
See
20*
3012.
PI.
6&.
56
d.
e.
List
<>f
Plates.
N. N.
3012,
3012, interior, as
vault.
Plate
61.
Corbel vault N.
a.
3022.
3022.
b.
and
3012.
The
away around
3022
down
Plate 62.
Series
a.
to the
first
hard
alluvial
deposit.
The
N.
cm
Note
3012.
showing
stages in
opening corbel
3022.
Doorway from
Shows
bricks
loose bricks.
b.
bricks.
Shows door-block
above
c.
line
of loose bricks.
Same, after removing plaster from door-block. Same, after removing door-block. Same, after cutting away outer section of corbel.
only open end of corbel
vault.
d.
e.
Shows
that
doorway
is
f End of vault
after cutting
away front
from the
east,
looking down.
Shows
Plate 53.
side
of the corbel.
Continuation of
a.
N.
3022.
vault,
Section
of back end of
looking north.
Shows condition of
interior
as it
Same
as a, after
removing
rest
Interior
of N. 3022 looking
coffin.
down from
north
end.
Note
outline
of
wooden
d.
Same
as c, after
removing pottery.
3014.
Shows bones of
offerings in pans.
Plate 64.
Series
a.
showing opening of N.
Vault from south.
b.
c.
fell
off.
d.
e.
when opened.
3014.
Plate 65.
From
the south.
b.
removing
debris.
Note
of end chamber do not support roof, and that end chamber contains
one
Plate 66.
Plate
6-].
pot.
30(^2,
General view of
3031
and
3071,
looking
down from
the southeast.
roof,
b.
List of Plates.
J57
east.
Plate
6'].
c.
N.
N.
3071,
log over
chips;
d.
e.
3071,
3015,
and
vessels,
looking
N.
N.
down from the east side. looking down from the east.
looking
Note
traces
of entrance on west
f.
3015,
and
vessels,
down from
Plate
(58.
Burials in boxes
a.
and
in holes.
N.
3018,
looking
b.
c.
N. N.
3o5i,
looking
3091, 3092
(in
87).
d.
N. 3092
mud box
side. side.
in the center)
and 3093
(in
the
p. 85
87).
N. 3092,^ looking
N.
PL
3091,"
looking
At
the top
3091.
is
The
43
The wooden
was
Plate 59.
Miscellaneous views.
a.
N.
3017,
same view
as PI. 58,
73).
N.
3017,
I
view of
21
vessels in north
Numbered
cards indicate
nos.
c.
(see p. 72
73).
*>).
d.
e.
f.
N. N. N. N. N.
from the
east.
down from
the
east.
3023, interior,
Plate 70.
T,oi6.
Nos.
7,
15,
and
No. 6^ and
14,
are limestone:
and the
DIAGRAM OF VESSELS IN
II
PL.
70".
2
alab.
I
17
16
alab.
alab.
12
alab.
alab.
alab<
14
alab.
7
alab.
15
18
13
alab.
alab.
1st.
alab.
alab
10
bl. pol.
12"'
5*
slate
9
vole.
vole.
vole.
pottery
4
alab.
'
30
alab.
'
31
alab.
By
By
Numbered
by mistake.
Numbered
2"
by mistake.
58
71.
List of Plates.
Plate
3017, a
corbel-roofed
tomb of
In the top
row
(63,
two of limestone
49),
and two
of alabaster
37
32
and
35
of
In
the
third row,
33
(without rim),
are
of limestone;
62 and
28, alabaster,
23
with rims.
is
Below,
alabaster.
b.
with rim
i
:
hmestone:
24,
Scale
(7).
all
are of alabaster.
In the second row, 60 and 41* (the upper piece, bowl with spout) are of
39
is
pebble
34
is
of volcanic ash
and the
In
of volcanic ash;
7).
22
is
and
Plate 72.
31
slate.
Scale 1:6
{6.
N.
N.
3001.
b.
c.
and
3013.
N. N. N.
N.
d.
e.
f.
and N.
3051
(two pieces).
3,
8,
9),
3222,
Nos.
4, 7,
5),
30^1,
3003, 3002
and
}z6i.
Plate
73.
Stone
a.
vessels,
(four pieces,
Nos.
4)
and
3091.
N.
3501 in the
is
Pottery from
Beads from
30KJ.
3031,
3o5i
and
3018.
Above, on the
In the middle,
left,
30(^1,
3031,
2,
6 and
13",
see p. j6.
see p. 86.
Below, N.
Plate 74.
30(^1,
3071,
b.
Plate
75.
Miscellaneous views.
a.
N.
3025,
looking
down from
3023.
3051,
the west.
Scale 1:6.
3053.
b.
c.
and
Scale
6.
d.
Stone
between N.
3001
and
3021,
List of Plates.
59
Plate yd.
Map
I.
Map of Cemetery
1500, scale
$26.^
The
The tombs
B.,
z.
later
than
The
strips a
and
X are of the
12
18
dynasty.
Below
a section
through A.
lines v
and
section
list
In the
of
tombs on
p. 139,
the strips v
z are
N.
on
this
left;
map
strip
(i.
e.
is
on
A
is
is
on the
the part
below
line
A B,
and
strip 2
A B.
Plate 77.
Map
II.
io6, 1514
and
Scale
122.*
The
Plate 78.
by dotted
3000.
lines.
Map
III.
Map of Cemetery
p. 139,
Structures and pits in red are later than the second dynasty.
In the hst
of tombs on
the strips
A C, C B,
D, D A
Made by
F.
are the
segments
between the
Plate 79.
Map
IV.
to
of Naga-ed-Der.
W.
Green, added
by G. A. Reisner, and
finished
and inked
printer.
in
by N. de G. Davies.
Scale
Scale
50O was intended, but the map was inaccurately reduced by the
100 was ordered, but
i
:
'
>D
'
CORRECTIONS.
On
p.
3,
On
p.
oI
under Type
a 6 read
;
Sebah
4,
1.
digrginj: read
Sebalj di^rging.
,,
,,
a 6
loi,
1513, 40, 48
I
1586, X
1612, x.
17, instead of
under Type
c 4
c 4, read:
1513, 27,
I-
64
1514,
29
1582, X
7>
1-
3015,
(the
108,
li
'
next to
109,
under Type XVII b 23, instead of 1572, 8 (v.) read 1571, x 18 (v.). under Type XVIII
5,
the last
number
in the line).
instead of
11
14,
1.
(s.).
21,
1.
6, instead of
under Type XVIII 12, instead of 1572, X (s.) read 1571. x 15 (s.).
in list of cylinder seals
119,
under 43 o
i.
44
o,
I3> instead of
(?).
and under 43 k
1605,
I
44 k instead of
read 1562, 3.
ground
(3019,
in the
ground
On
>>
PI.
44
below on
left,
instead of p read k.
55a, instead of
N N
1527 read
3091
N
N N
1521.
tt
95>
'
3.
x.
68e,
3092.
3091.
95,
68 f,
70b,
N 3092
1.
1522, 3
Printed
by C. G. ROder G.m.b.H.,
Leipzig.
cariy
uynasuu ^emeieries
i.
PL
I.
a.
View
looking north.
S.
Sheilih Farag.
I.
b.
a.
2.
Second
ravine.
3.
Third ravine.
c.
View
I.
PL
I.
PL
I.
<ti-
'
r-^
w...^::<r.u.-<^,-....
,-x^^ii^.^,i^^^^J^e*s^
I.
a
a
.S
o
PI.
1.
.1
ft
>
^ /.-..-.f,.^
'''fe.
'"'
" :
,
1
*..
o r-
>
A9
.'5-^
-
*
.
..
f-
<
#'
'
"^S
m
lit
\-N
^
>
'1
'1
*
;;
V
1
; m
4'
)'V
'1
.,
v^
^'
^
._
%!
^
'
I.
t
,
i
!
1
,
,
tfm'^r--
1 i.
1
*'
*\
JI
y
to
i
\
n
1
fvj
\ r
/
/
*i
'
1
4>
s
.
It
1;.
1^
IV
*
I
*
/
.^
r.
.-.-t^-
-.11- 1
?1. 8
1.
e
tr
I.
PL
9.
a.
Reverse of
PI.
(1
nos.
I,
and
3.
b.
Gold
rings.
c.
(4).
d.
Gold
circlet.
N. 1532.
Gold
find.
PL
Early Dynastic Cemeteries
I.
PI.
I.
I.
PI.
I.
I.
PI.
a.
N. 1C04.
Remains of skeleton on
floor,
from
nortli.
b.
N. 1582.
Fiom
the noitli.
c.
N. 1649.
From
the west.
d.
N.
1538
a.
of
1506.
From
the south.
w^SB^^^BSfS'v'''.'
-^_
^1
""*
''
1-%
e.
Cem. N. 1500.
Looking
c.nst
f.
N.
6(17.
From the
south.
I.
I.
"^
O)
m. J^ jt'^ ^ T^Tr-:
g-.
-^'JC-.l'-T
M
Co
PI.
I.
%^
sh
'L.-^
1.
ii .^.
1
I
LiiH ^ig..
JM^Bfc^-l^'^"
1
t^
I'^tT^HM
-^^
"^-"'^
PI.
i(
1.
*^'.
f
r.
^*
'^
I.
F
44s
1
'
'
J''
/
.'
""
'
^ ^I^H
o u
PI.
I.
^
*
^
^.
s
\v i'
.%
11
lMhr\
4l
mS& I
PI. 2
mm.
i^^^^H^^^I
L:"
V^i^jj^^UHNH
^^H ^^^^^23^H
^^^^^^^H
Hp^^l
^^T
'^'^^^H
.
*.^^^|
.^^H
^
^^v
''^^^H
tf^^l
^Hd^P
^^L^Hfe
'^^H
I
-r
^^ii
,
Hi ^^^H
^^^^^^1
^^^^^H^^^l
^^^^^^^^^^H
-'^i'-
^l
'
m
'^^
.:.
^^H
.
^H
_
^/
V'9tr*is*^
,.
MMl
.
.
^H
^H ^i
I.
PL
I.
PI. 2b.
PL
I.
s u
o c
i
..>:
-as aiisa'
.Av
;:
.
PI,
I.
^-
in
PI. 29.
I.
I.
U 5
Pi. 4:
1.
a.
N.
1512.
Stone vessels.
r II
1
<Z
,'*-'
^M ^^J>\
b.
B^^^^^^^^HH|
^^^^^^^^^^^^H
*>.^^H^HHHHpPHHiiMi4|^^^^^
N. 1581.
Stone vessels.
Fl.
I.
46
a.
N.
1532.
Sione vessels.
b.
N.
1513
Stone vessels.
PI.
1.
a.
N.
3.
Alabaster.
b.
N. 1513.
Alabaster.
PL
Early Dynastic Cemeteries L
4I
b.
N. 1514.
Stone vessels.
PI. 4c
I.
a.
N.
526.
b.
N.
1526.
Alabaster.
PI,
I.
PI. 51-
1.
a.
N.
1572.
b.
N.
iblj.
c.
N.
1614
(2,
3,
())
and N. ibiO
(r,
4,
5) Pottery.
PI. 5=-
I.
a.
N. 1581.
b.
N. 1512.
Pottery.
I.
PI.
a.
N. 1532.
Red
polished Pottery.
69-65
r^aiiy
uyiiasuu v^eiiietenes
l.
PI.
54.
a.
N. 1525.
Pottery.
b.
N.
1532,
1529,
Pottery.
1.
PI.
a.
R F L^
[
ti<wj*'Jti:*>h^-_j*i.Ai5*i
1^
^^^^^^^^!SS?
^^^^^^^^^^BH^^^^^^^^^^^^^HBst^
ij L J^^^
^h|^^^^^^H^^^^^^K*9
iHHHIBiHKI
PIHRH^^^^^^^^^^I
b.
| f^ r t^4^^ n iU^ ^i
Pottery.
I
:
6.
"^
hhII
1^
^ttPttlV
^^^^^-'Vrt
^^^K!
^^^^^^
j^H
^^^H^H
Pottery.
ifae
az*'-^
Pottery.
I
:6
i'l.
57-
a.
I).
Lime-kilii
c.
PI. c5
I.
PL
X. 5017.
Stairwcr
door-block.
X. 3017.
Hole it doorUock.
e.
N. 3017.
X. 3013.
Vai*
a.
N. 3013.
b.
N. 3013.
Interior,
north end.
c.
N. 3012.
d.
N. 3012.
Doorway.
-W^'
e.
N. 3012.
Interior.
<N
I.
mi- "
a.
2.
From
the south.
b.
From
the cast.
>
-I
6j
"W
m C^
.:
a.
b.
c.
Door-blocking.
d.
Door.
e.
Section of vault.
f.
N. 3022.
W
M
i.!^^^
m
mm
I.
PI.
a.
b.
fell
oH.
c.
Door
blocking.
d.
Doorway and
section of vault.
e.
Interior of vault.
PI. 65.
1.
v,^
PI. 66.
I.
PI.
I.
b.
N. 3053.
Hjcterior,
from north.
a-
N. 3053.
Interior from
doorway.
^ ^
\f^^
sw
.~^,.
v^
'*J^rd.
N. 3071.
c.
N. 3071.
f.
N. 30'S-
race s
ot
e.
N. 3015.
west
side.
PI. 61
a.
N. 3018,
side.
c.
Fr^m
tlie
iiuclli
d.
N.
31 19
and J092.
Nearer view.
e.
iN.
309;.
Sliclcloii,
N. 3091.
Burial,
PI. 69.
a.
N. 3017, vessels
22-56, from
the east.
b.
N. 3017, vessels
I 21,
c.
d.
.'
f/n^
^Bmd
e.
f.
PI.
70.
a.
N. 301b.
Stone vessels.
b.
N. 3031.
Stone vessels.
PL
Early Dynastic Cemeteries
1.
71.
a.
N. 3017.
Stone vessels.
b.
N. 3017.
Stone vessels.
1.
PI. 72
a.
N. 3001.
b.
N. 3024,
3054,
3025,
3011,
3012,
3013.
Stone vessels.
c.
N. 3015.
Stone vessels
d.
N. 3051,
3052.
Stone vessels.
e.
jf^S.^-
Stone vessels.
f.
N. 3022,
3222,
3071,
3061,
3003,
3002,
3261.
Stone vessels
Jl^
PI. 73.
1.
>
a.
Pottery.
:6.
b.
N. 3017.
Pottery.
6.
I.
PI.
J.
C. Hinrichs, Leipzig.
<C3
LO
>LK
1 1
^
CC LJ
Q Z
1-
m < ? LJ
1-
z O Z) < rr
1rn
f^l
b
CO )-
^
1
LJ
f^
h-
il
t%
<s
Ll.
n
t/5
e)
ho
Q.
PI.
I.
Q.
Q O O O UJ LO < ^ H
iiil
I.
UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
,
Xll
IV-VI
LA TER THAN
?
I 7
ND
j
ip
METERS
+0.257n
.^==^SE^^^
LWESTONE
LEVEL OF CULTIVATION
LEVEL or CULTIVATION
Map
III.
I.
PI.
79
Q
I
a
I
O
(U
E u
x:
FEB 2
1989
TORONTO LIBRARY