Calculus Outline Chapter 5 Chapter 5.

1 Areas and Distances o The Area Problem First ask what is the definition of the area It is not easy to find the area of a region with curved sides We can approximate the area under a curve by dividing into small rectangles, with base length (delta)X and height y. This is called a reimann sum, which can be defined The sum of squares (12 + 22 + 32 ++n2) is n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 The width of an interval is b-a, so the width of each of the n strips is: (delta)X = (b-a)/n The area A of the region S that lies under the graph of the continuous function f is the limit of the sum of the areas of approximating rectangl

The left hand sum is:

Sigma notation:

The Distance Problem If velocity remains constant (a=0) distance = velocity*time It is more accurate the more measurements are taken Where F(t) is the distance travelled, and (delta)t is the change in time. If you add up all of these values, then you get the total change in distance.

Chapter 5.2 The definite integral o Definition of a definite integral: If f is a function defined for a <= x <= b, we divide the interval [a,b] into n subintervals of equal width (delta)x = (b-a)/n. We let x0 (=a), x1, x2,,xn (=b) be the endpoints of the subintervals and we let x1*, x2*, , xn* be any sample points in these subintervals, so x1* lies in the ith subinterval [xi-1, x1]. Then the definite integral of f from a to b is:

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Provided that this limit exists and gives the same value for all possible choices of sample points. If it does exist, we say that f is integratable on [a,b]. Note the integral sign. F(x) is called the integrand and a and b are the limits of integration. A is the lower limit and b is the upper limit. Dx indicates that the independent variable is x. The procedure of calculating an integral is called integration. The definite integral is a number. The Riemann sum can be interpreted as a sum of areas of approximating rectangles. The definite integral can be interpreted as the area under the curve y=f(x) from a to b. If f takes on both positive and negative values, tehn the Riemann sum is the sum of the areas of the rectangles that lie above the x-axis and the negatives of the areas of the rectangles that lie below the x-axis. Note 4: there are times when dividing f(x) into unequal lengths is advantageous. Sometimes data is given in uequal lengths This takes into account the largest value of (delta) x. Thereom 3: if f is continuous of [a,b], r if f has only a finite number of jump discontinuities, then f is integratable on [a,b]; that is, the definite integral If f is integratable on [a,b], then: exists.

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Where: o The midpoint rule:

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Where: And: This is a better way of approximating the area than the left hand and right hand rules Properties of the deifinite integral:

Chapter 5.3 The fundamental theorem of calculus o The fundamental theorem of calculus gives a precise relation between the derivative and the integral. o The first part of the fundamental theorem deals with functions defined by an equation of the form: , where f is a continuous function on [a,b] and x varies between a and b. If g is defined as the integral of f, then g is f.

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The integral of a function always differs by a constant, regularly denoted by C Differentiation and integration as inverse processes.

If you integrate and then differentiate, then the original function is reverted back to its original form. Chapter 5.4 Indefinite integrals and the Net Change Theorem o Indefinite integrals. This is a convenient way of writing the antiderivative of a function. The indefinite integral represents a family of functions differing by a constant C The definite integral is a number, do not forget that.

Applications

There are many applications of this, and generally it involves in thinking which equation do I have and then plugging it into the net change theorem. Chapter 5.5 - The substitution rule o The formulas given will not always give us what we need to antidifferentiate a function. o Sometimes we must notice that we can take an inner function (u) and outer function (du) to then integrate a particular function.

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It is permissible to operate with dx and du after integral signs as if they were differentials. Note: Definite integrals There are two methods, One is to evulate the indefinite integral first and then use the fundemntal theorem Other method is to change the limits of integration when the variable is changed:

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Symmetry

This can really help simplify certain problems.