VOCABULARY

TO

C E S A R S G A L L I C WAR.
COVERING SEVEN BOOKS.

S I G N S AND ABBREVIATIONS.
. o c

.. . .. .. . . active. absolu&e(Zy). . . . . active. . . . . borrowed. cf. . . . . . compare. cog. . . . . , cognate. comp. . . . . composition. comp., compar. . comparative. concr. . . . . concretely. conn. . . . . connection. decl. , . . . declined. def. . . . . . deyinite, defective. dep. . . . . . deponent. dim., dimin. . . diminutive. distrib. . . . . distribulive. em h. . . . . emphatic.
abs. . act. . barr..
8.. ,

Gr. . . . . imp., impers. . imv.. increased

English. . . . . . especiaZZy. . . . feminine. fig. . . . . . figumtive(2y). fr. . . . . . from. freq.. . . . . frepentative.

enct . . Eng.. . esp. F., fem..

. . . .. .
.
,

ending.

pron. reduced reflex. rel. .

sc.

prob.

M., masc. . neg. . . n. N., nent. , num. . . opp. orrg. . . p. pass. perf. . . perh. . . pl., plur. . poss. . . p. p. . .

. . . . . present partici$le. . . . . passive.

. . . . . ... . . .

. negatiw(2y). .... .. . neuter (intranritive) . neuter. . . numeral. ... . opposed. . . originaliy.

. perfect. . perhaps. . plural. . possibly. . perfect participle. . probably. . pronoun, pronominal.
or composition. relative. supply. singular. Sanskrit. stem. sub~~nctive. sudsantive(ly). superlative. ternzination. transferred (i.e. fr. a proper to a forced meaning). uncertain. verb. which, whence. indicates a change of vowel.
refmive(ly).

. .

mrcsculine.

. . . indicates the loss of a syllable in derivation

.. .. .. ,
.

ind., indecl. . indef. . . . insep. , instr. inter., interrog. intens. irr. lit. loc.

Greek. impersonal imperntzve. indicates theaddition of a letter or letters.

indeclinable.

. .. . . ..

. inde$nite. . .. . .. . inseparable, instrumental. . interrogative.

sing. Sk. . . . . st. . , , , subjv. . . . subst. . . . sup., superl. , term. . . . transf.. unc. v. . . . wh. weakened

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .. .
.

.. . . . .
.

. . . .

. intensive. .. . literal(1y). irregular. . . . locative.

,

.... . . .....

Other common abbreviations will be readily understood.

(-). A hyphen a t the end of a word means that the word is a stem; between two

words it means composition. (+). A plus sign indicates derivation by means of a derivative suffix following the sign. A root is generally given in SMALL CAPITALS. (t). A dagger denotes a word not actually found, but assumed as having once existed. (?). A query denotes a doubtful etymology or meaning. Pull-faced type in parentheses denotes other spellings or forms. I, z , 3 , 4, refer to conjugations of verbs.

VOCABULARY.
A
to) ; intritus ab labore (by). - I n a b (5, abs), [akin to Eng. o f , o f ] , comp. o f , away, apart; not, dis-, un-. adv. (in comp.). - Prep. with abl., abditus, p. p. of abdo. away from, from (cf. ex, out of). abdii, -dere, -did& -ditus, [ab-do Of place, with idea of motion,from : ( p u t ) ] , 3. v. a., p u t away, remove, ab Arari iter convertere. Of time, hide. - With reflex., conceal ones ab hora quarta. - Fig., front, with se& hide. With in and acc., hide more or less feeling of motion : ab in,withdraw to (take refuge among), cohortatione profectus ; tempelare ab withdraw andhide away. -abditus, iniuxiis ; tutus ab ; ab ramis (from -a, -um, p, p., hidden, remote, retke 6ra?tches, as far as where they moved: abditi in tabernaculis (secZudbegin). - With expressions of meas- ing themselves, etc.). abdiicii, -dikere, -diixi, -ductus, ure, o f , away, at a distance of: a milibus passuum duobus, two miZes [ab-duco], 3. v. a., Zeaa away, draw . f i -With different notion in away, take away, Zead 0 8 carry away (of persons or things which move of Eng.: ortum est ab, 6egan with; vacuum ab, destitute of; capit in- themselves). abeii, -ire -ii, -itGrus, [ab-eo], irr. itium a, 6egin a t ; ab tanto spatio, 8retire, go (out so f a r of; ab oficio discedere (for- v. n., go away, g o 0 sake, etc.) ; a quibus decedere (aban- of sight or away). abiciii, -icere, Gci, -iectus, [ab-iadon, etc.) ; gratiam inire ab, secuia gratitude from, win favor with; cio], 3. v. a., throw away, thww postulare ab, ash o f : Esp. with down, throw (away from ones self). abiEs, -ietis, F., j r or spruce passives and similar notions, 6y: (tree or wood). accidere a Caesare (at the hands of, abiectus, p. p. of abicio. showing the origin of this meaning). abiiinctus, p. p. of abiungo. -ESP. also (prob. as the place abiungii, -iungere, -iiinxi, -iiinctus, whence the impression comes), 0% [ab-iungo], 3. v. a., diybin, detack: the side of; on,at, on the part o f : a fronte; a tergo; ab infimo; a dextro abiuncto Labieno.

A,, Aulus (wh. see).

cornu j a re frumentaria (in respect

1,see ab.

[?I,

abripii

acclivie accBd6, -cGdere, -cess& -cessfirus, [ad-cedo, g o or come], 3. v. n., move towards, draw near, approach, come up, come (to), advance to, advance. Fig., come to : Remis studium (beinspiredin, cf. discedo).-Esp., be added, where often an explanatory word is necessary in Eng. : huc accedere, be in addition to this; huc accedebat ut, thtre was also this (disadvantage) th&; so with quod, there was also the fact that, thew was also the reason that, or simply moreover, then again. accelerb, -?ire, -%vi, -stus, [adcelero, hasten; cf. celer, swift], I. v. a. and n., hasfen. acceptus, p. p. of accipio. accessus, p. p. of accedo. accida, -cidere, -cidi, no p. p., [adcado], 3. v. n.,fall to, fall z@on, f i l l . tela gravius (strike). Fig., happen, 6efal2, OCCZIY, present itselfi turn out, arise. - Often euphemistically for death, defeat, etc. : si quid Romanis ; gravius a Caesare (be done, severe measures 6e fahen). accid6, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, [adcaedo], 3. v. a., cut into, part2y rut. accipib, -cipere, &pi, -ceptus, [adcapio] 3. v. a,,take, receive: exerciturn (take command of ). -Less exactly, volnus ; incommodum (sufer, meet with).- Fig., accejt, learn, hear, get, fake : excusationem ; usus (acquire) ; aliquid fama (hear of).acceptus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., acceptable. acclivis, -e, [ad-clivus, slope (weakened)], adj., sloping towards, rising, sloping, ascending: collis ; aditus.

abripi5, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus, [ab-rapio, seize], 3. v. a., carry o f (with violence), drag away. abs, see ab. abscid6, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, [absf , lop o & tear caedo], 3. v. a., cut o &I tear away. abscisus, p. p. of abscido. absEns, -elitis, see absum. absimilis, -e, [ab-sixnilis, like], adj., unlike. absistb, -sistere, -stiti, no p. p., [ab-sisto], 3. v. n., stand o & stand away, withdraw. - Fig., leave o & keep aloof: abstineb, -tinare, -tinui, -tentus, [abs-teneo], 2. v. n., hold (one's self) ofi Fig., refrain, spare: proelio (refrainfromgiving);mulieribus(spare). abstrlctus, p. p. of abstraho. abstrah6, -trahere, -trLxi, -trHctus, [abs-traho], 3. v. a., drag o f , drag nway. absum, -esse, -fui (Lfui), -futiirus, [ab-sum],irr. v. n., de away, be a6sent, be o f (at a distance). Fig., suspicio (6e wanting) ; nomen (befar from he(ping) ; ab eo quin (6e far f r o m being) ; multum quin (lack much of, etc.) ; longius quin (6efarther o f than that); a bello (keep aloof, take nopart in) ; ab hoc consilio (not be concerned in). -absens, p. as adj., absent, in one's absence. abund6, -?ire, -Hvi, -Ltfirus, [tabundli-, lost adj. st., abounding; cf. abunde, abundantb], I. v. n., overflow. - Fig., abozcnd. -Transf. (of the place, etc., containing the thing), de stronf in, be rich in, abound in. ac, see atque.

acclhitHs

ad
acigs, -8, [AC (dzary) ies (cf materies)], F., point, sharp edge. edge: oculorum (keen glance, glare). - Esp., Line, battle line, array, army (in battle array, cf. agmen), rank (of an army in several ranks) : acie instructa depugnare, &ht a pitched battle. acquir6, see adquiro. Hcriter [acri- ter], adv., sharply. Fig., fiercely, vzolently, hotly (of fighting), with spirit: acriter pugnatum est, a jerce battle was fought, there was hotfighting. lctulrius, -a, -urn, [actu-, movement (AG in ago) arius], adj.,fast sailin: (provided with both sails and oars). actus, p. p. of ago. acub, -uere, -ui, -Gtus, [acu-, sharp (in acus, needle)], 3. v. a., sharpen. --aciitus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., sharpened, sharp. aciitus, p. p. of acuo. ad [?I, adv. (in comp.).-Prep. with acc. With idea of motion, to, towards, against. - Where the idea of motion is more or less obliterated, to, towards, for, at, on, agninst, in, near, in regard to. - Of time, till, at, on; ad diem, on the day.With numerals, about. -Esp., defeme ad, lay bejovee; recepti ad se (among) ; ad fortunam Caesari defuit (Cmar lacked to complete, etc.) ; contendere ad occupandam (to, for), and often with the gerund or ge. rundive expressing purpose ; ad certum pondus (up to, i.e. o f ); ad modum (in); commeare ad, visit; ad impedimenta (by) ; ad auxilium

acclivitls, -tatis, [acclivlF . , sloje

tas], (upward), inclination, steep-

ness Accb, -6nis, [Celtic], M., one of the Senones, who stirred up his people against the Romans. accommodltus, p. p. of accommodo. accommodb, (adc-) -tire,-tivi, -titus, [accommod6-fitting, or ad-comrnodo], I. v. a., j t on&: insignia ( p u t on, +st). accommodltus, -a, -urn, p. p., fitted, adapted. acciirltE, [old case-form of accuratus, done with care], adv., with care, carefully. accurrb, -currere, -curri (-cucurri), no p. p. [ad-curro], 3. v. n., run to, run up (on foot), rash u$ (on horseback), ride up. acciisb, -Hre, -%vi, -titus, [adtcauso, assign as a reason or charpe], I . v. a., accuse, blame,find fault with. Hcer, -cris, -me, [AC, sharp (cf. acus, needle), I -ris], adj., sharp.Fig., keen, active, violent. See acriter. acerb5 [acerbus], adv., bitterb. Fig. (of the mind), feme inopiam (sufer srverely f%om, etc.). acerbitls, -tiitis, [acerbi- f tas], F., bittsrness. Concrete in plur., suferings (with a change of point of view in Eng.). acerbus, -a, -um, [acer (treated as st.) bus (cf. superbus)], adj., bitter (to the taste).- Fig. (to the mind), bitter, hard to bear, crue2. PcerrimE, superl. of lcriter. acervus, -i, [acer (shortened as st.) vus], M . , (pointed?), a heap, a

pile.

adHctue

adfIict6

(togive assistance) ; ad arbitrium (ac- so msch so: discesaisse adeo ut (su cording to) ; proficisci ad (for) ; ad speedib that).- Still weaker, in mum, to a wian ; ad celeritatem (for, jact, at all, exacth. adeptus, p. p. of adipiscor. in the way of) ; ad speciem,for show ; adequit6, -%re,-%vi, no p. p., [adad extremum, at last, )?zally. - In equito, ride, cf. eques], I . v. a. and comp., to, towards, up to, up agaiirst,

in,by, in addition, and the like. a. d., see ante.

adgctus, p. p. of adigo. adaequ6, -%e, 4 v i , -Htus, [adaequo-, make equal; cf. aequus], I . v. a., make equal to: moles moenibus (make as high as).-More commonly with the verb neuter and the acc. or dat. depending on the combined idea, h o m e equal to, equal: altitudinem muri (reach up to); cursum (keep tip with). adam6, -%re, -%vi, &us, [adamo, love], I. v. a., take a fancy to, fall in love with, covet, become attached to. add6, -dere, -did& -ditus, [ad-do ( I and z ) ] , 3. v. a., give to.-Also, placeto, add (with acc. or absolutely). addiic6, -dficere, -diixi, -ductus, [ad-duco], 3. v. a., lead to, draw to, bring in (of persons), bring, draw in (towards one), drive, force. Fig., induce, drive. adductus, p. p. of adduco. ademptus, p. p. of adimo. ade6, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itus, [ad-ea], irr. v. a. and n., g o to, visit, get at, come to, come u), go to (a place), get in (to a place), advance (somewhere), attack, approach (speak with), accost: with ad, come into the presence of; ade6 [ad-e8 (thithe~)], adv., to that point. - Less exactly, to that degree,

n., ride ufl, ride against, skirmish with (of cavalry). adfectus, p. p. of adficio. adfer6 (aff-), -ferre, -tuli, -I%tus, [ad-fero], irr. v. a., bring to, bri9zg: litteras. - Fig., cause, brins forward, allege, reflort, announce :fortuna casus (britrgabout, give). adfici6 (aff-), &cere, -fCci, -fectus, [ad-facio], 3. v. a., do to, a f e d With acc and abl., afect with, inflict upoit, pvodrice in, cause to, visit with,jfll with. - In passive, sufer, receive, be in (a condition), be aflicted Jy, sufer f r o m : beneficio adfectus, haviiig received favors ; magno dolore adfici, 6e.peatly distressed. adfig6 (aff-), -figere, -fixi, -fixus, [ad-figo, j f x , fasteii], 3. v. a., fasten to (by insertion or the like). adfingo (aff-), -tingere, -finxi, -fictus, [ad-fingo], 3. v. a., make up i7z addition. -O E rumors, invent more, add. adfinitas (aff-), -tHtis, [adfini(close to, fr. finis, boundary) 4- tas], F., nearness.Esp. of relation by marriage, relationshzj+ alliance, connection. - Concretely, a connection : adfinitatibus coniuncti (marriages). adfirmati6 (aff-), -6nis, [adfirmatio, cf. adfirmo, assert], F., assurance. -Concretely, a n assertion. adfixus (aff-), p. p. of adfigo. adGct6 (aff-), -%re,-%vi, -Itus, fad-

adflctae

adiGtus

[ad-iacio], 3. v. a., throw to, hurl, flicto, cf. adfligo], I. v. a., dash against, dash upon, dash to the j i n g : telum adici (be thrown to, i.e. ground. Hence, werthrow, over- reach) ; aggerem (throw up).- Fig., join to, add: adiecta planities (with whelm, wreck. the addition o f ). . adflictus (aff-), p. p. of adfligo. adigb, -igere, 4gi, -8ctus, [ad-ago], adfig6 (aff-), -fligere, -flixi, -flictus, [ad-fligo], 3. v. a., dashupon. Hence, 3. v. a., drive to, drive up (of cattle, overthrow, wreck, overturn : navis etc.). -Less exactly, drive in, drive (shatter, damage) j arbores (throw home ( o f piles), move up (of towers), shoot (of weapons). Fig., force, down). bind (by oath.) adfore (aff-), see adsum. adimb, -imere, -Emi, -Zmptus, [adadgredior (agg-), -gredi, -gressus, . a., take away (the [ad-gradior, step, go], 3. v. dep., go emo, take], 3. v towards, go to, march against, attack. action being looked upon as done adgregb (agg-), -Ire, -%vi, -Itus, to somebody, usually in the dat.). Fig., destroy, cut o f , spem; pro[ad-grego,jock, cf. grex,fEock], I. v. a., unite in ajock,gather: se (gather spectum (intercept, cut of). adipiscor, -ipisci, -eptus, [ad-apisaround, j o c k to) ; se ad amicitiam cor, lay hold o f 1, 3. v. dep., obtain, (attach one's setfto). adhaere$ -haerEre, -haesi, -hae- secure: victoriam (win,gain). aditus, -fis, [ad-itus, cf. adeo, go sfirus, [ad-haereo], 2. v. n., stick (to), to], M., approach, arrival, coming, cling (to), get caught (in). adhaergscij, -ere, [ad-haeresco], 3. access: defugere (contact, intercourse).- Concretely, an avenue (of v. n., same meaning as adhaereo. adhibea, -Ere, -UT, -itus, [ad-ha- approach), acceJs (excuse for apbeo], 2. v. a., havc in. Hence, calZ proaching), admission, means of apf access, way c y ' in, admit, bring with (one). Fig., proach, means o approach, approach (in military employ, use. sense) ; sermonis (occasionf o r interadhibitus, p. p. of adhibeo. cmrse) ; ad uxorem (intercourse). adhortor, -Zri, I t u s , [ad-hortor], adiectus, p. p. of adicio. I. v. dep., encourage, address, urge, adiiidicltus, p. p. of adiudico. raZZy (soldiers). adiiidicb, -Zre, -Zvi, -Itus, [adadhiic [ad-huc, hither], adv., htherto (of place). - Of time, up to this iudico, cf. iudex, judge], I. v. a., adjudge, assign (by deliberation). time, tilZ now, to this day. adiungb, -iungere, -ifinxi, -ifinctus, adiaceb, -iacEre, -iacui, no p. p., [ad-iaceo], 2. v. n., lie Bear, border [ad-iungo], 3. v. a.,join to, unite to, attach, unite wifh. on, be adjacertt. adiiitor, -t6ris, [ad-tiutor, cf. adiuAdiatunnus, 4, [Celtic], M., chief vo, he&], M., he&er, assistant,abettor, of the Sotiates. adiiitus, p. p. of adiuvo. adici6 (adiic-), -icere, %xi,-iectus,

adiuv6

adquIrd
admone6, -Ere, -ui, -itus, [ad-moneo], 2. v. a., warn, urge. adolSsc6, -olEscere, -oltvi, -ultus, [ad-olesco, g r m ] , 3. v. n., grow up (to maturity), mature. See also adulescens. adorior, -oriri, -ortus, [ad-onor], 4. v. dep., (rise up against), attack, assail. adortus, -a, -urn, p. p. of adorior. adparb (app-), -ire, -%vi, -itus, [ad-paro, make ready, cf. pareo, be on hand], I . v. a. and n., prepare, get ready, make prefarations. adpellb (app-), -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, [ad-pello, drive], 3. v. a. and n., land (ships), bring to land. adpetb (app-), -petere, -petivi, -petitus, [ad-peto, aim at], 3. v. a. and n., seek to gain, desire, aim at. Abs., approach. adplicb (app-), -plic%re,-Hvi (-ni), -plicHtus (-plicitus), [ad-plico, f o l d ] , I. v. a., (bend towards). With reflex., lean against. adportli (app-), -?ire, -%vi, -itus, [ad-porto, carry], I . v. a,, bring in, bring (to some place). adprobb (app-), -ire, -Zvi, -itus, [ad-probo, esteem good, cf. probus, good], I. v.a., approve of; agree with (an opinion or action). adpropinqub (app-), -ire, -Pvi, no p. p., [ad-propinquo, cf. propinquus, near], I. v. n., approach, come nearer, come near. adpulsus (app-), p. p. of adpello. adquirb (acq-), -quirere, -quisivi, -quisitus, [ad-quaero, seek], 3. v. a. (get in add&n), acquire: aliquid (gain some advantage).

adiuvi5, -iuvare, -itivi, -ifitus, [adiuvo, help], I. v. a., assist, he& he& on, be o f advantage, be an assistance to ;ad spem (encourage). adliitus (all-), p. p. of adfero. adlicib (all-), -licere, -lex&-lectus, [ad-lacio], 3. v. a,, alhre to, invzte, tntice, attract. admaturb, -ire, -%vi, -Ltus, [ad-maturo, fr. maturus, early], I. v. a., hasten :defectionem (bring to a head more guickly). administer, -tri, [ad-minister, servant], M., servant, minister: ad sacrificia (priest. ceLebrant). administrb, -%re,-Pvi, -?itus, [administro, serve], I. v. a., carry into execution, peyform, execute, carry out, carry on (war), attend to (duties): imperia (give, carry out the duties o f a commander). admiriitus, p. p. of admiror. admiror, -%ri, -Htus, [ad-miror, wonder], I . v. dep., be surprised, wonder at, admire. - admirandus, -a, -urn, as adj., suvprising. -admirxtus, -a, -um, p. p. in pres. sense, aeinz surprised, wondering. admissus, p. p. of admitto. admittb, -mittere, -misi, -missus, [ad-rnitto], 3. v. a., (fetgoto), Zetgo: admisso equo, at f z d Z sped. - Fig., allbw (cf. corn- and per-mitto) : inse facinus (commit a crime) ; dedecus (permit to be imrrrred, incnr). Also pass. without in se, be comm itted. admodum [ad-modum, measure, Zimit], adv., to a degree. Hence, very, very much,great&, exceeding&, EO (very) much.

ampi8

7a

advert6

adripi6 (am), -ripere, -ripui, -rep adsuetus (ass-), -a, -urn, p. p. of tus, [ad-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch u$, adsuesco. seize. adsum, -esse, -fui, -futfirus, [adadroganter (arr-), [adrogant- (st. sum], irr. v. n., be near, be by, be of p. of adrogo, assume)4- ter], adv., present, be at hand, be there, apwith presumption,presumin&, with pear. insolence. Aduatuca, -ae [Celtic, afortress 11, adrogantia (arr-), -ae, [adrogant- F., a fortress of the Eburones (prob. Tongres), near the Meuse. . , insolence, (see preceding) f ia], F Aduatuci, &urn [Celtic], M., pl., insolent conduct, presumption. a tribe of the Belga: (originally Ger. adscend6, see ascendo. mans) living on the west bank of the adsclnsus, see ascensus. adscisc6 (asc-), -sciscere, -scivi, Meuse (later, Tongri). -scitus, [ad-scisco, approve, fr. scio], adul6scEns (adol-), -en& [p. of 3. v. a,, attach (by formal decree). adolesco, grow up], adj., young. -Less exactly, atfach to (ones self), As noun, a youth, yo2mg man.unite with (ones self). With proper names, theyounger (Jr., adsiduus (ass-), -a, -urn, [ad- to distinguish one from his father). adullscentia (adol-), -ae, [adulesuus], tsiduus (SED in sedeo, sit) adj., (sitting by), constant, continued, cent- ia], F., youth. incessant. adullscentulus (adol-), -i, [adulee adsist6 (ass-), -&ere, -stiti, no cent- 4- ulus, dim. end.], M. (often as adj.), a mere b y , very yomg. p. p., [ad-sisto, pZace (ones self)], 3. v. n., stand by, attend, assist: in adventus, -Cis, [ad-tventus, cf. conspectu patris (appear). . , a coming, advenio, come to], M adspectus (asp-), -Gs, [ad-tspec- arrival, approach. tus, cf. adspicio, Zoo& a t ] , M., a adverslrius, -a, -urn, [adversiZooRing at. Transf., an appearance, (reduced) 4- arius], adj., (turned aspect. towards), opposed. - A s noun, oppe adsulfacia (ass-), -facere, -feci, nent, adversary,foe, enemy. factus, [tadeue- (cf. suesco, become adversus, p. p. of adverto, in vaaccustomed) -facio, make], 3. v. a,, rious uses. accustom, train.- Pass., be accusadversus, prep. with acc., see adtomed. verto. adsulfactus (ass-), -a, -um, p. p. advertij, -vertere, -verti, -versus, of adsuefacio. [ad-verto], 3. v. a., turn towards: adsueace (ass-), -sutscere, -suEvi, animum (turn the attention, notice, -suetus, [ad-suesco, become accw- see animadverto), turn against, tomed], 3. v. a. and n., accustom, be- turn (to anything). -adversus, -a, come acczutomed, become wonted (of -um, p. p. as adj., infront, opposed, animals). opposite, in opaposition. adverse, un-

advoc6 favorable, in the face of: proelium (unsuccessful) ; hostibus adversus occurrebant (rigilt against, in their front) ; in adversum os, r i ~ h tin the face; flumine (z@, cf. secunao) ; res adversae, adversity, want o f success. - adversus [petrified as adv., cf. versus], prep. with acc., against. advocij, -%re, -%vi, -%tus,[ad-voco], I. v. a., call (to one), summon. adval6, -%re, 4 v i , -8tfirus, [advolo], I . v. n.,fly to, fly at. - Less exactly, of cavalry, rush at, $ y at, chai-ge upon. aedificium, -i, [taedific- (cf. aedifico) ium], N., 6iiilding. - Esp. buildings standing singly, opposed to villages,farm houses. aedificij, -%re,-%vi, -Stus, [faedific(aedes, house, FAC in facio)], I . v. a . , bziild (of houses). - Less exactly, of ships. aeger, -gra, g u m , [?I, adj., sick, disabled. aegerrims, superl. of aegre. aegre [old case-form of aeger], adv.,/eebZy. Hence, with dificulty, kuru@, scarce@, bare@. Aemilius, 4, [?], M., (Lucius), a Gaul, a subaltern in Caesars Gallic cavalry. Probably named from some Roman Aemilius from whom he had received the citizenship. aequiiliter [aequali- (fr. aequus, men) -k ter], adv., evert@, unifrmb. aequinoctium, -i, [as if aequinoct-, indirectly fr. aequo-, equal, nox (nisht) ium], N., the time o f the equinox, the equinox. aequitiis, -t;tis, [dequi$ (even,

aestivus eqz<al)-Itas], P., evenness. Hence (cf. aequus),~zii-ness,izistice. -Esp., aequitas animi, evenness o f mind, contentment, resignation. aequ6, -are, -%vi, -atus, [aequ&, eyiial], I . v. a., mufie eqiial, equalize. aequus, -a, -urn, [ ?, perh. akin to unus, formed with -cus instead of -nus], adj., even, level, equal. IIence,/air, jmt, eqziitu6Le. - Esp., aequus animus, eyuanimity, contentment, resignatron ; aequo animo aliquid facere (Be res&ned to, be satis$ed to, be content to) ; contentio ( m z equal terms) ; aequo Marte, on cqunl terms, wiih eqiial success. aeririus, -a, -urn, [aer- (as st. of aes, copper) arius], adj., (having t o do with c o f j e r ) . - Fem. as noun, a mine. aereus, -a, -um, [aer- (as st. of aes, cojper) f eus], adj., ofcopper, copjer (as adj.). aes, aeris, [?I, N., c#pper (as metal for ships, or as money). Hence, many.- Esp., alienum (debt, another mans money). aestiis, -t%tis, [st. akin to aedes (hearth) tas], F., (heat), szirnvzcr (the season for military operations). aestimiiti6, -6nis, [aeetima- (st. of aestimo, value) tio], F., valuation, estimation, vuliie. aestim6, -ire, -iivi, -%tus, [aestimii-, assayer], I . v. a., valtie, estimate.- Less exactly, regard: gravius (consider more serious, of calamities). aestivus, -2, -urn, [taestu- (cf. aestus, heat) f ivus], adj., hot. Hence, simmer (as adj.) : tempus.

aestulrius aestuarius, -a, -um, [aestu- (cf. aestus, tide) arius], adj., (relating to the fide).- Only in neut., as noun, creek, estuary, marsh. aestus, -tfis, [AID (in aedes, hearth) 4- tus], M., heat (plur. in same sense). Hence, boiling, M e . aetls, -tiitis, [for aevitas, fr. aevo- (st. of aevum, age) tas], F., age (of old or young) : aetate confectus, oppressed with years. aeternus, -a, -urn, [aevo- (st. of aevum, age) 4- ternus], adj., (relating to age), eternal, lasting. aff-, see adf-. Africus, -a, -urn, [Afro- (st. of Afer, I -cus], adj., o f Ajrica. Ajrican) Esp., sc. ventus, the S.W; wind (blowing from Africa to Italy). Hfuisse, Hfutiirus, see absum. AgEdincum, -i, [Celtic], N., chief town of the Senones, on the Yonne; now Sens. ager, agri, [AG in ago (drive?) IUS, akin to Eng. acre], M., land (cultivated), jelds, country (opposed to city), territory (country), cultivated lands, jelds (as opposed to woods). agger, -eris, [ad-ger (for GES in gero, as st.], M.,(thatwhich iscarried to a place), earth (for a wall), earth o j a wall, a ntound o f earfh, a wall, a rampart, a mole, a dike (either the regular earthwork of the Romans for an entrenched camp or line of circumvallation, or the dike of approach, a long sloping mound leading up to the height of the walls) : cotidianus (daily addition to the dike or walls).

iiliirius

'

agg- (except agger), see adg-. agita, -%re, -Hvi, -Stus, [agit& (freq. of ago, put in motion)], I . v. a., drive, chase. Hence, vex, trouble. -Fig., turn mer (in mind),propose, discuss,purpose. agmen, -minis, [AG (in ago, put in motion) men], N., a moving, a march. - Concretely (of bodies in motion), a body in motion, a column, an army, a litze (of troops in march), a train, a Jeet. - Less exactly, an army (not in march). Phrases : primum (the van) ; novissimum (the rear) ; claudere (bring up the rear) ; conferto agmine, in close order; agmine, on the march; agmen legionum (the main column); extremo agmine, in the rear. ag8, agere, Bgi, Hctus, [AG, put in motion],3. v. a., drive (apparently from behind, cf. duco, lead) : sublicas (drive down) ; vineas, tunes, etc. (set in motion, move on, advance) ; cuniculos (extend); ac portare (of live stock as booty, drive of). -Loosely, do (cf. " carry on "), act, treat, discuss, plead. - Phrases : conventurn (hold) ; gratias (render, give, express, cf. habere and referre) : quid agit, what is one about?; quid agitur, what is going on ?; de obsessione agere (do anything about, engage in). agricultiira, see cultura. alacer, -cris, -cre, [?I, adj., active, eager, spirited. alacritls, -tLtis, [alacri- (eager)4tas], F., eagerness, readiness, spirit, prom$tness. lllrius, -a, -urn, [alsri- (st. of

albus

10

aliue

ala, wing, ris) ius], adj. @e- Emphatically, at Zast (at Jome time, longing to the wings). Hence, o f the though not before). aliquantb, see aliquantus. allies (who held the wings of the aliquantus, -a, -urn, [ali- (in alius, army). M. plur. as noun, allzes, other) -quantus, hozu great (cf. aliauxiliaries. albus, -a, -um, [I,cf. Alpes], adj., quis)], adj., coas2derable.- N e u t , white (pale, opp. to ater, cf. candi- a s noun, a good deal, a conszdera(1e dus, shining white, opp. to niger) : part.-aliquantti (as abl. of m e a s ure), by conszderable, conszdtrabb, n plumbum album, tin. alces, -is, [Teutonic, cf. elk], F., good deal. aliquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod), the elk (a large beast of the deer [ali- (in alius, other) -quis, any], in. kind, resembling the moose). Alesia, -ae, [Gallic], F., a city of def. prom (more forcible than quis ; the Mandubii, west of Dijon ; now not universal, like quisquam), some, any. -Emph., some (considerable), Alise Ste. heine. alifis [unc. case-form of alius, any (important). - A s noun, some one, any one, something, anything. but cf. foras], adv., elsewhere. - Of time,atanothertime :alias alias, aliquot [ali- (in alius, other) -quo& now . now (cf. alius alius). how many], indecl. adj., several, some (more than one, but not conalienfitus, p. p. of alieno. alignti, -Ere, -Ivi, -Itus, [alien&, ceived as many). aliter [ali- (in alius, other) ter], anothers], I . v. a., make anothers. - Also, make strange, alienate, es- adv., otherwise, dferently. - Often trange :alienata mente, in a frenzy. rendered by a noun or adjective imalienus, -a, -urn, [unc. st. akin to plied in the context, aliter se habere alius, other, (prob. imitated from ac, be diferent f r o m what, etc. ; nec verb-stems of 2d conj.) aliter sentire quin, have noothtr idea nus], adj., anothers, of others, otherpeo- but that. alius, -a, -ud, [unc. root (cf. else) ples: fines (others) ; aes (debt). ius], adj. pron., another (any one, Hence, strange, foreign, uitfavorable (cf. suus),foreign to the purpose. - not all), other, different, else, another Superl., M. plur. as noun, perfect (of the second of three or more). strangers. Repeated (either in separate clauses alib [old case-form of alius], adv., or in same), one . . another, one elsewhither, elsewhere (of end of another, one one (thing), another motion), another: alius alia causa illata, a b aliquamdiii [aliquarn-diu, cf. Zepng d f e r e n t reasons; alius ex quam diu], adv., f o ~ some time, alio ( f r o m dferent, etc., one from some time, a considerable time. one, another from another). - Esp. aliquandti [ali- (in alius, other) in a partitive use, ex aliis (with f all others, cf. u the superl., most o -quando, when], at some time.

..

...

. ..

allfairest of her daughters, Eve");

alius atque (see atque).

I1

Ambivariti

all-, see adl-.

Allobroges, -um, [Celtic], M. plur., a Celtic people (of Gaul), living between, the Rhone, the Isere, the Lake of Geneva, and the Alps (in Dauphiny and Savoy). They were conquered in B.c. 121 by Fabius Maximus. a16, alere, alui,altus, [AL, nourish], 3. v. a., cause to grow, feed, nurse, support (supply with food), foster, raise, Keep (of animals) : staturam (increase). Fig. foster,foment,feed. AlpCs, -ium, [Celtic form, (cf. albus) is], F. pl., the Al'ps, more or less loosely used of the whole mass of mountains between Italy (Cisalpine Gaul), Gaul, and Germany. alter, e r a , -erum, [AL- (in alius, other) ter (for -terus, compar. suffix)],adj. pro"., theother (of two). -In plur., the other p a r v . - Repeated (cf. alius), one the other, one another (of two), one the other. -In plur., oneparty the other. -Also, the second (of more than two), another (the second of three) : dies (the second).- Also (esp. with negatives), another (beside one's self, where all are conceived as two parties, one's self and all the rest). alternue, -a, -urn, [alter- (as st.) 4-nus], adj., alternate, rectjb-ocal, mutual, alternating. altitiidb, -inis, [altli- ( h 2 h ) tudo], F . , height, depth (cf. altus), thickness (of a timber). altus, -a, -um, [p. p. of alo (now-

... . ..

ish), as adj.] (grown h&h ay n o w idzing),hzgh.- From opposite point ' of view, deep.- Neut., as noun, the sea, the deep : in alto, in deep water; ex alto,fYom the spa. aliita, -ae, [? cf. alumen, alum], F., leather (of a fine sort, like morocco I). amb- [akin to ambo, both], prep. only in comp., about, Yound abob. ambactus, -i, [prob. German], M., a retainer, a vassal. Ambarri, -arum, [Celtic], plur. of adj., a tribe of Gaul, on the Sa6ne. They seem to have been clients of the Haedui, and are called Haedui Ambarri. AmbiPni, -8rum, [Celtic], M. plur. of adj., a Belgian tribe, whose chief town, Samarobriva, is now called from their name, Amiens. Ambibarii, -arum, [Celtic], M. plur. of adj , a n Aremorican tribeliving in a part of Normandy. Ambiliiiti, -arum, [Celtic], M. plur. of adj., a tribe on, the Somme (possibly part of the preceding). Ambiorix, -igis, [Celtic], M., an able prince of the Eburones. He caused a revolt of his nation against Ccsar, which was partially successful, and came near being entirely so. H e caused Caesar uneasiness for several years, and eluded every effort t o capture him. Ambivareti (Ambila-), -arum, [Celtic], M. plur. of adj., a Gallic tribe, dependents of the Haedui. Ambivariti, -arum, [Celtic], M. plur. of adj., a Belgic tribe on the wwt bank of the Meuse.

ambi3 ambB, -ae, -6 @rum), [akin to amb, roundabout], num. adj., both (together, cf. uterque, both searate&). BmBns, -entis, [ab-mens], adj. (havitzg the niiizd away), mad, crazy. Hmentia, -ae, [ament- (mad) ia], F., niadrress,Jrenzy, (mad) folly. Bmentum, 4, [? unc. root mentum], N., a fhozg (attached to a javelin, and wound around it to give it a twisting motion in throwing, as with rifle balls). amicitia, -ae, [ami& (fiiettdly) 4- tia], F . , friendship, frieridly r e h fions,alliance. - Opp. to hospitium, personal frie fzdship. amicus, -a, -um, [unc. st. fr. AM (in amo, love) 4- cus], adj.,frzend&, well disposed: praesidium (devoted). - A s noun, M., a f r i e d , aft a&. Hmissus, p. p. of amitto. Hmittb, -mittere, -misi, -missus, [ab-mitto], 3. v. a., letgo (away), let slz), let pass. Hence, lose (esp. of military losses). amor, -6ris, [AM (in amo, love) 4or (for OS)],M., love, oyection. ' amplc [old case-form of amplus], adv., widely, largely. amplius, compar., farther, more, longer: amplius quingenti, j v e hu7idred ana' more; ne quis, amplius (my more); amplius obsidum (see amplus) ; munera amplissime missa (gefzerousgzyts). amplificltus, p. p. of amplifico. amplific6, 4re, -%vi, -Htus, [amplific6-, (amp&) with FAC, make], I . v. a., increase, enlarge, extend, hezghten.

I2

BnfrHctus

amplitiid8, -inis, [amp% (Zwge) F., size, extent, greatness: cornuum (spread). .~ amplus, -a, -um, [?, perh. amb(aboztt) st. akin to plus, pleuus], adj. Of size and extent, l i t and fig., large, wide,great. - Esp.,promin e a t , o j comepence, splemfid, noble, distinguished: munera (lavish, valzrable) ; dimissis amplioribus copiis (the greater part of). - amplius, neut. comp. as noun (cf. plus), more, a greater m m b e r : amplius obsidum. an, [?I, conj. introducing the second member of a double question, OY, or rather.-Often with the first member only implied, o r : quid venirent, an speculandi causa ((or)was

-b tudo],

. ..

AnartEs, -inm, [?I, M. plur., a people in Dacia ( TransyCvanm), on the river Theiss, at the eastern end of the Hercynian forest. Ancalites, -um, [Celtic], 'M.plur., a nation of Britain. anceps, -cipitis, [amb-, about, caput, head], adj., ( h a v i t i ~ a head o n both sides), dozrble-headed.- Less exactly, twofold, doidle: proelium (on both fronts, of an army facing in two ways). ancora, -ae, [Gr.], F., anchor: in ancoris, at airchor. AndEs, -;urn, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of Gaul north of the Loire, i n modern Aizjozc. Andi, -arum, the 'same as the Andes. Andocombogius, -i, [Celticl, M., a chief man of the Remi. Hnfrlctus (lmf-), -as, [am(b)-,

it).

angulus

13

annus

tfractus,fr. F R A G (in frango, break)], AN, blow) + mus], M., breath., life, a bending round. Hence, a soul (vital). -Usually (the above winding, a circuit, a deviation (from meanings being appropriated to anima, wh. see), soul (as thinking, a straight line). angulus, -i, [prob. ancli- (st. of feeling), prrind, feelings, feefing, inancus, bent) Ius], M., (a little telfect (but cf. mens), spirit: effemi, nare; levitas animi (disposifion, hook), a comer. angust6 [old case-form of angus- nature, or together, want o j contus], adv., harrow&, in narrow quar- stancy) ; animus relinquit aliquem, ters (closely). Fig., sparinglj, (cf. oneJiints, Zoses consciousness; animi mollitia, want o f energy or endurample), in small guantily. angustiae, -Zrum, [angustb (nay- ance; animo paratus, resolute; anirow) ia], F. plur., narrowness mum advertere (see animadverto). (prop. concrete, narrows) ; itinerum Esp. (in a good sense, often in plur.), (a narrow pass) ; propter angustias spirit, constancy, courage, resolution : f the passage). Fig., confirmare (encourage any one) ; re(narrmness o straits (difficult position, etc.), hard languescere; promptus ; paratus ad aliquid. - Also (as opp. to mens, stunits, dflculties: angnstiis premi, wh. see), the moral powers, will, to be hardpushed. angustus, -a, -um, [angor (sgueea- desires, afjections, etc., the heart, the i.g) 4- tus], adj., narrow, con- f e e f i q s , the Hispositioon :bono animo fined: angustiora castra (less exten- esse, be well disposed, be o j good sive) ; angustiore fastigio (nayrow- cheer; esse in animo alicui, to have ing, sloping, drawing in).- Fig., in in mind, as a purpose; offendere or f angusto res est, theposition is critical avertere (feefings); magni animi, o (cf. i n a tkhtplace). great am bition. -Also, animus maganima, -ae, [ani- (treated as root, nus, courage, magnanimity, Zofv fr. AN, blow) ma (F. of mus), cf. spirit; animi magnitudo, lofly spirit; permulcere (angry spirit); mentes animus], F . , breath. Hence, soul. animosque perturbare (minds, as Plur., the soul (of man, abstractly). animadvert6, -vertere, -verti, -ver- thinking, and hearts, as feeling, sus, (also animum adverto), [anietc.) ;animi virtus, noblenessofsoul; animi causa, f o r pleasure, f o r amusemum adverto], 3. v. a., turn the to, attend to: in aliquem (puni+, cf. ment,for fancy. the domestic attend to ).-Less anniitinus, -a, -urn, [some form exactly, observe, notice, learn. of ann& (year) -I- tinus (cf. diutianimal, -Hlis, [animalis, N. nus)], adj., last years, old (of ships of adj.], N., (a creature endowedwith made the year before). Zife), an animal (including man), a annus, -i, [?I, M., a year (as a fiving creature (opp. to booty). point of time, as the course of the animus, -i, [ani- (st. as root, fr. year, or as a period).
M.,

annuus
annuus, -a, -um, [ann& (year) us], adj., annual: magistratus creatur (annually). Inser, -ens, [for haneer, akin to
goose], M., a goose. ante [old case-form], adv., hefore (of place and time), i n front: ante dictum (above, before, previous&) ; ante habuerat (former&, once) ; iam ante, already bejore, already ;paucis ante diebus, a few days before. Prep. with acc., before (of place or time) : ante semittit (in advanceof ). -In dates, ante diem (a. d.) (on such a day before).-In comp., before (of place, time, and succession). ante5 [ante e%, case-form of is], adv. (of time), before, previous&, once. antecedb, -cEdere, -cessi, -cessus, [ante-cedo], 3. v. n. and a. (fr. force of prep.), g o forward, advance, surpass (in size, etc.), exceed, precede, go in advance of. antecursor, -6ris, [ante-cursor, rnnner], M . (a forerunner).-Esp. of the army, a scout, pioneer. antefer6, -ferre, -tuli, -Etus, [antefero], irr. v. a., place in advance, prefer.- Pass., be preferred, be the $rst, have the superiority. antemna, -ae, [?I, F., a y a r d (for sails). a n t e p h b , -p6nere, -posui, -positus, [ante-pono], 3. v. a., (place in advance, cf. antefero), think of mort importance. antevert6, -vertere, -verti, -versus, [ante-verto], 3. v. a., (turn in front, cf. antepono), prefer. antiquitus [antiquli- 4- tus], adv.,

14

appellcS

from ancient times,from ear& times. -Less exactly, long ago, in ear@ times, anciently. antiquus, -a, -um, [anti- (cf. ante) cus], adj., old(existing from early times,not so much in reference to present age as to former origin, cf. vetus), ancient. Antistius, -i, [antisti- (antistea, overseer) 4- ins], M., a Roman gentile name. - Esp., Gaius Antistius Reginus, a legatus of Caesar. Antonius, -i, [?I, M., a Roman Esp.: I . Marcus, family name. Mark Antony, the famous triumvir, a legatus of Catsar in Gaul; also 2, his brother, Gaius, a legatus of Czsar. Ap., for Appius. aperia, -perire, -perui, -pertus, [abpario, get o f , cf. operio, cover], 4. v. a., uncover, open. -apertus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., open, exposed, uncovered, unobstructed, unprotected : latus (the rzght side, not covered by the shield) ; collis (without trees) ; loca (open country) ; impetus maris (un6roken). aperte [old case-form of apertus], adv., openly. Apoll6, -inis, [?I, M., the son of Jupiter and Latona and twin brother of Diana, god of the sun, of divination, of poetry and music, and president of the Muses. H e was also god of archery, of pestilence, and, on the other hand, of healing. H e is identified by Caesar with some Celtic divinity. appar6, see adparo. I . appell6, see adpello.

appelI6
2. appell6 (adp-), -are, -Hvi, -%us, [tad-pellti-, cf. compello], I. v. a., ca22, name, address, caN upon, s9Ze (declare one something or address in a certain character). app-, see adp-. Appius, -i, [F, a Sabine word?], M., a Roman prznomen. Apr., for Aprilis. Aprilis, -e, [prob. akin to aperio, open], (the month which opens the ground), adj., o f April. aptus, -a, -um, [AP (in apiscor, lay hoZd 6) tus], adj., (fittedto), suitr d, adapted,j t , apt. apud [akin to ab], prep. with acc., at, among, with, before, on ones part, ie relation to (a person); in ones house (company, possession). aqua, -ae, [?I, F., water, a watercourse: aqua atque igni interdicere (a form of banishment among the Romans) ; mensurae ex aqua, by the water-clock (a contrivance like an hour-glass for telling time by the running of water). aquiiti6, &is, [a@(st. of aquor, fetch water) tio], F., gettikg water (cf. pabulatio). aquila, -ae, [F. of aquilus, dark gray, perh. remotely akin to aqua], F., an eagle. -Esp., the staiidard of the Romans, consisting of an eagle on a staff. AquilBia, -ae, [Aquila- -k eius], F., a city of Cisalpine Gaul (Venetia), founded by a Roman colony in B.c. 182 as an outpost on the northeast. aquilifer, -eri, [aquila-fer (reduced fr. -ferus, FER (in fero, bear) us)], M . , a standard bearer (of the eagle).

I5

Aremorfcus

Aquitinia, -ae, [F. of adj. developed fr. Aquitanus], F., the part of Gaul between the Province, the Pyrenees, the Garonne, and the ocean (see I. I). Aquitlnus, -a, -urn, [?I, adj., of Aguitania.- Plur., a s noun, the people o f Aguiiania.- Sing., a man o f Aguitania, an Aguitanian. Arar, -aris, [?I, M., the SaBne, a river of Gaul rising in the Vosges and flowing into the Rhone at Lyons. arbiter, -tri, [ad-bit0 (go)+ trus, cf. -trum], hi., (a bystander), a witn e w - Less exactly, a referee, nn arbitrator. arbitrium, 4, [arbitrb (umpire, judge) ium (cf. iudicium)], N . , judgment, will, pZeasure (what one sees fit to do). arbitror, -Hri, -atus, [arbitra-, umpire, judge], I. v. a. and n., think, suppose (judge). arbor, -oris, [?I, F., a h-ee. arcess6, -sere, -sivi, -situs, [akin to accedo, but the exact relation uncertain], 3. v. a., summon, ifzvite, sendfor (persons), ca22 in : aliquem mercede (caZl in to serve for pay). irde6, LrdEre, Brsi, Hrsus, [prob. arid&, dry], 2. v. n., be hot, beonjire -Fig., be excited, be in a blaxe, burn. Arduenna, -ae, [?I, F., the Ardennes (a very large forest region in northeastern Gaul). arduus, -a, -um, [?I, adj., h&h, steep, dij7cult (of ascent). Arecomici, -6rum, [ 13, M. plur., a branch of the Volcae. Aremoricus (Arm-), -a, -urn, [Celtic.are, near, and mor, the sea],

argentum

16

Bfx

adj., only F. plur., Aremorican (of the states of Gaul near the ocean in Normandy and Brittany). argentum, -i, [akin to arguo, make bright], N., (the shifziug meLtd), silver. Also, of things made of the metal, silverware, silver. argilla, -ae, [dim. akin to arguo, muke bright, F . , (wkite clay)], clay : fusilis (some vitrifying earth, such as porcelain is made of). Iridus, a-, -um, [tar& (wh. areo, be d9-y) f dus], adj., dry.-Neut. as noun, dry lund. aries, -ietis, [?I, M., a ram. -Fig., a battering mni (a long timber armed at the end with metal for demolishing walls). - Less exactly, a buttyess (piles driven down in a stream to brace a bridge). Ariovistus, -i, E?], M., a chief of the Germans, called in by the Gauls in their domestic quarrels, who conquered and ruled them until he was himself crushed by the Romans. Aristius, 4,[?I,M., a Roman gentile name. -Esp., Marcus, a tribune of the soldiers in Czsars army. arma, -6rum, [AR, fit (cf. armus, tke shoulderjoint) mus], N. plur., arms, equipment: armis ius exsequi (byforce ofarms) ; in armis esse, t o be under arms, to be rea&for service, to be i i z swvic6; parati in armis, armed f o y w a r ; ab armis discedere, to abandon hostilities; in armis, in battle ;armis congressi (in buttle), and the like. armtimenta, -6rum, [arm& (st. of armo) 4- mentum], N. plur., implemtnfs. Esp., rigging, tacklt.

armZtiira, -ae, [arm& (st. of armo) tura], F., equijment: levis

armaturae Numidae (&ht nmied, without the heavy defensive armor of the legionary). armltus, -a, -um, p. p of armo. arm& &e, -%vi, -Htus, [arm& (st. of arma)], I. v. a., equip, arm. Pass., arm (ones self). -armtitus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., armed, itz arms, equipped. ArpinEius, 4 , [Arpin& (st. of Arpinum) eius], M., a Roman gentile name. - Esp., Gaius, a Roman knight in Crcsars army, possibly of Gallic origin, of a family enfranchised by Marius, who came from Arpinum. arr-, see adr-. ars, artis, [AR V;t) tis (reduced)], F., (skill in jtting), skill, art. - tlur., the ayts, tke usejul arts. artE [old case-form of artus], adv., close&, tight@. articulus, -i, [artu- (joint) culus], M., a littlejoint.- Less exactly, a joiizt. artacium, -i,[artific- (ari@~er) ium], N . , a skilful contrivttnce, an artijce, a trick. Also, a trade (opp. to ars, a h$er art). artus, -a, -um, [p. p. of arceo (shut up)], as adj., tigktly bourrd, close: silva (thic4). Amernus, -a, -urn, [Celtic], adj., o f the Arverni (a powerful Gallic tribe west of the Cevennes in modern Auvergne). - M. plur., t//e Amerni. arx, arcis, [ A R C (in arceo, shut .p), is (reduced)], F., a stronghold, a fortress, a citadrl.

ascend6 (ads-), -scendere, -scendi, [ad-tribuo], 3. v. a., d Z o t to, as-scEnsus, [ad-scando, climb], 3. v. a. s@. and n., climb up, climb, ascend: valattuli, see adfero. auctor, -his, [AUG (in augeo, inlum (mount, scale). crease) tor], M., a voucher (for any ascensus (ads-), -iis [ad-tscansus, cf. ascendo], M., a climbirtg up, act or statement), aa azhioriw, an aiz ascent, a goirzg up.-Concr., a adviser: defectionis (leader) ; auctor way zip, a meaics of ascent: prohibere esse, approve, advise; eis auctoribus, ascensu (from climbihg up). with their a$prmal; auctore hoste, on the authority o f the enemy. asciscb, see adscisco. aucttiritzs, -tatis, [auctor- (as if aspectus, see adspectus. asper, -era, -erum, [?I, adj., rough, i-st.) tas], F., injaence, prest$e, harsh. Fig., fierce, violent. uarthority (not military or political, cf. imperium and potestas). ass-, see ads-. at [prob. form of ad], conj., but, auctus, -a, -um, p. p. of augeo. butyet, at least. audlcia, -ae, [audac- (bold) ia], atque (ac), [ad-que], conj., a n d F., daring, boldness, efroiztery. audlcter, [audac- (bold) ter], (generally introducing some more important idea), and even, a n d es- adv., with darirtg, boldly, fearlessly (but of an enemy): audacissime, pecially. -Also, as, than :par atque, idem atque, the same as,; simul atque, with the greatest daring. audlx, -%cis, [audz- (as if st. of as soon as; similis atque,just ZiRe; aliter ac, otherwise thaiz, dferent audeo) CUB (reduced) 1, adj., durfrom what, etc. ; aliud atque, d f e r - inf, bold.-Seeaudacia and audacter. audeb, audEre, ausus, [prob. cnt frmn, etc. Atrebls, -Htis, [Celtic], adj., Atre- avido-, eager], 2. v. a. and n., dare, batian, of the Atrebates (a people of venture, risk, dare t o try (or do).ausus, -a, -urn, p. p. in pres. sense, Belgic Gaul), rarely sing. of one. daring. Plur., the Atrebates. audib, -dire, -divi, -ditus, [prob. Atrius, -i,[at+ (st. of ater, bZack) ius], M., a Roman gentile name. akin to auris, ear], 4. v. a., hear, -Esp., Quintus, a soldier in Caesars hear of: -audiens, -entis,p. as adj., obedient (with dicto). army. auditib, -6nis, [audi- (st. of audio) attexb (adt-), -texere, -texui, -tex4- tio], F., a hearirtg, hearsay, report. tus, [ad-texo], 3. v. a., weave on, auge6, augEre, auxi, auctus, make on (by weaving). [AUG (causative or fr. unc. nounattingb (adt-), -tingere, -tigi, 4%tus, [ad-tango], 3. v. a., touch upon, stem) ], 2. v. a., increase, magnvy, entouch, reach, join (of a nations hance, add to (something). - Pass., increase. boundaries). Aulercus, -a, -um, [Celtic], adj., attribu6 (adt-), -buere, -bui,-btitus,

+ +

Aulus

18

Axona

o f the Aulerci (a widespread people of several tribes in the interior of Gaul). -Plur., the AuZerci. Aulus, 4 , [?I, M., a Roman praenomen. auriga, -ae, [poss. akin to auris and ago, cf. aurea, headstall], c., a charioteer, a driver. auris, -is, [akin to ear, st. tauri(cf. audio) J, F., an ear. Aurunculeius, 4 , [ AurunculX(dim. of Auruncus, name of a n Italian tribe) 4- eius], M., a Roman gentile name. -Esp., Lucius Aurunculeirrs Cotta, a legatus of Caesar. Ausci, -Gum, [Celtic], M. plur. of adj , a tribe of Aquitania. ausus, -a, -um, p. p. of audeo. a u t [?,but cf. autem], conj., o r (regularly exclusive, cf. vel).- Repeated, eitker or. autem [?, akin to aut], conj., but (the weakest degree of opposition, cf. sed), on the other hand, then again, now (explanatory), whereas (in slight opposition to something preceding). autumnus (auct-), -i, [for tauctominus, tauctli- (cf. augeo) minus], M., autumn (the season of increase). auxililris, -e, [auxili&, Ae(p (as if auxilii) + ris], adj., abxiliary. Plur. as noun, aitxiliaries, auxiliary troops (not Roman legionaries). auxilior, -iiri, -itus, [tauxili&, he&], I. v. dep., give assistance.

. ..

auxilium, -i, [tauxiti- (akin to augeo, increase) ium], N., assistance, aid, remedy, relief: extremum (the last resource) ; ferre (to assist, to aid); auxilio (as a re&forcement) ; quos auxili causa habebat (as aatxiliaries, etc.). -Plur., auxilzaries (as opp. to the regular heavy-armed infantry) ; reZhjorceinents: auxilia tardare, hinderfrom rendering assistance. AvaricEnsis, -e, [Avaricli- 4- enPlur., the sis], adj,, of Avaricum. people o j Avaricum. Avaricum, -i, [Celtic], N., a town of the Bituriges, now Bourges. avgritia, -ae, [avarx- (greedy) tia], F., covetousness, greed, avctrice. Iveh6, -vehere, -vExi, -vectus, [abveho], 3. v. a., cwry o f , carry away. &versus, -a, -um, p. p. of averto. Ivert6, -vertere, -verti, -versus, [ab-verto], 3. v. a., turn aside, turn o f , push aside. - Fig., aZienate, estrange.--versus, -a, -urn, p. p. a s adj., turned awcty. Hence, flying, or, with a change of point of view in translation, in the reay (of that to which the word is applied) : ne aversi ab hoste circumvenirentur (by the enemy getting in their rear, etc.). avis, -is, [unc. root +is], F., a b i r d . avus, -I, M.,a grand'athr. Axona, -ae, [Celtic], F., a river of Gaul (now Aisne), a tributary of the Isara (Oise).

[?I,

BBcenis

19 B

Bibracte

BBcenis, -is, [Teutonic], F . , with

silva, a forest of Germany between

the Cherusci and the Suevi. Baculus, 4 , [baculus =baculum, s t a f ] , M . , agnomen of Publius Sextius Baculus, a centurion in C a a r s army. BaleEris, -e, [?I, adj., BaZearic (belonging to the Baleares i n s u h in the Mediterranean, now Zviza, Maj o w a , and Minorca, famous for their slingers). balteus, -i, [?I, M . , a belt, a baldric (for the sword, passing over the shoulder, but sometimes also, a beZt encircling the waist). Balventius, -i, M., a Roman gentile name, only wit$ Tztus, a centurion in Cresars army. barbarus, -a, -um, [prob. fr. imitation of unintelligible speech, cf. balbus, stammering], adj., fore$n (not Greek or Latin), uncivilzzed, savagp, barbarian, of the barbarians. -Plur., the barbarians or savages (used of the Gauls). Basilus, 4, M., agnomen of Lucius Mznucius BasiZus, an officer in Czesars army. Batavi, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur., the Batavi or Batavians, a nation occupying the region about the mouths of the Rhine. Belgae, -Hrum, [?],M. phr., the Be&@ or Belgians, a nation occupying the northern part of Gaul. Perh. also a small tribe of that nation with this special name. *

[?I,

[?I,

Belgium. 4 , [Belga- -k ium], N . , the country of the Belga. bellicosus, -a, -urn, [belli& (of war) -I-osus], adj., warlike. bellicus, -a, -urn, [bell& (war) 4 cus], adj., o f w a r , in war. bell6, -ire, - i v i , -itus, [bell&, wur], I . V. n., j g h t , make w a r : studium bellandi, a passion for war. Bellovaci, -arum, [?I, M. plur., a Gallic tribe between the Seine, Somme, and Oise, about modern Beauvais. bellum, -i, [old duellum, (fr. duo), a strzye between two], N.,war, a war: bello persequi, etc. (in arms); bellum inferre, make w a r (offensive) ; bellum defendere, defend ones selffrom war; parare bellum, make warlike preparations. bene [old case-form of bonus, good], adv., w e f l : bene gerere negotium, be successfuZ irz, etc. beneficium, -I, [benefico- (reduced) (cf. bene, FAC in facio) ium], N., well-doing,a service, a favor, often rendered by Eng. plur., services, favors shown, services rendered : sortium beneficio, thanks t o the l o t ; beneficio suo adductus, by gratitude f o r his favors. benevolentia, -ae, [benevolent- (cf. bene, VOL in volo) + ia], F.,goodwiZZ, kindness. Bibracte, -is, [Celtic], N., the chief town of the Hredui (Mont Beuvray) near Autun, which was founded later.

Bibrax

20

bnima
F.,

. , Bibrax, &is, [cf. last word], F a town of the Remi. Bibroci, -Grum, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of southeast Britain. biauum, -i, [bi- (= dvi-, akin to duo, &urn (akin to dies)], N., two days' time, two days. biennium, -i, [bienni- (bi, akin to duo, -ann&, year) ium], N., two years' time, the space of two years, two years. Bigerrihes, -um, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of the Pyrenees (cf. Bigorre). bini, -ae, -a, [bi- (= tdvi, akin t o duo) 4-nus], distrib. num. adj., plur., two eaclt, two sets O J two (of things in pairs or sets). bipartitb, [abl. of bipartitus, parted in two], adv., in two diuisions :bipartito conlocatis insidiis (in two #aces). bipedHlis, -e, [biped- (bi-ped-, in pes, foot) alis], adj., o f two f e e t (in measure), two pet (long, wide, etc.). bis [for dvis, unc. case-form of duo], adv., twice. Bituriges, -um, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribeof Celtic Gau1,in two branches, Vibisci (around Bordeaux) and Cubi (around Bourges). BodubgnHtus, -i, [Celtic], M., a leader of the Nervii. BBia, F. sing. of Biiii, Boia. Bbii, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur., a Celtic nation, of which a part occupied lands in Cisalpine Gaul, a part settled in Pannonia,andapar.t joined the Helvetii in their emigration. boniGs, -=tis, [tbona- (good)

tas],

goodness : agrorum (&tiL

bonus, -a, -um, [?I, adj., good: bono animo esse, io be well disposed; optimum est, if i s best; optimum iudicium facere, express so high an opinion.- Neut. as noun, good, advantage; plur., goods; property, estate. bas, bovis, [akin t o cow], c., a &uZZ,a cow, an ox. - Plur., cattle. bracchium (brlch-), -i, [?I, N., an arm. Brannovices, -um, [Celtic], M. plur., a division of the Aulerci living near the Hcdui. Brannovii (Bl-),-Grum, [ C e l t i c ] , ~ . plur., a Celtic tribe, dependents of the Haedui. , [Celtic], N . ,a Bratuspantiurn, 4 fortified town,of the Bellovaci, not certainly identified. brevis, -e, [for bregus, (BRAGH, 6reak) us], adj., short (of space or time) : brevi, in a short space. brevitls, -tHtis, [brevi- (short) f tas], F., shortness, short stature: f time. brevitas temporis, want o breviter [tbrevi- (short) 4- ter], adv., briejy. Britanni, -arum, [Celtic], M. plur., the Britons (including all the tribes of Britain). Britannia, -Be, [tBritann& 4- ia (P. of ius)], F., Britain. Britannicus, -a, -urn, [tBritann& + cus], adj., of Britain, Briton: bellum (with Brifain). bfima, -ae, [tbrevi- (short) -Ima (superl.), sc. dies], F . , thd winter solstice,

4).

Briitus Briitus, -i, [brutus, heavy], a family name at Rome. -ESP.,Decimus Junius B~zitus Albinus, a legatus of Caesar. H e distinguished himself in command of Caesars fleet off the coast of Gaul, and afterwards

21

campester

in the civil war on the side of Caesar. But he joined the conspiracy against Caesar with Marcus Brutus, and was one of Caesars assassins. H e was afterwards killed in Gaul by order of Antony. C

C, for centum, hundred. C., for Gaius. Cabillhum, 4 , [Celtic], N., a town of the Haedui on the Saone (Chalon-sur-Sabne). Caburus, -i, [Celtic], M., the personal name of Gaius Vaierius Cabw Y M S , a Gaul, made a Roman citizen by C. Valerius Flaccus, and father of C. Valerius Procillus and C. Valerius Donnotaurus. caciimen, -inis, [?I, N., the top (of trees, mountains, etc.). cadiiver, -eris, [akin to cado,fall], N., a corpse, a body (dead). cada, cadere, cecidi, czsiirus, [CAD, f a l l ] , 3. v. n., fall, be KiZled. Cadiircus, -a, -um, [Celtic], adj., o f the Cizdurci (a tribe of Aquitania). - Plur., the Cadurci. caedEs, -is, [tcaed (as if root of caedo, M I ) is or e s ] , F . , a murder, massacre, slaughter, kiliiizg. caeda, caedere, cecidi, caesus, [prob. causative of cado, cf. Jzil, f e l q ] , 3. v. a., strike, strike down, cut, fell, cut down, slay. caelestis, -e, [tcaelit- (st. of caeles, fr.caelum) 4-tis], adj., heavenly. - Plur., the gods. caelum, -i, [?I, N., the sky, the heavens, heaven. -See caelestis. .

caerimania, -ae, [?I, F . , a rite, a ceremony. CaerBsi, -6rum, [?I, M. plur., a tribe of Belgic Gaul. caeruleus, -a, -um, [perh. akin to caesius, bluish], adj., dark blue. Caesar, -ark, [?I, M., afamily name in the gens Xulia. - Esp.: I . C. Iulizis Caesar, the conqueror of Gaul and the author of the Commentaries. 2 . L. Iulius Caesar, a kinsman of the former, acting as his legatus in Gaul. caespes, -itis, [?I, M., a sod (used in fortification). caesus, -a, -um, p. p. of caedo. calamitiis, -tZtis, [?I, F., disaster (orig. t o crops?), deJeat, misfortune (also euphemistically for death): ejus (any accident to him). Caletes, a m , [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe in Normandy, on the Seine. Caleti, -6rum, same a s the pieceding. callidus, -a, -um, [tcalli- (cf. callum, thick d i n ) 4- dus], adj., (tough ?), shrewd, cunnikg, skilful. cii16, -tinis, [?I, M., a seruant (of a soldier), a camp follower. campester, -tris, -tre, [campi(plain) ster, as if tcampet tris

campus

22

Cassi

(cf. equestris) 1, adj., o f the pZain: loca (levelpzains). campus, 4,[?I, M., a plain. Camulogenus, -i, [Celtic], M., a chief of the Aulerci. Caninius, 4 , [?I, M., a Roman gentile name.- Esp., C. Caizinius Rebilus, a legatus of Caesar. canci, canere, cecini, cantus, [CAN], 3. v. a. and n., sing, sowzd (with voice or instrument). Cantaber, -bra, h u m , ECeltic], adj., o f the Cantabri(awarlikepeop1e in the north of Spain, allied with the Gauls of Aquitania). - Plur., the Cantabri, the Cantabrians. Cantium, -i, [Celtic], N., Kerrt (the southeast corner of Great Britain). M., a goat, F . , caper, -pri, capra, -ae, a she-goat. capillus, -i, [adj. form akin to caput, head], M., the hair (collectively). cap& capere, cEpi, captus, [CAP], 3 v. a., take, capture, take possession of, get, acpire, seize : stipendium ; nomen; arma (take 1.p) ; montem (occupy).- Less exactly, choose, select: locum. - So also (esp. of ships, etc.), reach : portus (arrive at, make). - Fig., take in (deceive), captivate, beguile, also experieizce : dolorem ; coniecturam (make); quietem (lake, enjqy); fugam (take to &ht). caprea, -ae, [tcaprli- (reduced) (cf. caper, goat) ea (F. of -eus) 3, F., a roe (a small animal of the deer kind). Another reading for capra in VI, 27. captivus, -a, -um, [as if tcapti-

[?I,

(imaginary st. of capto, fr. capio) adj., captive.- Masc. as noun, a captive, a prisoner. captus, -a, -um, p. p. of capio. captus, -tis, [CAP (in capio) tus], M.,a seiziirg. Hence, what one cait grasp. - Fig., capacity, character, itature. akin t o head], N., caput, -itis, [I, the head: capite demisso; capite solo ex aqua exstare, have on& the head above water.-Less exactly,person (cf. head of cattle ) ; mouth (of a river). - Fig., bye: poenam capitis (of death) ; capitis periculo (of Itye). careti, -Ere, -ui, -itfirus, [?I, 2. v. n., be without, g o without. carina, -ae, [?I, F., keeZ, bottom (of a ship). Carnutes, -urn, [Celtic], M. plur., a Gallic people between the Loire and the Seine, about OrlCans. car6, carnis, [akin to crudus and raw], F., j e s h , nreat. carp6, -pere, -psi, @us, [akin to harvest], 3. v. a., pluck. F i g . , j n d fault with (cf. pick at I ) . carrum, -i, [Celtic], N., a cart (of the Gauls). carrus, -i, M., another form for
VIIS],

carrum.
cirus, -a, -urn, [?I, adj., dear, precious, valuable. Carvilius, -i, [?], M., a Roman gentile name.- Also, a king of part of Kent. casa, -ae, [?I, F., a cottage, a hut. caseus, -i, [?I, M., cheese. Cassi, -6rum, [Celtic, cf. Velio-

Cassilnus

23

cautus

casses and Cassivellaunus], M. plur., a British tribe. CassiPnus, -a, -urn, CtCassi6f Cassius: (reduced) linus], adj., o bellum (the war in B.C. 107, in which L. Cassius Longinus was defeated by the Tigurini, near Lake Geneva, and killed). cassis, -idis, [?I, F., a helmet (of metal, for horsemen, cf. galea). Cassius, -i, [?I, M., a Roman gentile name. Esp., L. Cassius Longinus, consul B.C. 107 (see Cassianus). Cassivellaunus, -i, [Celtic], M., a British chief ruling north of the Thames, who took command of the general resistance of his countrymen t o Casar, but was finally reduced to submission. castellum, -i, [tcastr6- (fortress) lum (N. of -111s) 1, N., a fortress, a fort, a n outwork, a redoubt. Casticus, 4 , [Celtic], M., a chief of the Sequani. castrum, -i, [SKAD (cover) trum], N., afortvess. - Plur., a camp (fortified, as was the manner of the Romans) : in castris, in camp, also in service; castra ponere, pitck t i camp; castra movere, break camp, move; quintis castris, after &ne days' journey, as the Romans encamped every night. &us, -iis, [CAD (in cado, f a U ) tus], M., (what bejalls), an accident, a chance (good or bad), a mischance : hoc ipso tempore e t casu (emergency); casu, by accident, by chance; casu devenit, chanced to, etc.; quarum rerum casus (the occurrence, the

happening, the jossibility ) ; eundem casum ferre (jute) ; belli casum sustinere (take the chances); in eiusmodi casu (a case) ; ad extremum casum, to the most critical position ; ad omnes casus, against alZac&erzts ; in eum casum deduci (that pass). CatamantHloedSs, -is, [Celtic], M., a chief of the Sequani. catena, -ae, [?I, F., a chain (for prisoners), a cable: in catenas coniecit (ikto prison) ; in catenis tenere. Caturiges, -urn, [Celtic], M. plur., a peoplein Roman Gaul (Provincia). Catuvolcus, -i, [Celtic], M., a chief of the Eburones. causa, -ae, [?I, F., a cause, a reason, an excuse, grounds, a m.&'ve (for an act), a r$ht' (to anything) : satis causae, mj7cient reason. A bl. after a gen., j o y the sake OL f o r the purpose of; jar, on bekalf oy: libertatis causa; potentiae causa (bgain); praedandi causa (to, etc.); insidiarum causa, for an ambuscade; animi causa, j o r amurerizent, fou fatzcy. Also, a cause (in law), a case : causa cognita, after trial; causa indicta (unheard) ; causam dicere, plead one's came, stand a triaZ, k tuied; causae dictio (a trial). IIence, also, a situation, a case: Germanorum unam esse causam (the case. . . the same); in eadem causa, in the same situation, also, on the same side. cautg [old case-form of cautus], adv., with cazttion, cautious&. cautgs, -is, [akin to cos, whetstone], F., a rock (sharp or jagged), a reef: cautus, p. p. of caveo.

Cavarillue Cavarillus, -i, [Celtic], M., a prince of the Hxedui. Cavarinus, -i, [Celtic], M., one of the Senones, made their king by Cresar. cave6, cavere, ciivi, cautus, [perh. SKV, cover], 2. v. n. and a., be on one's gunrd, g u a r d against (something), taake orgivesecurity. cEd6, cEdere, cessi, cessiirus, [?I, 3. v. n., nzaake way (in any direction). -Esp., ,give way, retreat, retire: cedentes, the JRyifzg; cedere loco, abandon a position, a military term. -Fig., yield: fortunae. celer, -ens, -ere, [CEI. (in cello, pick, rush) -I-ris], adj., sru@, speedy,j%st :motus (szidden). celeritiis, &tis, [celeri- (in celer) f tas], P., swlj.t,zess, activity, speed, promptness: ad celeritatem onerandi, to secure p i c k Zoading; itineris ( p i c &marching). celeriter [celeri- (in celer) ter], adv., quick&, speediy, very soon,

2 4

certus

soon.

CB16, -Lre, -8vi, -Ltns, [?,akin to clam, secretly, and caligo, mbt], I . V. a., conceal, hide: arma. - Pass., pass ainaoticed. Celtae, -%rum,[Celtic], M. plur., a great race in Gaul and Britain. More particularly, the Celts (in a narrower sense, occupying the interior of Gaul). Celtillus, -i, [Celtic], M., one of the Arverni, father of Vercingetorix. ensis], CEnabBnsis, -e, [&nab& adj., o f Cenabirm, o f the Ccnadenses, the people of Cenabum. CInabum (Gen-), -i, [Celtic], N.,

the chief city of the Carnutes, now OrlPaiis (from its later name, urbs Aurelianensis). CBnimlgni, -arum, [Celtic], M. plur., a British tribe. CBnomBni, -8rum, [Celtic], hi. plur., a division of the Aulerci. cBnse6, censire, cinsui, cinsus, [?I, 2. v. a., (perh.@e), reckon, estimate. - Less exactly,give one's opinzotz, advise, decree (of the Senate), dctermine. cBnsus, Xis, [akin to censeo], M., a nunzbering, a count, a cetzsus. centum (C), [akin t o hund-red], indecl. num. adj., a huizdred. centuri6, -anis, [tcenturia- (century) 4- 01, M., a centurion. A subaltern officer from the ranks, commanding a centziry, originally a hundred men. cern6, cernere, crsvi, critus, (sifted),certus, (determined), [CER-, separate], 3. v. a., separate. Hence, distitg tush, see, behold, descry. Also, determine. certzmen, -inis, [tcertz- (in certo, men], N., a strirggk, a fr. cerno) contest, rivalry. certE [old case-form of certus], adv., certainly, surely, a t least (surely what is mentioned, if nothing more). certus, -a, -urn, p. p. of cerno as adj., determined, j x e d , certain (of the thing as well as the person), sure, esta6lished, regdar : certiorem facere, inform, order; certissimaeres, absol?iteQcertain facts; dies certa, an appointed day; certa subsidia (regular, as organized befoiehancl) ; certurn in locum (particular).

cervus

25

circumcidij

cervus, -i, [root of cornu (horn) M., a stag; plur., in military language, a structwe of forked stakes (like stags' horns),chevaux-defrzse. (cEterus), -a, -urn, [CE (in ecce, dehoZa', hic, this) f terus (cf. alter)], adj., the rest @ (cf. alius, other, not including all). -Usually plur., the rest, the remaining, the others; frumento ceterisque rebus (everything &e necessary, where aliis would mean some other things). Ceutrones (Cent-), -um, [Celtic], M. plur.: I . A tribe in the Graian Alps (in modern Savoy). - 2 . A Belgic tribe. Cevenna, -Be, [Celtic], F., the CPvennrs (a woody mountain region on the west side of the lower Rhone valley). Cherusci, +rum, M. plur., a tribe of the Germans between the Weser and the Elbe. ciblrius, -a, -urn, [cibli-,food (rearius], adj., pertaining to duced) food. - Neut. plur. as noun, provisions :molita (ground corn). M., food. cibus, -i, Cicer6, -8nis, [cicer (chickpea) 0, orig. a nickname, possibly from excrcscences on thenose], M., aname of a Roman family from Arpinum. Esp. : I . Marcus TulZius, the great orator. -2 . Quintus (TuZZius), his brother, in Czsar's service in Gaul as legatus. Cimberius, -i, [akin to Cimbri], M . , a prince of the Suevi. Cimbri, -6rum, [?I, M. plur., a German tribe living in Jutland, who

4- vus],

[?I,

[?I,

overran Gaul and made a successful inroad into the Roman dominions in the second century B.C. They were conquered at A q u z Sextize and hrerce1lze by Marius and Catulus, B.c. I O Z and 1 0 1 . Cingetorix, -igis, [Celtic], M. : I . A leader of the Treveri, brotherin-law of his rival, Indutiomarus. 2 . A British prince in Kent. cingii, cingere, cinxi, cinctus, [?I, 3. v. a,, surround, encircle: flumen oppidum (run around). -Less exactly, mait (occupy in a circuit, of walls). cippus, 4, [?I, M., astake, a p i l a r , a post. - Plur., apparently jocosely used of a peculiar form of palisades, doundary-posts (?), chevaux-defrzse. circZi [case-form (instr. ?) of circus (cf. circup)], adv. and prep. with acc., about, around. - See circiter. circinus, -i, [circli- (cf. circum) 4nus], M., apair o f compasses, a compass. circiter [circli- (around) ter], adv. and prep. with acc., ab0u.t.Fig. (of time, number, andquantity), about (in the neighborhood of), near, not f a r from. circuitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of clr-

cumeo.
circuitus, -tiis, [circum-itus], M., a circuit (a going round), a czrcuitous route, a circumference : in circuitu, all around. circum [acc. of circ6-, around (cf. curvus)], adv. and prep. with acc., about, around. circumcid6, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, [circurn-caedo], 3. v. a., c26t around,

circumclM6
cut

26

circumveni6

(the idea of around being im- sus, [circum-mitto], 3. v. a., send plied in the context). - circum- arozdnd. circummani6, -ire, -hi, -itus, [circisus, -a, -urn, p. p. -Fig., isolatect' : cum-muaio], 4. v. a., fortgy around, collis. circumclBd6, dfidere, -cliisi, -cl& throw fortLfcations uvoufzd, fortzyy, jus, [circum-claudo], 3. v. a., e m protect (by a fortification). circummanitus, -a, -uin, p. 11. of close ai~oz~rid, eicciide, place n batid a rourzd. circummunio. circumplector, -pl-cti, -plexus, circumdatus, -a, -um, p. p. of [circum-plecto, twine], 3. v. dep., circumdo. circumd6, -dare, -dedi, -datns, embrace, sztrrattizd. [circum-do], I . v. a., @it arouid: circumsist6, -sistere, -steti, no murus circumdatus (encirc.hf, p. p., [circnm-sisto, place (one's throww aroziitd). -By a confasio~~ s e v ) ] , 3. v. a., staiid around,jo~K of ideas, szwround, encircle : aciem arottnd, ral@ aroztnd, surmind, tm in, beset. rhedis. circumdiic6, -dlicere, -cliixi, -duccircumspici6, -spicere, -spexi, tus, [circum-duco], 3. v. a., Z e d -spectus, [circum-specio], 3. v. a., Fig., t h i d mer, arowd. -Less exactly, of a line, look about for. consider, cast abazit f o r : animo condraw aroztnd. circumductus, -a, -urn, p. p. of silia (by way of investigating or circumauco. divining). circu(m)eS, -ire, -ii, -itus, [circumcircumstb, -stiire, -steti, no p. p., eo], irr. v. n., g o around. - Becom- [circum-sto, stand], I . v. a., s w ' : f ing active, visit, mahe a t o w o roulzd. hiberna. circumvlllltus, -a, -um, p. p. of circumfund6, -fundere, -fBcli, -fB- circumvallo. sus, [circum-fundo], 3. v. a., pour circumvl116, -%re, -%vi,-%tus,[ciraroztnd. - Pass. (as reflexive), pour cum-vallo, ifrtreiich], I . v. a., surin, rust arotind, rush in on oll sides. round witA wn211, blockade, invest. -Also (cf. circumdo), surroztnd: circumvectus, p. p. of circumrnultitudine praesidia (surround wilh veho. a swarmins multit'tde). circumveh6, -vehere, -vExi, -veccircumici6, -icere, -iEci, -iectus, tus, [circum-veho], 3. v. a., carry [circum-iacio], 3. v. a.,throw around. arozmd.-Esp. pass. as dep., ride -ESP. in a military sense, h t r l arozmd, sail urozind. around, tArow around: circumiecta circumvenia, -venire, -vSni, -venmultitudine (nssailinz oiz all sides). tus, [circum-venio, come], 4. v. a., circumiectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of sz~rroztnd. - Fig. (cf. ' get round I ) , circumicio. impose upon, d e f y a d , betray, circircummitt6, -mittere, -misi, -mis- czimvent.

circumventus

27

clauaiua

citra [dat. of citer], adv., to this circumventus, -a, -um, p. p. of side: ultro citroque, back and forth, circumvenio. cis [case-form of ce (cf. ec-ce, to andfro. civis, -is, [CI (in quies, rest) vis cetera)], adv. and prep. with acc., (weakening of -VIIS)], c., a citizen, a this side, this side of: Cisalpinus, -a, -urn, [cis Alpes (as fellowcitizen. if cisalpi-) nus], adj., beiizg this civitSs, -tiitis, [civi- tas], F., the f bein8 a citizen, citizenship. side Ithe A&$, Cisa&inc. Gallia state o (that part of Gaul on the Italian Esp., Roman citizenship, the homan franchise. - Less exactly, a body o j side of the Alps). Cisrh6nSnus, -a, -urn, [cis Rhe- fellow-citizens, the citizens (as a num (as i f cisrhenz-) nus], adj., body), ones fellow-citizens, a state Jeing this side the Rhine, this side (composed of citizens), a ci& (bethe Rhine (as adj. phrase). - Plur. cause the city was the state), a naas noun, the people this side the tion, a tribe (politically) : expellit ex civitate (from the country). Zrhine (Le. towards Gaul). clam [case of st. akin to caligo, Cita, -ae, [perh. CI (in cieo) ta etc.], adv. and prep. with abl., (cf. nauta)], M., a Roman family nzi~t, name. - Only, C. Fujus, a Roman secretly. knight doing business in Cenabum. clBmit6, -Hre, -Hvi, -stus, [freq. of clamo], I . v. a., Keep crying out, citBtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of cito. vociferate, cry out. citer, -ra, -rum, [CE (cf. cis) terus (reduced, cf. alter)], adj., on cllmor, Gris, [clam (as if root of this side (rare and antiquated). - clamo) or], M., a shouting, a shout, Usually citerior (compar.), nearer, a cry, an outcry. clandestinus, -a, -urn, [unc. st. hither (as adj.) : provincia, Gallia (Gaul on the Italian side of the (perh. manufactured from clam) Alps a s opp. to Farther Gaul, cf. tinus], adj ., secret, clannesfine. Cisalpinus) ; Hispania (the eastern clBrus, -a, -um, [CLA (in clamo, part of Spain). cry out) IUS], adj., brkht, clear. citij, -Ere, -Hvi, Htus, [citi5- (fr. - Fig.,fmous. -Also (of sound), cieo,put in motion)], I . v. a., urge h i d , distinct. on, hurry. -citltus, -a, -urn, p. p. classis, -is, [CLA (in clamo, c v as adj., in haste: citatus fertur, out) tis], F., (a summoning).Less exactly, tke army (called out). runs very rapid+. citij [ibl. of citus (fr. cieo, p u t -ESP., an army (called out for in motion)], adv., p i c k & : citissime duty at sea), a j e e t (the most common later meaning). (very rapid&). citrB [case-form F. of citer], adv. Claudius,-i, [Claud& (Zame) ius], and prep. with acc., this side, within M., a Roman gentile name, probably borrowed from the Sabines. -Esp., (as opp. to beyond).

Claud6

28
extant.

c6gitij

Appius Claudizrs, consul with L. Domitius in 11.c.54. claud6, claudere, clausi, clausus, [of unc. form., akin to clavis, hey], 3. v. a., close, shzrt, fasten. -Esp., f claudere agmen, cZose the Zi7ie o mamh, briitg up the rear. clausus, -a, -urnj p. p. of claudo. clavus, 4, [CLAW (cf. claudo) us], M.,a nail, spike. clGmEns, -entis, [perh. CLA (in clams, bright) mens (cf. vehemens)], adj., (brzkht?), gentle (of weather). - Fig., genfle, kind, mercfuL - See clementia. clEmentia, -ae, [clement- ia], P., Kindness, gentletless, humanity, clemency. cliens, -entis, [=cluens, p. of clueo, h e w , obty], c., (a heareu), a dependant, a vassal, a rrtainer. clientda, -ae, [client- 6la (imitating suadela, etc.)], P., vassaZage (as condition of a cliens). Hence (viewed fr. the other side), protection.- Phrases : magnae clientelae, many vassals (extensive relations of clientage j) ; Remis in clientelam se dicaverunt (szwrendered themseZves as vassah to, etc.). clivus, -i, [CLI (lean) vus], M . , a slope, a declivity, an acclivity ;ad molliendum clivum, to make the ascent easier. CIBdius, -i, [the popular form of Claudius], hi., a Roman gentile name, belonging to the plebeian branch of the gens Claudia. - ESP., 2 . Clodius, a most bitter enemy of Cicero. He was killed in a fray by T. Annius Milo, who was defended

by Cicero in a famous oration still

Cn., for Gnaeus.

coacerv6, -%re, -Hvi, -Stus, [conacervo], I . v. a,, kea$ up, mass together, heap on top (of others). colctus, -a, -um, p. p. of cogp. colctus, -t8s, [con-actus (cf. cogo, force)], M., conzpz~~sioiz. coagmentij, -Zre, -?ivi, -Ztus, [coagment6-,joint], I . v. a.,fasdeiz together. coartij (-arc-), -%re, 4 v i , -8tus, [con-arto], I . v. a.,press together, coltjze. Cocosltes, -nm,[Celtic], M. plur., a people of Aquitania. coemij, -emere, +mi, -Emptus, [con-emo], 3. v. a., bzly up. coe6, -ire, -ivi (-ii),nop. p., [con-eo], e uzite, meet. irr. v. u., c o ~ together, coepi, -isse, coeptus, [con-tapi (perf. of tapo, cf. apiscor)], def. v. a., (have tankcti AoZd o f 1, began, undertooh, stal-ttd. - coeptus, -a, -um, p. 1 . used in same seuse as the active with pass. infinitives. coeptus, -a, -um, p. p. of coepi. coerceij, -ercEre, -ercui, -ercitus, [con-arceo], 2. v. a., conjne, Keep in check. cijgitij, -%re,-8vi, -?itus, [con-agito (in sense of wzdve, dzscuss)], I . v. a., comidcr, thiak over. --Esp. (as to some plan of action), thirzk about, discuss (what to do), have an idea O J intend, consider (thnt something may happen), expect (contemplate the possibility) : cogitare ne, see that not, think how ~rot,pZantoprevent; nihil cogitare de bello (have 720 thought 0 5etc.).

cagnlti6 c6gnZti6, -Gnis, [con-(g)natio, birth], F., connection by birth. Concretely, a fami&, a cZan: magnae cognationis, having connections (by blood). ctignitus, -a, -um, p. p. of cog-

29

comitiam

nosco.
cogntisc6, -gn&cere, -gn6vi, -gnitus, Leon-(g)nosco, Ze-arn], 3. v. a., learn, j n d ont,jnd, become aware. ESP.,investigate, inpuire i n t o , Learn about, study. -In perf. tenses (cf. nosco), h o w , be aware; cognitum est de aliqua re (something was known) ; causa cognita, @on n filll investzgation, after trial; egregia virtute erant cogniti (had been foz~nd to be of, etc.) ; ad cognoscendum, f o r inquiry. cbg6, c6gere, coEgi, cokctus, [conago], 3. v. a., bring together, coZZect, asJembZe,get together. Hence,force, compel, oblige : coactua, by com..ul-

sion.

cohors, -hortis, [con-thortis (reduced), akin to hortus, garden] F., a n enclosure. Hence, a body o f troops, a cohort (the tenth part of a legion, corresponding as a unit of formation to the company of modern tactics, and containing from 300 to 600 men). cohortlti6, -Gnis, [con-hortatio (cf. cohortor)], F., a n encouragiizg, encouragement. - Esp. (to soldiers), an address (almost invariably a preliminary to an engagement). cohortor, Gri, -%us, [con-hortor], I . v. dep., encourage, ra&, address (esp. of a commander): cohortati inter se, encou~aging, grging one anPtlt$Y.

~016,colere, colui, cultus, [?I, 3. v. a,, tilZ, cultivate. - Fig., atteteltd u.on, cowrt, cultivnte (as a friend), pay court to, worship (of divinities). colonia, -ae, [colonti- (cf. colo) ia], P., (state o f a colonist). Concretely, a colony (both of the establishment and the persons sent). The Roman colonists were and continued to be Roman citizens, anti served as armed occupants of the soil where they were sent in the interests of the mother country. color, -6ris, [prob. akin t6 clligo, as opp. to white], M., color. com- (con-, CO-) [the same as cum], adv. in comp., with, together, up. Often intensifying the meaning without definite translation. combiirb, -firere, -fissi, -iistus, [con-tburo (?), relation to uro very uncertain, cf. bustum,funeraZpyre], 3. v. a., burn up, consume. comes, -itis, [con- tmitis (MA in meo, go) tis], c., a companion (esp. an inferior as attendant or follower). cbminus [formed by some false analogy from con manus], adv., hand to hand (cf. Eminus, at a distance), in close combat, atshort range. comitltus, -a, -um, p. p. of co-

coll- (except collis), see conl-. collis, -is, [?I, M., a hill.

mitor. comitium, -i, [?, perh. comit- (see

ium, the assemblage o f comes) followers (cf. servitium)], N.,a part of the Forum at Rome. - Plur., an eZection (assembly of the people for voting).

comitor

30

commove6

comitor, -iri, -Itus, [comit-, companion], I. v. dep., acconipary. comitltus, -a, -um, p. p. in pres. sense, acco?npanyinty. commeitus, -tiis, [con-meatus, cf. commeo, go 50 and fro], M., a goiqt o and fro, an expedition (back and forth), a tr$. Hence, communications (of an army). - S o also, S Z L ~ plies (of an army), jyovisions. commemor6, -Ire, -iivi, -Itus, [conmemoro, call t o m i n d ] , I . v. a., remind one o J Hence, speak oJ: mention, state (in a narrative). commendti, -%-e, -Hvi, -Itus, [conmando, commit], I. v. a., intmst, commend, recomn~end, szrrrender. comme6, &e, -Ivi, -Itfirus, [conmeo], I . v. n., go back andforth. With ad, visit, m o r t to. cornmilitti, -6nis, [con-milit- (JOG dier) 01, M., jeZZowsoZdier, con&7ade. comminus, see cominus. commissiira, -ae, [con-tmissura (cf. committo)], B., a joint, a seam. commissus, -a, -um, p. p. of committo. committti, -mittere, -misi, missus, [con-mitto], 3. v. a., (Zet go (send) together or altogether). EIence,join, urtitc, attach : proelium (epzgage, begin the engagement).-Also, trzist : se barbaris committere (pat one's self in the hands oJ etc.) ; nihil his committere (place no con$dence in,etc.). -Also, admit, aZZm (to happen), commit (suffer.to be done, cf. admitto), perpetrate : neque commissum a se, nothing had bzen done by them ;committere ut posset, Zeuve it

possi6Ze; nihil committebant, did nothing. Commius, -i, [Celtic], M., a leader of the Atrebates. commodE [old case-form of commodus], adv., advantageously, conveniently, jit4,rmdzly, to advantage : satis commode, to muck advantuge; non satis commode, not very easdy. commodum, see commodus. commodus, -a, -um, [con-modus, measwe, adj., (having the same m ensure with),jttizg, sziita bZe, convenient, advantag~ozrs : commodissimum est, it is the best thing,?nost ndvantapeous. -Neut. as noun, convenience, cornfort, advmztage, interest : commodo rei publicae, witkozrt prejudice to the 9arbZic infcrests; omnibus in vita commodis, all the blessings o f life; rei familiaris commodum, the interests o f one's propcity ; quas sui quisque commodi fecerat cfm his own r onvenience). commonefaci6, -facere, -feci, -factus, [unc. case-form (of st. akin to moneo, warn) -facio], 3. v. a., re?Zid

commoriitus, -a, -um, p. p. of commoror. commoror, -iiii, -Stus, [con-moror], I . v. dep., delay, stay, Zingw. commtitus, -a, -um, p. p. of commoveo. commoveb, -movere, -m6vi, -m& tus, [con-moveo], 2. v. it., move, stir, agitate. -With reflex., or in pass., 6e moved, move (intrans.), stir. Fig., disz'urb, azitafe, afect? alarm, influence (with idea of violent feel.

w.

commiinicHtue

31

comproba

commiinicltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of parol, I. v. a., (pair together), compare. communico. compellb, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, commtnicij, -Hre, -Zvi, -stus, [con-pello], 3. v. a., drive together [tcommunicb (st. of tcommunicus, (or altogether), drive in,force, drive. communiCUB)], I. v. a., (make compendium, -i, [com pendium], common), share, communicate, consult (with a person about a thing, N., (a weighing in, cf. expendo, and so make it common), add (a we@h out), a saving, projt. comperiij, -perire, -peri, -pertus, thing to another), p u t in along with [con-pano], 4. v. a., (get together), (something else). commiini6, -ire, -ivi, -itus [con- find out (by inquiry), ascertain, dismuuio], 4. v. a., strofigly fortvy, cover. -cornpertus, -a, -um, p. p. as f o r t f y , intrench, build (make by adj., certain (cf. exploratus). compertus, -a, -um, p. p. of comfortification). commiinis, -e, [con- f munis (cf. perio. complector, -plecti, -plexus, [conmunia, duties)],adj ., (havingshares together), common, general, in com- plecto, fold], 3. v. dep., embrace, m o n : ex communi consensu, by gen- include, enclose. compleij, -plEre, -plEvi, -plEtus, eral agreement; consilium (general . , jll @,j l l . plan, concerh action) j res (thecom- [con-pleo], 2. v. a With a different conception of the mon interest). commiitltib, -6nis, [con-mutatio action from Eng., cover, man (of (cf. commuto)], F., change: aestus walls). complexus, -a, -urn, p. p. of com(turn). commiitltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of plector. complfirGs, -pliira (-ia), [con-plus], commuto. commiitij, &e, -Bvi, -Htus, [con- adj. plur., very 7rdany, a great many, muto], I. v. a., change, exchange: a great number of. comportij, -Hre, -Hvi, -iitus, [constudium belli agriculturii (exchange f war f o r agricul- porto], I. v. a., bring together, colthe pursuits o lect. ture). comprehendb, -hendere, -hendi, comparltus, -a, bum, p. p. of I -hEnsus, [con-prehendo], 3. v. a., comparo. I . comparb, -%re,-%vi, -Ztus, [con- seize, ratch, arrest, capture, grasp parol, I . v. a., get ready, prepare, (one by the hand or clothing).procure, xizin, get together, prepare Fig.,take, catch (of fire). comprehSnsus, -a, -urn, p. p. of for (with a different view of the object in English): omnibus rebus comprehendo. comprob6, -are, -%vi, -Stus, [concomparatis, having made all arrangeprobo], I . v. a., prove, approve: conments. silium fortuna (justqy). 2. comparij, &e, -%vi, -?itus, [con-

compuleua compulsus, -a, -urn, p. p. of com-

32

condicia

concllmltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of conclamo. cfinltum, -i, [N. p. p. of conor as -%vi, -Stus, [conconcllm6, -h, pass.], N., an attempt, a n zcnder- clamo, cry out], I . v. n., cry om', taLi?zg. shout : victoriam (cogn. acc.), shout cijnltus, -tiis, [con&- (st. of conor) victory. tus], M., an attempt, a n efort. 'concliid6, dgdere, -clBsi, -clCms, [con-claudo], 3. v. a., shzct up, eizctinltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of conor. concEdti, -cCdere, -cess& -cessus, cZose : mare conclusum (enclosed, i p inland). [con-cedo], 3. v. a. and a., (@e z a thing to onc), allow, grant, assign concliisus, -a, -urn, p. p. of con(leave, where the rest is talcen cludo. away), permit, y i d d the p d i z (to Conconnetodumnus, -i, [Celtic], a superior), yield, make a conces- hl., a leader of the Carnutes. sion. concrepe, -crep8re, -crepui, -crepiconcert6, -Sre, -%vi,-%tiirus, [con- tiirus, [con-crepo], I. v. n., rattle, chzsh: armis (clash their art~ts, of certo], I . v. n., conzttnd concessus, -SEIS, [con-tcessus (cf. soldiers). concurr6, -currere, -curri (-ciicuiii), concedo)], M., a concession, a permission. cursus, [con-curro], 3. v. n., r z c n concidti, -cidere, -cidi, no p. p. together, rush 7~$, rush i ~ z , rzcsh [con-cado], 3. v. n., J z l Z down, f a l l . (advance), flock to, Atrsten iTz : conconcid6, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, cursurn est, tlzrre was a rush. [con-caedo], 3. v. a., cut to pieces, concurs6, -8re, -%vi,-%tarus, [conc u t down (Icill), cut z i p (land by curso, freq. of curro, run], I . v. n., estuaiies). rush t o and f r o : concursari iubet, orders a noise O J r~iiz~zing io and fro concili6, &e, -%vi,-8tns, [concili&, assenabl'y], I . v. a., bring together. to be mode. Hence, win mer, secnre (even by concursus, -a, -urn, p. p. of conforce), win, gain. curro. concilium, -i, [con-tcilium (CAI, concursus, -sfis, [con-cursus (cf . (caZl) ium, cf. Kalendae)], N., concurro)], hi., n rtishiizg to andfro, a meetirzp: -ESP., a n assembly (of a dashing together (collision). war or state), a couizciZ, a c o n f e ~ - Esp., a charge, onset, a crowd ruitence : per concilium, i7z cozmciZ. ning, a cro7ud. concisus, -a, -urn, p. p. of concido. condemnCitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of concitltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of con- condemno. cito. condemn8, -%re,-Hvi, -Itus, [conconcitti, -%re,-iivi, iitus, [con-cito, damno, condemn], I. v. a., condemn, freq. of cieo, stir], I . v. a., arouse, stir findgiiil&. up, call out (and so set in motion). condici6, -6nis, [con-mc, say (cf,

pello.

cond6n6

33

cbfiteor

condico, agree)],F., terms, condition, f agreement, terms (of fightterms o ing), state (of slavery) : ad iniquam condicionem pugnandi, to j g h t on unequal terms. condijnij, -%re, -%vi, iitus, [con-dono], I . v. a., give up, pardon for the sake of: Condriisi, -orurn, [Celtic], M. pl., a Belgic tribe on the Meuse, clients of the Treveri. condiic6, -dficere, -dfixi, -ductus, [con-duco, lead], 3. v. a., bring together, bring up (soldiers), hire : manus conducta, a band o f mercenaries. cijnfectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of conficio. cbnferciij, -fercire, -fersi, -fertus, [con-farcio], 4. v. a., crowd together. -cijnfertus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., close, crowded,dense, closely crowded, in close order, in a solid body. cijnferii, -ferre, -tuli, -1$tus, [confer~],irr. v. a., brinf together, get together, bring in, gather, collect. With or without culpam, lay the blame on, charge. -With reflexive, betake ones seG remove, take refuge. -So with other words, fortunas, (remove, transfer). Also,postpone, delay. cijnfertus, -a, -urn, p. p. of confercio. ciinfestim [acc. of tcon-festis (cf. festino, hasten)],adv., i n haste, immediately, at once. * c6nfici6, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, [con-facio], 3. v. a., (do up), accomplish, complete, finish up, carry out, jinish, perform. - Also, make up, write up (of a document), work

Also (cf, up, dress (of skins). Eng. done up ),finish up, exhaust, wear out . nondum confecta hieme, when the winter was not yet spent, before the end of; etc.- See also confio. cijnfidb, -fidere, &us sum, [confido, t m s t ] , 3. v. n., (trust fuILy), be conjdent, trust, trust to, have confidcnce in, rely on, feel assured. cenfisus, -a, -urn, p. p. in act. sense, trusting in. cijnfigij, -figere, -fixi, -fixus, [configo, f i x ] , 3. v. a., j h t e n together, fasten. cijnfinis, -e, [con-finis], adj., having boundnrics together, nQacent : confines Senonibus, neighbors o f the Senones. cijnfinium, -i, [confiniium], N . , ne&hborhood, conjnes, common boundaries. cijnfib, -fieri, -fectus, [con-So], irr. v. n. (used rarely a s pass. of conficio), be accomplished, etc. (see conficio). cijnfirmiti6, -anis, [con-firmatio, cf. confirmo], F., (positive) assurance, conyfrmation. c6nfirmitus, -a, -um, p. p. of confirmo. cijnfirmij, -Hre, -iivi, -iitus, [confirmo, makejrtn],I. v. a., strengthen. --Fig., strengthen, establish (pacem), reassure, encourage, conjrm, assure (by oath) : se (resolve). Hence (of things and statements), confirm, declare. cijnfisus, -a, -urn, p. p. of confido. chfiteor, -fitEri, -fessus, [con-

c6nfixus fateor, confess], 2. v. dep., confess, ncknowledge, admit. canfixus, -a, -urn, p. p. of configo. cbnflagra, -%re, -%vi, -itus, [conflagro, blaze], I. v. n., be oit $re,
burn.

34

conlaud6

cimflictiitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of conflicto. cGnflict6, -%re, -8vi, -Stus, [contflicto, cf. confligo], I. v. a., clash against (one thing against another), assail, harass. cBnflig6, -Agere, -flixi, -flictus, [con-fligo, strike], 3. v. a. and n., aash against, conlend,j g h t . c6nflu6ns, -entis, [pres. p. of confluo], M.,a meeting o f t w o rivers, conjuence. cBnffu6, -ere, -fluxi, no p. p. [confluo], 3. v. n., $ow together. - Less exactly (of persons), j o c k together. canfugio, -fugere, -ftigi, no p. p. [con-fugio], 3. v. n.,Jee, take refage. canfund6, -fundele, -fcdi, -ftisus, [con-fundo], 3. v. a., pour togethcr. - Less exactly, mingZe, mix indiscriniinnkb, unite without distinctiotr, unite, combine. congredior, -gredi, -gressus, [congradior, stej], 3. v. dep., come together. -I n peace, unite with. Esp. in war, come in contact with, engage,$$. congressus, -a, -urn, p. p. of congredior. congressus, -sGs, [con-gressus, cf. congredior], M., an engagement, encotinter. conicia (-iicio), -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [con-iaoio], 3. v. a., throw togethcr, hurl, cast, discharge : se conicere,

throw one's s e K & rush. -Less exactly (esp. in a military sense), throw (into prison), put (to flight), place, station (cf. military throw troops into, etc.),force. Fig., put together (of ideas). coniectiira, -ae, [con-iactura, cf. conicio], P., a g7ms ( I ' putting two and two together "), a conjecture: coniecturam capere, f o r m a con~ecture, in fer. coniectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of conicio. coniiinctim [acc. of tconiunctis (iung (as root) tis, cf. coniungo)], adv., united&, in C 0 7 m l l O i 2 , nltogether. coniiinctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of coniungo. coniungo, -iungere, -ifinxi, -iiinctus, [con-iungo, join], 3. v. a., unite, connect, fasten togethcr. -In pass., or with reflexive, unite (neut.), connect one's selAjoin. -coniiinctus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., united, close& connected. conianx, -iugis, [con-tiux (TUG, yoke, as st., with intrusive n from iungo)], c., a sjozse. -Esp., I(.,

(1

wfe.

coniiiriiti6, -anis, [con-iuratio, cf. coniuro], F., conspimcy, a i m t fea'eracy. coniiir6, &e, -ivi, -Itus, [coniuro], I . v. n., swem together, take an oath (together), swear mutual oaths. Hence, conspire, $lot. conliitus (con-), -a, -urn, p. p. of confero. conlaudltus (c011-), -a, -urn, p. p. of conlaudo. conlaud6 (coll-), -%re, -%vi,-%tus,

conlgctus

35

c6nsenti6

[con-laudo], I . v. a., praise (in set terms). conlgctus (coll-), -a, -urn, p. p. of conligo. conligb (COIL), -ligere, -le@, -l&ctus, [con-lego], 3. v. a., gather together, gather, collect, acquire (by accumulation).-With reflexive, colled ones se& recover. conligb (coll-), +e, -Zvi, -%us, [con-ligo], I . v . a., bind together, fasten together: scuta (lock top-ether). conloc5tus (coll-), -a, -urn, p. p. of conloco. conlocb, -?ire, -Zvi, -stus, [conloco, place], I . v. a., place, set, station (of troops, etc.) : angustius milites (stow, in a vessel). Esp. (with or without nuptum), give in marriuge, marry (of a father or guardian). -Fig., settle : rebus conlocandis, making dispositions. conloquium (coll-), -i, [contloquium, cf. conloquor], N., a conference, an interview, a parZey. conloquor (coll-), -loqui, -lociitus, [con-loquor], 3. v. dep., (talk together), cofafer,hold a n interview (or parley), parlty, convwse. canor, -%ri,-?itus, [ ?con-, st. akin to onus, burden], I . v. dep., attempt, try, endeavor : idem conari, make the same attempt. conquigscb, -quisscere, -quicvi, -quiEtiirus, [con-quiesco, rest], 3. v. n., rest, repose. conquir6, -quirere, -quisivi, .quisitus, [con-quaero, seek], 3. v. a., search for, seek for, hunt up. conquisitus, p. p. of conquiro.

cimsanguineus, -a, -urn, [con-sanguin- (blood) eus], adj., akin (by blood). -As noun, a kinsntaa. cbnscendb, -scendere, -scendi, -scEnsus, [con-scando, climb], 3. v. a., climb, climb upon: navis (in navis) (go on board) ; valIum (man,wount). cijnscientia, -ae, [con-scientia, cf. conscius], F., consciousness, privi9, conscience, kttowledge. cijnscisc6, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitus, [con-scisco, decree], 3. v. a., resolve. Less exactly, with dat. of reflex., take t o oaes sev: mortem (commit suicide). cijnscius, -a, -um, [con-tscius, SCI (in scio, know) us], adj., knowing (with ones self or another), conscious, aware o f . chscribti, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, [con-scribo], 3. v. a., write down. -Esp., enrol, conscribe, levy, enlist. conscriptus, -a, -urn, p. p. of conscribo. cbnsecriltue, -a, -urn, p. p. of consecro. c6nsecr6, -Hre, -?ivi, -?itus, [consacro, make sacred], I . v. a., hallow, consecmte. - cOnsecrStus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., consecrated, sacred. cbnsector, -%ri, -?itus, [con-sector, freq. of consequor], I . v. dep., ovci. take, follow up. cGnsecntus, -a, -urn, p. p. of con-

sequor.
tijnsgnsib, -anis, [con-tsensio, cf. consentio], F., agreement, unanimiw. c6ns8nsus, -scs, [con-sensus, cf. consentio], M., agreement, consent, harmoizious (or concerted) action. cbnsentib, -sentire, -sensi, -sen

cansequor siirus, [con-sentio, feel], 4. v. n.,

agree, conspire, make common cause, a d with (some one).

36

cBnstantia

ctinsequor, -sequi, -seciitus, [consequor], 3. v. dep., follow (and stay with), overtake. Hence, obtaiiz, secure, attoin, succeed in (some purpose). -Also, follow close upon, succeed, ensue. ctinservfi, -Ire, -Ivi, Itus, [conservo, save], I . v. a., save, preserve, spare. - Also, observe (law, right), regard. Cfinsidius, -i, [con-tsidius (akin to sedeo, sit)], a Roman name.ESP., Pz~blius,a Roman soldier. cijnsidij, -sidere, -sEdi, -sessiirus, [con-sido], 3. v. n., sit dowz (in a place). - Less exactly, take a position, halt, encamp, scttle. cansilium, -i, [con-tsilium (cf. consul, akin to salio, in some earlier unc. meaning)], N., deliberation, a cozinci2 (of war, more commonly concilium). - Esp., w i s e counsel, prudence, discretion. Hence, a plann, counsel, desifn, pzirposc. -And so (design carried out), coursc, measw e , condz~ct. -Phrases : ipsorum esse consilium (a matter fur them t o decide); quasi consili sit res, as ; f it wcre a matter for consultation ; commune consilium, cuncerted action ; publicum consilium, f the state, oficiid action; action o barbaris consilium non defuit (an iutellzgent plan o f action). cijnsimilis, -e, [con-similis], adj., very like, just like. cfinsist6, -sistere, -stili, no p. p., [con-sisto, piace (oms s e ~ ) ] ,3. v.

n., take a stand, take a position, stand, keep ones position, form (of troops). - I n perf. tenses, have II position, starzd Hence, stop, halt, make a stand, hold ones ground, run aground (of ships), remaiz, stay. With in, occu$y, rest on. -Fig.,
depend on, rest
OR.

cfinsobrinus, -i, [con-sobrinus, cf. soror, sister], M., j m t cousin (on the mothers side). - Less exactly, (any) cousin german. cfinsfilltus, -a, -um, p. p. of con-

solor,
cfinsijlor, 4ri, iitus, [con-solor, conzfol?], I . v. dep., console, cheer. ctinsijlltus, -a, -urn, p. p. as pres., consoling-. ctinspectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of conspicio. cfinspectus, -tiis, [con-spectus, cf. conspicio], M., s@t. -in conspectu, in ones presence; in conspectum proferre (display). cijnspicgtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of

conspicor.
cijnspiciij, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus, [con-specio, Look a t ] , 3. v. a., catch sifht of; espy, see. cfinspicor, -%ri, Itus, [tconspic-, cf. SPEC, sec], I . v. dep., catch s@hC of; e s j y , see. c@spirb, -%re, -8vi, -Itus, [conspiro, breathe], I . v. n., sound together.- Fig., harmonize, agree. Also, cons$ire, leagzie together. cfinstanter, [constant- (standing $rm) ter], adv., consistent&, uniform&,, steadiCy, with constancy, j r ? n4. cijnstantia, -ae, [constant- (stand.

cijnsternltus

37

clnsultum

i n g f r n i ) ia], F., jrmness, constancy, undaunted couroge. ciinsternltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of consterno. cOnstern6, -%re,-iivi, -Stus, [conistern6 (cf. sternax, prostrating)], I . v. a., overwhelm.- Fig., dismay, alarm.- cansterniitus, -a, -um, p. p., stricken with fear. chsternii, -sternere, -strLvi, str5tus, [con-sterno], 3. v. a., strew over (both of the thing thrown and that over which) : navis constrata (decked, fuU decked, a s opposed to ships only covered at the ends). c6nstip5, &e, -%vi, -Htus, [constipo, press], I . v. a., crowd, cram. In pass. or with reflexive, crowd together. ciinstitub, -stituere, -stitui, -stitiitus, [con-statuo], 3. v. a. and n., set up, raise, put together, make up. Hence, estabzish, station, arrange, draw up (aciem).-Fig., determine, appoint, agree upon, determine upon, $x, decide upon: praemia (ofer). constii, -&%re, -stiti, -stHtiiros, [con-sto], I . v. n., stand together.Fig., agree (esp. of accounts) : numerus (be complete). Hence, be estabzished, appear, be agreed upon, be evident. (Esp. constat, it appears, etc.) -Also (from accounts), cost. Also (with in), depend u)on. constratus, -a, -um, p. p. of consterno. ciinsuEsc6, -suEscere, -suEvi, -SUBtus, [con-suesco], 3. v. n., become accustomed.-In perf. tenses, be accnstomed, be wont. cGnsuEtus, -a, -urn, p. p., nccustomed, wont, used.

ciinsuEtiid6, -inis, [con-tsuetudo (prob. tsuetu- do ), cf. consuesco], F., habzt,custom,habits (collective~y), manners, customs, practice: victus (custoonzary mode of living); itineris (usual manner of marching). ciinsuEtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of consuesco. consul, -ulis, [con-sul (cf. praeSUI, exsul), root of salio in some earlier unc. meaning], M., a conszd (the title of the chief magistrate of Rome, cf. consilium).- With proper names in abl., the usual way of indicating dates: M. Messala et M. Pisone consulibus, in the consuZship of, etc.; se consule, in hisconsulship, as a date or occasion. ciinsulltus, -tGs, [?consul%- (cf. consul) tus], M., consulship. cansulij, -sulere, -sului, -sultus, [prob. consul, though poss. a kindred or independent verb], 3. v. a. and n., deliberate, conszdt, take counsel, decide.- With acc., consult, take the advice of: - With dat., take counsel for, consult the inkrests of; consi& for the weyare of; look out for, do a sevvice to: vitae (spare).Phrase : sortibus consultum (est), lots were drown to decide. cansult6, -iire, -%vi, -iitus, [consult&, decision], I . v. n., consult: de bello (tahe meosuyes for). ciinsultti, [prob. like abl. abs. used impersonally], adv., w W deliberation, purpose&, des@ned(y. consulturn, -i, [N. p. p. of cons u l ~ ] , N., a decision, a n order, a decree. - Esp., senatus consultum, an order o f the senate.

cansiimii c6nsiim6, &mere, -siimpsi, -sGmptus, [con-sumo], 3. v. a., (take out

38

contine6

contend6, -tendere, -tendi, -tentus, [con-tendo, stretch], 3. v. n., of the general store). Hence, waste, strain, struggZe, strive, try, endeavor, exert one's seZJ attempt, be zeaZous: consume, destroy, spend, exhaust. csnsiimptus, -a, -um, p. p. of id contendere et laborare, strive and exert one's seZf for, etc. -Esp. with consumo. cGnsurg6, -surgere, surr&xi, -sur- verbs of motion, press on, hasten. rectus, [con-surgo, rise]. 3. v. n., rise, Also, jg-ht, contend, wage war. With ad and in like constructions, rise up. Esp. of a session, break up. contabul6, -%re, -Zvi, -Stus, [con- hasten, march, start to go (in haste): tabula, cf. tabula, board], I . v. a,, vi contendere] to force a passage; petere contendit, seek earnest@. build up (with floors in stories),floor contentis, -6nis, [con-ttentio, cf. with jlanks.- Also, build up (gencontendo], F., struggle,eforts.-Esp., erally, as of a wall with towers). contlgi6, -6nis, [con-ttagio, fr. contest, j g h ting, dispute. contentus, -a, -urn, p. p. of conTAG in tango, touch, cf. contingo], tendo and contineo. F., contact. - Esp. with something contexti, -texere, -texui, -textus, noxious, implying contagion. contlminltus, -a, -um, p. p. of [con-texo], 3. v. a,, ifherweave, weave contamino. together. - Also, weave (make by contlmins, -&-e, -Hvi, -Ltus, [con- weaving). contextus, -a, am, p. p. of contamin- (st. of con-timen, Le. TAG (touch) men)], I . v. a., bring into texo. contact, unite. - Esp. with notion contingns, -entis, pres. p. of conof contagion (cf. contagio), contami- tineo, wh. see. continenter [continent- (holding nate: facinore contaminatus (ihplitogether) -I-ter], adv., coxtinually, rated ivz). conteg6, -tegere, -tiixi, -tEctus, without stopping, colztinuously, iizces[con-tegol, 3. v. a., CWCY up, covey. sadly. continentia, -ae, [continent- (hoZdcontemns, -temnere, -temps& -temptus, [con-temno, s&ht], 3. v. ing togeUer) ia], F., se(f-restraint, a., despise, disreg-ad, hoZd in con- moderation. contine6, -tinEre, -tinui, -tentus, tempt. [con-teneo], 2. v. a,, hold together, contemptis, - h i s , [con-t temptio, i g .meancf. contemno], F., contempt, scorn: hoZd in. Hence, in many f in contemptionem venire, incur the ings, restrain, hold in check, keep (within bounds), hem in, retain (in contempt, et c. contemptus, -tiis, [con-ltemptus, something). - Pass. or with reflex., cf. contemno], M., contempt, scorn : keep within, remain, he included in, contemptui est, is a matter o f ridi- be hounded, consist in (be contained in). -Also, RoZd on to, )in. concule.

continga

39

convert6

tingns, -en& pres. p. as adj., (holding together), continual, cont&uous, continuous. -Also, restraining one's se& continent. - A s noun, the cowtinzious land,the contiiteiat.-contentus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., satisjed, content. conting6, -tingere, -tigi, -tHctus, [con-tango, touch], 3. v. a. and n., touch, rerzch, join. - With dat., happen. continuiti6, -anis, [continua- (cf. continu6) tio], F., continuation : continuatio imbrium, incessant rains. continua [abl. of continuus], adv., immediately, straip.htway,forthwith. continuus, -a, -urn, [con-ttenuus (TEN in teneo (LoZd) uus)], adj., continuous, successive: dies (successive). conti6, -6nis, [prob. for conventio], F., an assemb&. - Less exactly, a n address, a harangue (to an assembly or to soldiers). contianltus, -a, -um, p. p. of con-

tionor.
conti6nor, 4ri, iitus, [contion-, address], 1. v. dep., harangue, address (an assembly or an army). contrH [ u x . case-form (instr. ?) of tconterus (con- -Iterus, comp. ending)], adv. and prep. with acc., ojposite, contrary to, against, in ojjosition, on the other hand: contra atque, contrary t o what, etc. contrahb, -traherc, -trHxi, -trIctus, [con-traho], 3. v. a., draw fogefher, draw in, briqg together, gather together, contract, narrow, malze smaZZer, b i n s into smaZZer compass. contrzrius, -a, -um, Ltconterti- (see contra) -I-arius], adj., ojposite (lit.

and f i g . ) , contrary: ex contrario, on the contrary ;in contrariam partem, in the opposite direction. contraversia, -ae, [controvers& (opposite) ia], F., a dispute, a puar?el. - Plur., grounds o f puarrel. contumllia, -ae, [unc. form., akin to contumax and tumeo, sweN], F., (swelh'ng pride ?), an outrage, an insult, an afront. - Fig., violence (of waves), befefing. convalEsc6, -valEscere, -valui, no p . p , [con-tvalesco, cf.valeo, be w d l ] , 3. v. n., recover, get well. convallis, -is, [con-vallis], P., a valley (enclosed on all sides). - Less exactly, a dejle, a valley (of any kind). convgctus, -a, -urn, p.p. of conveho. convehb, -vehere, vsxi, vectus, [con-veho], 3. v. a,, bring together, bring in, collect. conveni6, -venire, -vEni, -ventus, [con-venio], 4. v. a. and n., come to#Cether, meet, assemble, come in, ar; rive, agree aipon, agree. -With acc., meet, come to. -Also, of things, be agveed upon, be jtting, be neressaiy (in a loose sense in Eng.). conventus, -tfis, [con-tventus (cf. convenio and adventus)], M., an assembr'y, a meeting. - Esp., an assize, court (the regular assembly of Roman citizens in a provincial town on stated occasions, at which justice was dispensed). conversus, -a, -um, p. p. of converto. convertb, -vertere, -verti, -versus, [con-verto], 3. v. a., turn about, turiz

Convictolitavis

40
duced)

cotidi6

-Fig., change: signa (changefront,

wheel) ; conversa signa bipartito intulerunt, wheeled and chargcd the enemy in two directioirs : conversa signa in hostes inferre, face ndout nzd charge, etc. ; in fugam conversa, put t o pzght; conversam [materiam] ad hostem collocabat, phced [fnZZen trees] with their tops towmds the enemy ;contra vim fluminis, ngnimt the c u w e i z t ; itinere converso, alteri 7 Z g his cowse ; mentes conversae sunt, their state o f mind wns c k n q e d . Convictolitavis, -is, [Celtic], hi., a young Hleduan nobleman. convictus, -a, -um, p. p. of convinco. convincij, -vincere, -vici, -victus, [con-vinco, coitp/ier],3. v. a., pro?^, ilrnkegoort ( a charge, etc.): avaritia convicta, foziizd 'yuiZv o f nvnrice (changing the point of view for the Eng. idiom). convoc6, -iire, -%vi, -Htus, [conVOCO], I . v. a., rnlltogether, S Z I ~ I H I Z O ~ Z , 6a.U (a council). coorior, -oriri? -ortiis, [con-orior, r i s ~ ]3. , (and 4.) v. tlep., ai-ise, .$~',itrg
7tp,

hi-enk o i d (of a war).

coortus, -a, -um, 1). p. of coorior. c6pia, -ae, [tctipi- (con-ops, n i 2 ) 4- ia, cf. inopia, inops], F., nbuxdam?, pZedy, szq!pZy (both great and small), p n t t t i t y , nui&~.Esp., Zz~xury(abundance of everything). - Plur. (esp. of forces), forces, resources,szippZies. -Phrases ; copiam facere, n z u i d n s@plry, jrive an op&~rtz&~ ;magna copia locorum (choice); copia atque usus, itecessrzry
sujplies.

cijpiijsus, -a, -urn, [copia (re. osus], adj., (ndozrizdiizg in wenZth), welZ s@pCied, wenlthy. c6pula, -ae, [con-tapula (from AP, 2.y hold o f )], F . , (holdiiz3 togefhey), a g~nppZiq~-hooB. cor, cordis, [root as st. (akin to Eng. heart)], N., the henrt.Phrase : cordi esse, be den?: c6ram [~inc. case, formed from con and OS, &e], adv. and prep. with ab]., face t o &e, present, i i z pe?'son. Coriosolites, -turn, [Celtic], nf. plur., a people of Areinoric Gaul. corium, -i, [I], N.,n hide, n skiw. cornii, -CIS, [?I, N., n hor~z. - Fig., a wing (of an army). cortins, -ne, [?I, P., n gizrZnmi. -. Il'ig., n circZe (Zim, of soldiers). -. Phrase : sub corona, at nuctioiz (the garland being the symbol of a. captive for sale a t auction). corpus, -oris, [unc. root us], N., thc body, the pcrso~z. - Also, ii bo& (dead). - I.ess exxtly, extent (of a camp). - Phrase : magnitudo corporis, size, stnttwe. corrumpij, -rumpere, Mpi, -ruptus, [con-rumpo, b i m k ] , 3. v. a,, spoil, ?%if/. cortex, -icis, [?I, hi. (also v.), bwk. C6rus (Caurus), -i, [?I, hi., the

7zfl,-thzocst Wi/Zd. c6t&, -is, (caw) [akin to cos, whtstorre], P., a rock (sharp or

jagged), n Tee$ cotidi~nus (quo-), -a, -um, [cotidieanus], adj., cotidiano labore. cotidil (quo-), [quot (how mntiy)

&+.-

cotta

41

cultfira

-die, loc. of dies], adv., dai(y, every dev. Cotta, -ae, [ I ] , M., a Roman family name. - Esp., Lucius Azirunculeius Cotta, a legatus of Cesar. Cotugtus, -5, M.,a chief of the Carnutes. Cotus, -i, [Celtic], M., a young H s d u a n nobleman. crassitadii, -inis, [crass& tudo (as if crassitu- -Ido)], P., thichnesl. Crassus, -i, [crassus, f a t ] , M., a Roman family name.- Esp.: I . Marcus (Liciuizrs) Crassus, consul with Pompey, B.C. 5 5 ; one (with Cresar and Pompey) of the combination called the First Triumvirate. -2. pubfim Crassus (called Adulescens, the Younpr, only as distinguished from hi5 father), son of the Triumvir, serving with Cosar in Gaul as commander of cavalry. - 3. .Marcus Crassus, anotherson of the Triumvir, quzstor, B.C. 54,in Cresar's army. &it&, -is, [?I, P., a hurdfe, a fascine (a hurdle used to hold up earthworks in fortification). -Also, wicker (for hurdles). creltus, -a, -um, p. p. of creo. crEber, -bra, -brum, [ere- (in creo, bring forth) 4- ber], adj., thich, close, molterous,frepeent :arbores (thick@ growing); praesidia (contiuuous, not f a r apart, at short intervals). crGbr6, [prob. abl. of creber], adv., frequentCy, constantly, in rapid succession, at short intt.rvals. cr6d6, credere, crEdidi, crEditus, [tcred-, faith (of unc. formation) -k do, place], 3, v. a. and n., trust, cntrust, believe, su$$ose.

[?I,

crem6, -Bre, -:vi, -itus, [?I, I . v. a,, durn, consume: igni cremari, de burned alive, be burned t o death. creij, -ire, -%vi, -Htus, [unc. form., akin to cresco], I . v. a., (cause to grow), create. - Esp., elect, choose, ajjoint. Cr&, CrEtis, [Cr.], M., a Cretan. -As adj., Cretan. cresc6, crEscere, crEvi, crEtus, [st. cr8- (also in creo, bring forth) with -sco], 3. v. n., grow, increase, swell (of a river), de swelfea', increase 27C influence (of a man), grow greot, grow powerful. Critiigniitus, -i, [Celtic], M., a chief of the Arverni. cruciiitus, -tfis, [crucia- (st. of crucio, torture) tus], M., crucifring. Hence, torture. -With a change of relation, sufeerinf (of the person tortured). criidelis, -e, [?crud& (in crudesco, akin to crudus, bloody) -k lis, cf.Aprilis,animllis], adj., (bloody?), cruel. -See the following. crEdQitgs, -tHtis, [crudeli- tas], F., cruelty. crEdCliter [crudeliter], adv., cruel&, with crue2tycriis, crtiris, [?I, N., the leg. cubile, -is, [tcubi- (st. akin to cumbo) lis (cf. crudelis), N. of adj.], N., a couch, a resting$lace, a ded, a lair. culmen, -inis, [unc. rqot (in cello?, rile) men], N., a hezght, a top, a summit,a roof: culpa, -ae, [?I, F., a fault, dlame,

guizt.

cultiira, -ae, [cultu- (cf. colo, till)

cultus

42
IC.,

cnst6dia

cupiditls, -t$itis, [cupidb f tas], desire, eageniess, rreed: cupiditate adductus, throzgh over zeal. cupidus, -a, -um, [noun st. akin to cupio 4- dus], ad]., eager, desirous, loiging (for), fond o J ambitious (for),with a passion (for). cupi6, -pere, -pivi, -pitus, [partly cum [?I, prep. with abl., with. cum (quom), [case-form of qui], root verb, partly from tcupi- (cf. cupidus)], 3. (and 4.) v. a. and n., conj., when, while, whenever. Often rendered by a different con- be eager (for), de anxious, desire, struction in Eng. : cum non possent, (stronger than volo). With dat., not being able; cum prohibent, while wish well to, Be zealousfor. --- Phrase ; defendizg. - Of logical relations cupientibus signum dat, gives the s&(usually with subjv.), when, while, nul lo his impntieient soldiers. ciir (qu6r), [perh. for qua re], since, inasmach as, though, althoqyh : cum . tum, whiZe .. .so aZso; cum adv., why (rel. and interr.). cfira, -ae, [akin to caveo, beware], . tum maxime, not on$ . but especial&; cum primurn, as sooiz as. ~r., cure, anxzely, attention : curae cumulus, -i, [tcumFj Ius], hi., alicui esse, 6e one's care, o&ect o j a nzuss, n heap, a pile. one's aftentioz. ciir6,,-Lre, -%vi,-Ltus, [cur?], I . v. cunctlti6, -6nis, [cunctg- (st. of cunctor) tio], F., hesitation, re- a. and n., taL7e care, providefor.luctance, indisposition tojghf. With gerundive, cause (to be clone), cunctor, -Lri, -Itus, [?I, I . v. dep., hove (done). hesitate, hang 6ac4 6e relzicfunf:non currus, -tis, [CUR (?)+ us, cf. curquin (Lave no hesifation in, etc.). ro, Y Z ~ R ]M., , a chariot (= essedum). ciinctus, -a, -urn, [for coniiinccursus, -siis, [CUR (?) tus, cf. t u s ?],adj., all, all together. curro, run], M.,a ~ z i m i n g rzinning, cunegtim [cune6-, wedFe (reduced) speed, a r u (in ~ concrete sense), u atim, as if acc. of tcuneatis], adv., cozirse (space or direction run) : curin fhe shape of a wedre. - Esp. of sum adaequare (keep t@ with) ; cursoldiers, i 7 z (apecaliar wedge-shaped) su incitato or magno, at fzdl s@d; column o f attuck. eodem cursu, with the same ii/zpetus, ; in hoc medio cursu, cuneus, -i, [akin to conus, coize], 7~1~th@?ctsfo~~i71'~r M . , a wedgt. mid70ay of fhisjassnge, from Britain cuniculus, -i,[Cr.], M., (u cony)..to Ireland. Transf., n 6urrom. Hence, a mine cust6dia, -ae, [custod ( , p a r d ) (esp. in a military sense). ia], F., custody, p a r d (state of be. cupidT [old case-form of cupidus], ing guarded). - I'lur. (conci-ctely), adv., eagerly, zeulous&, earnest&. gtlayds, keeper.r.

ra (F., of rus)], u., culfivafion,cuiture : agri cultura, or agricultura, f the soil, agriculture. the cziltiziatioit o cultus, -tBs, [COL (in colo, f i l l ) tus], hi., crcZfivalion.- Esp. of one's self, care. IIence, civzlzzol'ion, manner oJ life, stafe o f civilization.

..

..

..

custcidici cust8di6, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [custod-, guard, as if custodi-1, 4. v. a., keep under guard, guard.

43

Decetia

cust6s, -tBdis, [unc. st. I dis (cf, merces, -8dis, palus, -Gdis)], c., a guard, a watckman, a keeper, a spy.

D
D, [half of C I 3 = MI,500. D., for Decimus. DHCUS,-a, -um, adj., Dacian (of the Dacians, apeopleof Thrace, north of the Carpathiau Mountains, occupying parts of Hungary, Gallicia, Wallachia, etc.). - I'lur., the Daciam. damnHtus, -a, -um, p. p. of damno. damn8, -Ire, -Hvi, -Itus, [damn&, loss], I . v. a., (fine),findguilty, condemn. damnum, -i,[?, D A (give) menus (cf. alumnus)], N,, ( f i x e ) , loss. DHnuvius (-bius), -i, [?I, M., lhe Llam.de, the great river flowing from the mountains of Germany eastward to the Black Sea. datus, -a, -um, p. p. of do. d G [unc. case-form of pron. st. DA (in idem, dum)], adv. (only in comp.) and prep. with abl., dowiz from, o f from,from, away from. Hence, qua de causa, f o r which reasora ; de populo mereor (deserve weLl or 2 2 of, properly win f r o m ) ; de consilio (by, cf. ex). - Esp. in pnrtitive sense, out of; of: pauci de nostris. -Also (cf. E I I ~of), . nbozit, (f (about), in regard to, conceriting, f o r : de regno desperare; nihil de bello timere, have no fear of war; de potentatu contendere ; de iniuriis satisfacere. -In expressionsof time, just after, about: de tertia vigilia. -

[?I,

Often with verbs of sense which may take acc. : sentio de, Learn, discover. - Phrases : de improviso, ofn sttddeiz, unexpected&. -In comp., down, of, away, througk (cf. debeo, decerto). dEbe6, -bere, -bui, -bitus, [de-haf o f one'sposbeo], 2. v. a., (hnve o sessions), owe, be bound, ought,must, canizot he@ :iudicari debere (mzght welZ be, etc.). -Pass., be due, be owixf. di5ci5d5, -cedere, -cessi, -cessfirus, [de-cedo], 3. v. n., (make way o f i cf. cedo), retire, withdraw, withdraw from, shuw. -Esp. (from life), dre. decem, [?I, indecl. num. adj., tee. deceptus, -a, -um, p. p. of decipio. dGcern6, -cernere, -crEvi, -crCtus, [de-cerno], 3. v. a. and n., (decide OA so as to clear away), decide, determine, decree, order (as a result of determination). dGcert6, -Lre, -Hvi, -%tiis,[de-certo, fight], I . v. a. and n., contend (so as to close the contest, cf. L'jght it out"), decide the issue, try the issue (of war), carry on war,fght (a general engagement): rid a demive battle (with or without pugna). dzcessus, -sits, [de-tcessus, cf. decedo and incessus], M., with. fail). drawal, departure: aestus (ebb, Decetia, -ae, [Celtic], F., a city of the Hedui, on the Loire, Decist.

dEcid5, -cidere, -cidi, no p. p., [decado], 3. v. n , falZ O J (or dowu), f a l l (from ones horse). decimus, -a, -urn, [tdeci- (as st. of decem) -I-musj, adj., tenth. Masc. as noun, a Romaii prznomen (see Brutus). dCcipi6, -cipere, -ci+i, -ceptus, [de-capio], 3. v. a., (take U I , catch), b e g d e , deceive. decliirii, Zre, -%vi,-Ltus, [de-claro], I. v. a., (clear of), ma& plain, declare (decide and state). dEclivis, -e, [de-clivis (or clivus, slope)], adj., sZoping down, i?zclivzed. - Plur. as noun, sZopes. dgclivitls, -&tis, [declivi- -k tas], V., slope: ad declivitatem, downward. decretum, -5, [prop. N. of decretus], N., a decrce, a decision. dEcrEtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of decerno. decumiinus, -a, -urn, [decum& (reduced) f anus], adj., beZoiying to the tenth :porta (the reargate, of a camp, where the tenth cohort was posted). decuri6, -6nis, [decuria- (reduced) 03, M., a commander (of a decuria of cavalry, a small squadron). dEcurr5, -currere, -curri (cucurri), -cursiirus, [de-curro], 3. v. n., run down, run away, Wurry o f . decus, -oris, [unc. root (cf. decet, itdecoazes) us], N., honor, glory. dedecus, -oris, [de-decus], N., disgrace, dishonor. dEditicius, -a, -um, [dedit& (reduced) cius], adj., szirrendered. Plur. as noun, prisoners (taken by surrender), subjects, persons surrendered.

dEditi6, -6nis, [dedatio, cf. aedo], v., surrender :in deditionem accipere, receive oizes surrendw ;in deditionem venire, t o sun-ender. dzditus, -a, -urn, p. p. of dedo. d6d6, &re, -didi, -(litus, [de-do], 3. v. a., sive over, s z i ~ ~ e n d e r give , z @ , devote. -- In pass. or with reflex.,
szrrrcndcr
071CS S C ~ SZf67tl , i t .

dGdiic6, -dBcere, -dtxi, -ductus, [de-duco], 3. v. a., Zead daw% or of, lead away, withdrizw, draw O J(praesidia), take away (of men), h i 7 g azway, lead (from one place to another), bring (into a situation).Fig., indvce, b r i ~ g lead. , - Esp. of ships, Zazinch (draw down); of women, marry (used of the man, cf. nubo) ; of things, hirig, draw, durn. So,raise (a mail to foi tune). - Also, rem in periculum (cuzise a perilous situation); re in controversiam, deducts (rovzhzg to, ctc.) ; deduci milites (march out, led by their commander). deductus, -a, -urn, p. p. of deauco. dEfatigHti6 (-fet-), -Onis, [de-fatigatio], I?., exhaustioit. dgfatigltus (-fet-), -a, -urn, p. p. of defatigo. Gfatigii (-fet-), -.%e, -%vi,-Htus, [de-fatigo], I . v. a., ?weal-oat, cxltaust, worry, tire ont. dEfecti6, -Onis, [de-factio, cf. de& de/ection, ficio, fail], ~.,JulZingo
fallinLy away, reuoZt.

dgfendii, -fendere, -fendi, -fEnsus, [de-fendo, strzke], 3. v. a., ward o f i defend ones seZJ against. - Also, with changed relation, defknd, protect.

di5f6nneiii

45

Olioturn
3

dEfEnsi6, -iinis, [de-tfensio, cf. aefendo], F., a defence. dEflnsor, &is, [de-tfensor, cf. defendo], M., a defender.-Also, a f defence, a defence, a bufer. means o Phrase : speciem defensorum, a show o f defence. dlferij, -ferre, -tuli, -1Ztus, [defer~],irr. v. a., carry down, carry away, bring,land (of ships). -Pass., be borne down or OH, drift (of ships), turn aside: delati in scrobee (faZlzng). - Fig., confer upon,pzd in.one's hiina's, hand ovey, report, Zay before. dlfessus, -a, -urn, p. p. of defetiscor. dlfetiscor, -fetisci, -fessus, [defatiscor, gape], 3. v. dep., crack opts. - Fig., become exhausted. - defessus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj .,exhausted: ~ u~an. defessus, I I r.xhuit.i/ed didh.56, -ficere, -fEci, -fectus, [defacio, nzake], 3. v. a. and n., fail,j%ll 3abandon (with away, revolt,faZl 0 ab) : animo (des,zjond). dEfigb, -figere, -fixi, -fixus, [defigo,fasten], 3. v. a.,/Tx (in ar down), plant, set, fasten, drive down. dEfini6, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [de-finio, e n d ] , 4. v. a., set limits to,$x, appoint. dlfixus, -a, -urn, p. p. of defigo. dlfluii, -fluere, -Rfixi, -fluxfirus, [de-fluo], 3. v. n., fIow down, $ow apart, diviCe (of a river). dgfore, see desum. dgformis, -e, [de-forma (shape), weakened and decl. as adj.], adj., uncomely, unshapely, ugly, kd-looking. d6fugi6,- -fugere, -fiigi, no p. p.,

[de-fugio], 3. v. a. and n.,JPyfrom, avoid,Jy, JRee. dliciii (dliic-), -icere, -iEci, -iectus, [de-iacio], 3. v. a., cast down, throw down, drive o f , drive out, dislodge, kill (pass., f a l l ) , overthrow, throw on shore (of ships), deprive, reduce : ea spe deiecti, disappointed in this hope. dliectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of deicio. dEiectus, -tiis, [de-iactus, cf. iacio, throw], M.,a declivity, a slope. deinceps, [dein- (cf. deinde) i ceps, cf. CAP in capio], adv., in SZIC cession. deindc (dein) [de-inde, thence], adv., then, next. dElZtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of defero. dllect6, -%re, -%vi, -Stus, [detlecto, cf. delicio], r. v; a., dehght. Pass., take delzght, delight. dll6ctus (ai-), -t%, [de-lectus, cf. deligo, select], M., a levy, a conscrjption. dllgctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of deligo. dEle6, -Ere, -1Evi, -1Etus, [de-tleo (akin to lino)], 2. v. a., (smear out), blot out, wipe out (of a disgrace). Fig., annihizate, destroy. dGlltus, -a,-urn, p. p. of deleo. dEliber6, -8re, -%vi, -Stus, [detlibero, perh. akin to libra, balance], I. v. a. and n., discziss, conszdt, deliberate : re deliberata, after discz6ssing the matter. delibrii, -%re, -%vi, -Stus, [tde-librl-, bark (adj. de-liber)], I. v. a., peel, strip (of bark). dglictum, -i, [N. p. p. of delinquo], N., Lhing left undone,faiZure, ofence.

d8ligFitue

46

depereo

dzligiitus, -a, -um, p. p. of deligo (-2re). delig6, Jigere, -lEgi, -]&us, [delego], 3. v. a., choose out, select.dElEctus, -a, - u m , p. p. as adj., chosen, picked. dElig6, &e, -%vi, -Stus, [de-ligo, biizd], I . v. a., tie down, moor, tie. dElitEsc6, -litEscere, -litui, no p. p., [de-latesco, cf. lateo, h&], 3. 8. n., hide away, hide, skulh, lurk. dgmentia, -ae, [dementia], F., madftess,follyc demessus, -aJ -urn, 1. p. of demeto. dEmet6, -metere, -messui, -messus, [de-meto, ~elrp], 3. v. a., rea?, ciit

dow7z.

dEmigr6, -ire, -%vi,-atfirus, [de-migro, dtjari], I . 17. xi., move mory (change residence), ~itove ones efects, emigrate. dEminu6, -uere, -ui, -iitus, [deminuo, cf. minus], 3. v. a. and n., diminish, c z i r t d , Iessen, detract: de voluptate quicquam (ntaie any dimin t ~ t i o nof) : quid de legibus (disi-egnrd iiz any manner) ; de sua benevolentia (Zesscn his pod-will). dcminatus, -a, -urn, p. p. of deminuo. dEmitt6, -mittere, -misi, -missus, (de-mitto], 3. v. a., Zetgo dozufz (cf. mitto), l e t duwn, stick dozan (at the bottom of a ditch). -In pass. or with reflex., let ones seelf down, descend, set OIIBS self down. - Fig., des$ond (se animo), be discozimpd, -dEmissus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adi., Zow-hanyiiz~,dowed (of the head). dEm6, dcmere, clernpsi, dernptus,

[de-emo, take], 3. v. a,, take dozun, take oJ, yemove, take away. dGmGnstrltus, -a, -um, p. p. of demonstro. dEm6nstr6, -Bre, -%vi, -Ltus, [demonstro, sho7u], I . v. a,, point out, show, represent, mention, state, speak of; make known. dEmoror, &i, &us, [de-moror], I . v. dep., deelny, retard. dEmptus, -a, -uni, p. p. of demo. G m u m [acc. of tdEmus (super]. of de), nethermost, Zast], adv., at last, a t Zength (not before). dEneg6, 4re, -Hvi, -Stus, [denego], r. v. a. aud n., denyJ refme, say ,tot. dEni, -ae, -a, [for decni, decem reduced -t nus], distrib. num. adj. plur., t e n each, ten (on each side), tela (in sets of ten). dEnique [tden6- (de 4- nus, cf. demum) que], aclv., at last: multo denique die, not tiU Cute, etc.- Of urtlcr,/Zizol(y, in a word, in short. C)f preference, at any rate (if no better, ctc.). dEnsus, -a, -urn, aclj., thick, crowded, aense. dEniinti6, -ire, -%vi, -itus, [denuntio], I . v. a., unizozcme (with no tion of threat), threaten, declare, ZuaY11, 01-llkY. dEpell6, pellere, -puli, -pulsus, [de-pello], 3. v. a., drive drive (away), diselodzc, avert. dEperd6, &re, -didi, -ditus, [deperdo], 3. v. a., Zosc, de deprived @: tantum opinionis (foifeit). dEpere6, -perire, p r i i , -peritfirus, [de-pereo]. irr. v. n.,he last.

[?I,

dp6nB

47

dEsiderij

dlp6n6, -p6nere, -pow?, -positus, [de-pono], 3. v. a., lay down, lay aside, deposit. - Fig., lose, abandon (hope), blot out (memory), resign. dgpopulitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of depopulor. dgpopulor, -iiri, -%us, [de-populor], I. v. dep., ravage, lay waste; p, p., pass., b i d waste. dSport6, -Ere, -iivi, -iitus, [deport~], I . V. a . , carry o f , carry a w ~ y , remove. dgposcij, -poscere, -poposci, no pep., [de-posco], 3. v. a., demalzd earnest+, demand, caZZ for, cZaim. dgpositus, -a, -um, p. p. of depono. dEprecltor, &is, [de-precator, cf. deprecor], M., a mediator (to beg off something for somebody) : eo deprecatore, by his mediation. dgprecor, -iiri, -iitus, [de-precor], I. v. dep., pray to avert something, pray (with accessory notion of relief), beg, beg o $ ; pray for pardoit, pray to be spared, resort to prayers, ask for guarter, beseech. dgprehend6, -hendere, -hendi, hensus, [de-prehendo, grasp], 3. v. a,, captu~e,catch, seize, take possession o f : -As in Eng., catch (come upon), surprise. d g p r e h h u s , -a, -urn, p.p. of deprehendo. dBpiign6, &e, -gvi, -Etus, [depugno], j g h t decisive+, j g h t it out. dgpulsus, -a, -urn, p.p. of d e pello. d8rgctG (ai-) [old case-form of derectus], adv., straight : ad perpendiculum (per$endicularly).

derBctus (di-), -a, -urn, p.p. of derigo. dErig6 (ai-); -rigere, -rExi, -rectus, [de-rego], 3. v. a., straighten out, direct: aciem ( j o r m ); opera (set in order, arraizge).-dWctus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., strakht, straight u$ and down, perpendiczdar. dgrivitus, -a, -urn, pep. of derivo. dBriv6, -%re,-%vi,- % t u , [perh. immediately fr. de-rivus (brook),prob. through adj. st.], I . v. a., draw o J (water), divert. dErog6, -%re,-Hvi, -2tus, [de-rogo, in its political sense], I . v. a,, take away, withdraw. dEscend6, -scendere,-scencli, -sc& siirus, [de-scando], 3. v. n., climb down, descend. - Fig., resort to, have recourse to, adopt (with ad). dEsec6, -sec%re, -semi, -sectus, [de-seco], I . v. a., cut off. dEser6, -serere, -serui, -sertus, [de-sero, join], 3. v. a., disunite.Esp., adandon,forsake,give up, Zeave in the lurcA.-dEsertus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., desezted, soZitary. dgsertor, -Gris, [de-tsertor, cf. desero], M., a deserter. assertus, -a, -urn, p a p . of desero. dgsiderltus, -a, -urn, p.p. of desidero. dgsiderij, -?ire, -Lvi, -Etus, [?,cf. considero], I. v. a., feel the want OL desire, miss,need, desire (want to see), Zose (of soldiers). Pass., he missing (Zost) : perpauci desiderati quin cuncti, etc. (aU with very f e w excqtions)

dlsidia dlsidia, -ae, [desid- (st. of deses, de- SED as st.)], P., ideness, sloth. dEsignZtus, -a, -um, p.p. of de-

48

datinea

signo.
dtisignij, -%re,-%vi, -atus, [de-signo], I . v. a., mark ant, iitdicate, m c i ~ t t . dEsili6, -silire, -silui, -sultus, [desalio], 4. v. n., leap down, leu$ (down),jwtp ovcr6oa~d, dismowzt. d6sist6, -sistere, -stiti, -stitfirus, [de-sisto], 3. v. n., s t a i d o f , cease, stop, desist from, abatidon : fuga (ceriseJzying) dlspectus, -a, -urn, p.p. of despicio. dtispectus, -t%, [de-tspectus, cf. despicio], M., a v i e w dozwn, view (from a height) : oppidum haberet despectas (sheer precipices). dtispCrlti6, -6nis, [de-tsperatio, cf. despero], F., des$aiY, des$ef*ation. dlspErltus, -a, -um, p. p. of despero. dGsplr6, -%re, -%vi, -stus, [despero, cf. spes, hopc], I . v. n. (but see below), ceizse to hope, &$air. dEspEriitus, -a, -urn, as pass., d ~ s paired of: - Also a s adj., (hopeless ?, perh. orig. despaired of ), hence desperate. dtispiciij, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus, [de-specio], 3. v. a. and n., Zook dowiz, look dowiz t@on.-Fig. (cf. Eng. equivalent), Zoo& down @on,

dlstin6, -Hre, -%vi,,- % t u , [perh. dEstinX-, a prop (fr. de-srn-nus)], I . v. a.,f a s k i t , n i a k e j k t , n t a k e j i ~ n t , getf a s t LoldoJ; cntchJrm@. Hence, fig., J x upoti, appoiiit, choose, d2stine. dCstitu6, -tnere, -hi, -tiitus, [destltuo], 3. v. a., set apurt (from one's self), n6aadon, dese9.t. dtistitiitus, -a, -urn, p . 1 ~ of de-

stituo.
dlstrictus, -a, -urn, p.p. of de-

stringo.
dgstringij, -stringere, -strillxi, -strictus, [de-stringo], 3. v. a., sty$ 0 7 - Also (cf. despolio), szr$, drnw (of swords, stripping them of their scabbards). dcsurn, -esse, -fui, -futfirus, [desum], irr. v. n., (6e /may), be zunm'ing,de lackifiz,fail. - ICsp., fizil to do oiie's dz@~ 6y, etc. - Often, lack (changing relatioil of sulij. and following dat.), be without, not hnve. dssuper [de super], adv., f i i l J J C above. dgterior, -ius, [compar. of tdeter (de terus, cf. interior)], adj.,

(farther

down), iifcrior, worse :

despise.

dCspoli6, -%re, -%vi, -Itus, [despolio], r. v. a., strip 0 8 - With change of relation, strip (also fig., as in Eug.). dtistiniitus, -a, -urn, p e p . of destipo.

deteriora vectigalia facere (~'nl.pai~). dEterre6, -terrEre, -terrui, - t u ritus, [de-terreo], 2. v. a., frzghteen o & d e t e ~p , e v e n t ( c s p by threats, but also generally). dtitestltus, -a, -urn, 11.1). of detestor. dgtestor, -$ri, -atus, [de-testor], I . v. a,, ((a21 the ,pds to witims to prevent somethitig), entreat (from a thing). - Also, cuyse. dStine6, -tinEre, -tinui, -tentus,

dStricta

49

dicb

[de-teneo], 2. v. a., hold o $ ; detain, delay, stop. detract6 (-trecto), 4re, -ivi, -itus, f fiom [de-tracto], I . v. a., (hold o ones self), avoid, shuvt. dctrlctus, -a, -urn, p.p. of detraho. dEtrah6, -trahere, -trSxi, -tr%ctus, [de-traho], 3. v. a., draf o x smztch (away). With less violence, take away, take 0 3 , withdraw (with no violence at all). detrectii, see detracto. dEtrimentGsus, -a, -urn, [detriment& (reduced) -I-osus], adj., detriwiental, hurtf2il. detrimenturn, -i, [de-ttrimentum (tri- in tero, Yub, 4-mentum), cf. detero], N., (a rzi66ing of), loss, injury. - Esp., dcfeat, disaster. dcturbltus, -a, -om, p. p. of deturbo. dlturb6, -%re, -%vi, -itus, [deturbo, disturb], I. v. a., drive o f (in confusion). deiirii, -firere, -%si, -fistus, [deuro], 3. v. a., durn O J durn up. deus, -i, [akin to divus, Iovis, dies], M.,a god. deiistus, -a, -urn, p. p. of deuro. dEveh6, -.rehere, -vExi, -vectus, [de-veho], 3. v. a., carry away, britig (to a place), bring along. dEveni6, -venire, -vEni, -ventfirus, [de-venio], 4.v. n., come away, land (come down from the sea), come (from one place to another). dEvexus, -a, -urn, [prop. a p. p. of deveho], adj., sloping. - Neut. plur. as noun, slopes, hillsides. dGvictus, -a, -urn, p. p. of devinco.

dEvinc6, -vincere, -vici, -victus, [de-vinco], 3. v. a,, congzieu (so as to prostrate), subdue (entirely). dEvoc6, -%re, -%vi, -Stus, [deVOCO], I . v. a., call down (or aw(zy). -Esp., fig., invite, 6ring: fortunas in dubium (risk). dEvMus, -a, -urn, p. p. of de-

voveo.
dEvove6, -vovEre, -v6viJ -v6tus, [de-voveo], 2. v. a., vow (away). -Less exactly, devote. -dZv6tusJ -a, -urn, p.p. as noun, a devoted follower (sworn to die with his companion). dexter, -era, -erum, (-tra, -trum), [unc. st. (perh. akin to digitus?) 4terus], adj., ~zght (in the right hand). -dextra, F., (sc. manus), the ri@t hand (esp. used as a pledge of faith, as with us). Diablintes (-tres), -urn, [Celtic], M. plur., a Gallic tribe, a branch of the Aulerci. diciii (less correctly dit-), -6nis, [st. akin to dico 0 , cf. legio], F., (command, cf. Eng. ,say), dominzon, sway. dic6, -ire, -pvi, -itus, [tdicti- (cf. causi-dicus)], I . v. a., a&idge, assign (in some legal manner). - Less exactly (esp. with reflex.), asst&, nznRe over: se in clientelam ( b i d ones sev, attach ones s e v ) ; se in servitutem (surrender). dic6, dicere, clixi, dictus, [DIC, in dIco and dicus], 3. v. a. and n., (pointout?),say,sprak, name.-Esp., with authority, name, appoifzt, j x : ius (administer, cf. dico) ;sententiam (give). Special uses : dicunt, Uey

dictit

50

dimidius

diffundij, -fundere, -fCdi, -fiisus, [dis-fundo], 3. v. a., spread ozit. digitus, 4, [?I, M., a filnlger: pollex (the thumb).-As in Eng., a jn&s breadtk, a filiger (as a measure). dignitls, -tiitis, [dign6- tas], E., worthiness, worth, dzkniw, krzst&, position (superior) ; tribuere (have respectfor). dignus, -a, -um, [?, perh. root of dico nus], adj., worthy. diiiidicb, -%re, -Ivi, -Itus, [disiudico, jzidge], I. v. a. and n., decide (between two). dilEctus, -a, -nm, p. p. of diligo. diligenter [diligent- ter], adv., careful&, with care, wifh exacfness, excicf&, with pains : conservavit (tookpninsto save) ; parum diligenter, too carelessly. ailigentia, -ae, [diligent- f ia], E., care, pnins, pninstakiii~y, dilige-ence : remittere (cease t o takepains, take less care). diligb, Jigere, -Exi, -16ctus, [disfer, d&rr. difficilis, -e, [dis-facilis, easy], lego], 3. v. a., (choose out), Zove, 6t. adj., not cosy, d i c u l t : iter (hard to fond of. -See also diligens. dimEnsus, -a, -mi, p. p. of dipass over).). difficultss, -tiitis, [difficili- (weak- metior. dimetior, -m&tiri, -mEnsus, [disened) tgs], F., dijiczdty: magna difficultate adficiebatur, was much metior], 4. v. dep., measure (in troubZed; rei frumentariae (dzflczilv parts), measzire oztt (esp. of camp). o f supp&iq gmin). - dimEnsus, -a, -nm, measured. dimicltiij, -his, [dimico], F., difficulter [difficili- (weakened) 4ter], adv., with di@cztb&; compar., &ht, contest. with greater diflcdIy. dimicb, -Ire, Gvi, -HtCrus, [disdiffidij, -fidere, -fisus sum, [dis- mico], I . v. n., (brnndiJh swords to fido], 3. v. n., distrust, not have decide a contest ?), fisrrt (a decisive confidpnce. battle), risk nit engagement. diffisus, -a, -urn, p. p. of diffido. dimidius, -a, -um, [dis-medius],
cnnlue,

say : causam dicere, plead ones hence be tried, be brourht to triab. - See also dictum. dictib, -Bnis, [die (as root of dico) tio], F., a sjeaking, a pleading (cf. dico) : causae (pleadizg ones canse, trial). dictum, -i,[N. p. p. of dico], N., n thing said, a sfntement, n rcmark, a command: dicto audiens esse alicui (be obedient, obey). didiic5, -dtcere, -dUxi, -ductus, [dis-duco], 3. v. a., di.nze, @art, lend @art, sepnrnte, divide. digs, -ei, [prob. for dives, DVU fns], M. (rarely F. in some uses), a & z y (in all Eng. senses).-Also, time: in dies,from day to day, with idea of increase or diminution: diem ex die ducere, put o#n thing day after day ; ad diem, on the day ; dies longior, a lnfer tivie. differb, differre, distuli, diliitus, [dis-fero], irr. v. a. and n., bear a j n r t , spread. -Also, postpone, de-

dimitta

51

&spar6

discern6, -cernere, -&vi, crEtus, adj., (divided i n the middle), h a g [dis-cerno, separate], 3. v. a,, sepa- Neut. as noun, fhe hag. dimittb, -mittere, -mi$ -missus, rafe, distinguish. discessus, -si%, [ais-tcessus, cf. [dis-mitto], 3. v. a., let go. away, let s&, let pass, Let go, give up, re- discedo], M., a departure, a withlinquish, ahandon : oppugnationem drawal. (raise) ; victoriam (let go, on purdisciplina, -ae, Cdiscipul6- (repose). - Also, send in dzferent di- duced) ina, cf. rapina], F., ( p u rections, send about, desjatch, detail, pillage a), discipline, insfruction, a disband, dismiss. system (of doctrine, etc.), a.cour,re o f instruction. dirzctus, -a,-urn, see derectus. discliidb, -cliidere, -clcsi, -cliisus, direptus, -a, -um, p. p. of diripio. [dis-claudo], 3. v. a., shut aparf, dirigb, see derigo. dirimb, -emere, -Em& -Emptus, Keep apart, separa fe, divide. discs, discere, didici, discitiirus, [dis-emo, take], 3. v. a., take a?art, [for tdicsco (DIC 4- sco)], 3. v. a. heaK up (a conference). diripib, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus, and n., Learn : discendi causa, for [dis-rapio], 3. v. a., seize (in dif- instruction. discrimen, -inis, [dis-crimen, cf. f eren t directions), plunder, pillage, discerno], N., a separation, a de9-avage. f dedis-, di- (dir-dif-), [akin to duo?], cision. Hence, a moment o insep. prep. (adv.), in comp., apart, cision, a crisis, critical condition, asunder, in dferent directions, not, danger. discussus, -a, -urn, p. p. of disan-. -Cf. discedo, discerno, dirimo, cutio. diffundo. discuti6, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus, Dis, Ditis, [akin to dives, rich, [dis-quatio, shake], 3. v. a., strike (or as the earth is the source of riches], slrake) orpart, beat away. drive away, M., Pluto (the god of the under cleai- away, dislodge, shatter. morld, and so of death). disicib, -icere, -i&ci, -iectus, [disdiscEd8, -cEdere, -cessi, -cessiirus, iacio], 3. v. a., hur1 apart, break up [dis-cedo, go], 3. v. n., whkz'raw, i j depart, retiye, leave (with ab), go (a phalanx), disperst, tear f away .- locus unde discesserant, the (yards). -ddisiectus, -a, -um, p. p. place which they had left; ab as adj., scattered, broken, an dzsofficio ( f a i l in one's duty) ; spes order :pabulatio (in widely scattered hostibus (forsake, f a i l ) ; ab signis places). disiectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of disicio. (leave the ranks); ab armis (lay dispzr, -paris, [dis-par], adj., down one's arms). disceptitor, -t8ris, [disceptg- (st. unequal, iilferior, ill-matched, dzferof discepto, decide) +tor], M., a ent. dispar6, -Ire, -Ivi, -zitus, [disjiidce, an arbittr, umpire.

disperg6

52

divert6

parol, I . v. a., scatter, sepamte, (cf. disiungo). dispergij, q e r g e r c , -spersi, +persus, [dis-spargo, scatter], 3. v. a., scat&, disjerse. dispersus, -a, -um,11.1). of dispergo. dispanb, pOuere, -posui, positus, [dis-pono], 3. v. a., place adoztt (in various places), skition (variously), array (at several posts). dispositus, -a, -urn, p. 11. of dispono. disputltiij, -Onis, [dis-putatio, cf. disputo], F ~ tlismssion, , disp'z&. disput6, -?re, -%vi, -%tiis, [dis-, puto, reckoiz], I, v. 11. and a., rlisrztss,
i9cvestz:yate.

disa~yreement,disseiisioit . dissenti6, -sentire, -sL'nsi, -sSiistirus, [dis-sentio, fcel], 4. v. n., .'if/'.r i 7 z oyiizion (cf. sentio), de r r t varinitrc, d i s q r c e (ab, with). disserij, -ere, [dis-sero], 3. v. a., l)luit here aird therc, place ad inter7NlS.

disshsiij, -&lis, [dis-tsensio (cf. dissentio)], I;., d t f i ~ r e i z c ~ o s ' o$iniuiz,

dissimulij, -%re, -Hvi, -Stus, [dissimulo, mnhe liht], I. v. a. and n.,

($rcfe?id sumethizg is x o t ) , coitccal (what is), dissemdk. dissipiitus, -a, -um, 1'. 1). of dis-

sipo. dissip6, -are, Zvi, -%tiis, [disIsupo, thmw], I . v. a., scattt.r, disperse : dissipati, st~rz&ihg ti-uups. dissuzdeij, -sGdL're, - s u S , -suB sus, [dis-suadeo], 2. v. a., nri'visc t o the contrnr~~, o$l)ose (in argument), dissuude.

distine6, -tin&!, -tiiiui, ,tentus, [dis-teneo], 2. v. a,, h e $ apart, Auld aszmci'er, he@ from mcz'ti?ig-,cztt oJ (in military sense), isolate. distti, -stHrc, [dis-sto], I. v. n., st(77zd apart, be distant: quantum iunctura distabat (mjwas the (list a m e bttzaeea, etc.) ; quantum summa labra distabant (tht width [oJ the ditch] nt the to$). distrahb, -tralicre, -triixi, -trictus, [dis-traho], 3. v. a., d r q osunder, s e j n m t e . Hence, clistrnct. distribuB, - h e r e , -liui, -butus, [dis-tribuo, nss$n]: 3 . v. a,, a s s i ~ i z (to several), distridzttt, cliizide. ditissimus, -a, -urn, superl. of dives. diE [1)ro11. acc. of st. akin to dies], aclv., J"r n time, n Zoizg time, foi so?ize t h e , i'oiig: tam diu, so Zozg; quam diu, ho7u h i f , os lun& as long as ;diutius, mcy l'uicgc~; diutissime, f o ~ thr Zoii,pst iimc, i u n p ~ t . diurnus, -a, - m i , [tdius, akin to diu a i d dies, +nus], aclj., uf the rhy, ciai@ (as opposed to nightly) : iiocturnis diurnisque itineribus (ly m y h t mrd day). diiitinus, -a, -urn, [diu tinus], adj., ( h gi 7 time), ~ L o q coizti~c~~cd. diuturnitiis, -tiitis, [diuturno- f tas], F., h i g t h o f time, luolzg- cam'iicziaitce, Zen,yth (in time). diiiturnus, -a, bum, [diu f turnus, cf. hesternus], aclj ., loup. co~7timmz', Zoolzg (in time). diversus, p. p. of diverto. divertij, -vertere, -vcrti, -versus, Cdis-verto], 3. v. a. and 11.) t z ~ r ~ z aside (or a j a r t ) , sejarcrte. --diver-

&ea

53

domua

sus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., separate, z fferent. distant, diverse, d dives, -itis, [?I, adj., rich. Diviciicus, -i, [Celtic], M.: I. A leader of the Hzedui, brother of Dumnorix.-z. A leader of the Suessiones. Divic6, - h i s , [Celtic], M., aleader of the I-Ielvetii. dividb, -videie, -visi, -visus, [distvido, V I D H (?), cf. vidua, widow], 3. v. a,, divide, separate. -divisus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., divided: Gallia divisa est. - Also, spread out. divinus, -a, -um, [div& (as if f the gods, didivi) 4- nus], adj., o f ye&vine: res divinae, matters o gion, rezigion. I . db, dare, dedi, datus, [DA, g-ive, cf. 2. do], I . v. a., giue, afford, offer, aZZow, concede, assign, grant : responsum (answer, rep&) ; sibi minus dubitationis dari, that he had Cess hesitation; filiam in matrimonium (marry); se vento (run before the w i n d ) ; manus (submit, yield, from holding out the hands to be bound); hostes in fugam (put t o jight); operam (take pains, exert ones seZJ see io it that, etc.) ; negotium uti (em$Zoy one to, etc., engage one to, etc.) ; suspicionem (afloud, makea show,but also have an appearance) ; arbitros (assign referees, a judicial function). o. do [DHA, pZace], confounded with I. do, but appearing in comp., $ace, put, as abdb, condb. doceb, docEre, docui, doctus, [unc. formation akin to dico and disco], 2 . v. a., teach, show, itform, rcprc-

sent, stute (in the course of the narrative). documentum, -i, [docu-(?) (as st. of doceo) mentum], N., a means o f teaching, a proof, a warnins, a n example. doleb, dolgre, dolui, dolitfirus, [perh. dol& (st. of dolus, craft)], 2 . v. n., feeZpaiit, sufer. - Esp. mentally, be pained, grieve. dolor, &is, [dol- (as root of doleo) or], M., pain (physical or mental), distress, indignation, chagrin, vexation : magno dolore ferre, be very indignaizt, fee2 much chagrin; magno esse dolori, to be a great annoyance or sorrow; almost concrete, a pievance. dolus, -i, [perh. akin to doleo, originally stroke ?I, M., a n aytz@ce, deceit, trichs, a stratagem. domesticus, -a, -um, [dom& (as if domes-, cf. modestus) f ticus], adj., (of the house), of ones home, ones own, a t home: bellum (domestic, internaZ, intestine). domicilium, -i, [perh. dom& icilium (fr. root of colo)], N., aa abode, a house, a dweling$lace, a house (as a permanent home). dominor, -%ri, -atus, [dominli-1, I . v. del)., rzde, be master. dominus, -i, [tdom6- (riding) nus], M., a master, an 07uiier. Domitius, -i, [dotnit& (reduced) ius], M., a Roman gentile name. - Esp., Lucius Dontitius Ahenobarbns, consul in B.C. 54. domus, -i (-iis), [ D O M (BuiZd?) us (-os and -us)], P., a home, n home: domi, at home; domum, home,

+
+

d6nHtus

54

duplex

to ofzes home; domo, from home; domo exire, g o away, emzkrate. dijnltus, -a, -um, p. p. of dono. Donnotaurus, -i, [Celtic], hi., a Gallic name. - Esp., Gaitis Valerizis Doat2otazwus, a chief of the Helvetii, son of C. Valerius Caburus, and brother of C. Valerius Procillus. The first two names of these persons are Roman, taken from the name of their patron. dijna, -Hre, -Hvi, -Zitus, [dona-], I . v. a.,present, give (as a gift).Also, honor with a ggt,present (one with a thing) ; civitata aliquemdonare, f citizenshi$. giue one the rights o dijnum, -i, [DA (give) nus$ N., a 9ift. dorsum (-us), -i, [?I, N. (and M.), the back.-Less exactly, a summit (of a long ridge). dijs, dotis, [DA (give) -Itis (reduced)], F., ( a g@). - Esp., a inarriage &it, a dowry, a portion (given at marriage). druides, -urn, [Celtic], nr., the Druids, the priests of the Gallic religion. Dubis, -is, [Celtic], ni., the Doz~ds, a river of Gaul, flowing from the Jura into the Saane. dubitiitia, -6nis, [dubitH- (st. of dubito) tio], P., doudl, hesitation : alicui minus dubitationis dari, to feel less doubt or hesitation. dubitij, -Zire, -%vi, -Ltirus, [tdubit& (partic. of lost verb dubo ?, cf. dubius)], I . v. n., doudt, have doubt, feel doubtful. - Also (absolutely, or with iuf., rarely with quin), hesitate, feel hesitatim, vaciZlate.

dubius, -a, -um, [duo 4- bius, cf. superbus and dubito], adj., doubtf u l : est dubium, there is doubt, it is dozibtfztl. ducenti, -ae, -a, [du&centi (plur. of centum)], adj., two hzimred. diicij, dficere, dfixi, ductus, [DUC (in dux)], 3. v. a., lead, draw, bring (of living tliings) : primum pilum (be j l - s t centurion). - Esp. of a general, lead, march. - With or without in matrimonium, marry (of the man).-Less exactly, run (a line, a ditch), draw, make. -Fig., $ro/ong, drag out. -As mercantile word, and so fig., reckon, consider. ductus, -tfiS, [DUC f tUS], M., lead, commaad. dum [pron. DA, prob. acc., cf. tum], conj., a t that time. -Also, while, so loizg as. Hence, till,
udZ.

Dumnorix, -igis, [Celtic], M., a leader of the Hredui, brother of Iliviciacus. duo, -ae, -0, [dual, of st. tdv6-, cf. bis], num. adj., two. duodecim [duo-decem], indecl. num. adj., twelve. duodecimus, -a, -um, [duo-decimus], nutn. adj., twewh. duodEni, -ae, -a, [duo deni], num. adj., h e l v e (in a set). duodEviginti [duo de viginti, tweizp], indecl. num. adj., eighteen. duplex, -plicis, [duo-tplex, cf. plico, fold], adj., twofold, doidle : acies ( i i z t w o divisions, arranged for successive attacks in the same direction, or for the same tactical purpose).

duplicc

55

effodi5

duplic6, -%re,-%vi,-Ltus, [duplic-1,

v. a., double, increase two-jiold. diiritia, -ae, [dura-$ tia], P., hardness, hardship. durij, -?ire, -Hvi, -%us, [dura-], I . v. a,, harden, toughen, make hardy. Diirocortorum, 4, [Celtic], N., the chief city of the Remi, now Rheims.
I.

diirus, -a, -um, [?I, adj., hard.Fig., hard, severe, dz@cult: si quid erat durius (any severe contest) : si nil esset durius, if no accident happened. Diirus, -i, [durus], M., a Roman family name. - Esp., Quintus Laberius Durus, a military tribune in Cesars army, killed in Britain. dux, ducis, [DUC (lead) as st.], c., a leader, a guide, a commander.

E
8, shortened form of ex (esp. in composition), which see. eii [instr. or abl. of is], adv., this way, that way, thus, in that direction, in that quarter. Eburijnes, -urn, [Celtic], M. plur., a Belgian tribe, dependents of the Treveri, living no-rth of these between the Meuse and the Rhine. Eburovices, -um, [Celtic], M. plur., a Gallic tribe, a branch of the Aulerci living in the region of modern Perche. Bdiscij, -discere, -didici, no p. p., [ex-disco], 3. v. a., learn o f i leaearn by heart, commit to memovy. Bditus, -a, -urn, p. p. of edo. 6d6, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [ex-do], 3. v. a., p u t forth, give forth : exempla cruciatusque (make an e.e ample by ivjictiug severe torture).Bditus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., elevated, raised, high. BdoceB, -docGre, -docui, -doctus, [ex-doceo, teach],2. v. a., show forth, explain, inform, tell, instruct. Bdiicij, diicere, -clfixi, -ductus, [ex-duco]. 3. v, a., lead out, lead

forth, draw (a sword), bring out (baggage-train). Bductus, -a, -um, p. p. of educo. .effarci6 (-ferc-), -farcire, -farsi, -fertus, [ex-farcio], 4. v. a., s t u j out, j l l in (solid). effEmin6, -?ire, -%vi, -iitus, [extfemino, or perh. teffemina- (or -i), in either case from femina], I . v. a., make into a woman. - Less exactly, (make like a woman), enervate, weaken : animos (enfeebZe, debauch). effer6, efferre, extuli, ElZtus, [exfero], irr. v. a., carry out, bring out, carry away. - Less exactly and fig., spread abroad, make known, pzcblish abroad, p i i f u p , eZate (cf. Eng. carried away ). - Also (cf. edo), raise
UP.

efficiij, -ficere, -fGci, -fectus, [exfacio], 3. v. a., make out, make, enable, accomplish, cause, produce, cause to be, make into, make out (furnish) : ut praeberent (ntafiethem aford) ; u t sint laboris (nrab ctrpable of) ; u t posset (make possible) ; classem (get together, const~uct). effodib, -fodere, - f X , -fossus,

effossua
[ex-fodio], 3. v. a,, dtg out, gougc
OUt.

em8

effossus, -a, -urn, p. p. of effodio. effugib, -fugere, -fCgi, -fugitirus, [ex-fugio], 3. v. a., escape, Jee (absolutely),$yfrom. egBns, pres. p. of egeo. egeb, egEre, egui, no p . p , [tegti(cf. indigus, itr wafzt)], 2. v. n., wmt, need, be b waizt. -egEns, -elitis, pres. p. as adj., needy, destitute. egest%, -tiitis, [uuc. st. (perh. egent-) tas], IC., poverty, destitutioir . ego, mei, [cf. Eng. I ] , pron., I (me, etc.). - Plur., nbs, we, u s , etc. egomet, nbsmet, etc., pron. emph., with encl. -met, I, we. Bgredior, -gredi, -gressus, [exgradior, step], 3. v. dep., mzrch out, g o o u t , move beyond: finis (pass be- (troops). yoizd) ; navi ( l a i d , disembark) ; ElusHtBs, -ium, [Iberian], M. plur., unde erant egressi, the place they a people of Aquitania. hud lejit; ex oppido (evacuate). Bmigrb, -%-e, -8vi, -Htlirus, [exBgregi6 [old case-form of egre- migro], I . v. n., remove (perniagius], adv., rmarhab(y, $m&, nently), emigmte. - With domo (in mtrtwze(y well. same sense). Ggregius, -a, -urn, [e grege (out 4 Bmineii, -nEre, -mi, no p. p., [exthe herd) f ius], adj., o u t of the tmineo, prqkct], 2. v. n., stand o i l / , com~izotz, reainrkable, szijeriw, E X project. cellent, unco~n?m.w, sjecial. Eminus [ex manu, hizmz', cf. comiEgressus, -a, -urn, p. p. of egre- nus], adv.,ata distaizce,atlongraizge. dior. Emitt6, -mittere, misi, -missus, Egressus, -si%, [e-gressus, cf. [ex-mitto], 3. v. a., letgo, drop, send ingressus and egredior], &I., n out, throw, hurl, discharge. - Pass., h?2di?ZL{~. or with reflex., rush owt. Sic%, -icere, -iEci, -iectns, [exemb, emere, EmT, ernplus, [EM?, iacio], 3. v. a., cast out, drive out, orig. taIRe], 3. v. a., (take, only in cost up (cf. edo). - With reflex., compounds). - Esp., buy (cf. Eng. YZdSh out, rush sell, orig. givz), purchase.

Gectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of eicio. Biusmodi [eius modi], as adj. phrase, of this kind, o f such a k i d , such, o f such a Tiatwe, of this zatwe. BlHbor, -1Hbi, -lHpsus, [ex-labor] , 3. v. dep., slip out, escape. BlHpsus, -a, -urn, p. p. of elabor. Elltus, -a,-urn, p. p. of effero. Elaver, -veris, [Celtic], N., a tributary of the Loire, now Alfier. BlEctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of eligo. elephantus, -i, [Gr. acc. ZAP$av.ra, declined], M.,an elephant. Eleuteti, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur., a people dependent on the Arverni. Elicib, -licere, -licui, -licitus, [exlacio], 3. v. a., entice out, draw out. Eligb, -1igere) -legi, -1?ctus, [exlego], 3. v. a,, pick out, select. ElEctus, -a, -urn, p. p. as aclj., Picked

Bnascor

57

ergl

BnIscor, mnzsci, -niitds, [ex-nascor], 3. v. dep., spring out, g ~ o w out. enstus,' -a, -um, p. p. of enascor. enim [prob. e (in en, ecce) nam], (always postpositive) conj,, really. - Esp. as explanatory, for, But, nozu, foi- in fact: neque enim, &w of c o z m e not, f o r you see

. . . not.

...

Eniintiltus, -a, -um, p. p. of enuntio. 6nClnti6, -Lre, -%vi, -Stus, [exnuntio, aiziiozince], I . v. a., make Known, 7-eport,disclose, Yeveal: hostibus enuntiari; (that) the encnzy wcre irifornied of; e6, ire, i v i (ii), itnrus, [root I], irr. v. n., go, pass, miwch, advance, proceed. -Pass. inf. iri used with verbs to form the fut. pass. inf. e6 [old dat. of is], aclv., thither, there (in sense of thither).- Often translated by more def. expressions in Eng., to theplace (where, etc.), on them (it, him, etc.) : usque eo ut, t o that degree that, so f a r that. e6, abl. neut. used as the abl. of degree of difference ; see is. e6dem [old dat. of idem, cf. eo, thither], adv., to the sanie place, iiz the same $face (cf. eo), there also: eodem conduxit (tu the same @ace [as himself]) ; eodem pertinere, looh in the same dircclio~z, tend lhe same woy; esdem ill0 pertinere ut, faaored the same idea that, belorzfed t o the same desfkn .

isonrd: equites (riding on saddles, as a less manly form of horseman. ship). ephippium, -i, [Gr. .!@,lnntov (Bd, upon; i'mrq~,a horse)], N., a horsecfoth, caparison, housing. epistula (epistola), -ae, [Gr.], F., a fetter, a note, a message (in writing), a despatch. Eporidorix, -igis, [Celtic], M . :
I.

A nobleman of the H d u i .

- 2.

... ... .

that.

ephippiltus, -a, -um, [ephippia(as if st. of verb, cf. auratus) tus, see ephippium], adj., saddled, capar-

Another, VII, 67. epulum, -i,plur., -ae, -Hrum, [?I, N. (sing.), F. (plur.), a feast, a banquet. eques, -itis, [equtitis (re. duced)], M., a hursemaiz, a yider.Plur., cavalry.-Esp. (as orig. serving on horseback), a Knight (one of the moneyed class at Rome, next in rank to the senate).-So also, a kn(rht (of Gaul, of a corresponding class). equester, &is, -tre, [equit- f tris], adj., o f Knkhts, u f cavalry. equitltus, -tis, [equitii- (as st. of equito, ride) tus], M., cavalry, horse (troops serving on horseback). equus, -i, [AK (swift) vus], M., a horse. EratosthenEs, -is, [Gr.], M., a Greek philosopher and mathematician of Alexandria, born at Cyrene B.C. 276. H e mas famous for his investigations in geography and as. tronomy. BrEctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of erigo, ereptus, -a, -urn, p. p. of eripio. erg5 [prob. instr. of same st. as ergo], prep. with acc., towards (of feeling and conduct) : fides erga aliquem.

erg6

58

ex

erg6 (-6 rarely) [unc. form, perh. dat., cf. erga], adv., therefore, then. erig6, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus, [exrego, mafie straight], 3. v. a,, set up strazght, raise up. - With reflex., $et u$.-ErEctus, -a, -um, p p . as adj., h k h , h&h aitdsti-aiht. Eripi6, -ripere, -ripui, -rcptus, [ex-rapio], 3. v. a., sizatch away, wrest (a thing from), deprivd (one of a thing, changiug the relatiou ill Eng.), take from, rescue: se eripere ne, save ones se/f ji.om doing a thing. err6, -Hre, -zvi, -fitiirus, [?I, I . v. n., wairder, g o astiay, err, de mistaken. Brump6, -rumpere, -riipi, -ruptus, [ex-rumpo], 3. v. a. and ii., 6urst out, s a l 4 out, mafie a sal&. Erupti6, -6nis, [ex-ruptio, cf. erumpo], F., a 6reaking out, a sal&, a sortie. esseda, -ac (-urn, -i), [Celtic], F. (and N . ) , a .war chariot (of the Gauls). essedIrius, -i, [essedb (-a) (reduced) f arius], M., a charioteer (a warrior fighting from an essedum). Esuvii, -orurn, [Celtic], hz. plur., a Gallic tribe in the region of Normandy. et, loth et, conj., and: et . ..ad. etiam [et iam], conj., also, even, even now, y e t : qoiu etiam, nay more. etsi [et si], conj., eveit if;aWoiqh, thoztgh. EvHd6, -vHdere, -vzsi, -viisCrus, [ex-vado, g o ] . 3. v. n., escape. Bvell6, -velitire, -velli (-vulsi),

-vulsus, [ex-vello], 3. v. a.,pull out, jZZLC.4 out. 6venii5, -veniie, -v&ni,-ventGius, [ex-venio], 4. v. n., come out, t w i t out, hnppeiz. gventus, - t k , [ex-tventus, cf. conventus and evenio], hz., res&, assup, fizte, succcss. BvocStus, -a, -um, p. p. of evoco. G V O C ~ , -%re,-Zvi, -8tus, [ex-voco], I . v. a., call out, call forth, suiitn~oii, challe?elc<ge (ad pugnam), carry awn31 (cupiditas longius), ifmite (omnes ad se spe praedae). - EvocHtus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj. and noun, vcteratz (of soldiers who have served their time and are only called out in emergencies), veteraus (almost equal
volzLntccrs). 6~016, -%re, -iivi, -%tiins, [exvolo], I . v. n . , j y out, rush out.

..

ex (E) [?I, adv. (in comp.) and f (cf. ab, away prep. with abl., o u t o f r o m ) , out. - Less exactly,frum (lit. and fig.), o f (made of) : facilia ex difficillimis redegerat, had made easy imtead of most dzficult, as they were. Hence, after. - Also, on accozid of, iiz accordance with, 6 y means of: - Also, adove (raised from). -Also (cf. ab), in, o n : una ex parte, on one side; ex itinere, on the mzi-ch, staiting from it ; ex vinculis, tn chains, doing something from them ; so, ex equis, oiz horseback; ex eorum corporibus ; ex ea civitate, from that nation, belonging there ; ex fuga, i i z their Jzght.-Other phrases : ex commutatione dolere, sufei. from the change; diem ex die, day after day; magna ex parte,

exactus

59

excrucia

in a great degree,for the most pavt; quaerere ex, ask OLask, cf. a b ; ex eo plus doloris capere (on this account, etc.); ex cratibus (of; made o f ) ; unus e filiis (one oJ; etc.); ex communi consensu, b y commott consent; ex percontatione, by i7zzyuiry,from one which was macle ; ex Hispania (a man from); ex eo die quintus (from, after); ex usu, for the advantage, cf. " of use " ; ex plauitie editus (above, raised out of) ; e regione, opposite; ex litteris (in accordaizce with, from facts stated in, etc.) ; ex tertia parte aestimare (as a third, cf. heres ex asse), ex contrario, 072 the coiztmry. -I n comp., out, complete& (cf. '' out a i d out "), 0 8 up, ajkr, from, zm-. exlctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of exigo. exagitb, -%re, -%vi, -Htus, [exagito, freq. of ago, drive], I. v. a,, pursue, drive, harass, persecute. exlminltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of examino. exiiminij, I r e , -Hvi, -?itus, [examin- (st. of examen, tongue o f the bazance)],I . v. a., we{&. exanimltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of ex-

animo.
exanimb, -%re, -%vi, -Stus, [exanimii-], I. v. a., deprive of breath ( Z i f . ) , kiZZ. - exanimltus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., out o f breath, exhausted. exlrdEscb, -%rdGscere, -iirsi, no p. p., [ex-ardesco, cf. ardeo, burn], 3. v. n., Maze up.-Fig., become enrqed, become excited. exaudiij, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [exaudio], 4. v. a., hear (from a distance), hear distinct&.

excgdb, -cEdere, -cess& -cess%us, [ex-cedo], 3. v. n., go out, leave (with ahl.), withdraw, retire. -Absolutely, Zeave the&ht. excello, -ere, 4,-sus, [ex-tcello], 3. v. a. and n., raise, rise, surpass, exceZ.-excelsus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., high, ekvated. excelsus, -a, -urn, p.p. of excello. exceptij, -Ere, -%\ii, -Htus, [excapto, cf. excipio], I. v. a., catch up, take holdof: exceptus, -a, -urn, p.p. of excipio. excidij, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, [excaedo], 3, v. a., cut out, cut 0 7 break d o w ~ (gates). excipiij, -cipere, -cEpi, -ceptus, [ex-capio], 3. v. a,, take 0 7 take up, pick zip, receive, catch (of animals). Hence,f o l b w , come after, come izext: vada (stand, of vessels) j vim fluminis (6re.h) ; alios alii (succeed) ; hunc alii (follow, take up the cry in shouting). excitltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of excito. excitb, -iire,-%vi, -Stus, [ex-cito, cf. excieo, caN up], I . v. a., caZ2 0 2 4 rouse, stimziZate (ifzduce).- Also, yaise (towers), kindle (fire). exclfidb, -clfidere, -cliisi, -clGsus, [ex-claudo], 3. v. a., shut out, cut o f l (from doing a thing), prevent. excIiisus, -a, -um, p. p. of excludo. excbgitb, -Ere, -%vi, -Itus, [excogito], I. v. a., think out, devise. excrucStus, -a, -urn, p.p. of excrucio. excrucib, -%re, -Hvi, -?itus, [excrucio, cf. crux, cross], I. v. a., torture, torment.

excubitor

60

exitus

excubitor, -t6ris, [as if ex-tcubitor, cf. excubo], M., a sentinel (as lying out of the camp or tent). excubb, -cubire, -cubui, -cubitfirus, [ex-cubo], I . v. II., lie ozitsia'e. ISsp. of camp, stand guard, keep a ?izght-watch,watch. exculcb, -%re, -%vi,-%tus,[excalco], I . v. a,, tread dozvn, tram.Ze down. excurrb, -currere, a i r r i , (xucuiri), -cursfirus, [ex-curro], 3. v. n., izin out, nznke a sal&.- Seeexcursio. excursib, -tinis, [ex-tcursio, cf. excurro], I?., a sal&, a sortie. exciisitib, -6nis, [ex-tcausatio, cf. BXCUSO], F., a n excuse, an apolofy. exciisb, -Bre, -Bvi, -2tus, [extcauso, cf. causa, reason], I . v. a,, give as an excnsc.-Also (with change of relation), c r c z ~ s ~ex, cu@ate. exemplum, -i, [ex-ternplum, EM (in emo, take) Ius with parasitic p], N., (so?nethingtahen out), a sample, a copy, a precedent, a n exavipZe. exeb, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus, [ex-eo], irr. v. n., go forth, go ofit, emigrate, Illarch out, YemO24?. exeiceb, -ercSre, -ercui, -ercitus, 2. v. a,, train, [ex-arceo, d ~ i v of], e pmctise, exercise. exercitiitib, -Snis, [exercitl- (st. of exercito) tio], B., practice, exercise. exercitltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of exarcito. exercit6, -%e, -8vi, -%us, [exercit6-, cf. exerceo], I . v. a., train, pmctise. - exercititus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., irained. - Superl., veiy well trained.

exercitus, -ths, [as if ex-arcitus, cf. exerceo], hi., (a traztmg). Concretely, (a dody tmined or in training),an aymy (large or small, acting independently), a force. exhaurib, -hawire, -hausi, -haustus, [ex-haurio], 4. v. a., drain 0 8 Less exactly, carry o f (earth). exigb, -igere, -e@, -actus, [ex-ago], 3. v. a., (lead out), pass, sjend,/SnisA, comnplete: exacta hiems, the end of winter; aestas exacta erat (WRS
evzded)

exigug [old case-form of exiguus], adv., scantiZy, meagJ*e& : exigue habere frumentum (have a scatity st@$& oJ: etc.). tas], exiguitk, -titis, [exiguiF., scantiness, nieagreness : temporis (short time, want o f time); pellium (s7mdZ size) ; castrorum (narrowness, s ~ z ~ size). ill exiguus, -a, -mi, [ex-taguus (AG 4- uus), cf. exigo], adj., (exact?), narrow,scaa&, s?nall, tiielrgre. eximius, -a, -urn, [ex-temius, EM ius, cf. eximo, take out], adj., (taken out), exceptional, remarhable, very AigA (opinio). existimltib, -Snis, [ex-aestimatio, cf. existimo], F., estimate, opinion. existimb, -%re, -Bvi, -Htus, [exaestimo, reckon], I . v. a. and n., estimate, believe, think, szi$$ose, h i agine. exitus, -tCs, [ex-itus, cf. exeo], M., (a going out), a p a s s a p (out, concretely). Hence, an end, the lastpart: quem habere exitum (what is the 7-esztlt oJ: etc.). - Fig., a resad.!, a turn (of fortune), an issue.

expediti

61

exquir3

expediii, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [prob. expltiritus, -a, -urn, p. p. of extexpedi- (st. of adj. ex-pes, foot- ploro. free)], 4. v. a. and n., disentan.p!e, explijrb, -iire, -Hvi, -$tus, [ex-ploro, disencumber, set free (cf. impedio). prob. search by calling or crying], -Less exactly and fig.,setin order, I. v. a., investignte, explore, search, getready, arrange, station (of troops). examine, reconnoitre.-expltirltus, -expeditus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., -a, -um, p. p., assured, certain: exunincumbered, easy (iter), not d z & plorata victoria, being assured o f cult, p i c k , active, light-armed (of victory : habere omnia explorata, troops), in light marching order (of Know certain&. troops without baggage), mobile expbn6, -p6nere, -posui, -positus, (of troops), ready. [ex-pono], 3. v. a., place out, set out: expediti6, -6nis, [as if ex-tpedi- exercitum (disembark, also draw up, 4- tio, cf. expedio], F., (light-armed array). -Fig., setforth (in speech), service ?), a gettingready, a despatch- sfate. ing. Hence, an expedition: misit export0, -%re, -Pvi, -iitus, [export~], in expeditionem (detached). I . v. a., carry out, carry away, export. expeditus, p. p. of expedio. " expellb, peliere, -puli, -pulsus, exposcii, -poscere, -poposci, no [ex-pello], 3. v. a,, drive out.- Fig., p. p., [ex-posco], 3. v. a., demand dispel. (with eagerness). experior, -periri, -pertus, [exexprimii, -primere, -pressi, -prestperior, pass. of pario, get], 4. v. sus, [ex-premo], 3. v. a., press out, dep., (getfor one's self?), experience, force out: vocem (elicit, get out o f try: fortunam (risk, try, bear, en- one, extort).-Also (cf. edo), raise up: t u m s agger (as the mound of dure). expertus, -a, -um, p. p. of ex- circumvallation rose with the towers on it as it approached the city). perior. expiigngtiii, -6nis, [ex-pugngtio, expiitus, -a, -um, p. p. of expio. cf. expugno], F., a storming (of a expiii, -iire, -Ivi, -titus, [ex-pio], city), inking (of a city by storm). I . v. a., ( p u ~ i f ) expiate. , -Transferred to the signs of divine wrath, expiignitus, -a, -um, p. p. of exexpiate : incommodum (wipe out, i e. pugno. make good, retrieve). expiignb, -%e, -Hvi, -%us, [exexpleii, -plEre, -plEvi, -plEtus, [ex- pugno, jght], I . v. a., take (by storm), capture (by storming a city . a.,$lZ out, j l l r@, make pleo], 2. v up (filling the required measure). or boarding a ship) : stipendiariis explbritor, -t6ris, [as if ex-tplo- expugnatis, the cities o f their tridurator, cf. exploro], M., a scout, a taries sacRed. 9ioneer (as a means of reconnoitring, expulsus, -a, -urn, p. p. of expello. exquirb, -quirere, -quisivi, -quisicf. speculator, a spy).

exquisitus
tus, [ex-quaero, see.&],3. v. a., search out, itzgzrire, ash for. exquisitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of ex-

62

exu6

quiro.

exsequor, -sequi, -seciitus, [exsequor], 3. v. dep., follow out,follow 19:ius (enforce). exser6, -serere, -serui, -sertus, [exsero], 3. v. a., (disentangle), thrzrst out, uncover. exsertus, -a, a n , p. p. of exsero. exsist6, -sistere, -stiti, -stitfirus(?), [ex-sisto], 3. v. n., standout, rise@, come ont: malacia (cmzu,) ; motus hzLlip,r. (break out) ; cornu (,yroze!oz~t,pro)ct). exterre6, -terrErc, -terrui, -territus, [ex-terreo], 2 . v. a., f i - i ~ r h t mnzucry, exspectb, -ire, -$vi, -atus, [exspecto], I . v. a. and n., look oritfor, fr&htm greatly, terrify. wait for, wait, wait t o see (si, exterritus, -a, -um, p. p. of exwhether, etc.), cx$ect, anlici@te. terreo. extimEsc6, -tiinEscere, -timui, no exspoli6, -are, -%vi, -Htus, [exp. p., [ex-timesco], 3. v. a. and n., spolio], I . v. a., strip o f . Also, strip o f (cf. despolio). - Fig., de- f e a r firently,fear (mxch),dread. extorque6, -torquere, -torsi, -torprive, rob (oA abl.). exstinctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of ex- tus, [ex-torqueo, twist], 2. v. a., stinguo. wrench from, wrestfrom, f o l z e f Y O 1 R . exstingus, -stinguere, -stinxi, extortus, -a, -um, 13. p. of extor-stiuctus, [ex-stinguo], 3. v. a., queo. e x t r l [abl. or instr. (?) of exter, (punch ozit, as a fire in the woods ?), extinguish (lit. and fig.), destroy, put cf. supra], adv. and prep. with acc., outside, ozit of. a n end to. exst6, -stHre, .stiti, -stZtiirus(?), extrlctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of ex[ex-sto], I. v. n., stand o u t : ex traho. extraha, -trahere, -tr%xi,-tractus, aqua (be above). exstrictus, -a, -um, p. p. of ex[ex-traho], 3. v. a., d r a ~ out: multurn aestatis ( d r q out, waste). struo. extriid6, -triidere, -trfisi, -trfisus, exstru6, -struere, -striixi, -striictus, . , thrzist ozit, pzish [ex-struo], 3. v. a,, heap up, b z d d [ex-trudo], 3. v. a out, s h i t out (by diltes). zip, pile up. ex@, -uere, -ui, -iitus, [ex- uric. exsul, -ulis, [ex- SAL (of salio), as st., with some lost connection of verb, cf. induo], 3. v. a., strip of: meaning, cf. consul], c., a n exile. Crmis exutis, deprived o f arms. --

exter, -tera, -terum, [ex terus (reduced)], adj., outer, outside.extrzmus, -a, -urn, superl.,fn&est, extreme, Zast: extremi, as noun, the rear; in extremis lingulis (at the extremity of; etc., and often in this sense) ; ad extremum, till the last, nt lost; ad extremum producta casum (to the last extremity): ab extrema parte, at the very end; in extrema spe, almost in dcsjair; in extremis suis rebus, in the last extremity; extrema fames, the last extremity o f

extir6

63

facti6

Also (cf. despolio), sty+, deprive, despoil : Romanos impedimentis.

exiir6, -firere, -ussi, -fistus, [exuro], 3. v. a., burn up. exiitus, -a,-urn, p. p. of exuo.
F

faber, -bri, [FA (in facio) ber lie5 gain credence); gratum (do o (for brus)], (M. of faber, sfidfzd), ( I favor) ; senatus consulturn (make, mechanzc, an e@neer (in an army). pass) ; verba (speak, act as spokesFabius, -i, [?faba- (bean) 4- ius, man) ; potestatem (give an opporcf. Cicero], M., a Roman gentile annity, permit, allow) ; satisfacere name. - Esp. : I . Qzrintus Fabius (do enough, satisfy).- Esp. with Maximus (Allobrogicus), who con- clause of result, cause (to), do (omitquered the Arveriii in B.C. I Z I on ting in Eng. the connective that, and the Khone.- 2. Gaius Fabazis, a expressing the thing done in the inlegatus of Casar in Gaul. - 3. Lu- dicative). - So in pass., be done, be czus Fabius, a centurion. caused, happen, restilt, ensue, occur, facilis, -e, [tfacb (cf. beneficus) turn out, be: non sine causa fit, z t -I- lis], adj., easy (to do, cf. habilis), is not without reason; fit ut, the convenient, withozit dajiczily, easy yesult is that; fieri posse, bepossible ; (generally). - facile, N. as adv., quid fit, what is going o n ; fit easily, conveniently,withozttdiflcziZ&. gratulatio, one is CongratuZated.facinus, -oris, [tfacin- (as if root Often with two accs. (or with adj. corresponding to second acc.), make, of tfacino, longer form of facio) us], N., a deed (of any kind). -Esp. render : vectigalia deteriora (make (as in English), n deed (of crime), a less, diminish). - Esp. : certiorem misdeed, a crime, guilt (referring to facere, inform. -So with pred. some particular act), criininnl con- gen. : nihil reliqui, leave nothing unduct. See admitto. done, Zeave no $&her possibiliv ; facio, facere, f k i . factus, [FAC sui commodi naves (make for his io], 3. v. a. and n., mafie, do, act.convenience).-factum, -i, N . of Used in a great variety of senses as p. p., half noun and half participle, in Eng. : coniurationem ( f o r m ); se- and to be translated by either, act, mentes (do pZanting) ; iter (march, thin< done, etc. : id factum graviter travel, proceed) ; vim (use viozence, tulit, took this action muck to heart ; firce a passage, ofer resistance) ; ra- recte factum, good conduct, (but no. tes (buiZd) ; testudinem (form) ; ea tice the adverb) ; si quid opus facto, (perform); pacem (as in Eng.) ; if anyt4inS was necessary to be done. finem orandi ( p u t an end to, stop, -fiii, fieri, as pass. in all senses. 0, factiii, -6nis, [prob. tfacti etc., cease, etc.) ; phalangem (form); tio, cf. CQfidem (give assurance, also gain be- but treated as FAC

factum

(34

ferax

hortatio], F., a business, an employ srent.- Also, aparty, a faction. factum, 4, see facio. factus, -a, -urn, p. p. of facio. facultis, -tiitis, [facul (for facili cf. simul) tas], F., ease, facility. So, chance, powei; o$$ortztnity. quantum facultatis dari potuit, so f a r as op$ortunity was ofeyed; sui conligendi (chance to, etc.). Hence, ~S, : concretely, means, Y ~ S O U ~ C supply navium ; facultates ad largiendum. flgus, -i, [prob. BHAG, eat, AS (-us), from the fruit], F., a beech, beech (of the timber). fa116, fallere, fefelli, falsus, [? S P A A L , trz) up], 3. v. a. and n., deceive : spes aliquem (a'isa$pint) ; fallendo, by deceit. - falsus, -a, -urn, p. p., deceived. -Also (trausferred founded. to things),false, uiz falsus, -a, -urn, p. p. of fallo. falx, falcis, [?I, F., a sickle, a prunin&m??. - Also, a hook (of similar form for demolishing walls). fama, -ae, [FA (in for, syeuk) MA], I?., speech, coliiltton talk, Yeputation. -Concretely, a YUUZOY, a story. famEs, -is, I?., hunger, stayvation: famem tolerare, keep from starvifw, apjease hutpfr. familia, -ae, [famub, sei*vant (ref atduced), ia], F., n collection o tendants, a hoztsehold.- Applied to Gaul, a rZnn, retainers. familiiris, -e, [prob. familis- -Iris, but treated as familiaris (cf. animalis)], adj., o j the household: res (estate, property). - Esp. as noun, a friend.

[?I,

familiiiritls, +itis, [familiari- -Itas], F., intimacy (with, genitive). f i s [FA (in for, $peak) as], indecl. N., right (in conscience, or by divine law) : non est fas (permitted, alzoozered ). fastigit6 [old case-form of fastigatus], adv., shjiizg. fastigltus, -a, -urn, p.p. of fastigo. fastigium, -i, [tfastig& (unc. form akin to fastus, scoyn, cf. castigo) ium, cf. fastigo], N., eZeuatioiz, slo$e, descent (of a slope). fastig6, -%re,-?ivi, -iitus, [tfastig& (cf. fastigium)], I . I-. a., h,if?Lr to ,I p i n t . -- Xsp. fastigitus, -a, -11111, p.p. as adj., iircZincd, s/qhing: leniter (with a n eusy s l o p ) . fltum, -i, [N. of fatus, 11.1). of for], N., (what is spoken, cf. fas), fate, lot, destiny. fave6, favere, fzvi, fautiirus, [?I, 2 . v. n . , f u v o ~ ,fiejirvorable to. fax, facis, [?I, F., n toorch, a j r e brand,&e (lighted missiles). fElicitis, -tiitis, [felic- (as if felici-) tas], F., good fortune, good Iztch, lucky star : summa (perfect success). fgliciter [felic- (as if felici-) tor], adv., haj$i+, foytzmntely, hickily, slLcccs.fnzzy. fEmina, -ae, [FE, mwsc, mina, cf. alumna], F., a woiiian, afeinale. femur, -oris ( h i s ) , [?I, N., tht thigh. fera, see ferus. ferlx, -iicis, [reduced noun-st. (akin to fero) ax, as if tfers cis (reduced)], adj .,fertile.

fer:

65

filia

fer8 [I, old case-form of st. fertilitls, -tiitis, [fertili- tas], tferci- (akin to fero)], adv., almost, I?,, fertility, prodnctiveness. about. -Also, almost always, genferus, -a, -urn, [FER (rzcsh) us, eral&, uszcal&,for the nwstpart. - cf. deer], adj., wild, fet.ociozis. With negatives, hardly. Fem. as noun, wild beast, game. ferij, ferre, tuli, latus (for tliitus), fervefaciij, -faceie, -feci, -factus, [DIIAR, bear, and TOL (TLA) in [tferve- (case-form akin to ferveo) tollo], irr. a. aud n., bear, cnrry, i facio], 3. v. a., heat, heat redhot endure, toleratr, stand, withstand, (iacula). carry o f , win.-Often in a loose fervefactus, -a, -urn, p. 11. of sense, translated by various special f ervef acio. words in Eng., conzmit, ofer, etc. ferveij, fervzre, ferbui (fervi), no With reflex. or in pass., rzcsh,pass, p. p., [noun-st. akin to febris], 2. v. proceed, roll (of a rivei).- With II., B e hot, B e red-hot. advs. indicating manner of receivfibula, -ae, [PIG (iu figo, fasten) ing anything, sufer, bear, take it, -k bula], F., a clasp, a bzcckle. feel: acerbius ferre inopiam (snfer fictus, -a, -um, p. 1). of fingo. severe9 f r o m ) ; magno cum dolore fidglis, -e, [fid& (st. of fides) ferre, be much pained or ind@nant lis], adj .,faath ful. at; moleste (graviter) ferre, be fidss, -ei, [ F I D (bind) t es], F., annoyed at, take hard, be ikdz@zaizt a promise, a pledge: laedere (break at. - Special uses : responsa (carry fiizth) ; fidem facere, give asszwance ; ciway, receive) ; auxilium (carry aid, fidem praestare, keep faith, p e y f r m assist); arma (bear a r i n ~ j, g h t ) ; ones duty. -Also, good fazth,$delcondicionem (propose) ; signa (bear t t y . - Transferred, conjdence, faith (in) ; fidem facere, gain credence. on the standards, nzarch) ; ventus ferebat (carried the ships, Uew) ; ESP. of promised protection, proconsuetudo fert (is) ; opinio fert tectzon, depeizdence, alliance : ~ U O (goes) ; ut natura moutis ferebat, rum in fide erat civitas (to whom according to the outline of the . was s u ~ e c tunder , whose protecmozmtain. tion); Caesaris fidem sequi (come under, su~render ones self io) ; in ferrlmentum, -i, [as if fer& (st. of verb from ferrum) mentum], fidem se permittere (venire), place N., a tool (of iron). themselves zinder protection of, etc. fidlicia, -ae, [tfidnc- (tfidu-, ferrzria, -ae, [P. of ferrarius, cf. cus, reduced) ia], F., fenum], F., an iroiz mivze. fazthfzd, conjdence, reliance. ferreus, -a, -um, [ f e d eus], adj., o f irun, imn (made of iron). figiira, -ae, [tfigu- (FIG, in fingo, ferrum, -i,[?I, N., iron,sterl, sword. us) ra, F. of IUS], F., shape,form. fertilis, -e, [tfertilis, (as if filia, -ae, [F. of filius], F., a daughter. FER 4- tilis)], adj.,fertjZe,fruitful.

+ +

. .

+ +

filius

66

for6

filius, -i, [?I, hi., a son. iingii, fingere, finxi, fictus, [FIG, cf. figural. 3. v. a., mould; voltum (compose). Fig., invent, contrive. .- fictus, -a, -mi, p. p. as aclj. and noun, N. pl.,$ctions : ficta respondeant, make up answers; sibi (conjure up). fini6, -ire, -ivi, (-ii), -itus, [fini-1, 4 . v. a., set bounds to, limit, bound, measzrre (ending a division). finis, -is, [?I, M., a limit, an end: finem facere, put a n end to, cease; quem ad finem, a s f i z r as.-Plur., boundaries, limits, territories, country. finitimus, -a,-urn, [fini- timus], adj., on the borders, neighboring, adjacent, nezkhbors (of). -Plur. as noun, nezkhbors. -Also, finitumus. fi6 [FU in fui], as pass. of facio, which see. ter], adv., firmiter [firmb

flectii, flectere, flexi, flexus, [?I, 3. v. a., bend, tzrt'lt. fle6, flere, flGvi, flctus, [?I, 2 . v. a. and n., weep : flentes, in tears. fletus, -tiis, [fle- (st. of fleo as root) tus], M., wteping, lnmentation: magno fletu, with malty

fiWJl&,

S t ~ 7 2 d L )ShadiL). ~

F.,

firmitiid6, -inis, [firmb tudo], soZidi&, strength (of resistance). firmii, -zre, -zvi, -atus, [firma-], I. v. a., m a h strong, sh.en@hen,

fortqy.

firmus, -a, -urn, [DIIAR, hold, mus], adj,, stronz (for resistance), Prm, steady : minime firma, weakest. fistaca, -ae, [?I, F., a pile-driver. Flaccus see Valerius. flHgit6, -are, -%vi, -Btus, [as if lines). forma, -ae, [DHAR (in firmus) tflagitii-, p.p. of tflago, akin to flagro, blaze],I. v. a., ash (in heat ?), ma], F., shape,form. fors, fortis, [FER (in fero) tis demand ewnestL) : Haeduos fru(reduced)], F., chance. -forte, abl. mentum, grain o j t h e Hmdunns. as atlv., by chance, perchance, ncciflamma, -ae, [FLAG (6~uz.e) ma], dentully, as it happened. F., jams,/ire.

fl6, flzre, fliivi, flitus, [?I, I . v. n. and a., blow. fl6rEns, -eatis, [pres. p. of floreo, bloom], as adj., blooming. - Fig., flourishing, prospcmus, influential (iuvenis) : florentissimis rebus, in most prosperous circztnistances. flijs, flcris, [?I, M., a Jozuer.Fig., theflower (of troops). fluctus, -ti&, [FLU (G) (in fluo, cf. fluxi) t u s ] , M., a wave. fltmen, -inis, ,[FLU (in fluo) men], N., a river. fluii, fluere, flfixi, fluxus, (fluxartis, fluctcrus, fluitcrus), [FLU], 3. v. n., $ow. fodi6, fodere, fcdi, fossus, [?Iv 3. v. a., dig. foedus, a i s , [FID (in fides, cf. fidus) us], N., a trea&, a leagwe, n compnct. fore, for futurum esse; see sum. forem, for essem; see sum. foris [abl. plur. of ?fora], as adv., out o f doors. -Less exactly, outsin't (of anything, as beyond the siege

tears.

forte

67

mor

fremo, roar) tus], M., a murmur, forte, see fors. a confused noise, a roar. fortis, -e, [akin to firmus], adj., f r e q u b s , -entis, [orig. pres. p. strong, brave, courageous : vir fortis, akin to farcio, stzij], ad]., Lrowdcd, a man o f courage. fortiter [forti- ter], adv., brave. nziwzerozis, in great nzit~cbers. fretus, -a, -urn, [root akin t i ly, stoutly, undiuntedly : fortius firmus tus], adj., relyrngon, C O P factum, any deed o f prowess. fortitiidti, -inis, [fortitudo], j&nt in (on account of). frigidus, -a, -urn, [ ifrig& (whence F., bravery, prowess. fortuit6 [abl. of tfortuitus, p. p. frigeo, be cold) dus], adj., coZd. frigus, -oris, [ P R I G (in frigeo, of verb i n -uo, cf. fortuna], adv., by etc.) us], N., cold. - Plur., coM chance, accidentally, fortziztously. (cold snaps, frosts). fortima, -ae, [tfortu- (FER tus, fibs, frontis, [?,akin to brow], cf. fortuito) na, F. of -nus], F., fortune,chance, fatc, Zot (ones for- F., brow,face : a media fronte, from tune), chances (belli), success (good the middle oftheforehead. -Less exor bad). - Plur.,fortzines, resources, actly, front, h o w : a fronte, in front. f success. - Esp., frGctu6sus, -a, -urn, [fructu- 4chames (means) o podfortuue, success :fortunam temp- osus], adj .,fruztf2il. tare, try ones chances. fractus, -tis, [FRU(G) tus], M., fortiiniitus, -a, -urn, [p. p. of for- enjoyment. Hence, (what one entuno], as adj., fortunate, prosperous. joys), fruit, crops, income, profit, forum, -i, [akin to ffora], N., (an interest (from money) : victoriae (advantages of victory). afen pZace), a market-place. friimentiirius, -a, -um, [frumenttifossa, -ae, [P. of fossus, p. p. of (reduced) f arius], adj., of grailt : fodio, dz2], F., a ditch, a trench. loca (frzii&? i f z grain) ; res (grain perh. akin to foveo, fovea, -ae, [?, supply, provisions) ; inopia (scarci@ as a pit for storage], F., apitfaZL. Ofg7Zi72). frlctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of frango. friimentiiti6, -&lis, [frumenti- (st. frang6, frangere, frEgi, frgctus, of frumentor) f-tio], P., foraging, [FRAG], 3. v. a., break (as a solid body). - Esp. of ships, wrech. - gatherihg grain, harvesting,foragi~l~~ expedition. Fig., break down, crush. frtimentor, -tHri, -t%tns, [frufrlter, -tris, [prob. FER ter, cf, ment6-1, I. v. dep., forage, gather pater], M., a brother. frlternus, -a, -urn, [frater nus], grain, get supplies. friimentum, -i, [ F R U (in fruor) -k adj., of a brother, fraternad: nomen mentum], N., grain (cf. fructus). (the name o f brothers). Plur., standinspain, crops. fraus, fraudis, [?,akinto frustra], fruor, frui, frfictus, LFRU, cf. fmr+ F., h s . Hence, treachery, deceit. fremitus, -tiis, Ifremi- (st. of tus], 3. v. dep., enjoy.

fr6strfi

68

Gallia

friistrg [abl. or instr. of st. akin to dzist], M., smoRe. - Plur., snrobe to fraus, loss], adv., t o m p z ~ r ~ o s e , (in several columns). funda, -ae, [akin to fundo], I?., a without <fed. [friix], frfigis, [FRU(G) in fruor as sliizg. funditor, -taris, [funda (as if verb- Plur., crojs. st.], i~.,fruit. tor], &I., a sli7~~yer. st.) Fiifius (+ius), -i, M., a Roman fundo, fundere, fiidi, fiisus, [FUD], gentile name. See Cita. 3. v. a.,pour. -Less exactly, scatter. fuga, -ae, [FUG a], F., &ht: fit fuga, a rout eizszies; fugae man- - Esp. of battle, put to rout, rozit. fiinebris, -e, [cf. funus], adj., o j a dare se, tube tojight; in fugam dare, -N . plur. as noun, fuaeral pt*t to Jzghd; fugam petere, seek fzciie?*al. safe9 by jfight, escaje; ex fuga rites. fungor, fungi, fiinctus, 3. v. evaserat, had escaped front. the I&dep., perform, dischqye (alil.). i?Zp.C V J Z W d . fiinis, -is, [?I, M.,a rope. fugHtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of fugo. fiinus, -eris, [unc. root us), N., fugi6, fugere, fiigi, fugitiirus, [FUG (mcrder ?),death, afzmerd. (in fuga)], 3. v. a. and n., fly, Jy furor, -oris, [IWR (cf. furo, mge) from, rzifz away. - Fig,, shzm, avoid. or], M.,~lrndmm, freazy,fury. fugitivus, -a, -um, [fugi- (st. of fiirtum, -i, [N. p. p. of lost verb fugio?) tivus], adj., rziftaway.akin to fur, thief], N., theft, n thcft. Pluv. as noun, runaway shves. fiisilis, -e, [fuso- (p. 1). of fundo) fugS, -%re, -8vi, -%tus,[fuga-], I . v. a.,put toptkht, ?-out. lis, cf. flexilis], adj., (capadZe o f beiizg pozrred), ntolte?z (of metals), fiim6, -are, 4vi, -8tus, [fuma-1,

[?I,

[?I,

1 . V. Il., SVZObe.

fiimiis, -i, [FU (DIIU)

+ mus, akin
G

vitr$ed, red-hot.

futiirus, see sum.

Gabali, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur., a Gallic peoplc, dependants of the Arverni. Gabinius, -i, [Gabinll- (cf. Gabii) 4- ius], M., a Roman gentile name. - Esp., AuLm GaBifzizis,consul with Lucius Piso in B.C. 58. gaesum, -i, [Celtic], N., a javelie. GHius (CBius, C.), -i, [?],hi., a Roman prsznomeu. Galba, -ae, [Celtic, meaningfat], M., a Gallic and Roinaufamlyname.

-- Esp. : I.

Seruizis Siil'picizis Galba, a legatus of Cesar. - 2. A king of the Snessiones. galea, -ae, [?, akin to galerus, leather cap], F., a helmet (of leather, worn by cavalry). Gallia, -ae, [F. of adj. in -ius, Galla- f ius], I?., Gaul, including all the country bounded by the Po, thc Alps, the Rliine, the ocean, the Pyrenees, and the Meditcrraneau, thus occupyiug all northern Italy, France, and Belgium.

Galficus

69

Gobannitia

Gallicus, -a, -urn, [Gall& cus], adj., o f the Gauls, Gallic. gallina, -ae, [gallo- (cock) ina], F., a hen. Gallus, -a, -urn, [Celtic], adj., o f G a d , Gallic. - As noun, a Gaul, as a Roman the Gauls.-Also, family name. See Trebius. Garumna, -ae, [Celtic], c., a river of S. W. Gaul, now the Garonne. Garumni, &urn, [Celtic], M. pl., a Gallic tribe in the Pyrenees, on the head waters of the Garonne. Gat&, -iurn, [Celtic], M. pl., a Gallic people of Aquitania. gaudeb, gaudEre, giivisus, [tgavia&, cf. avidus], 2. v. n., be delighted, +ice. gzvisus, -a, -urn, p. p. (neut. pass.) of gaudeo. Geidumni, +rum, [Celtic], M. pl., a Belgian tribe, dependants of the Nervii. Genlva, -ae, [Celtic], F., a city of the Allobroges, at the outlet of Lake Leman, now Geneva. gener, -eri, [?I, M., a son-in-law, generltim [as if acc. of tgeaeratis (gene&+ tis)], adv., by trzbes. gEns, gentis, [GBN, beget, tis (reduced)], F., a family, a tribe, a clan, a people. genus, -eris, [GEN, beret, us], N., a generation, a race, a fami@ (stoch), a nation, a tribe. - Less exactly, a R i d , a sort, a class.-Also, abstractly, Aind, character, nature, method (pugnae) : genus hominum, the Jaracier o f the inhabitants. Gergovia, -ae, [Celtic], F., a city in the lands of the Arverni.

+ +

Germlnia, -ae, [F. of adj. in -iua, cf. Gallia], F., Germany, the whole country between the Rhine, the Danube, the Vistula, and the sea. Germlnicus, -a, -urn, [German& 4cus], adj., OJ the Germans, German, Germanic. Germlnus, -a, -urn, [?I, adj., German (of the country of Germany or its people. The name of thepeople is the original, but as usual is an adj.).- Plur. as noun, the Germans. ger6, gerere, gessi, gestus, [GES, of nnc. kin], 3. v. a., carry (indicating a more lively action than fero), carry on, manage, wage (war), hold (a magictracy), do ( m y business). Pass., be dovze, go 012 (of operations) : rem bene (male) (operate sztccessfzd@ or otherwise, carry on operations, succeed well or ill); negoti bene f sztccessfkl action ;his regerendi, o bus gestis, after these operations ; res gestae, exploits, operations, a campaign. gestus, -a, -urn, p. p of gero. gladius, -i, M., a sword. gllns, glandis, [?I, F., ti nzit, aiz acorn. -Also, a ball (for shooting). g E b a (glae-), -ae, [?I, F., a clod (of earth), a lum$. gl6ria, -ae,, [akin to inclutus, renow?ied], F., f a m e , g l o ~ y . glbrior, -iiri, -Htus, [gloriii-1, I . v. dep., glory in, boast o f (abl.). Gnaeus (CnEius, Cn.), -i, [akin to gnavus, active], M., a Roman prrenomen. Gobanniti6,4nk, [Celtic], M., one of the Arverni, uncle of Vercingetorix.

[?I,

Gorgobina

70

habeb

Gorgobida, -ae, [Celtic], F., a city in the tcrritory of the H s d u i , founded by the Boii emigrating froin Cisalpine Gaul. Graecus, -a, -um, [Gr.], adj., o f the Greeks, Greek. - A s noun, a Greek, the Greeks. Cf. Germanus for relation of noun and adj. Grlioceli, -6rum, [I)], M. plur., a people of the Alps, near hlt. Cenis. adj., large, (?f grandis, -e, Ereat size. grltia, -ae, [gratli- (reduced) -Iia], F., gratefulness (in both Eng. senses of gratejul), gratitude (that one has from others or towards others), good-wilZ, favor. -Hence, injuence, fyiendship, source o f injZuence, ground o f friendship.- Esp. : gratias agere, expyess gratitz~de, render thanks, thank ;gratias habere, fee2 gratitude, be grateful ; gratias [gratiam] referre, make a grateju2 return, pay o f a n obligation, requite ; gratiam inire, secure tke gratitude o f aiiy one, comiliate. With gen., j o r the sake of, on account oJfor, t o (for the purpose of) : sui purgandi gratia, to excuse ones selj. grZtullti8, - h i s , [gratuls- 4 tio, cf. frumentatio], F., a congratulation (of others or ones self), rejoicing: fit gratulatio, there is great rejoicing. gdtulor, -5ri, -Stus, [tgratnlli-

[?I,

Ius)], I . v. dep., congratu(grati, bte. griitus, -a, -um, [p. p. of lost verb], adj., pleasin$, gratejd: gratum facere, do apivol: gravis, -e, [for tgarvis, tgarus], adj., heavy. - F i g , serious, severe, f more hard: gravioris aetatis, o advanced yeam; si gravius quid acciderit, if anything serious shouZd occur ;caerimonia (solemu, binding) ; ne quid gravius statueret, that he would not pass any very severe judgment. gravitzs, -tatis, [gravitas], P., wezght. -Fig., i ~ p o r t ~ r m power. e, graviter [graviter], adv., heavily, with grcat weight, with force. - Fig., severe@, seriously : graviter ferre, take to heart, sufer f r o m ;premere (press h a d ) ; multc, gravius exarsit (more violent&). grav6, -are, -%vi, -Itus, [gravi- (as if gravl-)], I . v. a., mahe heavy (cf. levo). - Pass. as dep., (mnRe heavy for ones sevf),be reluctant, be utiwiZ2ing, object. Grudii, -6runi, [Celtic], M. phr., a Belgian people, dependants of the Nervii. gubernltor, -t6ris, [guberni-, stter, tor], M., apilot, a helmsman. gustii, -8re, -%vi, -%tiis,[?gust& (st. akin to gustus, Eng. choose)], I . v. a., fusie, eat.

H
habeij, habEre, habni, habitus, 2. v. a. and n., have, hold, keep, occupy, possess : sedes ; equitatum
[I)],

circum s e ; aditum (ha71e z h itself, and so o f e r ) ; castra (occzipy); so habere, he ;quantum in se habet (us

Haeduas

71

hic

i&ere i s in, etc.) ; secum habere or apud se, have with htm, also detain; censum and the like (hold,conduct) ; contentiones (carry on) ; orationem (deliver).- Esp. with p. p. as a sort of continued perfect (whence the perf. of modern languages), have, hold, Keep : redempta habere, buy up and hold; civitates obstrictas (keep under obligation);equitatum coactum @et and keep).-Also, treat: pro amico. Hence, consider (cf. hold) : pro explorato (conszder certain). Esp. : rationem habere, Reep a n account, taab an accoiint oft have regard f o ~ , consider, regard, act in view of: satis habere, be satisfed, be content ; habere quemadmodum oppida defenderent (have any means of,
etc.).

Haeduus (Aea-), -a, -um, [Celtic], f #he Hadui, a powerful Gallic adj., o tribe between the Loire and the Sa6ne.-As noun, a Heduan, the Hedui. haesitij, -.?ire, %vi, -.?itfirus,[freq. of haereo, stick, cf. dictito], I . v. n., get cagght, stich, struggle (caught in a marsh). htimus, 4, M., a hook. harpagij, -finis, [Gr. d p r d y q (Latinized) 01, M., a hook (esp. for walls, like a fire-hook), a grap$lingiron. Hariides,-urn, [Teutonic], M. plur., a German tribe originally from Jutland, remaining from the great expedition of the Cimbri. haud [?I, adv., not (negativing single words), not at all. Helvlticus, -a, a m , [Helvetib

[?I,

cus], adj., Helvetian (reduced) (see Helvetius). Helvstius, -a, -um, [Celtic], adj., ofthe Nelvetii (a tribe between Lake Geneva, the Rhone, and the Rhine). Cf. Germanus for the form. - Plur. as noun, the Helvetii. Helvii, -firurn, [Celtic], M.plur., a Gallic tribe in the Roman province. Hercynius (Orcyn-), -a, -um, [Teutonic], adj. (only with silva), Hercynian (the great forest embracing all the mountain country of Germany). herEdit%, -t?itis, [hered-, heir (as if heredi-), tas], F., ~nheritunce, an inheritance. Hibernia, -ae, [?I, F., Ireland. hibernus, -a, -urn, [hiem- 3- emus, cf. nocturnus], adj., o f winter, winter (as adj.). - Neut. pl. (sc. castra), winter quarters, a wanter encampment. ' hic [thi- (loc. o f hi-c) ce], adv., here in this pZace, there (of a place just mentioned). hic, haec, hfic, hzius, [hi- (pron. st.) 3- ce, cf. ecce, cetera], dem. pron., (pointing to something near the speaker in pZace, tzme, or interest), this, these, he, they, this man (wontan or thing).2Referring to things before mentioned (but with more emphasis than is) : hic pagus unus, this one canton; ex his qui arma ferre possent (of these [before enumerated], those who, etc.). Less commonly, of what follows : his mandatis (the foll'owing, as fol. lows, these). - Esp. : haec memoria, the present generation : tempus (the

hiemi

72

hoetie

present) ; his paucis diebus, sozthiiz a f e w days. - hoc, neut. abl., used adverbially, i n this respect, on this account, by so much. - Often where a more definite word is used in Eng. : his ita respondit (to this embassy).-Often hic ille, the one . the other, this (near by) the other (farther off), this last the other, (nearer on the page) the latter the former. hiema, -%re, -%vi, -Ltiirus, [hiem- (as if hiema-)], I . v. n., winter,pass the winter. hiems (-mps), -emis, [?I,F,, winter. hinc [thim (loc. of thi) f ce], adv.,from here, hence. Hisplnia, -ae, [Hispanti- I -ia (F. of -ius)], F. (of adj., cf. Gallia), Spain. Hisplnus, -a, -um, [?I, adj., Spanish. homo, -inis, [prob. hum& (the 03, c., a hunzan being (cf. earth) vir, a mm, as a male), a mniz (including women). honestus, -a, -um, [honos- (orig. tus], adj., esteemed, st. of honor) respected, worthy, honorable. honor (-6s),-6ris, [unc. root or], M., houor, respect: honoris causii, out o f respect. - Also, hoizorable position. honbrificus, -a, -urn, [honor (as if honori) -tficus (cf. beneficus)], adj., hlrorabZe, (giving honor). hbra, -ae, [Gr.], F., an hour (of the day). -The Romans divided their day into twelve hours from sunrise to sunset, which were not of equal length at all times of the

. .

. ..

. ..

..

.. .

year, but were always so many twelfths of the solar day. horre6, horrere, horrui, no p. p., [HORR, (orig. HORS, bristle) us, prob. used orig. of the sensation called goose pimples, where the hair seems to stand on end], 2. v. n. and a,, Gristle (see above). Hence, shudder at, dread. horribilis, -e, [honi- (as if st. of horreo) -t bilis], adj., t o be shuddered at, frigrlt@, dreadfuul. horridus, -a, -um, [thonti- (cf. horreo) f dus], adj., bristlilzg,horrzbZe, dye~dfid, jrighgtil. hortltus, -a, -um, p. p. of hortor. hortor, -tiiri, -tiitus, [for horitor, freq. of old thorior, urge], I . v. dep., encournge, urge oiz, urge, address. -Less exactly, of things, zrrge, move, prompt. hospes, -itis, [prob. GHAS-PATIS, orig. host (Zordofeatiirg)],M.,nhost. -Also, n guest, a styanger. Hence, a guest-frieiid (in the peculiar relation of hospitium, which was a kind of hereditary friendship between persons of different countries, not personal, but of a family or state), a friend (of the ltiiid above mentioned) : familiaris et hospes, n persoml and family friend. hospitium, -i, [hospit- f ium], N., the rel~ztioltof host (or p e s t ) . Hence (cf. hospes), frieizdthz$ : hospitium atque amicitia, allimzce and friedship,family avid persoizaz frie?tdsRip ; hospitio Ariovisti utebatur, was ivfrieiid(y relations with Ariovistus. hostis, -is, [GHAS (cf. hospes)

hoc

73

idheus

tis], c., (orig. guest), a stranger, an enemy (of the state), the enemy (collectively, either sing. or plur.). hiic [ho- (dat. of hi-, see hTc) 4ce], adv., hither, here (in sense of hither), to this (place, etc., cf. eo): huc accedebant, to these [ships before mentioned], were added (see accedo); accedebat huc, to this was added the fact that, etc. hiiiusmodi, see hic and modus. hiimiinitiis, %tis, [human& 4tas], F., humanity (as opp. to bru-

tishness), civilization, cultivation, rejnement, courtesy. hiimiinus, -a, -um, [st. akin to nus], adj., civilized, homo, man, cultivated, rejned. humilis, -e, [humti- (ground) lis], adj., low, shallow (cf. altus, deep). Fig., Zow, humble, poor : Ubios humiliores redegerunt (humbled, rendered Zess important). humilitiis, -tiitis, [humili- 4- tas], F.,lowness, shallowness. -Fig., humble position, insig.nificance.

I I., for unus, etc., one.

iace6, &re, -cui, -citirus, [?,cf. iaculum], 2. v. n., Zie, Zie dead: iacentes, the slain. iaci6, iacere, ieci, iactus, [?,cf. iaceo], 3. v. a., throw, hurl, cast: aggerem (throw up); ancoras (cast, drop) iact8, -%re, -Hvi, -Htus, [iacta-1, I. v . a., (freq. of iacio), toss, toss about, bandy about (of talk), discuss. iactara, -ae, [iactu- 4- ra (P. of rus)], F., a throwing away, a Zoss, n sacrzyce (of men in war), an ofleer (of reward). iactus, -a, -urn, p. p. of iacio. iaculum, -i, [tiac6- (akin to iacio, throw)],N., a javel'in. iam [acc. of pron. st.], adv., now (of progressive time, cf. nunc, emphatic and instantaneous), by this time, at Znst, already, at length ; iam non, no Zonger ;iam ante, some time before, even before ; iam utebatur, was getting to use ; iam reverti (was at Zast, etc. ; was beginnirtg to, etc.) ; nihil iam, no longer; also with no idea of time, even, in fact. ibi [old case-form of is (cf. tibi)], adv., there (in a place before mentioned). Iccius, -i, [?I, M., a nobleman of the Remi. ictus, -tis, [IC (in ico, strike)'+ tus], M.,a stroke: ictus scorpionis (a shot - of; etc.). Id., for Idus. idcircl, [id (N. ace. of is) -circo (case-form of same st. as circa, circum)], adv., for that reason, f o r this reason, therefore. idem, eadem, idem, [is dem, cf. dum], dem. adj. pron., the same. -Often as noun, the same thin2 (thzngs), the same : eadem quaerit, makes the same inquiries; idem castellum, this very fort. identidem [cf. idem and tandem], adv., repeatedly, again and again. idaneus, -a, a m , [?, akin to

xaiis

74

immGnie

. able) Idiis, -uum, [?, perh. alciii to aestus], F. plur., the /des (a day of the lunar month falling a t the full moon, conventionally on the I 5th of March, May, July, October, and the 13th of the other months, aiid used by the Romans to reckon dates). ignis, -is, [?, same word a s Sk. agnis, the god o f j r e ] , M., $re: igni necari, t o be burned to death, - Plur., campjres. igntibilis, -e, [in- (g) nobilis], adj., not famous, obsciire. ignijminia, -ae, [tignomin- (in(g)nomen, name) ial, F., want of fame, disgrace. -Almost concretely, disyacefid dgeat. igntir6, -%e, -%vi, -iitus, [ignarc-, ignorant], I. v. a., $zil to notice, not know, be i@iora?ztoJ - Pass., be unobserved: non ignorans, not unaware 03 ign6sc6, -n8scere, -nCvi, -n8tus, [in- (unc. which meaning) (g)nosco, know], 3. v. 11. and a., overhook, pardon. ign6tus, -a, -urn, [in- (g)notus], adj ., unknown, stranse. ille, -a, -ud, [old ollus, fr. pron. root lus (?)I, dem. pron., that (of something remote, cf. hic). - Often as noun (opposed to some other emphatic word), he, she, it, t h y : hic , . ille, this . . . that, the other, the latter . . theformer. illic [loc. of ille ce, cf. hic], adv., there (more remote, opposed to hic, near by), in ihdpluce (na-

idem ?], adj., $t, suitable, adapted: homo (capable) : tempestas (favor-

tioion, cottnt?ly, etc.) : illic , quo, in the place to which, (but with

.. more emphasis than ibi . . . quo).

ill6 [dat. of ille, cf. eo], adv., thither, there (in sense of thither), that way. iillyricum, -i, [?, N. of adj.], N., Zl&rirc (the country east of Venetia aiid the Adriatic, and west of Macedonia and Thiace. I t belonged to Caesars province along with the two Gauls). imbEcillitls, -tiitis, [imbecill6(weak), 4- tas], F., wcnkitrss, fee6leness: animi (fccblezess o f pirr.I)ose,
pzt sillnnzm ity).

imber, imbris, [?I, br., a rains t o ~ ma , rain. imitor, -t2ri, -tHtus, [ timiti+, p. p. of timo (cf. imago)], I . v. dep., ivi itat!, copy. immlnis, -e, [in-tmanus, good ?], adj., uncanny ?),monstroits, huges enoriiioits. immineb, -minere, no perf., no p. p., [in-mineo], 2. v. n., overhang, project. - Fig., threaten. immissus, p. p. of immitto. immitt6, -mittere, -misi, missus, [in-mitto], 3. v. a., let in, let down (into), insert, throw (upon), send n~yainst. immol6, -Hre, -Hvi, -iitus, [timmola- (in-mola, meal)], I . v. a., (sprinkle with the sacred meril ), sacrifice. immortllis, -e, [in-mortalis], adj., immortaal. immiinis, -e, [in-tmunis, cf. communis and munia], adj., free f r o m tribute,

immlinitls

75

impetus

immiinitls, -t%tis, [immunitas], F., freedom from public burdens. imparltus, -a, -urn, [in-paratus], adj., unprepared, not ready. impedimentum, -i, [impedimentum], N., a hiizdrance: esse impedimento, to hinder. Esp. in plur., baggage, a bafgafe train (including the beasts of burden), packhorses. impedi6, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [timped. v. a., (in-pes, foot, as if impedi-)], 4 entangle, hamper, interfere with. Fig., hiizder, embarrass, impede : in iure (hinder in exercise of).impeditus, -a, -urn, p. p., hampered, entanszed, occupied, d@cult (navigatio), impassable (loca) : esse victoribus nihil impeditum (there is no obstacle in the way oJ etc.) ; prospectus (interrupted). impeditus, p. p. of impedio. impeP16, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, [in-pello], 3. v. a., drive on. - Fig., instigate, incite, impel. impende6, -Ere, [in-pendeo, hang], 2. v. n., overhang. impEnsus, -a, -urn, [p. p. of impendo, expend],adj., expensive, very h 2 h (of price). imperiitor, -t6ris, [impera- f tor], M., cominander (in chief), general. imperltum, -i, [N. p. p. of impero], N., an order, a commaizd: ad imperatum, at ones command. imperltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of impero. imperfectus, -a, -urn, [in-perfectus], adj., unfinished: re imperfecta, without accomplishing ones purpose, unsuccessful.

imperitus, -a, -urn, [in-peritus, skiZled], adj., unquainted with, ignorant, unversed in. imperium, -i, [timperb (whence impero, cf. pario, get) ium], N., command, supreme authoriv, control, supremacy, supreme power, power (military), ruZe, sway (both sing. and plur ). -Concrete, an order, a cotnnaand.- Esp. : novis f imperiis studere (new forms o gmertzment) ; nullo certo imperio (command o f aizyparticarZarperso12); imperi aut potestatis, miZitary or civil authority. impera, -%re, -Kvi, %us, [timper& (in-tparus, cf. pario, get)], I. v. a. and n., demand (niake r e p i sition for, prob. orig. meaning), require (in same sense). Hence, order (in military sense), rule, conwnand, give orders: ill0 imperante, under Lis command. impetr6, -iire, -Lvi, -iitus, [inpatro, bring to pass], I . v. a., accompZish (anything by a request), succeed in (obtaining), obtain (a request) : impetro a, prevail upon, persuade; ab iis impetrari ut, they be persuaded t o ; ea re impetrata, this being-grwzted; si non impetraret, if his request was not complied with ; impetro ut, etc., obtairt a request to, be aZlowed to, etc., succeed in having; impetrari posse, could be panted. impetus, -t8s, [in-tpetus (cf. peto, aim a t ) ] , M., a rush, an attach, a n onset, a charge, a n assault, violence, f u r y : facere (inroad, charge, invasion) ; is impetus, such fztry, etc. ; impetus gladiorum exceperunt, re-

impius ceived the charge o f the enemy wiiR drawn S W O Y ~ S . impius, -a, -urn, [in-pius], adj., i?~~pious (offeuding divine law). implidtus, -a, -um, p. p. of im-

76

itl

plico .

impiignij, -Hre, 4 v i J -iitus, [inpugno, j g h t ] , I. v. a. and n., attach, invnde, charge, JgAt (in an offensive warfare). impulsus, -a, -urn, p. p. of im-

pello.
impulsus, -siis, [in-pulsus, cf. impello, drive on], hi., impulse. Fig., inst&ation. impiine [N. of impunis (inpoena, punishmeizt, weakened and decl. as adj.)], adv., wzth imp~nity. impiinitls, -tHtis, [impuni- tas], F., freedom from pznishiient, impunity. imus, -a, a m , superl. of inferus. I . in- [cf. Eng. zin-1, neg. particle, only in composition. 2. in [?, cf. Eng. o n ; cf. also inde], prep. a. With acc., of motion, having its terminus within or on (cf. ad, with terminus at or near), b t o , zipon, within, to, agaimt, amoig: in volgus elatum est (sp?*ead ahroad among). -Of time, for, to, till. - Fig., without actual motion, but only direction, towards, ag&st, @on: in eos exempla edere (visit z@on); in 8e voluntas (goodwiil towards). -Often where Eng. has a different conception, in, o n : abdere in silvas, Aide in the zuoods : in civitatis conlocasse (had married in, etc.) ; in utram partem fluat (in which direction, etc.) : in conspectum venire (in s&ht).- In adverbial expressions where no motion appears, i n , according to, with, to : mirum in modum (cf. quem ad modum) ; in eam sententiam, t o this purjort; in speciem, with the appcaranse; in

implico, -%re,-Hvi (-ui), -%tus (-itus), [in-plico, fold], I. v. a., entangle, interweave, eutwize. implijr6, -%re, -%vi, -Stus, [inploro, cry out], I . v. a,, implore,
leseech.

impiinii, -pGnere, -posui, -positus, [in-pono], 3. v. a., place zlporz, nrozmt (men on horses), place, impose (fig.). importiitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of importo. importij, -zre, -tivi, -iitus, [inporto, carry], I. v. a,, import. impositus, -a, -urn, p. p. of im. pono. imprimis [in primis], aclv., among tl,c j r s f , especial&, prirticzrlarly (more than mything else). improbus, -a, -urn, [in-probus, good], adj., lad, wicked, wzprinczjYed. impriivisus, -a, -urn, [in-provisns], adj., ~~n~%reseetc :improviso (de irnproviso), on a szidu'en, ufz-

ex$ectedZy, unawares.

impriidhs, -entis, [in-prudens, foreseeiq], adj., not expecting, itzcautious, zrnsuspecti~zg, o f one's gziard, u l ~ g t l ~ d enot d , beinz aware. impriidentia, -ae, [imprudentia], . F . , ig.aorance, want o f coltsiderath, want 0 fforethoufh t. impiibgs, -eris (-is), [in-pubes], adj., beadess, immature. Hence, chaste, unnrarried.

'

inanis

77

incommodus

altitudinem, in he&& d. to the incgnsus, -a, -um, p. p. of incendo, hezght of. - Esp. : in Caesarem ininceptus, -a, -urn, p. p. of incipio. incertus, -a, -urn, [in-certus], adj., cidit, happened to meet Cmar; in perpetuum, for ever; in Morinos uncertain, dubious, untrautworthy, (intothe courctyy of; etc.) ; in catenas (rumores) : itinera (obscwe, blind); conicere, t h r m into prison; in fu- ordinibus (in disorder). incid6, -cidere, -cidi, -cLsiirus, [ingam conicere, put to$?@. 6 . With abl., of rest (lit. andhg.), cado], 3. v. n., f a l l upon. -Less in, on, among, within : in tanta pro- exactly and fig.,faU in with, meet, occur, happen. pinquitate (under ci~cuinstawcesoJ i n n case o f ) : in tanto imperio P. R., imido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, [inwhen the R.jeople had such domin- caedo], 3. v. a., cut iitto, h a v cut ion.- Often, in the case of, in re- down (trees). incipi6, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, spect to :in eo, in his case, in regard to him.-Esp.: in Meldis (in the [in-capio, take], 3. v. a. and n., begin, undertake. country of); in ancoris, at anchor; in eo manere, abide by, etc. ; in praeincisus, -a, -um, p. p. of incido. sentia, f o r thepresent; in potestate, incitltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of incito. under the power; in opere esse, to incit6, -Hre, -iivi, -Htus, [in-cito], I. be engaged in the work; i n illoves- v. a., set in motiort (in some particutigio temporis positum (depending on, lar direction) (lit. and fig.), urge on, etc.) ; in eo constare (depend z@on, drive, impel, excite, rouse. -i n c i t g etc.). --In cornp. as adv., in,zlpon, tus, -a, -um, p. p., excited to anger, towards, and the like. angered, spurred o n :incitato equo, inlnis, -e, [?I,adj., enipw. Fig., atf u l l gallop ;incitato cursu, atfull Esp. : se aestus incitare empty, vain, idle, mere, bare. speed. (YUSh in). incaute [old case-form of incautus], adv., incautiously, carelessly. inctignitus, -a, -urn, [in-cognitus], incautus, -a, -urn, [in-cautus, p. p. adj., unknma. of caveo], adj., incautious, o f ones incola, -colere, -colui, no p. p., gzmi-a! [in-colo], 3. v. a. and n., inhabit, incendium, -i, [in-tcandium, cf. live, dwell: incolendi causa, for a incendo], N., a durning, a fire: in- permanent abode. f cendia aedificiorum, the bzdming o incolumis, -e, [?I, adj., zinharmed, buildings, each one being conceived unhurt, presewed, safe, safe ana as a separate burning, as is usual in sound, uninjured. incommode [old case-form of Latin. incend6, -cendere, -cendi, -cEnsus, incommodus), adv., inconveniently, [in-tcando, cf. canileo,gZow], 3. v. a., unfortunately, badly, ill. incommodus, -a, -urn, [in-commoset fire to, bur+ F i g , rouse, exdusJ, adj., inconvenient, unjovtunate. cite, fire,

Esp., incommodum, N. as noun, fortune, .euphedisadvantage, in is mism for defeat, Zoss, disaster, harm. incrEdibilis, -e, [in-credibilis], adj., incredi&Ze, marveZZms, extraordinary. increpit6, -Hre, -Lvi, -iitus, [increpit6- (cf. increpo)], I. v. a., 19braid, taunt, reviZe. incumb6, -cumbere, -cubui, -cubitfirus, [in-cumbo], 3. v. n., Zie zipon. -Esp., fig., bend to, exe,i ones sev: animo et opibus in (bcnd ones m i r d and energies to). incursi6, -6nis, [in-tcursio, cf. incurro, rush upon], P., an inroad, an attach, a n inva>iotz, a raid. incwsus, -sfis, [in-cursus, cf. incurro, rzish upon], ?&, aft inroad,a n attack. inciisij, -%e, -zvi, -%us, [in-tcauso, cf. causa, cause], I. v. a., acpbraid, rebuke, chide. inde [tim (loc. of is, cf. interim, hinc) -de (form akin to -dem, dum, cf. indu, old form of in)], adv., froin there, thence, from the pZace (which, etc.), offer t h t , then. ium], N., indicium, -i, [indicinformation: per indicium, through aiz informer. indic6, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus, [indica, say], 3. v. a., order, procZainz,

appoint.
I.

indictus, -a,-urn, p. p. of in-

dico. iadictus, -a, -um, [ I . in-dictus], (causa, cf. dico), untried, unheard. indignz [old case-form of indignus], adv., unworthily, shameful@
2.

adj., zmpZeaaed

(unworthily of ones self or of the circumstances). indignitss, -tiitis, [indigno- -Itas], F., unworthzness, disgrace (cf. indigne), outrage, an indignnily. -Btus, [indignz-1, indignor, -5, I. v. clep., 6e ind&ncz;zi (deem unworthy of ones self). indignus, -a, -um, [in-dignus], ad j ., unworthy. indiligens, -entis, [in-diligens], adj., neglzicnt, careZess, heedZess. indiligenter [in-diligenter, cf. indiligens], adv., cnrezessly, negZzgcnt4. indiligentia, -ae, [indiligent- f ia], I?., careZessiress, wnnt of care, want o f energy (application). indiicd, -dficere, &xi, ductus, [in-duco], 3. v. a., draw on. Hence, cover: scuta pellibus. -Also, Zead on. Hence, induce, instzgak, im$d. inductus, -a, -urn, p. p. of induco. indulgentia, -ae, [indulgent- (pres. p. of indulgeo) ia], F., indulgence, favor, cZememy. indulge6, -dulgEre, -dulsi, -dultus, [?, peih. st. compounded of in-dulcis, pleasant towmds], 2. v. II., favor, &eat with indu&nce. indud, -duere, -dui, -diitus, [?, cf. exuo], 3. v. a., put on. Hence, f i g . with reflex., pierce, inzpaZe (ones self) : so vallis; se stimulis (be pierced by). industrii: [old case-form of industrius, nctive], adv., active&, pronip+, 70ith energy. indtitiae (indac-), -Hrum, [?I, F. plur., a t r u e , an armistice. IndiitiomLrus, -i, [Celtic], M.: a, chief of the Treveri,

inei

79

ingens

ine6, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus, [in-eo], collis, the foot of the hill, ad infiirr. v. a., enter upon, go into. - Fig., mum, at the bottom. Neut. as noun, adopt, make, begin, gain, secure. - the bottom. Esp. : inita aestate, at the beginning iuf&tus, -a, -urn, [in-feetus, fr. o f summer; inire rationem, take an fenao, strike], adj., hostice, in hostile account; inire consilium, f o r m a array : infestis signis, arrayed for Jght, in n charge, in order of attack. plan ;inire numerum, enumerate. infici6, -ficere, -fEci, -fectus, [?, ininermis, -e (-us, etc.), [in-arma], . , (work into?), dye, facio], 3. v. a adj., unarmed, defenceless. stain. iners, -ertis, [in-ars, skill], adj., infidglis, -e, [in-fidelis], adj., anshz@tless, coward@, sZagg-ish, unfaithfuZ, wavering in faith. man&. infigb, -figere, -fix?, -fixus, [z. ininfiimia, -ae, [infami- (disreputabZe) ia], F., dishonor, disgrace: Ago], 3. v. a., fasten in,jx in,Jx on. infimus, see inferus. latrocinia nullam habent infamiam (briitg no dishonor,are not held disinfinitus, -a, -urn, [in-6nitus], adj., unbounded, countless, endless, honorable) ; infamia et indignitas, sha9n.e and disgrace. nunzberless, injniie. infirmitiis, -t?itis, [infirm& tas], infiins, -antis, [in-fans, pres. p. of for, speak],c., a child, an infant, F., feebleness, unsteadiness, inconstancy, jcckleness. an infant chiZd. infirmus, -a, -urn, [in-firmus, infectus, -a, -urn, [I. in-factus], adj., not done.-Esp.: re infecta, strong], adj., weak, feeble: animus without success, cf. imperfectus ; re (JeebZe courage, want of courage); infecta discedere (withoutaccomplish- arbores (unsound, weakened) ; inAnnior, Zess powerful; naves (unseaing ones purpose). worthy). infer6, -ferre, -tuli, -I?itus,[in-fero], irr. v. a., bring in, import,put upon : infixus, -a, -urn, p. p. of infigo. inflectb, -flectere, -flExi, -flexus, in equum (mount one on hokehack) ; bellum (make, of offensive war) ; [in-flecto], 3. v. a., bend down.signa (make a charge, advance); Pass., or with reflex., become bent. innexus, -a, -urn, p. p. of inflecto. vulnera (injict),- Fig., cause, ininflub, -fluere, -flCixi, -fluxErus, Yict, commit: periculum (create, cause) ; spem (inspire) ; causam (ad- [in-fluo], 3. v. n., j o w into, e m p y into. duce, assign, aZlege). infodib, -fodere, - f d i , -fossus, rus inferus, -a, -urn, [unc. st. i g in, bary. (cf. superus)], adj., lm : inferior [in-fodio], 3. v. a., d infrii [instr. (?) of inferus], adv. pars, the lower end; ab inferiore parte, down below, of a river. - and prep. with acc., below, farther Superl., infimus (imus), Zowest, the down, less than. inggns, entis, [in-gens, not bePottom of, at the pottom: infunus

ingrHtus

80

inopiniina

iniungti, -iungere, -ifinxi, -iiinctns, longing to i%e Kind (?)I, adj., hzge, [in-iungo], 3. v. a., attach to. - Fig., eno~~nous, very Zarge ivzpose z$on (his servitutem). ingriitus, -a, -um, [in-gratus], iniiiria, -ae, [in-ius (rght) t ia, adj., zinpZeusity. ingredior, -gredi, -gressus, [in- cf. iniurius], F., iiljzlstzce, outrage, gradior, step], 3. v. dep., march wrong, violence (as opposed to right), abuse. i ~ f ocnfer, , ~JWYCi ~f z . iniiissii [in-iussu, abl. of iuseus], inici8, -icere, -iki, -iectus, [inadv., without orders. i a c ~ ~ 3. ] , v. a., throw into, throw zipon. - Less exactly, $ace iit, Piit inl5tus (ill-),-a, -urn, p. p. of inon, embark. -Fig., insjire. fero. inligltus (ill-), -a, -urn, p. p. of iniectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of inicio. inimicitia, -ae, [inimicij- t : tia], inligti (ill-), -%-e, -%vi, -Ltus, [inligo, Bind], I . v. n., bird on, attach, F., emiity, hostilzty. fasten to. inimicus, -a, -urn, [in-amicus], inlustris (ill-), -e, [in-lustr& (or adj., zdnf? zeicd@, hostiZe.-As noun, an enemy (personal, or not in war, kindred st.), cf. lustro, Zight], adj.. cf. hostis, an eizetny of the state, or distitzgiiished, renowned, reniarkahle, an efzeniy at war), a rivaZ, aiz fainotcs : inlustriore loco natus, of any protninence. opponent. innlscor, -nHsci, -nZtus, [ininiquitls, -tztis, [iniqub 4-tas], F., iiiepuality, irregzdarity, ~inevett- nascor], 3. v. dep., grow ill, sprif7g ness. - Fig., utzfairness, u n e p a l zip in. - Fig., be inspired, be excited. nature, ~i~tjzvora6leness. innltus, p. p. as adj., naturaZ, inrzafe. iniquus, -a, -um, [in-aequus], adj., zi~zevcn. - Big., zrizjzlst (of perinnltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of innascor. innitor, -nit& -nisus (-nixus), [insons and things), u~favorable, mfair, disadvantageous. - Compar., nitor], 3. v. dep., Zean ztpon, sti$jort one's s e u on. - innixus, p. p. in iniquior locus, Zessl;r~~orabZe~osit~otz. present sense, Zeaning on. initium, -i, [in-titium (ita- 4innixus, -a, -urn, p. p. of innitor. ium), cf. ineo], N., a beginning, the innocgns, -entis, [in-nocens, p. Prst o f : initium capere, facere, begin, start ;transeundi (the initiative, the of noceo, i y k r e ] , aclj., harmless, $rst steps, the first attempt to, etc.) ; guiltless, imocent. innocentia, -ae, [innocent- ia], initium fit ab, the start is 3 r d made at (also lit.) ; fugae factum ( t h j r s t F., BZa~antelessness, infegrity. inopia, -ae, [inop- (needy) ia], tem'ency toJy was showti) ; retinendi (the f i r s t a'etentioii) ; silvarum (the P., scarcity, dearth, destitution, want, edge); Remorum (607indaiy); artifi- privation, want of siipplies. ciorum initia (tlrc,fi7,sfphci;nles, the inopinlns, -antis, [in-opinansd, first knowledge etc.). adj., uasu.@ectkg, not susjecting.

.. .

0 6

inquam

81

institGtum

inquam, [?I, def. v. n., say. inridee (irr-), -rid&re,-risi, -risum, [in-rideo, laugh], 2. v. n., ridicule, laugh at. inridicule (irr-), [old case-form of inridiculus], adv., without hzinzoi,. inrumpii (irr-), -rumpere, -rtipi, -ruptus, [in-rumpo], 3. v. n. and a., break in, break into, storm. i m p t i 6 (irr-), -6nis, [in- truptio, cf. eruptio and inrumpo], F., a breaking in, an attack (on a fortified place), mid, incursion. inscigns, -entis, [in-sciens], adj., not Knowing, unaware: insciente Caesare, without C.'s knowledge. inscientia, -ae, [in-scientia], F., ignorance, lack o f acquaintance with. inscius, -a, -uin, [in- tscius, cf. conscius and scio], adj., not knowing, unaware, ignorant. inseciitus, -a, -um, p p. of insequor. insequor, -sequi, -seciitus, [insequor], 3. v. dep., folZow up, purrue. insera, -serere, -serui, -sertus, [insero, join], 3. v. a., insert, stick in. insidiae, -Hrum, [tinsid- (cf. insideo, sit i n ) ial, F. plur., a n ambush, a stratagem, a trick, a plot, a trap, treachery : per insidias, with deception, treacherous& insidior, -Hri, -Ptus, [insidii-1, I. v. dep., lie in wait, make tremherous athicks. insignis, -e, [in-sign&, mark, decl. as adj.], adj., marked, m~morable, signaZ. insigne, N. as noun, sigsal, s&n, decoration (of soldiers).

inaili8, &lire, -silui, -sultus, [insalio], 4. v. a., leap upon. insimuliitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of insimulo. insimul6, -%re, -Pvi, -%us, [insimulo, make like], I. v. a,, charce, accuse. insinuij, -%re,-Hvi, -Stus, [insinuo], I . v. a. and n., wind in. -With reflex., work one's way into, slip in. insistii, -sistere, +titi, no p. p., [in-sisto], 3. v. a. and n., stand upon, set foot upon, stand, keep one's footing. - Fig., adopt (rationem pugnae), devote one's s e v (in bellum). insolenter [insolent- (cf. 90180, be wont) ter], adv., (in an unusual manner), insultingly, insolent@. inspect6, &e, -2vi, -%tus, [in. a. and n., Zook upon, specto], I. Y look on : inspectantibus nobis, before our eyes. instiibilis, -e, [in-stabilis, cf. sto], adj., zlnstea+. - Fig., changeable, uncertaiiz. instar [insti t ris (?, reducedy], N. indecl., (an image), in the liKeness of (with gen.), like, i n themanner of. instigii, &e, -2vi, -Htus, [tin-stig6( s m (foad) t us)], I. v. a., goad, stimzrlute, drive on, urge on. instituii, -here, -tu& -tiitus, [iuatatuo], 3. v. a., set up, set in order, array: opus (finish). Also, provide, procure, get ready. Also, set about, undertake, begin to practice, adopt (a plan, etc.), begin, set on foot. - So, teach, train, habituate. institiitum, -i, [N. p. p. of instituo], N., a habit, a practice, a n institution, a custom.

inst5

82

interdiii

instij, -st?ire, -stiti, -st?itZrus, [in- de absorbed: oculis intentis, witi eyes sto, stand], I . v. n., be at hand, iizteat; animis intentis in ea re, press on. Fig., threaten, impend, with their minds absorbed in this. menace :tempus instantis belli, time intentus, -a, -urn, p. p. of intendo. inter [in ter, cf. alter], adv. o f active, immediate war. instriictus, -a, -urn, p. p. of in- (in comp.) and prep. with acc., between,among: arbitros inter civitatis struo. instriimentnm, -i, [instru- (cf. dat (to decide between); inter aciem, in the &e. -Of time, within,for, . , furniture, instruo) -k mentum], N equipment, tools and stores (of sol- -Often in a reciprocal sense: inter se, with, to, from, etc., each diers). instruij, -struere, -strBxi, -strib other, one another; cohortati inter tus, [in-struo, build], 3. v. a., build, se, encouraging each other, one j t u p , j t out, array, draw up (of another; obsides inter eos dandos troops). curavit, caused t k n t to exchange insuEfactus, -a, -um, [p. p. of tin- hostages. intercgdb, -cedere, -cess& -cessiisuefacio], p. p., traijzed. insugtus, -a, -um, [in-suetus], adj., IUS, [inter-cedo], 3. v. II., come beunaccustomed, unused. tween, go between, Z i t Betweert, interinsula, -ae, [akin to in-salio ? ] , F., vene, exist between, occur between, be, pass (of time) : ipsis cum Haeduis ( tussocks in a swamp) an islam. insuper [in-super, above], adv., on intercedere, exist between them and the Ted&. the top, above, at the top. interceptus, -a, -urn, p. p. of ininteger, -gra, g u m , [in-tteger (rAG, in tango, touch, rus)], adj., tercipio. intercipi6, -cipere, -cEpi, -ceptus, untozlched, unimpaired, uiiwearied, fresh; as noun, fresh troops. - [inter-capio, take], 3. v. a., intercept, Esp., mt entered upon (of business); cut 0 s re integra, before anything was done, interclfidij, -cliidere, -cliisi, -cliibefore being committed to any course sus, [inter-claudo, shut], 3. v. a., cut o f action. 0 8shut O J block (roads) : fugam integij, -tegere, -tExi, -tZctus, [in- (stop, cut of). tego], 3. v. a., cover over, face (turinterdic6, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus, ns coriis). [inter-dico], 3. v. a., (intervene by an intelleg6, -legere, -Exi, -l&ctus, order), forbid, prohibit: Gallia Ro[inter-lego], 3. v. a,, (pick out [dis- manis interdici (exclude the Romam, tinguish] between), learn, know,jnd etc., by order) ; aqua atque igni (exout, discover, seeplain&, be aware. pel, by forbidding fire and water, the intend6, -tendere, -tendi, -tentus. regular form of exile) ; interdicere [in-tendo], 3. v. a., stretck, strain.- ne, forbid to, order not to. Esp. of the mind or eyes, 6e ident, interdia [inter-diu (acc. or abl. ?

interdum

83

interpretor

akin to dies)], adv., in the daytime, by day. interdurn [inter dum (orig. acc.)], adv., for a time, sometzmes. intereii [inter ea (prob. abl.)], adv., meanwhile, in the meantime. intereij, -ire, -ivi (a), -itfirus, [intereo e o into pieces?, cf. interficio)], irr. v. n., perish, die, be Killed. interfectus, -a, -um, p. p. of interficio. interficiij, -ficere, -fEci, -fectus, [inter-facio], 3. v. a., (cut to pieces, cf. intereo), kill, put to death. interici6, -icere, -iEci, -iectus, [iuter-iacio], 3. v. a., throw in (between). - Pass., lie between, intervene : spatio interiecto, interveniiz,r, i.e. Zeaving a short interval ; portubus interiectis (lying at intervaZs); sagittariis (thrown in a t in&-rva,n~. interiectus, -a, -um, p. p. @ , i n tericio. interim [loc. of tinterus, cf. inter, interior], adv., meanwhile. interior, -us, [comp. of tinterus (in-terus, cf. alter)], adj., inner, intepior. Masc. as noun : interiores, men in the imerior, meiz in the town. interitus, -ttis, [inter-itus, cf. intereo], destruction, death. intermissus, see iutermitto. intermitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, [inter-mitto], 3. v. a. and n., (letgo between),leave of, discontinue, stop, interrupt, cease : neque diem neque noctem (not cease dny or nzght) ; spatiis intermissis, Zeaving intel-JnZs; brevi tempore intermisso, wazting a short time ;spatio intermisso, after

a time ;triduo intermisso (Zeavingan interval O J etc.) ; pocte intermissa, a night intervening; flumea intermittit (dzscontinae, leave a vacaHt place) ; subeuntes non intermiserunt (didnot cease, etc.) ; intermissa profectione (delaying) ; vento intermisso ; nocturnis tempori(ceosing,faili+zg) bus ad laborem intermissis, ceasing their toil in the night time ;tempus ab opere, at any time cease the WOYA; diem quin, etc. (Zet a day pass without, etc.) ; intermissae trabes (separated) ; intermissis magistratibus, passed over f o r a year; pars oppidi intermissa a flumine (Zeft unprotected) ; planities intermissa collibus (broken by, &ing between). interneciij, -6nis, [inter-tnecio, same root as neco, kiZl], I?., exterminotion, annihildim (exercitus). interpello, -Hre, -%vi, -Itus, [intertpello, cf. appello, -Ire], I. v. a., interrupt, ihterfere with. interpijnij, -p6nere, -posui, -positus, [inter-pono], 3. v. a., put in between (lit. and fig.), interpose, aZZege (an excuse to break off something) : nulla suspicione belli interposita, no suspicion o f war appeariizg to hinder; fidem reliquie interponere (give a promise not to do something); decretum ( p u t in, introduce, into the affairs o f the Gauls) ; nulla dubitatioue interposita, with no hcsitaation toprevent, etc. interpres, -pretis, [inter-tpres (akin to pretium?)], c., a mediator, a n inteiyreter. interpretor, Z r i , -Itus, [interpret-], I . v. dep., iiiterpwt, exjlain.

interroggtue

84

iniitilis

interrogZtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of interrogo. . interrogb, &e, -8vi, - % t u , [interI O ~ O ] , I. v. a., (ask at intervals), pestiotz, iltterrogate, ash. interrump6, -rumpere, -riipi, -ruptus, [inter-rumpo], 3. v. a., br~vzh (between two points), b m z k down (bridges), destroy. interscind6, -scindere, -scidi, 4 s sus, [inter-scindo], 3. v. a., c z ~ tu f l (between two points), break down, tear down. intersum, -esse, -foi, -futiirus, [inter-sum], irr. v. n., be between, be amo7tg, be i i r , be eizpgea' i 7 z : non amplius intersit, there is n7r interval' o f not more t h m , etc. ; proelio, divinis rebus (be eftgaged i f z , &the f part in).- Esp., impers., it is o inzporta?rce,it itzterests, it coiiccuizs ; with neg., it makes ?to dzflccreiicc. intervlllum, -i, [inter-vallus, clistance between stakes in a rampart], N., &tome (between two things), distame ajart, itzteuval. interveni6, -venire, -vEni, -veiltfirus, [inter-venio], 4. v. n., come ktween, come z q , (at a particular juncture), arrive. interventtis, -tfis, [inter-tventus, cf. eventus and intervenio], M., a coming (to interrupt something), interverition. intexb, -texere, -texui, -textus, [in-texo], 3. v. a., weave ilz, weave together. intextus, -a, -urn, p. 11. of intexo. intoleranter [intolerant- (not enCE2Li.i~g) -Iter], adv., (with no pa-

o x

tience or restraint uzuw one's s e v ) , Iferc~l'y, viuZem2'y. intra [icstr. (?) of tinterus, cf. inter aud extra], adv. and prep. with acc , iuh, withzrt, imide. intritus, -a, -urn, [in-tritus (p. p. of tero, wear)], aclj., ZLIZWOP~Z. -

Fig., wzexhazisted, ztnzwcaried. intra, -are, -zvi, -iitus, [tinter&], I . v. a., erzter, g o irt. intrtjdac6, diicere, &xi, ductus, [intro-duco], 3. v. a., lead in, 6riqq in, march in (troops). introeb, -ire, -ivi (ii), -itus, [introeo], irr. v. a. and n., enter, cowe ilt. introitus, -tis, [intro-itus, cf. introeo], M., an entrance, aiz apflrorrch (means o f entrance). intrGmissus, -a, -urn, p. p. of intromitto. intrbmitttj, -mittere, -misi, -misSLIS, [intro-rnitto], 3. v. a., let go iit, semi in.- With reflex. or in pass., r m h iit :intromissus, rushing in. intrbrsus [intro-vorsus (petrified adv., nom., p. p. of verto, t Z i i . ~ ) ] , iitto tAe interior, imide, withzn. intrijrumpb, -rumpere, -rGpi, - r u p tiinis, [intro-rumpo], 3. v. n., break i ~ z burst , in. intueor, -tueri, -tuitus (-tfitus), [in-tueor], 2 . v. dep., gaze z i p i t , gaze at, cast one's eyes upon. intuli, see infero. intus [in -I- tus], adv., within. iniisitltus, -a, -um, [in-usitatus], aclj., zifzwoizted, ztnacczrstomed: inusitatior, Cess famil'iar. iniitilis, -e, [in-utilis], adj., of a o use, unserviceable. In a pregnant seuse, unfavorable.

inveni6

85

iter

cf. ira, a temporary feeling), irasciMi&, anger, passion, anindosi@. iricundus, -a, -urn, [ira cundus], adj., o f a vioZent temper, passionate, irascible. tor. is, ea, id, [pron. I], dem. pron., inventus, -a, -um, p. p. of in- this (less emph. than hic), that (unemph.), these, those, etc., the, a, he, venio. inveterisc6, -rLscere, -rHvi, -rLtC- she, it: quae pars ea, etc., the part rus, [in-veterasco], 3. v. n., grow old which, etc.; eo deceptus quod, etc. (Cy the fact that, etc.) ; et id, andthnt in, lecome estaCZished in. invictus, -a, -urn, [in-victus], adj., too; ea quae, !he things which, what; unconyuered. -Also, unconyz~erabZe~ Rhodanus influit et is transitur (and invincible. this river, etc.) ; cum ea ita sint, invides, -vidCre, -vidi, -visus, [in- since this is so; is locus quo, aplace video, see], 2. v. n. and a., (look where ;neque earn plenissimam, and askance at), envy, be jealous of; that not a very fidl one; manere in grudge. eo quod, etc., abide by what. -Abl. N., eo, the (old Bng. instrumental), invidia, -ae, [invidti- (envious) so much, on that acconnt, therej3re : ia], F.,envy, odium. eo magis, all the more; eo gravius, invioliitus, -a, -urn, [in-violatus], ~ h inore .reveye&. adj., inviolate. -Also (cf. invictus), so m z ~ the iste, -a, -ud, [is-te (cf. tum, taninvioZalle, sacred. invisus, -a, -um, p. p. of invideo. tus, etc.)], dem. pron., that, that d invitiitus, -a, -um, p. p. of invito. yours. ita [I f t a (instr. (?)of TA)], adv., invit6, &e, -Lvi, -iitns, [?I, I . v. a., so, in such a way, iiz this waji, this, invite, reyuest, attract. invitus, -a, -nm, [?I, adj., unwill- to szuh an exteirt, as follows :ut ing. Often rendered as adv., ita, as , . so, thozgh . yet, 60th . and; ita ut, in proportioir agaimt one's wiZZ. as ;non ita, not so very, n o t very. ipse, -a, -urn, [is-potis (?)I, intens. as,Italia, a e , [tItalti- (reduced) pron., se$ himselA etc. (as opp. to some one else, cf. sui, reflex., refer- ia (F. of ius)], F., Italy. itaque [ita que], adv., ana' so, ring to the subject), he, etc. (emph.), Be himself, etc. : hoc ipso tempore, accordingly, therefore. item [I-tem (acc. ?, cf. idem)], at this very time; ipse per se, in adv., in like maimer, so aLo, in the and o f itseZf; inter se (regular reciprocal), each other, with each other, same way (before mentioned). iter, itineris, [st. fr. I k o ) t unc. by each other, etc. term.], N., a road, a march, a way, iriicundia, -ae, [iracundtiia], n F . , wrath (as a permanent quality, a route, a course, a journey: i invenib, -venire, -venit -ventus, [in-venio], 4. v. a.,fnd, (come upon, cf. reperio,fnd b y search), learn. inventor, -t6ris, [in- tventor, cf. invenio], M., a discoverer, an inven-

..

.. .

..

...

iterum

86

iiistue

itinere, on the road; iu eo itinere, on the way; iter facere, march, trave2; iter dare, aZZow to pass; itinere prohibere,forbid to pass, keep fronz passing; maguis itineribus, by forced nzarclres; tutum iter, a safe passage. iterum [I terus, cf. alter], adv., a second ti7ne, again : semel atque iterum, again andngaiit. Itius [Celtic], adj., (with portus), the port where Cresar embarked for Britain the second time; either Wissant or Boulogne. iuba, -ae, [?I, F., the mane. iubeb, iubhe, iussi, iiissus, [prob. ius-habeo, cf. praebeo], 2. v. a., order, conzniam, bid. iiidicium, -i, [iudic- (in iudex, judge) ium], N., a judgment, (judicial), a tria2,a n ojinion (expressed officially) ; an opinion (geuerally), advice : optimum iudicium facere, e x p e s s (by some act) a very hig4 opinion ; iudicio, dy deskn ; often translated by c o w t . iodicb, -%re,-avi, -Stus, [iudic- (in iudex, j z ~ & e ) ] , I . v. a., f o m i a l b decide,deride, judge, a++e, tlrinb, consider . nihil gravius de civitate (thi7Zk nothing harsh about, etc.). iugum, -i, [IUG (in iungo) um], N., a yoke; sub iugum mittere (an insult inflicted on a conquered army). Hence, a ridge, a crest (of a row of hills). iiimentum, .i, [IUG- (?) -tmentum], N., a beast of Bzirdeiz,a packhorse, n horse. iiinctiira, -ae, [iunctura (P, of -rus)], P., njOitii72,e; ajoint: quau-

turn distabat iunctura, as f a r as the distance apart, of two things joined. iiinctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of iungo. iungG, iungere, iiinxi, iiinctus, [IUG], 3. v. a.,join, unite, attach together. - In pass. or with reflex., unite with, atLach ones selfto. iiinior, comp. of iuvenis. Iiinius, -i, [?,prob. iuveni- ius, but cf. Iuno], M., a Roman gentile name. - Esp., Decinms Izinius Brutus, see Brutus. -Also, Qziiiitus Iziitbs, a Spaniard in Czsars service. Iuppiter, Iovis, [Iovis-pater], M., the god of the visible heavens and the atmosphere, who was regarded as the supreme divinity of the Romans. Iiira, -ae, [Celtic], M., a chain of mountains in Gaul, running N. E. from the Rhone to the Rhine, separating the Sequani and the Helvetii. iiir6, -%re, -8vi, &us, [iur- (st. of ius)], I . v. n., swear, take a n oath. iiis, iiiris, [YU (akin to IUG) us], N.,jzistice, ri$t, riLrhts (collectively), r@ts over (anything), cZni/ns. iiis iiirandum, iiiris iiirandi, [see the two words], N., an oath. iiissii [abl. of tiussus], used as adv., by order, r?ytonzmand. ifistitia, -Be, [iustotia], r., justice (just behavior), sense of jzdstice,fnir dealing-. iiistus, -a, -urn, [ius tus], adj., &st, Zawflil. -Also, conzplete, perfect, regztkau: populi Romaui iustissimum esse imperium, that the Romans were Jest eiztitled to dominion.

iurenie

87

laesua

iuvenis, -e, [?I, adj., young. As noun, a young mait (not over 45), a youth: iuniores, the younger soldiers. iuventiis, -tWis, [iuven- (orig. st. of iuvenis) -k tus], F., youth.Concretely, the youth, theyoungmen.

iuv6, iuviire, iiivi, iiitus, [?I, I. v. a., help, aid, assist. iiixtii [instr. (?) of tiuxtus, sup. of tiugis (IUG -I- is)], adv. and prep. with acc., next, near, near by.

K
Kal., for Kalendae and its cases. Kalendae (Cal-).-Irum, [F.plUr.of tcalendus, p. of verb akin to calo, cafll, F. plur., the Calends (the first day of the Roman month, when, as it would seem, the times of the moon were announced to the assembled people).

L L . , for Lucius.
L (b), [a corrupt form of the Greek letter $ (prop. x), originally used for 50, and retained in the later notation], a sign for quinquiigintii. Laberius, -i, [?I, M., a Roman gentile name. -See Durus. LabiBnus, -i, [?, perh. labia (lips) -Ienus], M., a Roman family name. -. Esp., Titus Atit*s Labieaus, a violent partisau of Caesar, a legatus under him in Gaul, but afterwards in the civil war on the side of Pompey. labor, -6ris, [RABH (seize) or (for -os)], M., to& exertion (in its disagreeable aspect), labor (as painful), trouble, hardship. litbor, Ilbi, llpsus, [uric., cf. lXb6, totter], 3. v. dep., d i p , slide, fail Fig., commit an imprudence, go wrong, be disapjointed. lab6r6, -?ire, -Ivi, -Itus, [labor-], I. v. n., toil, exert ones self: id contendere e t laborare ne, strive and be anxious not i o have, etc. ; anlmo laborare, contube, revolve in ones mind anxiously. -Also, sufer labor, be hard pressed, labor. labrum, 4, [ L A B (in lambo, lick, cf. labia, lips) -I- rum], N , the lip. -Less exactly, the e4ye (of a horn, of a ditch), the rim (of a cup). lic, l a c k [?I, N., milk. lacesea, -cessere, -cessivi, -cessitus, [st. akin to lacio (entice) 4- unc. term], 3. v. n., irritlzte, provoke. Esp., attlzck, harass, assail, skirmish with : iniuriH Haeduos (wantonZy harass). lacrima, -ae, [tdakru- ma], F., a tear. lacrim6, -%-e., -%vi, -Htus, [lacrima-], I. v. a. and n., weep, shed tears. lacus, -Bs, [?I, M., a reservoir, a lake. laedlj, laedere, laesi, laesus, [unc.], 3. v. a., wound, injure. Fig., esp., break (ones word, etc.), violate. laesus, -a, -urn, p. p. of laedo.

laetitia

88

lagatus

laetitia, -ae, [laetll- tia], F., joy, gladness (cf. laetus). laetus, -a, -um, [unc. root (perh. akin to gZad) f tus], adj., joyful (of the inner feeling), rqhicing, glad. languidii [old case-form of languidus], adv., with little encrgy, fee&. languidus, -a, -um, [cf. langueo, be weary], adj., spiritless, ZistZess, languid: languidior, witk Cess spirit. languor, -%is, [LANG (in langueo, be weary) or], M., want o f spirit, Zistlesmess, wearmess. lapis, -idis, [?I, M., a stotte (to throw, etc.). - Collectively, stone,

stones.

liipsus, -a, -urn, p. p. of labor. laqueus, -i, [LAC (in lacio, entice) eus], M., a slz2-noose. largior, -iri, -itus, [larg6-, abundant],4. v. dep., give lavisk@,bestow upon, supply witk. -Also, give bribes, give presents. I - ter], largiter [largb (abundant) adv., lavish& :largiter posse, possess abundunt injuence. largiti8, -anis, [largi- (st. of largior) f tio], F., lavishgiving,bribery. lassitfid8, -dinis, [lassll- (weary) f tudo, cf. fortitudo], F., wearhess, exhazistioa. E t 5 [old case-form of latus], aclv., wide@: latius, toofar; longe lateque,far and wide. latebra, -ae, [lit& (in lateo) bra], F., a Aiding-place. late6, latere, latui, no p. p., [?I, 2. V. n., lie conmzled, hr!z, be concealed, pass unnoticed.

lZtitiid6, -dinis, [latll- 4- tudo] breadth, widtk. Latobrig?, -arum, [Teutonic], hi. plur., a German tribe, neighbors of the Helvetii. latr6, -anis, [prob. st. borrowed 0 1 , M., a mercenary (?I, fr. Greek a robher. latr6cinium, -i, [latron- cinium, cf. ratiocinor], N.,freebootittg, robbery, hzghway robbery. lltus, -a, -urn, [prob. for tplatus, cf. Eug.Jaz'], adj., broad, wide, extensive. latus, lateris, [prob. lat6-1, N., the side (of the body). - Also, generally, a side, afrunk, an end (of a hill). liitus, -a, -um, [for tlatus, TLA (cf. tollo, tuli) tus], p. p. of fero. laud6, -Hre, -Hvi, -Ltus, [laud-], I . v. a., praise, commend. laus, laudis, [?I, F., praise, credit, glory, merit (thing deserving praise). lavfi, -%re(-ere), -Hvi (livi), -Stus (lautus, lijtus), [?I, I . v. a., wash. In pass. used reflexively, bathe. laxfi,&e, -Hvi, -8tus, [laxb, loose], I . v. a., loosen, open out, extend. BgZiti8, -6nis, [leg% (despatch) tio], F., (a sending or commission), an embassy, an embassy (message of ambassadors). Egltus, -i, [prop. p. p. of 18g0, commission, despatch], M., an ambassador, envoy. -Also, a lieutenant, a Zegcrtus. To a Roman commander were assigned (legare) one or more subordinate officers capable of taking command in his absence or enF.,

gaging in independent operations dation). Also (cf. gravis), incorn under his general direction. These stant, jckle, wanting in chavacter : were the legati, and with the quzs- quid esset levius (less dignified). levitis, -tiitis, [levi- f tas], F . , tor composed a kind of staff. Z&htness. -Also (cf. levis), inconleg$ -6nis, [LEG (select) io], stancy,jfckleness. F., (a levy) ; hence, a legion (origileva, -ire, %vi, -itus, [levi- (as if nally the whole levy, later the unit of army organization, numbering leva-)], I . v. a,, lighten. Hence, from 3000 to 6000 men, divided into free from a burden, relieve. Ex, Egis, [LEG (in l e g , seZect)], ten cohorts). F., a statute, a law. l e g i h h i u s , -a, -um, [legionLexovii, &urn, [Celtic], M. plur., anus], adj., o f a Zegion, o f the line, legionary (the Roman heavy infantry a Gallic tribe in modern Normandy. of the legion as opposed to all libenter [libent- (willing) 4- ter], kinds of auxiliary troops). adv., wilZing&, with pleasure. Lemannus, -i, [?I, M., (with lacus With a verb, beglad to, etc. either expressed or implied), the liber, -bera, -berum, [tlibaLake o f Geneva, Lake Leman. (whence libet, it pleases) 4-rus Lemovices, -um, [Celtic], M. pl. : (reduced)], adj., free (of persons I . A Gallic tribe in modern Limouand things), unrestricted, zcndissin. The name is preserved in turbed, unincumbered. Limoges. liberilitgs, -tiitis, [liberali- 4- tas], linis, -e, [?I, adj., gentZe, smootA. F., generosa&, iiberali&. Enitas, -tltis, [leniliberzliter [liberali- 4- ter], adv., tas], F., gentleness,gentle current (of a river). generous&, KindZy (respondit) : oralgniter [leni-+ ter], adv., gent&: tione prosecutus (addressing in geenerous language). lenius, with Zess vigor. liberatus, -a, -um, p. p. of libero. Lepontii, -6rum, [Celtic], M.plUr., libere [old case-form of liber], a tribe of the Alps on the Italian adv.,freely, boldb, without restraint * side of St. Gothard. liberius, with too lit& restraint. lepus, -oris, [?I, M., a hare. liberi, -6rum, [prob. M. plur. of Leuci (Levaci), -6rum, [Celtic], M. pl., a Gallic tribe on the Moselle. liber, the free members of the houseLevaci, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur., hold], M. plur., children. liber6, -ire, -iivi, &us, [libera-], a tribe of Belgian Gaul, dependents I . v. a., free, set free, f-elieve (from of the Nervii. levis, -e, [for tleghvis, LAGH some bond) ; liberare se, secureones (jump) us (with inserted i, cf. jreedom IibertLs, -titis, [Iiber& (reduced) brevis), Eng. light], adj., light, shght, unimportant, o f no weight: I - tas], F., Ziber& freedom, i d e auditio (mere hearsay without f a n - pendence.

librilis

90

longus

Iibrilis, -e, [libra- (pound) -I-ilis], adj., of a pound we*ht: fundae (heavy missiles from slings, onepounders). licentia, -ae, [licent- (cf. licet) ia], F.,Cawlessness,7uant o f a'isczjVine. liceor, liceri, licitus, [prob. pass. of licet], 2. v. dep., bid (at an auction). licet, licere, licuit (Iicitum est), [tlica-, cf. delicus, reliquus], 2 . v. n., be allowed: id sibi, etc. (thatthey be a h w e d ) ; per t e licet, you aCZow, you do not hinder :licet conspicari, one can see; quibus esse licet, who may be, who have a chance to be; petere ut liceat, to ask permission. Liger, -eris, [Celtic], M., a river of Gaul between the Haedui and the Bituriges, the Loire. ligniiti6, -tinis, [IignZ- (cf. lignum, wood) tio], F . , gettinz wood. ligniitor, -tijris, [ligns- ( c f . lignum, wood) tor], M., wmdforager, wood-cutter. lilium, -i, [?I, N., a Cily. The name is applied jocosely to a peculiar kind of Jrvaux-a'e#rire. linea, -ae, [ h & ( f l ax) ea (F. of -eus)], F., a Cine. Lingones, -urn, [Celtic], M. plur., a Gallic tribe in the Vosges Mts. lingua, -ae, [?I,F.,tongue. Hence, iangwa,re. lingula, -ae, [lingua- la (P. of -ius)], F., a little tongue, a tongue of land. linter (lunt-), -tris, [?I, F. (?), (I. trou& a ski& a boat. linum, 4 , [prob. borr. fr. Gr.],

N.,Jiax.

lis, litis, [for tstlis, cf. locus and Eng.strife]. ~.,asuitutiaw.-Also, the amount in dispute, damages. Liscus, -i, [Celtic], M., a Hzduan, brother of Diviciacus. Litavicus, -i, [Celtic], M., a Haeduan chief. littera (lit-), -ae, [I,akin to lino, smear], F., a letter (of the alphabet). -Plur., letters, writing, an alphabet, a letter (an epistle), ~ecords. litus, -oris, [?I, N., a shore, a de11ch. locus, -i, [for tstlocus (piace)STLA cus], M. (sing.), N. (generally pl.), a $ace, a spot, a position, a region (esp. in plur.), a point, the ground (in military language), space, extent (of space), room. - Fig., position, rank, a point, place (light,position, character), a n opportuunity, a chance : obsidum loco, as hostnges. lociitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of loquor. long5 [old case-form of longus], adv., far, too f a r , absent,far away, distant: non longius mille (not more than) ; longe afuturum, would befar from he&iHg; longius prodire (any distance) ; longius aberat, was rather f a r away; longe nobilissimus (far, altogether). longinquus, -a, -um, [case-form of longus (perh. loc.) cus], adj., Cong (of time and space), distant, Zong-continued. longitiiaii, -dinis, [long& tudo], F . , Zen@. longurius, -i, [long& t urius], M., a Zoiagpole. adj., Zong longus, -a, -urn, (of space and time) ; in longiorem

[?I,

diem, to a more distant day; navis longa, a sha) of war, a war galley, (opposed to the broader naves one rariae) ; longum est exspectare, it is too long to wait, it wouZd take too long to, etc. loquor, loqui, lociitus, [?I, 3. v. dep., speak, talk, converse. lorica, -ae, [lorb (strap) 9- ica], F., a coat of m a 2 (orig. of leather thongs). - Also, a breastwork, a rampart (on a wall). Liiciinius, -i, [Lucanli- ius], M., a Roman gentile name. - Esp., Quintus Lucanius, a centurion in Caesars army. Lficius, -i, [luc- (in lux) -t ius], M., a Roman prznomen.

Lucterius, -i, perh. Celtic], M . , a Gallic name, perh. borrowed from the Romans. Esp., Lucterius Ca. durcus, a commander under Vercingetorix. Lugotorix, -igis, [Celtic], M., a British prince. liina, -ae, [LUC (in luceo, shine) 9- na], F . , the moon. Also personified, Luna, the Moon. * Lutetia, -a@, [?I, F., a city of the Parisii, on the islandof modern Paris. liix, liicis, [LUC, shine, as st.], F., lzght, dayhght prima luce, orta luce, or luce, at daybreak. liixuria, -ae, [tluxurll- (luxu(excess) 4- rus) ia], F., Zuxury, riotous Ziving.

I?:

.-

M M., for Marcus. magistrltus, -tiis, [magistd- (as M [corruption of C I 3 (orig. *) if st. of tmagistro, cf. magister, master) through influence of mille], 1000. tus], M., a magistracy mlceria, -ae, [tmi%cer6 (whence (office of a magistrate). - Conmacer6, sdten) ia], F., (mortar?), cretely, a magistrate (cf. the powers that be I). a wall. mlgnificus, -a, -urn, [magnllmiichinltiij, -6nis, [machina- $. .ficus (FAC (in facio) us)], adj., tio], F . , contrivance (mechanical). -Concretely, a contrivance, an en- splendid, grand, magnilfcent. mlgnitiidii, -dinis, [magnb 4&e, a derrick. maestus, -a, -um, [p. p. of mae- tudo], F., greatness, great size, size, exteent, stature, force (venti), s e v w reo, M I S (in miser, wretched) ip (supplici) : silvarum (immense tus], adj., sad, sorrow~uZ, dejcted~ woods) ; corporum (size, stature). Magetobriga, -ae, [Celtic]. F . , mlgnopere, see opus. a town in Gaul where Ariovistus dgnus, -a, -um, [MAG (increase) defeated the Gauls. Position un+nus, cf. magis], adj.,great (in any certain. magis [MAG (in magnus) 4- ius sense, of size, quantity, or degree), (N. comparative)], adv., more, large, extensive, important, seriour rather : eo magis, so much the more, (motus), heavy (portoria), high (aestus), loud (vox) : magni habere, tu ai2 the more. See I s 0 maxime.

mHiestiis

92

Marcomannl

vaZue h&hly, make much account of; magni interest, it is o f p e a t importance. nGior, compar. in usual sense.-Also, mlior (with or without natu), elder, older. I n plur. as noun, elders, ancestors.-maximus, superl., largest, very large, greatest, very great, etc. : maximis itineribus, by forced marcJes. See also Maximus. miiiestls, -tHtis, [maios- (orig. st. of maior) tas], F., (st@erioriQ), majesty, digni&. mlior, see magnus. malacia, a e , [borr. fr. Greek], F., (soft weather), a calm. male [old case-form of malus], ill, unsziccessj%l&. adv., peius, compar. - pessime, superl. maleficium, -i, [malefic& (mischievous) ium], N., harm, mischief. mllb, mHlle, mzlui, no p. p., [mage- (for magis) volo], irr. v. a. and n., wish more, wish rather, prefer, prefer rather. malus, -a, -urn, [?I, adj., bad (in ail senses), ill. - pEior, compar. pessimus, superl. milus, -i, [Gr.], M., (apple-tree), mast, beam (upright). manillturn, -i, [N. p. p. of mando], N., a trust (given to one), instructions (given), a message (given to some one to deliver). mand6, -Ere, -Pvi, -Itus, [?, tmandi- (manu-do)], I . v. a., put into ones hands, entrust, in~trztct (give iastructions to), cortmzt :se fugae (take t o ) ; quibus mandatum est, who had been instrzlcted.

Mandubii, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe north of the Haedui. Mandubracius, 4, [Celtic], M., a Briton, prince of the Trinobantes. mane [old case-form of tmanis (?, ma nis, cf. Matuta, goddess o f dawn)],adv., in the morning. maneb, manEre, miinsi, mHnsiirus, 2 . v. n., stay, remain, stay at home (absolutely, opp. to proficiscor).Fig., continue, stand by (in eo quod). manipullris, -is, rmanipuli5ais, prop. adj.], M., comrade (of the same maniple or company). manipulus, -i, [manu- tpulus (PLE u s ) ] , M., (a han@d, esp. of hay, used as an ensign), a inanip(e (two centuries, a third of a cohort). Manlius, -i, [?I, M., a Roman gentile name. -Esp., Lzicius Man&us, as proconsul, beaten by the Aquitani in B.C. 78. nGnsuEfaci6, -facere, -fEci, -factus, [tmansue- (cf. mansuesco, grow tame, and calefacio) -facio], 3. v. a., tame. - Pass., mlnsuEfi6, be tamed. mlnsuMiid6, -dinis, [tmansue(cf. mansuefacio) todo], F., tameness, gentle disposition, kindness. manus, -as, [?I3 F., the hand: in manibus nostris, just at hand, within reach; manu defendere (by arms) j dat manus, koZd out the hunds to be bound, acknowledge ones self conpztered, give in.-Also (cf. manipulus), a company, a band, a troop. Marcomanni, -6rum, [Teutonic, akin to inarch and man, the men of the marches ?I, M. plur., a s u p posed German tribe in the army of Ariovistus.

Nircus

93

mediocds
(cut, for material), timber, (cf. lig-

MHrcus, 4, [the hammer, akin to marceo, be soft, and morior, die], M., a Roman prasnomen. mare, -is, [?I, N., the sea: mare oceanum, the ocean; nostrum (i.e. the Mediterranean). maritimus, -a, -um, [maritimus, cf. finitimus], adj., of the sea, sea-, maritime, naval, on the sea : aestus (in the sea) ; ora (the seashore). Also, maritumus. ,[?I, M., a Roman genMarius, 4 tile name. - Esp., Gaius Marius, the opponent of Sulla and the champion of the popular against the aristocratic party. H e conquered the Cimbri and reutones (B.c. 1 0 1 ) and freed Rome from the fear of a Northern invasion. perh. MAR (in MHrs, MBrtis, [?, morior, die) f tis, the slayer, but more probably of wolves than of men in battle], M., Mars, originally probably a god of husbandry defending the sheep, but afterwards identified with the Greek Apqs and worshipped as the god of war. Casar again identifies him with the Celtic Hesus. - See aequus. mas, maris, [?I, adj., male.Noun, a maze. matara, -ae, [Celtic], F., ajaveZin (of a peculiar kind, used by the Gauls). mlter, -tris, [?, prob. M A ( w e ah) ter], F., a mother, a matron. miiter familils (old gen. of familia), F., a matron. mlteria, -ae (-es, -Si), [?, prob. mater ia (F. of -ius)], F., wood

num, woodfor fuel).

mlterior, -Zri, -Htus, [materia-], v. dep., get timber, bring wood. MatiscB, - h i s , [Celtic], F., a city of the Haetlui, now Macon. mHtrim6nium, -i, [mater- (as if matri) monium], N. (motherhood), marriage, matrimony : in matrimonium ducere, marry. Matrona, -ae, [Celtic], M., a river of Gaul, joining the Seine near Paris, the Marne. mZitiir6 [old case-form of maturus], adv., early, speedily. mltiirEsc6, -ttirEscere, -tfirui, no p. p., [mature- (cf. matureo) sco], 3. v. n., get ripe, ripen. mHtiirCi, -Zre, 4vi, &us, [matura-1, I . v. a. and n., hasten, make haste. mltiirue, -a, -um, [tmatu- (MA, (in mane) tus) t rus], adj., early. -Also (by unc. conn. of ideas), ripe, mature. maxim5 [old case-form of maximus], adv., in t A e greatest degree, most, very, i n the highest degree, especiaZly :ea maxime ratione, in that way more thnn any other; maxime confidebat, had the greatest coujdence. Maximus [sup. of magnus, as noun], M.,a Roman family name. medeor, -Eri, no p. p., [tmedll(whence medicus, remedium), root unc., cf. meditor], 2. v. dep., attend (as a physician), heaZ.- Fig., remedy, relieve. mediocrie, -cre, [medib cris], adj., miaalitzg, moderate: spatium (a little, no great); non mediocris, no little, no small degree of.
I.

mediocriter

94

Mercurius

mediocriter [mediocri- ter], adv., moderately: non mediocriter, in no sntaZl depee. Mediomatrici, -6rum, (-urn), [Celtic], M . plur., a Gallic tribe between the Meuse and the Rhine, about Metz. mediterrlneus, -a, -um, [mea& terra ( l a n d ) 4- aneus], adj., h'aad. medius, -a, -um, [MED (cf. Eng. m i d ) ius], adj., the middle o f (as noun in Eng.), mid-: in colle medio (AaCfway u)) ; locus medius utriusque ( h a y w a y 6etween) ; de media nocte, about midnght. Meldi, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of Gaul. melior, compar. of bonus. Melodiinum, -i, [Celtic], N., a city of the Senones, on a n island in the Seine,nowMelun; see Metiosedum. membrum, -i, [prob. formed with suffix -rum (N,of -rus)], N., a lim6, a part o f the 60dy. memini, -isse, [perf. of MAN, in mens, etc.], def. verb a., remember. memoria, -ae, [memor ia], F., ( mr ndfzdness), memory, recollection, f memory : memoria tenere, power o remem6er: memoriam prodere, hand down the memory (of something just mentioned); memoriam deponere, cease to remember ; memoria proditum, handed down by tradition; supra hanc memoriam, beyond the memory o f this generation ;dignum f remembrance ; memoria, worthy o nostr5 memoril, within our memory, i n our own time. Menapii, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur.,

a Gallic tribe between the Meuse and the Scheldt. mendlcium, -i, [mendac- ( f a k e ) ium], N., falsehood, a falsehood. m h s , mentis, [MAN tis (reduced)], F., (a thought ?),the inteZZed (as opposed to the moral powers, cf. animus), the mind, a state of mind: mentes animosque, minds andhenrts; oculi6 mentibusque, with eyes and thou@s. mensis, -is, [unc. form fr. MA, measure (cf. moon, month)], M., a month. m h i i r a , -ae, [tmensu- (MA, measure, as if man, tu) ra (F. of -rus)], F., measure: ex aqua menaurae, measures by the waterdock; itinerum (accurate length). menti8, -6nis, [as if M A N (in memini) tio (prob. tmenti o)], F., mention. mercgtor, -t8ris, [tmerca- (cf. mercor, trade) -k tor], M., a trader (who carries his own wares abroad). mercltiira, -ae, [tmercatu- ra (F. of rus)], F., t r a j k , trade, commercial enterprise. merces, -Edis, [mer@- (cf. merx, merchandise) 4- due (reduced)], F., hire, pay, wa.+vs. Mercurius, -i, [unc. form, akin to merces, etc.], M., Mercury, the Roman god of gain, traffic, etc. Afterwards, identified with the Greek Hermes, he was considered also the god of eloquence as well as of trade, the messenger of the gods, and the god of roads, etc. H e is identified by Czsar with a Celtic divinity, probably Teutates.

+ +

mereor

95

Minucius

miles, -itis, [unc. et. akin to mereor, 4ri, .itus, (also mereo, active), 2. v. dep., win, deseme,gain. mille as root t i s (reduced)], c., Also (from earning pay), serve : a soldier, a common soldier (as opmereri de, serve the interests of. posed to officers),a legionary soldier (heavy infantry, as opposed to other meridiinus, -a, -um, [meridi8anus], adj., o f midday : tempus arms of the service). Collectively, (noon). the soldiers, the soldiery. militaris, -e, [milit- aris], adj.. meridiss, -6i, [prob. medio- (reduced) -dies], M., midday, noon.o f the soldiers, military : signa (batAlso, the south. tle-standards). See res. meritum, -i, [N. p. p. of mereo], militia, -ae, [milit- ia], F., nziliN . , desert, service.-merit6 (abl. as tary service, service (in the army). adv.), deserved&: minus merito, mille, indecl. milia, -ium, [akin to quam miles], adj. in sing., noun in plur., withozrt the fault; magis merito eorum, more than 6y any act a thousand: mille passuum, a thouo f theirs; merito eius a se fieri, that sandpaces, a mile. he deserved that he should do it. Minerva, a e , [unc. form akin to meritus, -a, -urn, p. p. of mereo. memioi, etc.], F., Minema, the godMeseala, -ae, [I],M., a Roman dess of intellectual activity, and so family name. -Esp., Marcus Vu- of skill and the arts, identified with leerius Messala, consul, B.C. 61, with the Greek Athene. Marcus Piso. minime [old case-form of miniinstior, metiri, mensus, [tmetimus], adv., in the smallest degree, (MA tis ?)I, 4. v. dep., measure, Zeast, very little, not at all. measure out, deal out (rations), disminimus, -a,-um, [lost st. (whence minuo) imus (cf. infimus), superl. tribute. MetiosBdum, -i,[Celtic], N.,earlier of parvus], adj., smallest, least.name of Melodunum. Neut. as noun and a&., the least, MWius, 4, [?I, M., a Gaul in rela- least, very Zittle. tions of hospitality (see hospes) minor, -us, [lost st. (cf. minimus) with Ariovistus. ior (compar. ending)], adj., commet6, metere, messui, messus, par. of parvus, smaller, less :dimidio [?I, 3. v. a., cut, rea?, gather. as minor, h a u as large.-Neut. noun and adv., less, not much, not metus, -tfis, [unc. root tus], M., fear. -Often superfluous with other very, notso much, not so: quo minus, words of fearing: metu territare, in order that not; s i minus, if not; minus valebat (not so strong, terrify. -Esp. : hoc metu, fear o f less, etc.); minus uti (not so well); this. minus magnus fluctus (less violent, meus, -a, -um, [MA (in me) smaller). ius], poss. adj. pron., my, mine. Minucius (Minut-), -I, [perh. akin mihi, see ego.

.. .

...

mind

96

molli6 adj., easily ntovd, movable, mobiZe fickle, hasty. mijbilitls, -tHtis, [mobili- 4-tas], F . , mobiliy, artivity (of troops), in. constuncy,j5kleness. mabiliter [mobili- I -ter (prob. terum, reduced)], adv., easily (of motion), readily. moderor, &-i, -iitus, [tmoder(akin to modus, cf. genus, genero)], I . v. dep., controZ, regulde, restrain. modestia, -ae, [modest& ia], F., modeyation, sev-control, wbordination (of soldiers). moa6 [abl. of modus], adv., (with measure ?), on&, merely, just, even: just now, lately :paulum modo (just: a very) ; non , modo, not only ; aspectum modo, the mere sight. modus, -i, [MOD (cf. moderor)+ us], M., measure, puantilv. Hence, mnnner, fashion, style, method: ad hunc modum, after thisfashion; nullo mod& in n o way. See eiusmodi. moenia, -iurn, [MI (distribute?) nis (cf. communis) (orig. shares of work done by citizens?)], N. plur., fortz&ations, walZs of a city. mblEs, -is, [?, cf. molestus], F., a mass. -Esp., a dike, a dam. molestg [old case-form of molestus, tuoublesome], adv., hecivily, severe@: moleste ferre, &he R a d @ , be vexed at. m6limentum, -i, [moli- (st. of molior, strive) mentum], N . , trouble, dz$culty, exertion. molitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of molo. molli6, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [molli-1, 4 . V. a., sojten. Fig., makc easy : clivum.

to minus], M., a Roman gentile name. See Basilus and Rufus. minu6, -uere, -ui, -Gtus, [tminu(cf. minus)], 3. v. a. and n., lessen, weaken, diminish :aestus (ebb) ; vim (break the force, etc.) ; controversias (settle); desidiam (cure, correct); ostentationem (humble). miritus, -a, -urn, p. p. of miror. miror, -iiri, -Itus, [mira-1, I . v. dep., wojtdey, wonder at, be sur-' prised. miritus, -a, a m , p. p. in pres. sense, surprised. mirus, -a, -urn, [?,S M I (cf. smile) -I-rus], adj., surprising, marvellous, wonderful: mirum in modum, in a surprising manner. miser, -era, -erum, [MIS (cf. maereo) -I-TUB], adj., wretched, pitiable, miserable,poor. misericordia, -ae, [misericord(merc;ful) ia], F., mercy, $i@, clemency. miseror, -X,-iitus, [tmiser&], I . v. dep., bewail, complain oJ missus, -a, -urn, p. p. of mitto. missus, -siis, [MIT (?, root of mitto) tus], M., a sending :missu y Cmar, under Caesaris, despatched 6 orders of Cmar. mitissimg [old case-form of mitissimus], adv., superl. of mite (N. of mitis), very gently, very mildly, in very gentle terms. mitt6, mittere, misi, missus, [?I, 3. v. a,, let go (cf. omitto), send, despatch, discharge, shoot: sub iugum mittere, send under the yoke. See

..

iugum.
m6bilis, -e, [prob. mod- (as if st. o f moveo, or a kindred st.) bilis],

mollie

97

multus

mollis, e,[?I, adj., soft, tender. Fig., weak, feeble, not hard, n o t j r m : animus ad resistendum; litus (gent& duping) mollities, -si (also, -a, -ae), [molli'f ties (cf. -tis)], F., softltess. Fig., weakness: animi (feebleness o f purpose, weakneu of character). molb, -ere, -ui, -itus, E?], 3. v. a., grind. See cibarius. mijmentum, -i, [movi- (as st. o f moveo, move) mentum], N., vzeans f motion. - Fig., of motion, cause o weight, importance,influence : habere (be of importance). Mona, -ae, [Celtic], F., the Isle of Man, off the coast of Britain, but confounded with Anglesea. moneb, -Ere, 4 , -itus, [causative of MAN (in memini) or denominative fr. a kindred st.], 2. v. a,, remind, warn, advise, urge. m6ns, montis, [MAN (in mineo, prqect) 4- tis (reduced)], M., a mountain, height. mora, -ae, [prob. root of memor, mindful, a], F., delay, grounds of delay. morztus, -a, -urn, p. p. of moror. morbus, -i, [MAR (in morior, die) bus], M., sickness, illness. Morini, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of the Belga on the coast of Picardy. morior, mori (moriri), mortuus (moritiirus), [MAR (cf. mors)], 3. v. dep., die. Moritasgus, -i, [Celtic], M., a chief of the Senones. moror, dri, -Stus, [mora-], I . v.

dep., retard, hinder, check (the advance of), deZay, wait, stay. mors, mortis, [MAR (cf. morior) -k tis], F . , death: sibi mortem con. sciscere, commit suicide. mortuus, -a, -urn, p. p. of morior. mbs, mcris, [?I, M., a custom, a usage, a way (of acting).- Plur., customs, habits, character (as consisting of habits, cf. ingenium and indoles, of native qualities). Mosa,-ae, [Celtic], M., a river in Belgic Gaul, now the Meuse, or Maas. mbtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of moveo. mbtus, -tfis, [movi- (as st. of moveo) tus], M., a movement, a disturbance, an uprising: expeditior (movement of ships) ; celer atque instabilis (changes, of the passage of events in maritime warfare) ; siderum (revolutions). moveb, movcre, m6vi, mMus, [f], 2. v. a., set in motion, move, stir: castra (move from a place to another; also, absolutely, break camp). mulier, -eris, [?I, F., a woman. miilia, -6nis, [mu16- 4- 01, M., a muleteer, a driver. multitiidij, -dinis, [mult& tudo], F., a great number, great numbers, number (generally). - Esp., the multitude, the common people. mult6, see multus. multb, -%re, -Hvi, -%us, [multa-, fine], I . v. a., punish (by fine), deprive (one of a thing as a punishment). multum, see multus. multus, -a, -um, [?, poss. root of mille, miles, f tus], adj., much,

mIIlus

98

nanctua

many: multo die, late in the day; ad multam noctem, till late a t night. -multum, neut. as noun and adv., much. - Also, plur., multa, many things, much, a great deal. -AM., multo, much,far :multofacilius. As compar., pliis, pltiris, N. noun and adv. ; plur. as adj., more, much, very: as noun, several, many.As superl., pliirimus, -a, -um, most, very many, very much: quam pluh i , as many as possible ;quam plurhos possunt, the most they can; plurimum posse, have most power, be very strong or injuential; plurimum valere, have very great weight. miilus, -i, [?, perh. akin to molo, g r i n d ] , M. (the mill-beast),a mule. Miinattius, 4,[prob. akin to munus], M., a Roman gentile name. Esp., Lucius Munatius Plancus, a legatus in Caesars army. mundus, -i, [?I, M. (orig. adj., well ordered, a translation of Gr. U~U~OE) the , universe, the world. mimimenturn, -i, [munimentum], N., a fortzjfcation. -Plur., u defence. miini6, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus, [muni(st. of moenia)], 4. v. a. and n.,

fortyy. -Less exactly, protect, defend, fururttish (by way of protection), make (by embankment), construct: castra ; iter. -munitissima castra (very strongly fortified). miinitib, - h i s , [munitio], F., for@ication (abstractly). - Concretely, a fortification, works, fortifica#ions, defences : munitio operis, building works o f defeme; munitionis causa, t o build works, etc. miinitus, -a, -um, p. p. of munio. miinus, -eris, [min (as if root of moenia) us, orig. share (cf. moenia)], N., a duQ, a service, a task : munus militiae, military service. Also, (a contribution), a tribute, a giJt,a present. miirllis, -e, [mur6- alis], adj., o f a waZl, wall-: pila (heavy javelins for service in siege operations). miirus, -i, [?I, M., a wall (in itself considered, cf. moenia, defences). miisculus, -i, Emus culus, dimin.], M., (little mouse), a shed (small and very strong, for covering besieging soldiers). mutilus, -a, -urn, [?I, adj., mutilated: cornibus (with short broken horns, of the elk).

N
nactus, -a, -urn, p. p. of nan-

ciscor.
nam [old case-form, cf. tam, quam], conj.,for. NammBius, 4, [Celtic], M., a Helvetian sent as ambassador to Caesar. Namnetes, -urn, [Celtic], M. pl.,

a Gallic tribe on the Loire around Nantes. namque [nam-que], conj., f o r (a little more emphatic than nam). nanciscor, -cisci, nactus (nanctus), [NAC], 3. v. dep ,f;nd, get, procure, light upon,get hold of; obtain. nanctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of nanciscor.

BantuHtes

99

neceseHrius

muticus, -a, -urn, [nauta- CUS], adj., @ a sailor (or sailors), naval. nlvllis, -e, [navi- (reduced) tion, probably in Savoy. Narb6, .Cinis, [Celtic], M., a city alis], adj., o f shz& naval: navalis of the Roman province of Gaul, pugna, sea-&ght. early made a Roman colony, now nlvicula, -ae, [navi- cula], F . , a boat, a small vessel, a ski$? Narbonne. nfvigiiti8, - h i s , [navigb tio], nfscor, nHsci, n%tus, [ G N A , cf. gigno], 3. v. dep., be born, arise, be F., a sailinf, a voyage, travelling by produced, spring up, be raised (of sea, a trip (by sea). beasts), be found (plumbum). nlnfvigium, -i, [tnavig& (?,navi tagus) ium], N., a vessel (gentus, p. p., sprungi born. Nasua, -ae, [?, Germanic], M., a eral), a craft, a boat. nlvig6, -itre, -hi, -iitus, [tnavigb leader of the Suevi. (see navigium)], I. v. n., sail. nltflis, -e, [natu- (reduced) alis], adj., o f birth: dies natalis, navis, -is, [(S)NU,flOat(increased), a birthday. with added i], F., aship, a vessel, a nlti8, -6nis, [ G N A (cf. nascor) doat: oneraria (a transport) ; longa tio, perh. through intermediate st.], (a war galley) ; navi egredi, land. F., (a birth), a race, a nation, a tribe, nfv6, -%re,-%vi,I t u s , [(g)nav&, a clan. busy], I. v. a., do ones best: operam nltivns, -a, -um, [natu- (reduced) (do ones best). ivus], adj., native, natural. ni$ [ N A , unc. case-form], conj., nltiira, -ae, [natu- ra (F. of lest, t h a t . not, not to (do anything), f r o m (doing anything), so -IUS)], F., (ai&), nature, character not,forfear that.-After (of living creature), character, nature that (of inanimate things) ; ea rerum verbs of fearing, that.- Also adv., natura, szcch the state o f the case; ne quidem, not , men, not either; ne Vorenus quidem, nor aecundum naturam fluminis, down . stream ;natura triquetra (inform) ; Vorenus either; Yoyenus,too, did not, natura cogebat, must necessarily ; etc. -ne (enclitic) [prob. same as nE, de rerum natura (physical science) ; eadem feminae marisque (form, or- orig.=nonne], conj., not? (as a ganization); nhturam vincere (human question, cf. nonne), whether, did f the nature); natura loci, natwe o (as question in Eng.), do, etc.See also necne, nec. ground. nitus, -a -um, p. p. of nascor. nec, see neque. natus, -tfis, [ G N A (cf. nascor) necesslrius, -a, -um, [tnecess8tus], M., birth : maiores natu, elders. (reduced) ariue], adj., (closely bound?), necessary : tempus (critinauta, -ae, [borrowed from GI. vahqs], M., a sailor, a boatntav, car) j causa (pressing, unavoidable) Nantultes, -urn, [Celtic], M. pl., a tribe of Gaul of uncdrtain posi-

+ +

..

... ... ..

. .

necesse

IO0

neuter

res (absoZute& necessary, needful, indispensable). - Also, as noun, a connection (a person bound by any tie), a kinsman, a close friend. Abl. as adv., necessari6, @.necessity, necessarily, unavoidabr'y. necesse [?, ne-cess&, cf. cedo], indecl. aclj., necessary. - With est, one must, one cannot but, one must inevitably. necessitiis, -tiitis, [+necess& tas], F., necessity, constraint, coinpulsion :temporis (exigency); suarum necessitatum causa (interests). necessitbd6, -dinis, [tnecess& tudo], F., close connection (cf. necessarius), intimacy, close relations. necne [nec ne], conj., or n o t (in double questious). necii, -Hre, -Hvi (-ui), -Itus (-tu), [nec (st. of nex, death)], I . v. a.,put to death, hill, murder (in cold blood). nEcubi [ne cubi (?, for quobi, - see ubi)], conj., that nuwhere, lest anywhere, that not. . anywhere. neflrius, -a, -um, [nefas ius], adj., wicked, infamous, abominabk. nefiis, [ne-fas], N. indecl., a crime (against divine law) : nefas est, it is not allmabZe. neglegii (necl-), -legere, G x i , -1%tus, [nec (=ne) -]ego], 3. v. a., not regard, disregard, neflect : iniurias (leave unavenged, leave tinptmished) ; hac parte neglecta (leave unnoticed) ; metu mortis neglect0 (careless o J etc.). negii, -Ere, -Hvi, -Htus, [?,poss. ne-aio], I . v. a. and n., say no, say . not, Fefuse.

negiitior, -Zri, -Itus, [negoti&],

v. dep.? do business (on a large scale, as in money, etc.). negiitium, -i, [nec-otium, ease], N., business, occuFation, an undertaking. Less definitely, a matter, a thing. -Also, da$cailty, trouble : in ipso negotio, at the moment of action ; negotium conficere, make a thorough btisiitess o f a thing, &is4 a thing u p ; quid negoti, whnt business ? cf. Eng. '' what business have you here ? " ; dare negotium alicui, etnploy one,give in charge to. Nemetes, -urn, [Teutonic], M. pl., a German tribe on the Rhine. n6m6, tneminis, [ne-homo, man], e., no one, nobody: non nemo, many a one. ngqulquam [ne-quaquam, anyway (cf. e l , qua)], adv., rn no way, by no means. neque (nec) [ne-que], adv., and not, a n d y e t . . not, nor: neque neque, neither. nor. ngqui(d)quam (ngquic-), [ne. . qui(d)quam, nnything], adv., to no purpose, $72 vain, not without reason. Nervicus, -a, -urn, [Nervi& (reduced) CUS], adj., o f the N e r d , Nervian Nervius, -a, -urn, [Celtic], adj., Nervian. - M. plur., the Nervii, a powerful tribe of Bel& Gaul. nervus, -i, [prob. for tnevrus], M., a sinew.Fig., i n plur., strenyth, vigor. neu, see neve. neuter, -tra, -trum, [ne-uter, 7vhicir (of two)], adj. pron., neithei ~Plur., neither parv, neither szdc.
I.

. .

..

+
.

neve

IO1

nBsc5

neve (neu) [ne-vel, conj., or not, and not, nor. nex, neck, [?I, F., death, vio2ent death, execution. nihil, see nihilum. nihilum, -i (nihil), [ne-hilum, t l i f e , whit ?I, N. (also indecl.), nothing: nihil reliqui, nothing l e f ; nihil respondere, make no answer.- nihilb, abl, as adv., none, no. -nihil, acc. as adv., not a t aZZ: non nihil, somewhat. nimius, -a, -um, [nimi- (?, st. of nimis, too much) ius], adj., too much, too great. nisi [ne-si], conj., (not. if), unless, except, except in case: nisi cum, until; nisi rogatus, without being asked. nisus, -a, -urn, p. p. of nitor. Nitiobriges (-broges), -urn, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of Aquitania, on the Garonne. nitor, nisus (nixus), niti, [prob. genu, knee], 3. v. dep., (strain with the knee against something), struggle, strive, exert ones self: niti insidiis (re& upon). nix, nivis, [?I, F., snow. nijbilis, -e, [as if (g)no (root of nosco, kmw) 4- bilis], adj., famous, nobZe, well-Born (cf. notable ). Plur. as noun, the nohles. nbbilitiis, -tatis, [nobili- tas], F., nobili9. - Concretely, the nobiZity, the nobZes. nocEns, see noceo. noceij, nodre, -ui, no p. p., [akin to nex, death], 2. v. n., do harm to, injure, harm, harass. -nocEns, -entis, p. as adj., hurtfiul, guile (of some harm).

..

noctii [abl. of tnoctus (noc- t tus)], as ady, B y nzght. nocturnus, -a, -urn, [noc- turnus, cf. diuturnus], adj., o f the night, nighti), nocturnal, in the night, by night: tempus (nkht-time). nijdus, -i, [?I, M., a knot, a joint : nodi et articuli, protuberantjoints. nblb, nclle, n6lui, [ne-volo], irr. v. a. and n., not wish, be unwilling, wish not, not like to have: noli, nolite, do not (with infin.). nomen, -minis, [(G)NO (root of noscp, know) men], N., a name (what one is known by), name (fame, prestige). As a name represents an account, an account: nomine dotis (on accountof,as) ; suo nomine, on his own account; nomine obsidum, under pretence of hostages. nbminiitim [acc. of real or supposed tnominatis (nomina- xis)], adv., by name (individually). nbminb, -Hre, -%vi, -Itus, [nomin-1, I. v. a., name, mention,tal2 by name. non [ne-oenum (unum)], adv., not: non est dubium, there is no doubt; non mediocriter, in no small degree. nbnlgintl, indecl., num., ninety. nbndum (see dum), notyet. nomallus (see nullus), some. nonnumquam (see numquam), sometimes. noms, -a, -urn, [tnovi-(?) nus (mus)], num. adj., ninth. NijrEia, -ae, [Teutonic], F . , a city of the Norici, in modern Styria. Nbricus, -a, -urn, [st. akin to C U ~ ] , adj., o f the Norici, Noreia Norican. nos, nbsmet, see ego, egomet.

no8

I02

nitnti6

nZlsc6, nijscere, nijvi, nijtus, know], 3. v. a,, learn, become acquainted with. In perf. tenses, know. -n6tusJ -a, -um, p. p. as adj., known, familiar, well-kizown:notis vadis (being acquainted with, etc.). noster, -tra, -trum, [prob. nos (nom. plur.) -Iter], poss. adj. pron., our, ours.- In plur., our men (the Romans), our forces. nMitia, -ae, [not& tia], F., acquaintance with, knWledg8. n6tus, p. p. of nosco. novem [unc. reduced case-form], indecl. num. adj., nine. Noviodiinum, -i, [Celtic], N. : I. A town of the Bituriges, on the Loire. - 2. A town of the Hmdui.3. A town of the Suessiones. novitls, -t%tis, [nov& tas], F., novelty, strarigeness, strange character : rei (novelty, unexpected occurrence). novus, -a, -urn, [?,cf. Eng. new], adj., new, novel, f>esh: res novae, a change of governmetit, revolution. -novissimus, -a, -um, superl.,latest, last: agmen (the rear). nox, noctis, [akin to noceo, harm], F., night: prima nocte, in the ear@ part o f the nighf; multa nocte, late a t night. noxia, -ae, [NOC (in noceo, harm) unc. term.], F., crime, guilt. niibij, niibere, niipsi, niiptus, [akin to nubes, cloud], 3. v. n., veil ortes serf (of the bride), marry (of the woman). niidiitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of nudo. niidb, -%re, Zvi, -?itus, [nuda-], I. v. a,, lay bare, expose, strip.
[(G)NA,

Less exactly, clew (murum defensoribus). niidus, -a, -urn, [?,root (akin to dus], adj., naked, bare, naked) unprotected, exposed. niillus, -a, -urn, [ne-ullus], adj., not any, no. - As noun, no one. n6n niillus, some. - Plur. as noun, some, some persons. num [pron. N A , cf. tum], adv., interrog. particle, suggesting a neg. answer, does, is, etc., it i s not, is it? and the like: num posse (in indirect discourse, could he, etc.). niimen, -inis, [NU (in nuo, irod) f men], N., (a nod), will, power. Hence, diviitity. numerus, -i, [tnumo- (cf. nummus, Numa) -k IUS], M., a number, number: in hostium numero habuit (in the place of, etc., euphemism for slaughtered) ; totidem numero, the same number; impedimentorum (quantity, Le. number of packhorses); ad numerum, lo the 7eguired tzumber; aliquo numero, of some account. Numida, -Be, [?I, M., a Numidian (employed in the Roman army as cavalry, cf. Zouave, Turco). nummus, 4 , [akin to numerus], M., a coin : pro nummo, for coin. numquam (nun-) [ne-umquam], adv., never. nunc [num-ce, cf. hic], adv., n m (emphatic, as an instantaneous now, cf. iam, unemphatic and continuous) : etiam nunc, eveiz then (of the past considered as present). niintifitus, -a, -um, p. p. of nuntio. niinti6, -Ere, -%vi, -%tus,[nuntiti-],

nltntius

103

obsessi6

I. v. a,, semi w w s , report, makt known: nuntiatum est ei ne (he was ordered not to, etc.). niintius, -i, [tnovent- (p. of tnoveo, be new) ius], M., (newcomer), a messenger. Hence, news : nuntium mittere (send word) ; per eorum nuntios (agents).

. ..

niiper [for novi-per, cf. p a m p e r ] , adv., late&, recent&, not long ago. nihquam [ne-usquam], adv., nowhere, i n no case (almost equal never). natus, -tiis, [NU tus], M., a nod, a sign :ad nutum, at one's beck, at one's command; nutu, by signs.

0
ob [unc. case-form], adv. (in comp.), and prep. with acc. (near), against, Hence, OH account Of, f o r : ob eam rem,for this reason, on this account.- I n comp., towards, to, against, over. obaeriitus, -a, -urn, [ob-taeratus, as if p. p. of taero, cf. aes, money], adj., bound in debt (to some one). - A s noun, a deltor, a servant for debt. obdiic6, -diicere, -diixi, -ductus, [ob-duco], 3. v. a., lead towards, lead against: fossam (throw out, in a military sense, carry along). obeb, -ire, -ii, -itus, [ob-eo], irr. v. a., go to, go about, attend to. obici6, -icere, -iEci, -iectus, [obiacio], 3. v. a., throw against, throw in the way,present, throw up (against the enemy, etc.), set up, expose. -obiectus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., Zyying opposite, b i n g i n the way. obitus, -tiis, [ob-itus, cf. obeo], M., a going to. -ESP., a going to death (cf. obire mortem), destruch'on, annihilation. obiectus, -a, -um, p. p. of obicio. ObEtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of offero. obliqul [old case-form of obliquus], adv., obliquely, slanting. obliquus, -a, -um, [ob-tliquus, cf. li(c)mus, aslant], adj., slanting. obliviscor, -livisci, -litus, [obtlivio, cf. liveo], 3. v. dep., (grow dark against ?),forget. obsecr6, -Hre, -Lvi, -Etus, [manufactured from ob sacrum ( m a r or by some sacred osjert)], I . v. a., entreat, adjure, implore. obsequentia, -ae, [obsequent(yielding) ia], F., comjliance, deference : nimia obsequentia, too ready compliance. observltus, -a, -um, p. p. of observo. observ6, -Ere, Zvi, -Stus, [observo], I . v. a., (be on the watch towm-ds ?), p a r d , maintailt, keep : iudicium (foLlow, comply with) ; dies natalis (keep, celebrate). obses, -idis, [ob-tses, cf. praeses and obsideo], c., (a person under guard), a hostage. obsessi6, -6nis, [ob-tsessio, cf. obsideo], F., a blockade, a siege, a state of siege (cf. oppugnatio, of actual siege operations).

obsessus

I 0 4

occultue

obsessus, -a, -urn, p. p. of obsideo. obsideij, -sidEre, -sEdi, -sessus, [ob-sedeo], 2. v. a., (sit down against), blockade, beset,guard. obsidiij, -8nis, [obsidii- (reduced) 01, F . , a siege (cf. obsessio), a blockade : obsidione liberare (from besetting enemies). Also, the art of siege. obsignitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of obsigno. obsignij, -%e, -Hvi, -Ztus, [obsigno], I. v. a., seal up, seal. obsistb, -&ere, -stiti, no p. p., [ob-sisto], 3. v. n., withstand, resist. obstiniit8 [old case-form of obstinatus, fr. obstino, persist], adv., persistent&. obstrictus, -a, -urn, p. p. of obstringo. obstringij, -stringere, -strinxi, -strictus, [ob-stringo], 3. v. a., bind (lit. and fig.) : habere obstrictas (under obligation). obstrilctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of obstruo. obstruij, -struere, -striixi, -strCctus, [ob-struo, pile], 3. v. a,, block up, barricade. obtemperij, -Hre, 4vi, -LtGrus, [obtemper~],I. v. n., (rony$or.z to), comply with, submit to. obtestiitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of obtestor. obtestor, &i, -iitus, [ob-testor, cf. testis, witness], I. v. dep., implore (calling something to witness). obtineij, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus, [ob-teneo], 2. v. a,, hoZd (against something or somebody), retain, maintain, occupy,possess :provinciam

(have control of as prator): iustissimam apud eum causam obtinere, be entire& free from obligation towards him, as having a perfect right to benefits conferred. obtulii perf. of offero. obveni6, -venire, -vEni, -ventfirus, [ob-venio], 4. v. n., come to, come in ones way, f a l l t o (by lot). obviam [ob-viam], adv., in tht way of; to meet (any one) : obviam venire, come to meet. occlsib, - h i s , [ob-Tcasio, cf. occido], P., opportmity .- occasio brevis, a short time; rem occasionis, a matter o f opportunity. occlisus, -si%, [ob-casus, cf. occiao], M., a faZliBg, a setting (of the sun) : solis (the suaset, the west). occia6, -cidere, -cidi, -cHsiirus, [ob-cado], 3. v. n.,fall, be slain, set: sol occidens, the west. occidij, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, [obcaedo, cut], 3. v. a., hill, massacre: occisi, the slain. occisus, -a, -urn, p. p. of occido. tio], occultltiij, -6nis, [occulta- -IF., coizcealment. occultitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of occulto. occult8 [old case-form of occultus], aclv., secretly. occultij, 4re, -Hvi, -iitus, [occult&], I . v. a., conceal, hide. occultus, -a, -urn, [p. p. of occulo], as adj., concealed: in occulto, i n secret; ex occulto, from a n anrhush, in a m h s h ; in occulto sese continere, keep themselves Ridden ; insidiandi ex occulto, o f attackingfrom a n unt durrade.

occuplti6, -6nis, [occup& tio], Ius], M., the eye :sub oculis, in s&& occupation (engagement in busi- bejore the eyes. ness), business afairs (of business) : bdi, Gdisse, [perf. of lost verb occupationes tantularum rerum, en- (with pres. sense), akin to odium], gagement in such trzfling matters. def. v. a., late, detest. odium, -i, [VADH (@urn) ium], occupltus, -a, a m , p. p. of ocN., hatred. cupo. offendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fEnsus, occupb, -%re,-Ivi, -Itus, [toccupb [ob-fendo], 3. v, a. and n., dash or toccup-, ob and st. akin to capio], against, hurt: animum (hurt the I. v. a., seize, take possession of, seize zrpon, occupy (only in military sense) : feelings, aZienate, shock). -Absoregna (usurp) ; in opere occupati lutely, sufer a mishap. (eBgaged, em@Zoyed) . o f f h i d , -Gnis, [ob-tfensio, cf. occurrb, -currere, -curri (-cucurri ?), defensio and offendo], F., striking -cursiirus, [ob-curro], 3. v. n., run to aguinst. -Fig., oyeuce: sine offenmeet, meet, come upon, find,fa22 in sione animi, wifhout wounding ones with, meet. Hence in pregnant feezing.. sense, thwart, bafle, frustrate : eo offerb, offerre, obtuli, oblztus, (run, to meet an enemy) ;ad animum [ob-fero], irr. v. a., (bring to), throw (occur). in ones way, oyer: se hostibus Oceanus, -7, [Gr.], M., the ocean (throw themselves upon); se morti (with or without mare). (expose ones self to) ; quos sibi oblatos (pZaced in his power) ; beneOcelum, -i, [Celtic], N., a town of the Graioceli in Cisalpine Gaul ficium (confer, render). (prob. OuZx in Piedmont). officium, -i, [ob-tfacium, cf. beneoctHvus, -a, -um, [octo vus, ficium], N., (doing something to poss. toctau -I- us], num. adj., one), a service, petformance o f a eighth. duty. -Transf., a duty, allegiance, octingenti, -ae, -a, [st. akin to a n oblifation : discedere ab ofilcio, f ones duty. octo 4- centum], num. adj., e&ht fail o hundred. Ollovicd, -6nis, [Celtic], M., a oct6 [?I, indecl. num. adj., e&&. king of the Nitiobriges. omittd, -mittere, -misi, -missus, octbdecim [octo-decem], indecl. num. adj., eighteen. y : con[ob-mitto], 3. v. a., let go b Octodiirus, -i, [Celtic], M., a town silium (Zeave untried, negZect ) ; omniof the Veragri, now Mar&@y. bus omissis rebus, leaving everything octbgintl [octo 4- ?I, indecl. num. else. adj., e&&. omnin6 [ab]. of tomninus (omninus), adj., 4- nus)], adv., altogether, entire@, octdni, -Be, -a, [octo eight at a time, eight each, eight. on&, ufterb, in all, at aZZ, any way, oculus, -i, [toc& (cf. AK, see) t only just, whatever (with negatives).
F.,

OmniB

I06

opportanltae

omnis, -e, [?I, adj., ah, the whoZe impression) ; speciem atque opinioo f (a divisible or divided, cf. totus nem pugnantium praebere, make a as indivisible or not divided).-In show and give an impression of sing., every (without emphasis on being combatants ;nomen atque opinio the individuals, cf. quisque, each, (reputation); ut fert illorum opinio, emphatically); celerius omni opi- as their notioe i s ; ad opinionem nione (of any one) ; omni tempore, Galliae, f o r an impression on the on all occasions, always; omnes Gauls; opinione praecipere, to anpieces, every form ofprayers; omni- ticipate. bus rebus, everything, everything oportet, -&-e, -uit, no p. p., [nounelse; per omnia, etc. (throzgh noth- st. from ob and st. akin to porto, cf. ing but, etc.). In plur. as a short opportunus], 2. v. impers., it behooves, it oufht, it is best: poenam expression for aN others. onerilrius, -a, -um, [oner- (as st. sequi (thepunishment was to follow) ; of onus) f arius], adj., for bur- frumentum metiri (he ought, etc.) ; alio tempore atque oportuit (than it dens :naves (transports). oner6, -%re, -Hvi, -Itus, [oner- (as should have been). oppidlnus, -a, -um, [oppid& (rest. of onus)], I . v. a., Zoad: celeriduced) anus], adj., o f a (the) tas onerandi (of ships), faciZi& o f as noun, the townstmun.-PPlur. Zoading. onus, -eris, [unc. root us], N., peopZe. oppidum, 4 , [ob-tpedum (a a burden, a load, a fyeight, a cargo. - Abstr., we*kt. Esp. : tanta $Cain?)], N., (the fortified place which, according to ancient usage, onera navium, shz@ of such weight. opera, -ae, [oper- (as st. of opus) commanded the territories of a lita (F. of -us)], F . , work, pains, tle state), n stronghold, a town attentioft : operam navare, do ones (usually fortified). opptinb, -pijnere, -posui, -positus, best; operam dare, devote ones sev, exert ones secf; take pains. -With [ob-pono], 3. v. a., set against, oput, try, take care :opera uti (services, pose (something to something else) : he@, etc.) ; quorum opera interfectus novem oppositis legionibus, with izine Zegions opposed t o the enemy.(through whose means, agency). opini6, -his, [opin& (cf. nec- oppositus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., Opinus) -t 01, F., notion,expectation : opposed, Cying in the way, opposite. opport3nE [old case-form of opcelerius omni opinione, quicker than any one wouZd suppose; opinio portunus], adv., opportuneZy, seasonvirtutis (reputation for, etc.) ; tanta ab&. opinio huius belli (impression) ; tanopportiinitis, -tHtis, [opportun6tas], F., timeZiness,$tness (of time tam opinionem timoris praeboit (gave such an idea, impression) ; also, or circumstance), good Zuck (in time oplnio timoris (display, cause for an or circumstance), favorable chance,

opportffnu8

I 07

Orgetmix

convenience (of a means of fortification). opportanus, -a, -urn, [ob-portunus, cf. portus, harbor, and Portunus], adj., (coming t o harbor?), opportune, advantageous, lucky. oppositus, -a, -um, p. p. of o p

iciorum (trades, handicrafts)). -I n

abl., magno (quanto) (tanto) opere, very much, very, great&: (how much), (so much, so, so earnestZy) : often as one word, magnopere, quantopere, tantopere. opus [same word as preceding], N. indecl., need, necess@: si quid ipsi a Caesare opus esset, if he needed anything o f Casar; si quia opus facto, etc., if anything needs to be done. iira, -ae, [?I, F., a shore, a coast. Wtiii, -anis, [ora- (speak) f tio], F., speech, words, talk, address, discourse, argument. ijriitor, -taris, [ora- (speak) tor], M., a speaker, an ambassador,envoy. orbis, -is, [?I, M., a circle (a circular plane) : orbis terrarum, the circle o f lands, the wkole world.Less exactly, a hoZiow square (in military language), a circZe. Orcynia, -ae, [Teutonic or Celtic], F . , see Hercynius. iirdb, -inis, [akin to ordior, begin a web], M., a series, a row, a tier, a Fan4 (of soldiers), a grade (of centurions, as commanding special ordines of soldiers, also the celzturions themselves), an arrangement, a n order perturbatis ordinibus, the ranks b e i n g broken; ratio ordoque agminis, the plan and arrangement o f the march; ordines senare, to keep theirplaces, (of soldiers, also of anything laid in rows or tiers, preserue the arrangement, not deviating from it). . , a Orgetorix, -?gis, [Celtic], M nobleman o f the Helvetii.

pono.
oppressus, -a, -um, p. p. of o p primo. opprimij, -primere, -pressi, -pressus, [ob-premo], 3. v. a., (press against), overwhelm, crush, overpower, overtake (surprise). oppiignltio, -5nis, [oppugn& .tie], F., a siege (of actual operations, cf. obsidio, bZockade), besiegittg, an attbck (in a formal manner against a defended position). oppiignii, -Hre, -Hvi, -Stus, [obpugno,jfht], I. v. a., attack (form'ally, but without blockade), lay &ege tu, carry on a siege, assail (a defended position). [ops, cf. Ops, the goddess], opis, E?], F., help, aid.- Plur., resources, Also, means, strength, blessings. he@ (from several sources). optZtus, -a, -um, [p. p. of opto, wish], as adj., desired, desirable, wisked for, welcome. optiml, superl. of bene. optimus, -a, -urn, [op (cf. ops?) timus (cf. finitimus)], superl. of bonus. opus, operis, [OP us], N., work, labor (as accomplishing its purpose, cf. labor, as tiresome). -In military sense, a wovk, works, fort$cations: natura et opere munitus (by nature and art) ; operum atque arti-

.'

odor

I 08

Padus

orior, oriri, ortus, E?], 3. (and 4).

dep., arise, sprinfuj: orta h e , at daybreak. Fig., begin, start, spring from, arise, be started, have i t s source. -oriGns, -tatis, p. as adj., riJin.g: sol (sunrise, the east). brnlmentum, -i, [om& mentum], N., an adornment. - Fig., an honor (an addition to one's dignity), a source o f dignity. Brnltus, -a, -um, p. p. of orno. S m B , -&-e, -%vi,-Ltus, [unc. nounst.], I . v. a., adorn, epz$, furtrish. -Fig., honor. -Brnltus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., furnished, weZlequipped, honored. arb, -iire, -Ivi, -stus, [or- (as st. of os, nzouth)], I . v. a. and n., speak. -Esp., pray, entre&. ortus, -a, -urn, p. p. of orior. tus], ortus, - t k , [OR (in oriorj M., a rising: solis (sunrise, the easi).
V .

Os, Sris, [?I, N., the mouth, U t face: ora convertere, turtz the eyes. Osismi, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur.,

a people of Gaul (in Brittany).

ostend6, -tendere, -tendi, -tentus, Cobs-tendo], 3. v. a., (stretch towards), present, show, point out, make kuowu, state, decZam: copias (discozIer, un? E . & ) .

ostentlti6, -6nis, [ostentatio], a showing, a display: ostentationis causa, f o r display; ostentationem comminuere, h24m6le the pride. ostente, -ire, -iivi, -Itus, [ostento-], I. v. a., dispZay, enhibit. Btium, -i, [?I, N., repose, inactivity, quiet (freedom from disturbance). Bvum, 4, [perh. avi- -I-urn], (6eZonging to a bird?), N., an egg.
F.,
f

P
P., for Publius.
pHbulPtiB, -6nis, [pabulH- 4- tio], F., a foraging,~t&ing fodder: pabulationis caus8, for forage. plbulltor, -t6ris, [pabulB- 3- tor], M., a forager. plbulor, 4ri, -itus, [pabul&], I. v. dep.,jorage, gather fodde?.. psbulum, -i, [PA (in pasco, f e e d ) buium], N., fodder (for animals, including the stalk as well as the grain), greenfodder. plcltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of paco. paciscor, -isci, pHctus (also pacisc6, -ere) [paci (as st. of pgco, agree) i sco], 3. v. a. and dep., Jargain.- Esp., plctus, -a, -urn, p. p., agreed $@on, settled. pHcB, -ire, d v i , -itus, [pac-, in pax, pence], I. v. a.,paczyy, stibdue. -p l c l tus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., peaceable, quiet, suiyect (as reduced to peace). plctum, -i, [see pactus], N., (a thing ag-yeed), an agreement, a n arrangement. Hence, a method, a way (of doing anything) : quo pacto, in what way, h m . plctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of paciscor and pango. Padus, -i, [Celtic], hi., the Po, the great river of Northern Italy (Cis. alpine Gaul).

Paemini, -&urn, [Celtic], M. pl., people of the Belgians. paene [?I,adv., ahmost, nearly. paenitet, -Ere, .uit, [tpoenitb (perh. p. p. of verb akin to punio, punis%)], 2. v. a., impers., it repents (one), one repents, one regrets. pagus, -i, [PAG (in pango) us (with unc. conn. of ideas)], M., a district, a canton (cf. vicus, a smaller collection of dwellings). palam [unc. case-form, cf. clam], adv., ope@, puJlicQ, witkout cancealment. palma, -ae, [Gr.], F., thepalm (of the hand). palas, -tidis, [?I, F., a marsh. paliister, -tris, -tre, [paludtris], adj., marshy, swampy. panda, pandere, pandi, passus, kin to pandus, bent], 3. v. a,, pread out (perh. orig. of the hands, bending bark the wrist) : passis manibus, with outstrefched hands ; passis capillis, with dishevelZed hair. pfir, paris, [perh. akin to paro, pario (through the idea of barter or exchange)], adj., equal, alike, like: intervallum (thesame). Esp., epual in power, a match for. pariitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of paro. parc8, [old case-form of parcus], adv., sparingly,frugal@. parcb, parcere, peperci (parsi), parsiirus (parcitiirus), [akin to parcus (PAR cus), acquisitive, and so frugal?], 3. v. n., spare. Esp., save alive :parcendo, by economy, by frugality. parhe, -entis, [PAR (in pario) ens], c., a parent.

- -

parentb, -Ere, -%IT, Zitus, [parent-], I. v. n., make a junereal ofering (to deceased relatives, esp. parents). Hence, avenge (making a n offering of the wrongdoer). piireb, pHrEre, plrui, psritiirus, [par& (cf. opiparus)], 2 . v. n., be prepared, appear, obey, mbmit to. parib, parere, peperi, partus (paritiirus), [PAR, procure (perh. orig. by barter, cf. par)] 3. v. a., procure, acquire, secure. Parisii, +urn, [Celtic], M. plur., a Celtic tribe around modern Pans, whose town Lutetia takes its modern name from them, cf. Kheitns, (Remi), Tr2ves (Treveri). parci, -Hre, -%vi, -stus, [par&, cf. opiparus, and pareo], I. v. a., procure, prwide, prepare, get ready f o r (bellum used concretely for the f war), arrange. -par& means o tus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., ready, prepared: animo parato (with mind resolved), resolute, determined; paratus in armis, armedfor war. pars, partis, [PAR +.tis (reduced), akin to portio, and perh. to par through idea of barter], F., (a dividing), a portion, a part, a share. -Often of position or direction merely, side, direction, region: una ex parte, on one side; in utram partem, in which direction; ex utraque parte, on both sides; sinistra pars, the left Junk.; pars fluminis (bank) : maior pars, the majority. -Fig.: qua ex parte, in which resject; omnibus partibus, in all respects; in utramque partem, in both respects, 60th ways, (of a plan); in

partim

I10

pauIi8pe.r

utramque partem, on 60th sides (of patefactus, -a, -urn, p. p. of paEsp. : tres partes, tefacio. a discussion). three quarters, (three parts out of patefi6, pass. of patefacio. four) ; ex parte, in part; ad inpateti, -Ere, -ui, no p. p., [?I, 2. v. feriorem partem fluminis, down the n . , be extended, lie open, spread, exriver; ab inferiore parte fluminis tend, be wide, be open. -patans, (further down, etc.). -partim, acc. -entis, p. as adj., open, exjosed. as adv., in part, partly, some pater, -tris, [PA (in pasco?) others. ter], M., a father. -Plur., ancestors. partim, see pars. patienter, [patientter], adv., partior, -iri, -itus, [parti-], 4. v. jatieintCy. dep., divide : partitis temporibus, patientia, -ae, [patientia], F., alternately. patience, endurance, forbearance (in partitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of par- refraining from fighting). tior. patior, pati, passus, [?I, 3. v. dep., sufer, endure, allow, permit: vim partus, -a, -um, p. p. of pario. parum, [akin to parvus, perh. tempestatis (endure, stund). for parvum], adv., not very, not patrius, -a, -urn, [patrius], much, not suficientCy: parum dili- ad$, o f a father, ancestral, o f ones genter, too carelessZy, without SUBfathers. eient care. patrtinus, -i, [fr. pater, for form parvulus, -a, -urn, [parvliIus], cf. colonus 4- nus], M., a patron, a adj., small, slight, insigngcant: ab protector. pmulis, from il2fancy. patruus, -i, [pat (e) r- vus ?],M., parvus, -a, -urn, [perh. for pau- an uncle (on the fathers side, cf. rus, cf. paucus], adj., small, sight, avunculus, on the mothers). paucitls, -tHtis, [paucb little. tas], passim [acc. of passis (pad (in F., small number. paucus, -a, -urn, [PAU (cf. paulus pando, spread) tis)], adv., i n all directions, all about. and parvus) cus], adj,, almost always in plur., few, Some f e w (but passus, -a, -urn, p. p. of pando. with implied on& in a semi-negative passus, -a, -um, p. p. of patior. sense) : paucis (pauca) respondit (in passus, -sGs, [PAD (in pando) t tus], M., (a qreadizg ofthe legs), a few words, byie$y). paulltim [Paul& (reduced) a stride (of both feet), a step, a @ace (esp. as a measure, about five atim, as if acc. of t paulatis (t Paula 4- tis)], adv., litlle b y little, a Zittle Roman feet) : mille passuum, a at a time, gradual&, f e w at a Roman mile, five thousand feet. patefacia, -facere, -fZci, -factus, lime. [noun-st. akin to pateo facio], paulisper [paulis (abl. plur. of 3. v . a., lay open, open. paulus ?) per], adv., a little wWe.

...

Paula

I11

per

pa1116 [abl. of paulus, ZittZe], as piJius, see male. adv., a ZittZe, slzkhtly. pellie, -is, [?I, F., a hide, a skin (either on or off the body of an anipaululum [acc. of paululus, dim. mal) : sub pellibus, in tents, i.e. in of paulus], as adv., a very little. the jeZd. paulum [acc. of paulus (PAU pella, pellere, pepuli, pulsus, [?I, Ius, cf. paucus)], as adv., a ZittZe, a 3. v. a., strike, beat, drive, defeat, reshort distance,somewhat. pax, pHcis, [PAC (&), as st.], F. pulse, rout. (a treav ?),peace, fuvor. pendb, pendere, pependi, pensus, [?I, 3. v. a., hang, wekh, wezgh out. pecc8, -%-e, -Svi, -Stfirus, [?I, I. v. n., g o wrong, commit ajault. Hence (since money was earlier pectus, -oris, [perh. pect (as root weighed, not couuted),pay, pay out. us, from the - Esp. with words of punishment, of pecto, comb) u & (punishment, rounded shape of the breast, cf. pay (a penalty), s cf. dare and capere). pectinatus], N., the breast. penes [prob. acc. of st. in-os akin peciinia, -ae, [t pecun6- (pecuto penitus], prep. with acc., in the (cattle) nus, cf. Vacuna) ia], F., money (originally cattle), wealth. power o f . penitus [st. akin to penes, penus, pecus, -oris, [PEC ( t i e ? ) us], etc., N . , cattZe (especially sheep and itus, cf. antiquitus], adv., goats) : pecore vivere (flesh of cattle). far within, deeply, entirely, utterly: Pl., cattZe,fEocks a n d herds. penitus ad extremos finis (clear to, a Z Z the way to). pedalis, -e, [ped- alis], adj., o f a foot (in thickness), a foot thick. I. per [unc. case-form], adv. (in composition) and prep. w. acc., pedes, -itis, [ped- (as if pedi) through, aZong, mer, among. Fig., tis (reduced)], c., a footman, a footsoldier. -Collectively, the infantry. through, by means o j (cf. ab, by, pedester, -tris, -tre, [pedit- tris], directly), b y the agency o J - Often adj., o f infantry, ofppwns on foot: accompanied by the idea of hinitiiera (journeys in foot, marches, drance : per anni tempus potuit, the Zand routes) : proelium (on Zand) ; t i m eo f the year wouZdal1c-w; per t e copiae (the foot, the infantry). licere, you do notprevent, you allow; peditatus, -tEs, [peditatus, per aetatem non poterant (on account cf. consulatus], M.,foot, infantry. of). - Often in adv. expressions : Pedius, 4,[?I, M., a Roman gen- per fidem, in good faith, in refertile name. Esp., Quintus Pedius, ence to a deception on the other a nephew of Ccsar and a legatus side ; per concilium, in council; per under him in Gaul. H e sided with insidias, treacherously ; per cruciaAugustus, and was afterwards made tum, with torture :per vim, fmcib(y; consul by Augustuss patronage. locus ipse per se (in and o f itscZf). peior, see malus. 2. per [prob. a different case of

perfictus same st. as I . per], adv. in comp., wery, exceeding&, compZetely. perlctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of perago. perag6, -agere, -E@, -5ctus, [I. p e r ago], 3. v. a., conduct thruugh,finish, accomplish : concilium (hold to the end) ; conventus (&ish holding). perangustus, -a, -um, [ 2 . perangustus], adj., very narrow. perceptus, -a, -urn, p. p. of per-

I I2

perfugig

cipio.
percipi6, +ere, -cEpi, -ceptus, per-capio], 3. v. a., take in (completely), learn, acquire, hear. -Esp. of harvests, gather. Hence, fig., reap: fructus rictoriae. percontiitib, -?inis, [perconta- (inquire) tio], F., inquiry, iuguiries (though sing. in Latin). percurr6, -currere,-cucurri,(-curri), -cursus, [I. per-curro], 3. v. n. and a., run along. percussus, -a, -urn,p. p. of percutio. percuti6, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus, [I. perquatio, shake], 3. v. a., hit, strike, run through. perdisco, -discere, -didid, no p. p., [ I . per-disco], 3. v. a., learn thorough&, get by heart. perditus, -a, -urn, p. p. of perdo. perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditus, [I. per-do], 3. v. a., destroy (cf. interficio), ruin. -perilitus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., ruined, desperaie, abandoned. perdiic6, -dikere, -dfixi, -ductus, [I. per-duco], 3. v. a., Zead through, Zead aZong, bring over, carry along, make (fossam), march (legionem). Fig., prolong, win over, briiig: rem ad extremum casum (redace).
[I.

perductus, -a, -urn, p. p. of perduco. perendinus, -a, -urn, [perendie (tperen-die, cf. postridie) inus], adj., (.f the day beyond, cf. per), of day afer to-morrow :gerendino die, day ajter tomorrow, in two days. pere6, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itfirus, [ I . per-eo, go], irr. v. ii., perish, be killed (in battle). perequitti, -Hre, 4 v i , -8tus, [I. perequito, cf. eques], I . v. a. and n., ?+demer (or around). perexiguus, -a, -urn, [ z . perexiguus], adj., wery smaZZ. perfacilis, -e, [ z . per-facilis], adj., very easy. perfectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of perficio. perfer6, -ferre, -tuli, -1iitus, [I. perfero], irr. v. a., carry through (or over) : opinionem (spread among) ; consilium (carry over) ; famam ([lying). -Also, bear through (to the end), endure, sufer, submit to. perfici6, -ficere, -fSci, -fectus, [ I . per-facio, make], 3. v. a., accompZisk, complete, finish, make (complete). - With.ut (uti), succeed (in doing or having done), cause to. perfidia, -ae, [peffidcia], F., perfidy, treachery,faithzessness. perfring6, -fringere,-frEgi, frzctus, [I. per-frango], 3. v. a., break through. perfuga, -ae, [I. per-tfuga (FUG 4a, cf. scriba)], M., a refugee, a fugitive, a deserter. perfugia, -fugere, no p. p., [I. per-fugio], 3. v. n., run away, j e e (to a place), escape to.

-reg,

perfugium

113

pequs

perfugium, -it [I. per-tfugium, cf. perfugio], N., a place o f refuge, refuge. perg6, pergere, perrExi, perrEctus (?), [I. per-rego, Keep stra@ht], 3. v. n., (Keep one's direction ?), Keep on, continue to advance, advance. periclitor, -iiri, -Stus, [tpericlitti(as if p. p. of periculor, cf. periculum)], I . v. dep., try, make a triaZ, be exposed, be put in peril. pericul6sus, -a, -urn, [periculliosus], adj., dangerous. periculum (-dum), -i, [tperi- (cf. culum], N., a &ial, experior, try) an attempt. Hence, peril, danger, risk. peritus, -a, -um, [tperi- (cf. experior, t ~ y ) tus], p. p. as adj., (tried),experienced, skilled, skiJhl. perliitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of perfero. perlEctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of perlego. perleg6, -legere, -lEgi, -lEctus, [I. per-lego], 3, v. a., read through, read (a letter aloud). perlu6, -luere, hi, -Ititus, [ I . perluo], 3. v. a., wash aZl over. - Pass. (as reflex.), bathe. permfignus, -a, -um, [ z . permagnus], adj., veryg~eat, very large. permanea, -rnanEre, -rnSnsi, rnlnstirus, [I. per-maneo], 2 . v. n., remain (to the end), continue, hold out, persist: in eadem libertate (continue to live, etc.). permisce6, -miscEre, -miscui, -mixtus (-mistus) [z. per-misceo], 2. v. a,, mix (thoroughly), mingle. permiasus, -a, -urn, p. p. of per-

permitt6, -mittere, -misi, -missus, per-mitto], 3. v. a., (give over), grant, aZlow, e v e up, entrust: fortunas (trust); summam imperi (place in the hands of, etc.); suffragiis rem (Ztave the matter to, etc.). permixtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of permisceo. permiitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of per[I.

moveo:
permove5, -movEre, -rn6vi, -m6tus, [I. per-moveo], 2 . v. a., mwe (thoroughly), injuence, afect. permatus, -a, -urn, p. p., much affected, much inJuenced, oveycome. permulceii, -mulcEre, -rnulsi, -mulsus, [ I . per-mulceo], 2. v. a,, smooth over. Hence, soothe, pactyy. perniciEs, -Ei, [?, akin to nex, death], F., destyuctaon, ruin. perpaucus, -a, -urn, [ z . perbut paucus], adj.- Plur., very fw, veryfew, only a very few. perpendiculum, -i, [perpendi- (st. of perpendo, hang down) I- culum], N., a plumb line: ad perpendiculum, perpendicuZarly. perpetior, -peti, -pessus, [I. perpatior], 3. v. dep., sufer, endure. perpetuus, -a, -urn, [I. pertpetuus (PET (aim) vus)], adj., (Keeping on through), continutng, continued, continuous, without interruptaon, lasting, permanent: vita (whoZe); paludes (continuous)j in perpetuum, forever,permanently. -Ahl. as adv., perpetu6, forever, constantly, continually. perquira, quirere, -quisivi, -quisitus, [I. perquaero], 3. v. a., search for, inquire about.

mitto.

penurnpa

1I 4

pet6

pertiniicia, -ae, [pertiiacia], perrump6, -rumpere, &pi, -rup tus, [I. per-rumpo], 3. v. a. and n . , F., obstinacy, stubbornness. pertineo, -tinEre, -tinui, no p. p., dreak through, force ones way [I. per-teneo], 2. v. n., (hold a course through, dreak,force a passage. perruptus, -a, -um, p. p. of per- towards), tend, extend. - Fig., have to do wrth, tend: eodem ill0 ut, etc. rumpo. perscriba, -scribere, -scripsi, -scrip- (have the same ptwpose, look ilt the tus, [I. per-scribo], 3. v. a,, write sunre directzon) ; res ad plures pertinet (more are implicated in, etc.). out (in full). pertuli, see perfero. persequor, -sequi, -secfitus, [ I . perperturblti6, -ijnis, perturb& 4sequor], 3. v. dep., foZZow u$,pursue, tio], F., disturbance, alarm, panic, attock: mortem, iniurias (avenge). perseverb, -&re,-&vi,-Stfirus, [per- demoraZization. perturbltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of persever&, very strict], I. v. n.,persist. persolvb, -solvere, -solvi, -solatus, turbo. perturbb, -%re,-&vi, -Stus, [I. per[ z . per-solvo], 3. v. a., pay (fully). Esp. (cf. pendo) of penalties, pay, turbo, disturb], I. v. a,, disturb, three, into cottfiAsion, confuse, throw into sufer (punishment). perspectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of per- disorder, alarm, terrzyy. pervagor, -&ri, -&tus, [I. perspicio. perspicib, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus, vagor], I. v. dep., roam about, scatter. [I. per-tspecio], 3. v. a., see through, pervenib, -venire, -vEni, -ventus, see, inspect, examine. - Also, see thoroughb. Fig., see clearly, see, [ I . per-venio], 4. v. n., (come through understand, learn, observe,find, dis- to), arrive at, get as f a r as, reach, come. - Fig., arrive: ad hunc locmer. perstb, -stfire, +titi, atHtfirus, cum (come to this p o i d ) ; pars (of property, come,fall ). [I. per-sto], I. v. n., standj%m,perperventus, -a, -urn, p. p. of persist, remainjirm, befirm. venio. persadeb, -su&dEre,-suHsi, -SUBSUS, PES, pedis, [ P A D , tread, as st.], M., [I. per-euadeo, advise], 2. v. a. and n., induce, persuade: hoc volunt thefoot. -Also, as a measure, a foot. perwadere (make people believe).- - Esp. : pedem referre, draw back, Pass. (impers.), be persuaded (dat. ,@be way; pedibus proeliari (on f o o t ) ; ad pedes desilire (to the of person), be satisjed, believe. perterreij, -terrEre, -terrui, -ter- ground, from on horseback, etc.) ; ritus, [ I . per-terreo], 2. v. a,, terrify, pedibus aditus, approach by land. petb, petere, petivi, petitus, [ P A T ] , alarm : perterritus equitatus (put in a panic) ; timore perterritus, 3. v. a. and n., (fall ?, j y ?), aim a t , o struck with terror; quos pertemtos attack, make for, try to get, seek, g to get, go to. Hence, ask, request, Jying in terror). (panic-stricken,

Petrocorii

115

planus

look for, get: petentibus Haeduis (at the request OJ etc.) ; fugam (take to). Petrocorii, -6rum, [Celtic], M. pl., a tribe on the Garonne (Perzgord). Petrhius, -i, [?I, M., a Roman gentile name. -Esp., Marcus Petronius, a centurion in Czsar's army, Petrosidius, -i, [?I, M., a Roman gentile name. -Esp., Lucius Petrosidius, a standard-bearer in Czsar's army. phalanx, -an&, [Gr. $dXay[], F., a phalanx (properly an arrangement of troops in a solid mass from eight to twenty-four deep, but applied also to other bodies of troops), an array. Pictones (Pect-), -um, [Celtic], M. plur., a Celtic tribe south of the Loire (Poitou). pietis, -tiitis, [pia-, dutiful, tas], F . , fiZiaZ afection, aflection (for the gods or one's country, etc.), patriotism. pilum, -i, [?I, N . , a pestZe.Also, ajavelin (the peculiar weapon of the Roman legion, with a heavy wooden shaft about 4 ft. long, and an iron head on a long iron shank, making a missile more than 6 ft. long) : pilum murale, a heavier missile of the same kind for use in siege works. pilus, -i, [pilum], M., a cenlury (of soldiers, a name applied to indicate the rank of centurions, see centurio). -Also, a centurion (of aparticular rank).- Phrases : pdmi pili centurio (of thefirst century or rank) ; primum pilum duxerat, Aad commanded in the first century o f the jirst cohort, been jirst centurion. pinna, -ae, [= penna, feather

(PET (fly) na)], F . , an artijicid parapet (of osier or the like run along the top of a wall). Piriistae, -%rum, [?I, M. plur., a tribe of Illyria. piscis, -is, [?I, M., a fish. Collectively,fish. Pis6, &is, [pis6 (pease) 01, M., (a man with a wart like a pea?, cf. Cicero), a Roman family name.Esp. : I. Lucius Calpuunius Piso, a legatus in the army of Cassius which was defeated by the Helvetii B.C. 107, and grandfather of No. 2 . -2. Lucius Car'pumius Piso Caesonius, father of Calpurnia, Czsar's wife. 3. Marcus Pupius Piso Calpurnianus, consul with M. Messala -4 . Piso, an Aquitanian in B.C. 61. (probably enfranchised by one of the above named). pix, picis, [?I, F . , pitch. placeb, -&re, -ui, -itus, [tplac& (cf. placo, and placidus)], 2 . v. n., please. - Esp. in third person, it pZemes (one), one likes, one determines, one decides. placidg [old case-form of placidus, quiet], adv., quiet&, calmmr'y. plZc6, -Ere, -Hvi, -Ztus, [st. akin to placeo], I. v. a., pacifv, appease. Plancus, -i, [perh. akin to planus], M. (Flutjfoot), a Roman family name. -See Munatius. plHni5 [old case-form of planus], adv., $'at@, clear&, entiremr'y. plinitigs, -5, [plan& ties, cf. -tia], F., a pZain. planus, -a, -urn, [unc. root nus], adj., Jut, level, even: carinae pianiores (less deep, Zen rownding).

plaba

I 16

w-

plZbs (plgbZs), -is (+i), EPLE (in plenus) 4- unc. term. (cf. turba)], F . , the populace, the multitude, the common people. plGnE [old case-form of plenus], adv., full), entire& completely. plenus, -a, -urn, [PLE (in pleo,jill) nus], adj., f u l l : luna; legio. p k u m q u e , see plerusque. plgrusque, -aque, -umque, [PLE (in pleo, j l l ) rus-que (cf. -pletus, plenus)], adj. only in plur., most of; very many. - Acc. sing. as adv., plerumque, generally, usual+, for tke nzostpart, very often. Pleumoxii, -?mum, [Celtic], M. plur., a people of Belgic Gaul, clients of the Nervii. . , lead. plumbum, -i, [?I, N plumbum album, tin. pliirimus, see multus. plhs, [akin to pleo, j K J , see multus. pluteus, -i, [?I, M., a mantelet, a cover (movable, for defence).- Also, a bulwark, a defence, a breastwork. pbculum, -i, [root (or st.) PO- (in potus, drink) culum], N., a drinking-cup. poena, -ae, [perh. t povi- (PU) na (cf. punio, punish)],F., a penalty. Hence, a punishment (see persolvo, repeto). pollex, -icis, [?I, M., tke tkumd (with or without digitus). polliceor, -licEri, -licitus, [tporfor pro (cf. portendo) -liceor, bid], 2. v. dep., of;.r, promise (voluntarily) : liberaliter (made liberaZo$ers). pollicitAti6, - h i s , [pollicitit i 0 1,F . , en ofm, a promise.

pollicitus, -a, -um, p. p. of polliceor. PompBius, -i, [tpompe- (dialectic ius], M., a form of quinque) Roman gentile or family name. Esp. : I. Gnaeus Pompeizds Mqq-nus, the great rival of Czsar, consul with Marcus Crassus in B.C. 58. -2. Gnaeus Pompeius, an interpreter of Quintus Titarius, probably a Gaul enfranchised by one of the Pompeys. pondus, -eris, [PEND (in pendo, wezgh) us], N., wezght. pbn6, psnere, posui, positus, [prob. tpor-sino (cf. polliceor)], 3. v. a., lay down,place,put: posita tollere (things laid u$, consecrated) ; ponere custodes (set) ; castra (pitch); praesidium (station, but see below). - Fig., place, lay, make, depend on : in fuga praesidium ; spem salutis in virtute ( j n d , found, seek).-positus, -a, -um, p. p., situated, +ing, dependi n g on : posita est, Zies ;positum est in, etc., depends on, etc. p6nsJ pontis, [?I, M., a bridge. populitib, -anis, [populi- tio], F . , a plundering, a raid. populor, 4 r i , -atus, [populti-1, I. v. dep., (strip, of people ?, cf. Eng., skin,shell, bark a tree), ravage, devastate. populus, -i, [PAL? (in pleo, j l l ) , reduplicated 4- us], M., (the f u l l number, the mass), a people (in its collective capacity), a nation, a tribe (as opposed to individuals) : populus Romanus (the official designation of the Roman state). por-, port-, [akin to pro], obs, prep., only in comp., forth.

porrgctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of porrigo. porrig0, -rigere, -rExi, rEctus, [tpor- (cf. polliceor), -rego], 3. v. a., stretch forth : porrecta loca pertinent (stretch out in extent). porra [?,akin to tpor (cf. porrigo)], adv., furthermore, further, then (in narration). porta,-ae, [POR (go through) t tal, F., (way oftraJ7c ?),a gate. porta, -Hre, -8vi, -Ztus, [porta-?], I. v. a., carry (perh. orig. by way of traffic), brang, convey. portarium, -i, [?, porta (reduced) orium (N. of -onus), perh. orig. tportor ius], N., (Rate-money?or carriers money ?), a duty (an impost), a toll. portus, -tiis, [POR (cf. porta) tus], M., (a place o f access),a harbor, a haven, a port. posc6, poscere, poposci, no p. p., [perh. akin to prex, prayer], 3 v. a., demand (with some idea of claim, stronger than peto, weaker than flagito), require, claim. positus, -a, -urn, p. p. of pono. possessiij, -6nis, [tpor-tsessio (cf. obsessio)], F., possession, occupation -Concretely (as in Eng.), possessions, lands (possessed). poseidea, -sidere, -sEdi, -sessus, [tpor-sedeo], z v. a., (settle farther on?), occu$y (in a military sense), possess (lands, of a people), hold possession of. possum, posse, potui, [pote- (for potis) -sum], irr. v. n., be able, can, etc. : piurimum posse, be nzostpowerf u l , have very great injuence; tan-

tum potest, has so much weight, power, injvence ; largiter posse, have great injuence ; multitudine posse, be strong in numbers; equitatu nihil posse, have no strength in cavalry ; quicquid possunt, whatever power they have; quid virtute possent, what they could do by valor; fieri posse, be possibh; ut spatium intercedere posset (mipht intervene) ; quam maximum pcitest, the greatest possible. post [ ?,prob. abl. of st. akin to postis (cf. ante, antes, rowq and antae, pilasters)], adv. and prep. with acc., behind, after: post diem tertium, three days after; post se, in their rear; post hunc, next to him. postel [post ea], adv., afterwards. postelquam [postea quam], conjunctive adv., (later than), after (only with clause). posterus, -a, -urn, [post- (or st. akin) 4- terus (orig. cornpar.)], adj., the next, later : postero die, the next day; in posterum, the next day. Plur. as noun, posterity. -postrgmus, -a, -um, superl., last. -postr6m0, abl., Zastly,finalZy. postpiha, -p6nere, -posui, -positus, [post-pono], 3. v. a., place behind, postpone :omnibus rebus postpositis, disregardinf everything else. postpositus, -a, -urn, p. p. of postpono. postquam, [post quam], conjunctive adv., (later than), after. postrgm0, see posterus, postramus, see posterus. f pospostridie [tposteri- (loc. o

postulatum

I 18

praecipus

potior, -us, -6ris, (compar. of po-die], adv., the next day: postridie eius diei, the next day after tis], adj., preferable. -potius, acc. as adv., rather,preferably. that. potitus, -a, -um, p. p. of potior. postuliitum, -i, [N. p. p. of posprae [unc. case-form of same st. tulo], N., a demand, a reguirement, as pro], adv. (in comp.) and prep. a reguest, a claim. postulb, -%re,-%vi, -Stus, [ ?],I. v. with abl., before, in comparison with. a., claim (with idea of right, less -ESP. with words implying hinurgent than posco), ask, request, re- drance, fay, on account of (some quire :tempus anni (require, make obstacle).-In comp., before others, f . very, before, at the head o ' necessary). praeaciitus, -a, -um, [prae-acutus potgns, -entis, [p. of possum as adj.], adj., powerful: homo (influen- (p. p. of acuo)], p. p. as adj., sharptial) ; potentiores, meit o f itzfluence. erzed to a point, poiizted. praebeb, praebere, praebui, praebipotentiitus, -tGs, [potent- atus, cf. consulatus], M., the chiefpower, tus, [prae-habeo], z v. a., (hold befo~e one), ofer, present, furnish: munisupremacy. ia], F., menta (furnish, and so aford, make). potentia, -ae, [potentpraecaveij, -cavEre, - c h i , -cautus, power (political influence), azdhoril'y . v. n., take care be[prae-caveo], 2 (not official or legal). potestiis,-tztis, [potent- tas], F., forehand, take precautioiolz, be on one's p w e r (official, cf. potentia, and guard. praecEd6, -cgdere, -cessi, -cessus, civil, not military, cf. imperium), p m e r (generally), control, abili&, [prae-cedo], 3. v. a., g o before.opport~nity, chance: sui potestatem Fig., excel, surpass. praeceps, -cipitis, [prae-caputj, facere, give a chance at them, give an opportunity t o j g h t them ;se potes- adj., headlong, in haste: locus praetati alicuius permittere (surrender, ceps, a steep incline. praeceptum, -i, [p. p. of praeetc.) ; consistendi potestas erat nulli (chance,possibil2y) ;discedeudi potes- cipio], N., an instruction, an order. praeceptus, -a, -um, p. p. of praetatem facere (givepdrminion, etc.) ; facta potestate, having obtainedper- cipio. praecipib, -cipere, &pi, -ceptus, mission ; imperium aut potestas, military o r civi2 power ;deorum vis [prae-capio], 3. v. a., take beforeac potestas, the power and domin- hand, anticipate. -Also, order, give instructions. ion o f the gods. praecipita, &e, -%vi, -itus, [praepotior, potiri, potitus, [poti-, cf. potis, able], 4 v. dep., become mas- cipit-1, I. v. a,, throw headlong: se (plunge headlotzf). tcv O Jpossess one's s e u of;get the conpraecipu6 [old case-formof praetrol of: imperio (secure); caetris cipuus], adv., es-ecial& {captrtro).

terns)

praecipuus

*I9

praesaepia

praecipuue, -a, -um, [praetcapuus (CAP

+ vus)], adj., (taking the

first place), special. praecliidij, -&idere, -clfisi, -cIfisus, [prae-claudo], 3. v. a., (dose in front o f some one o r something), shut o f , figo. barrzcade. praemetu$ -metuere, no perf., no praecij, - h i s , [ ? 1, M., a herald. Praecijninus, -i, [praecon- inus], p. p., [prae-metuo], 3. v. a. and n., fear beforehand, be anxious. M., a Roman family name.-See praemittb, -mittere, -misi, -misValerius praecurrij, -currere, -cucurri (-cur- sus, [pTHe-mitto], 3. v. a., send forri), -cursfirus, [prae-curro], 3. v. n., ward, send on, send ahead. praemium, -i, [prae-temium (EM, run on before, kasten on before, hasten in advance, hurry on bejore: in emo, buy, ium)], (taken before equites (ride on in advance) ; celeri- the general distribution or disposal of booty?), N., a reward, a prize, tate (get the start of. etc.). distinction (as a reward or prize): praeda, -ae, [prob. prae-thida (root of -hendo, seize, a)], F., magno praemio remunerari (a great price). booty, prey, plunder. praeoccupij, -%re, -%vi, -%tus, praedicb, -%re,-%vi, -%tus, [tprae[prae-occupo], I. v. a., take in oppodicll- (or similar st. from prae with DIC)], I. v. a. and n., make known sition or beforehand: timor animos f . to the (before one), prodaim, assert, de- (take complete possession o exclusion of everything else) ; vias scribe, boast, vaunt ones self: (close against one), preoccupy. praedor, -Fir&-Fitus, [praeda], I. v. praeoptb, -Fire, -8vi, -Stus, [praedep., plunder, take booty. praedhcij, -dficere, -dfixi, -ductus, opto], I. v. a., wish in preference, [prae-duco], 3. v. a., Zead(etc.), be- ckoose ratker, prefey. praeparb, -%re, -%vi,-%tus,[praefore: murum (carry out, draw parol, I. v. a.,prepare beforehand round). praepijnb, -p6nere, -posui, -posipraefectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of praetus, [prae-pono], 3. v. a . , p u t i n comficio. - A s noun, see praeficio. [prae- mand, set over. praeferij, -ferre, -tuli, -1%tus, praerumpb, -rumpere, -ripi, - r u p fero], irr. v. a., place before, esteem above, prefer to (with quam): se tus, [praerumpo], 3. v. a., break o j (at the end or in front). -praerupalicui (show ones segbetter than). praeficiij, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, tus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., precl;aitous. [prae-facio], 3. v. a,, put before, praeruptus, -a, -um, p. p. of praepZme i n command of, set over. rumpo. praeeaepiij (-sCp), mepire, -saepsi, praefectus, p. p. as noun, a cap-

tain (esp. of cavalry), a commamiw, a n ofleer. praefigij, -figere, -fixi, -fixus, [prae-ffgo], 3. v. a . , j x in f y o n t , sct on the edge (of something). praefixus, -a, -um, p. p. of prae-

praeaaeptus

I20

praetor

-saeptus, [prae-saepio], 4. v. a., hedge in, wall 0 8 praesaeptus, -a, -urn, p. p. of praesaepio. praescrib5, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, [prae-scribo], 3. v. a., (write dmun beforehand), prescribe, order, direct, give directions. praescriptum, -i, [N. p. p. of praescribo], N., an order, orders. praescriptus, -a, -urn, p. p. of praescribo. praeshs, -entis, p. of praesum. praesentia, a e , [praesentia], F., presence, the present moment: in praesentia, f o r the moment, at the moment. praesentiti, -sentire, -sEnsi, -sensus, [praesentio], 4. v. a., see bpjorehand,$nd out in time,find out (beforehand). praesertim [as if acc. of tpraesertis (SER, in sero (join) tis)], adv., especially,particularly. praesidium, -i, [prae-tsidium (SED ium), cf. obsidium], N., (a sitting down aefore), a guard, a garrison,a force (detached for occupation or guard) : intra praesidia, within the lines. - Fig., .protection, assistance, support: praesidio litterarum (with the assistance of, etc.) ; in fuga praesidium ponere, seek safe& in &it. praest6 [?, perh. ' I praesto," I am here (as if quoted)], adv., o n hand, ready, waiting for, in attendance upon : praesto esse, be waiting for, meet. praest6, &ire, -stiti, -stLtus (-stitus), [prae-sto], I. v. a. and n.,

stand before, be at the Iread, excel, be superior: praestat, it is better. Also, causatively (bring before),f u r nish, display : officium (discharg?, perform) ; stabilitatem (aford, $05sess); fidem (keep, perform one's duty). praesum, -esse, -fui, [prae-sum], irr. v. n., be in front, be at the Reau OA be i i z command: magistratui (hold).- praesens, -entis, p.,present, immediate : pluribus praesentibus, in the presence o f many ; praesens adesse, be present in person. praeter [compar. of prae (cf. inter)], adv. and prep. with acc., along by, past, beyond. - Fig., except, beside, contrary f o . praetereH [praeter-ea (abl.) I], adv., furthermore, besides: si nemo praeterea, if no one else. praetere6, -ire, -ii, -itus, [praetereo], irr. v. a. and n., g o by, pass by, pass over. - praeteritus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., past. -ESP. N. plur., praeterita, the past (cf. "bygones "). praeteritus, -a, -urn, p. p. of praetereo. praetermittb, -mittere, -misi, -missus, [praeter-mitto], 3. v. a., l e t go by, let slip, omit, negYerf. praeterquam [praeter-quam], conjunctive adv., except, besides. praetor, -t6ris, [prae-t itor, (I, go tor)], M., (a leader),a commander. -ESP., a prefor, one of a class of magistrates at Rome. I n early times two had judicial powers and the others regular commands abroad. Later all during their year of office had judicial powers, but like the

praetanus

rzr

priviith prim5 [abl. of primus], adv., at

consuls (who were originally called praetors) they had a year abroad as propraetors : legatus pro praetore (lieutenant in command, acting as a praetor). praetdrius, -a, -urn, [praetor- -Iius], adj., of a pr&or (in all its senses) ; praetoria cohors, the body guard, of a commander (see praetor). praeiirti, -%ere, -8ssi, -fistus, [praeuro], 3. v. a., burn a t tAe end (in front) ; praeustae sudes (durnt at the point, to harden them). praefistus, -a, -urn, p. p. of prae-

3 r d (opposed to ajtemards, cf.

prinym). primum [acc. of primus], adv., first (in order of incidents, opposed to next, etc.), in thejrstplace: cum primum, as soon a s ; quam primum, as soon as possible. primus, -a, -urn, see prior. princeps, -ipis, [prim& (reduced) -t ceps (CAP as st.)], adj., (taking the Zead),first, chieJ foremost: principes belli inferendi (leaders in,etc.) ; locus (chieft hzghest) ; ea princeps persolvit (was the j r s t to). -Often as noun, leading man, leader, chief man, chief: UTO. praevertb, -vertere, -verti, -versus, legationis (head). principiitus, -tfis, [princip- t atus, [prae-verto, twn], 3. v. a,, anticipate, forestall, a#tendt ofirst. cf. consuIatus], M., foretnostposih'on, priivus, -a, -urn, [?I, adj., crooked. first place, highest place, the lead (in - Fig., wrons, vicious. power and influence among states), premti, premere, pressi, pressus, leadersAip. E?], 3. v. a,, press. Esp., press prior, -us,-6ris, [compar. of st. of hard, attack/;evcely, harass, oppress : pro], adj., former, bdore: priores, se ipsi, crowd, impede, enibarrass those in front; non priores inferre each other. (not the /Erst to, etc.). -prius, N. as prendb (prehendo), prendere, adv., before (see also priusquam). prendi, prEnsus, [prae- t hendo], 3. primus, -a, -urn, superl., first: v. a., seize (against some one else I), agmen (front) ; primos civitatis (the seise (generally), take, grasp. best men) ; a prima obsidione, from pretium, -i, E?], N., a price, cost, the beginning of the siege : in primis, vaZue. espe&Z@,- See primo and primum. t prex, precis (dat., acc., and abl. pristinus, -a, -urn, [prius-tinus, only ; plur. entire), [?I, F., aprayer, cf. diutinus], adj., ( o f former timcs), an entreaty, an imprecation. oZd,fomier: pristinus dies, the day pridi6 [loc. of st. of pro (prae?) before. -die, cf. postridie], adv., the day prius, see prior. before. priusquam [prius-quam], coni. primipilus [prim6-pilus], M., the adv., earher than, dejore. Often /Erst cenfurion. See centurio and separated. privatim [as if acc. of t privapilus.

tis (privg- 4- tis)], adv., private&, as private persons (opp. to magistratus): de suis privatim rebus (their own private .fairs); plus posse privatim (in their own name, opposed to official action). privstus, -a, -um, [p. p. of privo, deprive], adj., (destitute of official character), private, personal prb [for prod, abl. of st. akin to prae, prior, etc.], adv. (in comp.) and prep. with abl., in front oft before. Hence, in place oft instead of; f o r , a, on behay of: nihil pro sano, nothing prudent; pro explorato, ascertained, as certain. - Also, in view oj; in accordance with, in proportion to, accordingto, considering,i n return for, for. -In comp., bdore, forth, away,for, down (as falling forward). probltus, -a, a m , p. p. of probo. probb, -Hre, -%vi, &us, [proba-1, I. v. a., (make good, j n d good), approve, fest, prave, s k m , be satigied with, favor (a plan), adopt (a measure). prGcEd8, -cgdere, -cessi, -cessus, [pro-cedo], 3. v. n., go forward, advance, proceed: longius (go to a distance). Procillus, -i, [Procula- lus], M., a Roman family name. See Valerius. prbclinXtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of proclino. prbclinb, -iire, -Lvi, -Itus, [proclino], I. v. a., (bend forward), thruw down :res proclinata (falZing, ruined). prbc6nsu1, d i s , [pro-consul, on account of the phrase pro consule],

M . , a proconsut, an ex-consul (during his term of service abroad). procul [?, tproc&, o f l (pro cus) -I-lus (reduced, cf. simul)], adv., at a distance (uot necessarily great), at some distance, afar, from a far. pr8cumb6, -cumbere, -cubui, no p. p., [pro-cumbo, lie], 3. v. n., faZZ (forward), faZZ (generally), sink down, Zie down (for rest), become lodged (of grain). - Less exactly, incZine, dope, lean. prbciirb, 4re, -%vi, -%tus, [procure], I. v. a., care for, have charge o f t attend to. prijcurrb, -currere, -curri, (-cucurri), -cursfirus, [pro-curro], 3. v. n., rzin forward, charge, rush out. prbdeb, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus, [prod (see pro) -eo], irr. v. n., go forth, come forth, come out, go forward: longius (go to any distance). prbdesse, see prijsum. prbditib, -6nis, [pro-tditio, cf. prodo], IC., (a giving away), treason, treachery. prbditor, -taris, [pro-dator (cf. proao)], M., a traitor, a 6etYayer. prbditus, -a, -um, p. p. of prodo. prbd6, -dew, -didi, ditus, [prodo], 3. v. a., (give f o r n a r d ) , she forth, pudlish, betray (give away), transmit, hand down : memoriam (preserve, by handing down to posterity); memoria proditum, toZd in tradition, handed down. prbdacb, -dficere, -dfixi, -ductus, [pro-duco], 3. v. a., Zead forth, Zead out, bring out (iumenta), draw u j (troops). -Fig., protract, jroZotig.

they had come; ad proflciscendum pertinere (to ajourney, etc.). proelior, &i, -iitus, [proeli&], profiteor, -fiteri, -fessus, [proI. v. dep.,/fght (in war). fateor, confess], 2. v. dep., decZare proelium, -i, N., a battle (a $ubZic@: B e (ofer ones seZJ volunsingle encounter, great or small), a teer as, decZare ones self). contest, an engagement, a general prijfligatus, -a, -urn, p. p. of proengagement, a skirmish : commit- fligo. tere (engage,join baattZe, risk a batprijfligci, -Hre, -?ivi, -iitus, [tprotle, begin an engagement, begin the fligb (pro-tfligus, FLIG us)], I. v. a,, (dash to the ground).-Esp., fight*$ght). profecfiij, -cnis, [pro-facti0 (13. p u t to rout, rout. prijfluij, -fluere, -Aiixi, no. p. p., proficiscor)], F., a setting out, a departure, retreat (the special idea [pro-fluo], 3. v. n . , j o wforth, rise. profugiij, -fugere, -fiigi, -fugitiirus, coming from the context), starting, [pro-fugio], 3. v. n., j e e forth, flee, evacuation. prijfectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of pro- escape, make ones escape. prijgdtus, -a, -urn, [pro-(g)natus], ficio. pr5fectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of pro- p. p. as adj., syrung from : prognati ex, descendants of: ficiscor. prijgredior, -gredi, -gressus, [proprijferij, -ferre, -tuli, -1?itus, [profero], irr. v. a., 6ring forth, bring gradior, st@, go], 3. v. dep., go forout. ward, march forward, march out, prijficiij, &ere, -fEci, -fectiirus, come out. Also, fig., proceed, go : [pro-facio], 3. v. n., (make way for- amentia longius (go). prijgressus, -a, -urn, p. p. of prowurd), advance (cf. proficiscor). Fig., gain advantage (I get on ), gredior. gain (much or little), accomplish prohibeij, -hibEre, -hibui, -hibitus, (something): satis ad laudem pro- [pro-habeo], 2. v. a., &old o & Keep fectum est, enough has been done o s repeZ, stoj, prevent, restrain, for glory; ad pacem parum pro- hinder from, forbid.-Also (by a ilci, not much was doing towards change of relation of the two things peace ;plus multitudine telorum pro- concerned), protect: aliquem ab omni ficere (kave the advantage in). militum iniuria (keeping one proproficiscor, -ficisci, -fectus, [pro- tected from the assailant). prohibitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of protfaciscor (cf. proficio)], 3. v. dep., (make way forward). - Esp., start, hibeo. prciiciij, -icere, -iEci, -iectus, [pro. Zeave, depart, set out, withdraw, march aut, go out,come out, saiZ out: iacio], 3. v. a., throw forward, throw quo proilciscimur, whither we are away, cast (down, cf. pro), abandon: gohg; unde erant profecti, whence aquilam intra vallum (throw over); pr6ductus, -a, -urn, p. p. of

pro-

auto.

[?I,

proinde

124

propter

proiectae, casting themselves; Be ex navi (Zeap). proinde [pro-inde], a h . , (from thereforward), therefore, hence. prijmin8nsJ -entis, p. of promineo. prBmine8, -minEre, -minui, no p. p., [pro-tmineo (cf. minor, project)], 2. v. n., lean forward, Zean over. prijmiscue [old case-form of promiscuus], adv., in common. priimissus, -a, -urn, p. p. of promitto. prijmittii, -mittere, -misi, -missus, [pro-mitto], 3. v. a., (letgofornai-d), let g y m (of the hair) : promisso capill0 sunt, they wear long hair. priimijtus, -a, -um, p. p. of promoveo. prijmoveii, -movEre, -m6vi, -matus, [pro-moveo], 2 . v. a., move fornard, advance, push forward. pramptus, -a,-urn, [p. p. of promo, bring forth], as adj., (Oaken out of the store ready for distribution), ready, quick, active. priimunturium, (-mon-), -i, [akin to promineo], N., a headland. pr6nZ [old case-form of pronus, leaning], adv., with a slope. priinimtiii, -Ere, -Hvi, -Stus, [pronuntio], I. v. a., (publish forth), make known, communicate, declare, give orders, make proclamation. prope [?, akin to pro, cf. procul and proximus], adv. and prep. with acc., near. -Fig., aZmost, nearly. Compar., propius, nearer: propius tumulum (as prep.). Superl., proximS, la&@, last.

prijpellii, -pellere, puli, -pulsus, [pro-pello], 3. v. a., drive away (cf. pro), repulse, rout, dislodge, force back (changing the point of view). propera, -Sre, I v i , -Htus, [properti-, quick], I. v. a. and n., hasten, l e in haste, make haste. propinquitSs, -t%ttis, [propinqu64- tas], F., vicini&, a being near, a position near : propinquitates fluminum (positions near, etc.). Esp., nearness in blood, relationsht$, a reZation (by blood). propinquus, -a, -urn, [st. akin to I cus], adj., prope (or case-form) m a r at hnnd, near. Esp. by blood, related. - As noun in plur., relatives. propior, -us, -6ris, [compar. of st. of prope], adj., nearer. -proximus, superl. (of st. tproc&, cf. procul), nearest, next, nezghboring : bellum (lost).-With force of prep. (cf. prope) : proximi Rhenum, nearest the Rhine. priip6n6, -p6nere, -posui, -positus, [pro-pono], 3. v. a., pZace before, set before, Zay bcfore : vexillum (hang out). - Less exactly, ofleer, put in the way, present (difficulty), make known, state, represent. priipositus, -a, -urn, p. p. of pro-

pono.
proprius, -a, a m , [?, akin to prope?], adj., o f ones own: fines (particuZar) ; hoc proprinm virtutis (a peculiarproperty, a mark). propter [prope -I-ter, cf. aliter, praeter], adv. and prep. with ace., f (cf. near by. -Also, on account o all along of ).

propterel [propter-ea (prob. abl. or instr. of is)], adv., on this account.- With quod, because, inasmuch as. prijpiignritor, -t6ris, [pro-pugnator (cf. propugno)], M., a defender. prijpiignb, -Ere, -%vi, -8tfirus, [propugno], I. v. n., (rush /orward to &ht, or f g h t in front), rush out (fighting), discharge missiles (ex silvis). prijpulsp, I r e , -Evi, -%us, [propulso (cf. propello)], I. v. a., repel, f , drive OA defend ones seZf keep o against. prijra, -ae, [Gr.], F., the prow (of a ship). prijruij, -ruere, -rui, -rutus, [proruo], 3. v. a., dash duwn, overthrow, demolish. prijrutus, -a, -um, p. p. of proruo. prbseciitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of pro-

sequor.
prbsequor, -sequi, -sectitus, [prosequor], 3. v. dep., pursue, follow (on ones way), escort.- Fig. (from escorting), address, take leave of one (with some kind of attention). prbspectus, -tfis, [pro-spectus (cf. prospicio)], M., butlook, view : in prospectu, in szghf ;prospectu tenebris adempto, the view cut o f by the darkness. prbspiciij, -spicere, -sp6xi, -spectus, [pro-tspecio], 3. v. a., look forward, look out. -Fig., provide for, take care, look out. prijsternij, -sternere, -str%vi, -strEtus, [pro-sterno], 3. v. a., dash to the ground, overthrow (lit. and fig.).

prbsum, prijdesse, prijfui, pr6futiirus, [pro(d)-sum], irr. v. n., b e j m J benefit: quod alithe aavanfage o cui prodest, by which oneprojts. prijtegb, -tegere, -tExi, -tEctus, [pro-tego], 3. v. a., (cover in front), protect, cover. prbterreij, -terrEre, -terrui, -territus, [pro-terreo], 2. v. a., frzghkn away, drive away in frighf. prijterritus, -a, -urn, p. p. of proterreo. prbtinus (-tenus), [pro-tenus, as far as], adv., forward, strakht on. Hence, straightway, forthwith, at once, instant4 (keeping right on). prijturbritus, -a, -um, p. p. of proturbo. prijturbb, -Hre, -Hvi, -Stus, [proturbo, disturb], I . v. a., drive in condislodge. fusion, drive 08, prbvectua, -a, -urn, p. p. of proveho. prijvehb, -vehere, -vExi, -vectus, [pro-veho], 3. v. a., carry forward. - I n pass., be carried forfh, sail out, sef sail: leni Africo provectus (sail wifh,be driven by). prbveni6, -venire, -veni, -ventfirus, [pro-venire], 4. v. n., come forward. -Esp. of fruits, come up, grow. prijventus, -tiis, [pro-tventus, cf. eventus and provenio], M., an issue (a coming forth), success, a result. prijvideij, -videre, -vidi, -visus, [pro-video], 2. v. a,, foresze, see befo~ehand, take care, mafieprovision,provide, arrange befrehakd: satis est provisam, suHcient provision Aas been made. pravincia, -ae, [tprovincli- (vinc-

pr6vlnciHlie

I 26

Pull6

as root of vinco (conquer)

(office of one extending the frontier by conquest in the field), o#ce (of a commander or governor), aprovince (in general), a function. Trausf., a province (governed by a Roman magistrate). - Esp., The Province (of Gaul) ; so with nostra, ulterior, citerior (the province, as opposed to the unconquered parts of Gaul). pr6vinciPlis, -e, [provincialis], adj., o f a province. - Esp., o j the province (of Gaul). provisus, -a, -um, p. p. of provideo. pr6vol6, -?ire, -%vi, -Itfirus, [provolo], I . v. n., fyforth. Less exactly, rush forth, rush out, Jy out (of cavalry, etc.). proxims, see prope. proximus, see propior. prkdentia, -ae, [prudent-, foreseeing, ia], F., foresight, discretion. PtiHnii, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur., a people of Aquitania. piib6s (piiber), -eris, [?, prob, same root as puer], adj., ndztlt.Plur. as noun, aduZts, grown men, young men o f age. p k b l i d [old case-form of publicus], adv., pubZicly, in the name o f the state, as a state, on behau o f the state : publice iurare (for the people, malting the oath bind them). piiblic6, -?ire, -%vi, -?itus, [public&], I . v. a., (make beZong to the peopZe), conjscate. piiblicus, -a, -urn, [populicus], adj., o f thepeople (as a state), o f the state, public: consilium (a
F.,

+ ia],

+ us)

state measure, a $&ic measure, action by the state, action by geiteral consent) ; res publica, the commonf state, wcaW, the stnte, the interests o public busiriess ;relatis in publicum cornibus ($ublich displayed) ; mulieres in publicum procurrere (abroad into the streets). Pkblius, -I, [prob. populi- 4- ius, cf. publicus], M., a Roman praenomen. pudet, pudEre, puduit (puditum est), [?I, 2. v. impers., (it shames), oize is ashamed (translating the accusative as subject). pudor, -6ris9 [PUD (in pudet) or], M., shame, a sense of shame, n seme o f honor. puer, -i, [?I, M., a boy. - Plur., children (of either sex) ; a pueris, f r o m childhood. puerilis, -e, [puerti- (reduced) 4ilis], adj., o f a chizd: aetas (of c~izdhooa). pfigna, -ae, [PUG (in pugno) na], F., a j g h t (less formal than proelium) : ad pugnam, fo+ jghtiizg; genus pugnae (ofjghting). piign6, -%re, -%vi, -Htus, [pugna-1, I . v. n.,jght,erLgage. Oftenimpers. in pass., pugnatum est, etc., a n eizgagement took place, they fought, the 3ghti.g continued. -Esp. : p u g nandi potestatem fecit, ofered battZe; pugnantes, those mgaged. pulcher, -clira, -thrum, [?I, adj., Gmutt+Z, Anndsawe, fine. - Fig., $fie, noblc, spleiidid. Pu116, -6nis, [?I, M., a Roman family name. - Esp., Titus PuZZo, a ceuturion in Caesar's army.

pulsus, -a, -um, p. p. of pello. pulsus, -as, [PEL (in pello) tus], M., a stroke, a beat: pulsu remorum praestare (the working, etc.). pulvis, -eris, [?I, M., dust. puppis, -is, [?I, P., the stern. pnrgiitus, -a, -um, p. p. of purgo. pixgb, -%e, -Hvi, -Htus, [tpurigb (pur&+ tagus, cf. ago)], I . v. a.,

dean, clear. F i g . , excuse, exonerate,free from suspicion, excuZpate. putb, -Hre, -Hvi, piitus, [put& (st. of putus, clean)], I . v. a., clean up, clear up. -Esp. : rationes (clear up accounts). Hence alone, reckon, think, suppose. PjkrBnaeus, -a, -um, [?I, adj., only with montes, the Pyrenees mountains, between France and Spain.

Q
Q . , for Quintus.
q u l [abl. or instr. (?) of qui], rel. adv., by which (way), where. quadraghi, -Be, -a, [quadraginta (reduced) nus], distrib. num. adj., forw each,forw (each ofteaomitted in Eng.). quadriigintl [akin to quattuor], indecl. num. adj., for&. quadringenti, -ae, -a, [akin to quattuor], num. adj., four hundred. quaerb, quaerere, quaesivi, quaewith r for original 81, 3. v. situs, [?, a., search for, look for, inquire about, inquire, ask: eadem (make the same inquiries). quaestib, -6nis, [quaes (as root of quaero) tio], F., an investigation : habere de aliquo (examine, as witnesses, usually by torture). quaestor, -ttiris, [quaes (as root of quaero) tor], M., (investigator, or acquirer, perh. both). Esp., a pucestor (the Roman officer who had charge of the finances of an army). quaestus, -tiis, [quaes (as root of quaero) tus], M., acquisition. quilis, -e, [qui- (st. of quis)

ah], inter. adj., o f what sort? qualis ascensus (what is the nature of? etc.). quam [case-form of quis and qui, cf. tam, nam], adv. and conj.: I . InRel., as, than: terrog., how?-z. praeferrequam (ratherthan).-Often with superlatives, as much aspossible: quam maximus, the greatestpossible; quam maxime, very much. See also postquam, posteaquam, priusquam (often separated), which are best translated by a single word, omitting the relative part, according to the common English idiom. quamdia (often written separately), adv. (see diu) : I . Interrog., how long?- 2 . Rel., as long, as long as (with antecedent omitted). quam ob rem (often found together), adv. phrase: I . Interrog., why? 2 . Rel., on which account, for which reason. quamvis [quam vis], adv., asyou please, however, no matter how. quandb [quam unc. case-form i akin to de], adv., at any time: s quando, ifever, whenever. quautb, see quantus.

quantus

128

quidem

quantus, -a, -um, [prob. for kavant us], adj.: (root of qua) I. Interrog., howgreat? how much? quantum boni, how much good? quantae civitates (how imjortilnt ?). - 2. Relative, as great as, as much as: tantum quantum, so much . as; so quanta tanta pecunia. quantusvis, -avis, -umvis, [quantus-vis (from volo)], however great, as great as you pZeasc. quZ r-5, adv. phrase, by which thing, wherefore, therefore, o n account of which (circumstance, etc.), why. The relative and interrogative senses are not always distinguishable ; neque commissum qua re, nothing had deeit done for which, etc.; res hortabantur qua re, etc. (many i-easons for doing so urged, etc., to). quartus, -a, -um, [quattuor- (retus], num. adj .,fourth : duced) quartus decimus, fourteeizth. quasi [quam (or qui) -si], conj., as if: quasi vero, as if forsooth (ironical). quattuor [?, reduced pl.], indecl. num. adj., four. quattuordecim [quattuor-decem], indecl. num. adj.,fourteen. -que [unc. case-form of qui], (always appended to the word or to some part of the phrase which it connects), conj., and. - Sometimes connecting the general with the particular, and in generaZ, and other. quem a d modum, phrase as adv., how,just as, as. queror, qued, questus, [?, with r for original a], 3. v. dep., com#ain,

..

...

.. .

eompZain o J find fault, j n d fault with, bewail, lament. questus, -a, -nm, p. p. of queror. qui, quae, quod, caius, [prob. qu& i (demon.)], rel. pron., who, which, that.- Often where a demon. is used in Eng., this, that.Often implying an antecedent, Re who, etc. : ea quae, things which, whatever; qua de causa, for this reason ;qui patebant (though they, etc.) ; qui videant, meti to see, scouts; qui, and they; habere sese quae, with subjv. (somethiizfto,etc.) ; quipotuissent (men who) ; qui postularent, to demand; haec esse quae, this was what; qui faceret, in that he, etc.; paucis diebus quibus (after) ; idem abl. of quod, the same as.-qu6, degree of difference as adv., the (more, less, etc.). - See also quis, quod, 2 quo, and 3 quo. quicquam, see quisquam. quicumque, quae-, quod-, [quicumque (cf. quisque)], indef. rel. pron., whoever, whichever, whatever. quidam, quae-, quod- (quid-), [qui-dam (case of DA, cf. nam, tam)], indef. adj. pron., a (possibly known, but not identified), a certain, certain, a kind o f (referred to as belonging to the class, but not exactly the thing spoken of) : artif trick; quificio quodam, a kind o dam ex militibus (one). quidem [unc. case-form of qui dem (fr. DA, cf. tandem, idem)], adv., giving emphasis, but with no regular English equivalent : ne . quidem, n o t . even, n o t . e i t h ; vestrae quidem certe, yours at kat,

..

..

. .

qui&

129

quisquia

with emphasis ; si quidem, i f a t Zeast, in so f a r as, since. qui&, &is, [qui& (st. of quiesco, keep guiet) tis (reduced)] F., rest, deep, repose. quictus, -a, -urn, [qui& (st. of quiesco, cf. quies) tus], p. p. as adj., at rest, guiet, peaceable, settled, at peace,free f r m disturbance. quin [qui (abl. or instr. of qui) ne], conj., interrog., how not? and rel., by which not: quin etiam, nay even, inftrct. -After negative verbs of hindrance and doubt, so but that, Jut that, that, from (doing a thing), to (do a thing) i non dubito quin, 1 doubt not that; also, rarely, I do not hesitate to ;non aliter sentio quin, Z have no other idea than that; non exspecto quin, I do not delay doing, etc. ; nec abest ab eo quin, it is not farfrom beirrs the case that, etc. quinam (quis-), quae-, quod(quid-), ciiius-, [qui-nam], interr. pron., who? etc. (emph.) : quibusnam manibus (with whatpossible ? etc.). quinciinx, -ancis, [quinque-uncia, ounce], F., (an arrangement of dots in the form marked on the fiveounce piece of copper, ), a p i n cunx: in quincuncem dispositis (in guincuncial or aztelernate order). quindecim [quinque-decem], indecl. num. adj.,jfteen. quingenti, -ae, -a, [quinque-centun], num. adj.,jve hundred. quini, -ae, -a, [quinque nusIl distrib. num. adj.,jve at a time,$ve (at a time). unc, quinquHgintL [quinque st.], indecl. num. adj.,$f&.

quinque
five.

[?I, indecl.

num. adj.,

>:

quintus, -a, -um, [quinque tus]. num. adj.,jfth. - Esp. as a Roman pranonien (orig. the fifth-born ?). Quintus, -i,see quintus. quis (qui), quae (qua),quid (quod), ciiius [st. qui- and qu6-] : I . Interrog. adj. pron., who ? which 1 what?- 2. Indef., one, any one, any thing: ne quid, that nothing; ubi quis, when any one ;si quis, ifaizy one. quisnam, see quinam. quispiam, quae-, quid- (quod-), ciiius-, [quis-piam (pe-iam, cf. quippe, nempe)], indef. adj. pron., any,any one, any thing. quisquam, no fem., quid- (quic-)l ciiius-, [quia-quam], indef. pron. used substantively (cf. ullus), only with negatives and words implying a negative, making a universal negative, any one, anything. -As adj., any. quisque, quae-, quid- (quod-), ciiius-, [puis-que], indef. adj. pron. (distrib. universal), each, each one, every. -- Esp. with superlatives, implying that things are taken in the order of their quality : nobilissimus quisque, a22 the noblest, one after the other in the order of their nobility ; antiquissimum quodque tempus, the most ancient times in their order; decimus quisque, every tenth, the tenth part of, one in ten.With ut, and ita, a proportion is . $0, indicated, in proportion as the more the more. quisquis, quaequae, quicquid (quidquid), cuiuscuius, [quis,

. ..

..

quivis

130

mti6

doubled], indef. rel. pron., whoever, Whatever, every one who, all who. quivis, quae-, quid- (quod-), cuius-, [qui-vis], indef. adj. pron., who you please, any one, any whatever (affirmative), any (whatever). I. qu6, see qui. 2. qub [old dat. of qui], adv.: I. Interrog., whither? - 2 . Rei., whither, into which, as f a r as (Le. to what end) : quo intrare (which); habere quo (have any place to go fo, or the like). -3. Indef., anywhere. 3. qu6 [abl. of qui], as conj., in order that (with comparatives), that: magis eo quam quo (than that, than because).- Esp., qu6 minus, that not, so that not : recusare quominus, refuse to. quoad [quo-ad], conj., (up to which point), as f a r as, until, as long as. quod [N. of qui], conj., (as to which), because, inasmuch as, in that, as f o r the fact that, the fact t h d , that, as f o r (with clause ex-

pressing the action) : quod si, now

if, but if:

qu6 minus, see 3 quo. quoniam [quom (cum) -iam], conj., (when now), ikasmuch as, since, as, seeing that. quoque [?I, conj., following the word it affects, (by all means?),also, as weZl. Cf. etiam (usually preceding). qutique, see quisque. quijque, quo with enclitic. quaqueversus, see versus. quot [akin to quis], adj. pron. indecl.: I . Interrog., Lou, ma9y?2. Rel., as many, as many as (with implied antecedent), the number which. quotannis [quot-annis], adv., (as many years as there are), every year, year&. quotiens [quot iens, cf. quinquiens], adv.: I . Interrog., how often ? how many times?- 2. Rel., as often, as often as (with implied antecedent).

R
radix, -icis, [?I, F., a root. -Plur.,
the roots (of a tree), the foot (of a

mountain). rXd6, rldere, r%i, riisus, [?I, 3. v. a., shave, scrape. ramus, -i, [?I, M., a branch, a bough, a prong (of antlers). rapiditls, -tiitis, [rapid& tas], P., swiftness, rapidity. rapina, -ae, [rapi- (as if st. of rapio, seize) na ( F . of -nus)], F., plunder. Plur., plundering.

rlrus, -a, -urn, adj., thin, scattered, singly, in smnll bodies (of soldiers), a f e w at a tznre, few (as being wide apart). riisus, -a, -urn, p. p. of rado. rati6, -6nis, [trati- (ra, in reor, -t ti) 01, F., a reckoning, an account, a ro2Z. - Also, cakulation, reason, prudence, terms, a plan, science (or art, or Knowled&, as systematic), a reason (as consisting in a calculation), a manner, a method,

[?I,

ratis

131

reclis6

a consideration : rationem habere,

take a n account, take account ofi have regard to, take into consideration, take measures, take care ofi a mercantile term, cf. account; rei militans (art, also nature) ; omnibus rationibus, in a Z Z ways, in a l l respects ;proeli (character) ; reposcere (demand a n account, make one responsibze) ; rationem habere ut, take cure that, etc. ; rationem habere frumentandi (take measuresfor, etc.). ratis, -is, [?I, F., a raft. Rauraci, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe on the upper Rhine. re-, red-, [abl. of unc. st. perh. akin to -rus], insep. prep., back, again, away, out, an-.-ESP. implying a giving or taking something which is due, or which creates an obligation by the taking, see recipio, refero. rebelli6, -6nis, [rebelli03, F., 3 renewaZ of war, a n zlprising, a rebelZion. Rebilus, -i, [?I, M., a Roman family name. - See Caninius. recld6, -cSdere, -cessi, -cessihs, [re-cedo], 3. v. n., make way back, retire, withdraw. reclns, -entis, [prob. p. of lost verb treceo, be back, (cf. recipero)], adj., (?,jzcst coming back?), new, fresh, Zate. rechse6, -cSnsEre, -cEnsui, -cEnSUS, [re-censeo, estimate], 2. v. a., review, inspect (of troops). receptkulum, -i, [recepts- f culum], N., a retreat, a place cf refuge. receptus, -a, -urn, p. p. of recipio.

receptus, -tiis, [re-captas, cf. recipio], M., a retreat, a way o f retreat, a refuge: receptui canere, t o sound a retreat. recessus, -sib, [re-tcessus (cf. recedo)], M., a retreat: recessum dare (u chance to retreat). recidij, -cidere, -cidi, -c%siirus, [re-cado], 3. v. n., f a l l again, f a l l back, f a l l upon (one after some one else). recipi6, -cipere, -c&pi, -ceptus, [re-capio], 3. v. a,, take back, get back, recover, take in, receive, admit: misericordiam (admit o f ) ; tela recipi, be exposed to missiles; ad se (attack).- With reflexive, retreat, fly, return, retire, get o f , withd~aw, resort : se ad aliquem (raZCy on). recit6, -%re, -%vi, -%tus, [re-cito], I. v. a., read (aloud). reclinltus, -a, -um, p. p. of r e cline. reclin6, -%re, -Hvi, -Htus, [recline], I . v. a. and n., Zean back, lean over, Zean :reclinatus, Zeaning. rEctl [old case-form of rectus], adv., straight, right, right&: recte factum, a good action. rlctus, -a, a m , [p. p. of rego], adj., (directed), strakht: recta regione, in a strajght direction, paralZel with. recupere (-cip-), I r e , -Hvi, -Stus, [treciper&, from rec6- (cf. recens) parus (cf. pario)], I. v. a., get back, recover, regain. reciis6, -%re,-%vi,-Etus, [re-tcauso (cf. excuso)], I. v. a. and n., (give a n excuse f o r drawing back), refuse, rejkct, rejudiate, object to; abs., make

r8da

132

r8gnum

o6jEctions: de stipendio (refuse to pay, etc.) ; quin (refuse to); quominus (refuse to) ; periculum (refuse to incur). rZda (rhZda), -ae, [perh. Celtic form akin to rota], F., a wagoiz (with four wheels). redgctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of redigo. redditus, -a, -um, p. p. of reddo. redab, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [re (red) -do], 3. v. a,, give back, restore, pay (something due, cf. re), render: supplicatio (ofer). redemptus, -a, -urn, p. p. of redimo. rede6, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itfirus, [re(red-) -eo], irr. v. n., go back, return, come down again (collis ad planitiem) : eodem unde redierat (come) ; summa (be referred). redig6, -igere, -Egi, -Ictus, [re(red-j ago], 3. v. a., bring back, reduce, render, bring (sub imper i u m Galliam), make (one. thing out of another). redimb, -imere, -Emi, -Bmptus, [re- (red-) emo], 3. v. a., buy back, redeem,purchase, buy. redintegritus, -a, -urn, p. p. of redintegro redintegr6, &e, -%vi, -?itus, [re(red-) integro], I . v. a., renew (again), restore, revive (spem). rediti6, -Bnis, [red-titi0 (cf. redeo)], F., a return. reditus, -tiis, [re- (rea-) titus], M., a return. Redones, -urn, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of Brittany. rediic6, -diicere, -diixi, -ductus, [reduco], 3. v. a., Zead back, bring

back, draw b a d , draw in, extend back. refectus, -a, -urn, p. p. of r e ficio. refer6, -ferre, -ttuli, -1Htus, [refer~],irr. v. a., briltg back, return, bring (where something belongs), report. -Esp. : ad senatum (Zay before for action) ; de re publica (GOBsuZt in regard to) ; gratiam (make return, show one's gratitude) ; pedem (retreat, draw back). reficiij, &cere, -fEci, -fectus, [refacio], irr. v. a., repair, refresh: se ex labore (rest) ; exercitum (aZZozq to recover). refriictus, -a, -urn, p. p. of refringo. refring6, -fringere, -frEgi, -friictus, [re-frango], 3. v. a., break away, break in (portas): vim fluminis (break, opposite t o its direction). refugiij, -fugere, -fa@, -fugitZrus, [re-fugio], 3. v. n., r u ~ z a w q , escape. RBgInus, 4, [akin to rex], M., a Roman family name. - See Antistius. io, but cf. regi6, - h i s , [REG ratio], F., a direction, a p a r t (of the country, etc.), a region, a country, a district: recta regione, straight, aZoug, parallel; e regione, mer against, just opposite. rsgius, -a, .urn, [regius], adj., of a kiizg, re&, royal. rEgn6, -iire, -Ivi, -HtZrus, [regna-1, I . v. n., 71&, bein power, reign. rEgnum, -i, [REG num (N. of -nus)], N., a kingdom, royal power, a throne. - Plur., the royal powti (of several cases).

reg5

I33

reni5nti6

regb, regere, rExi, rEctus, [akin to rex], 3. v. a., direct, manage, rule, have control oJ: rCici6, -icere, - h i ,-iectus, [reiacio], 3. v. a., throw back, hurl back, drive bad, throw away, drive 0 3 rgiectus, -a, -um, p. p. of reicio. relangulsc6, -languEscere, -langui, no p. p., [re-languesco], 3. v. n., languish away, be relaxed, be weakened, be deadened. reliitus, -a, -um, p. p. of refero. relggiitus, -a, -um, p. p. of relego. relCgb, -Hre, -Lvi, -%tus, [re-Ego, depute], I. v. a,, renwve, separate. relictus, -a, -um, p. p. of relinquo. religi6, - h i s , [?, re-legio (cf. religo)], F . , (the original meaning unc.), a religious scruple, a religiaus observance, the service o f the gods, a superstition, a superstitious terror, religion.- Plur., religious matters (of all kinds). relinqu6, -linquere, -liqui, -lictus, [re-linquo], 3. v. a., leaue jehind, leave, abandon : obsidionem (raise). -Pass., be left, remain. reliquus, -a, -um, [re-tliquus (LIQ (leave) us)], adj., left, remaining, the rest, the other, other (meaning all other),the others, all other,future (of time), remaining: nihil est reliqui, there i s nothing left; nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui fecerunt, made the greatest jossible speed. remaneij, -manere, -mHnsi, -mHnsiirus, [re-maneo], 2. v. n., remain behind, remain, stay. rlmex, -igis, [remb with unc. term. (perh. tagus)], M., a n oarsman, a rower.

RCmi, -tirum, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of the Belgae about Rheims, which was their capital. rgmigij, -%re, -ivi, -Htiirus, [remig-], I. v. n., row. remigrij, &e, -Hvi, -Htfirus, [remigro], I. v. n., move back, return. reminiscor, -minisci, [re-tminiscor (MAN, in memini, isco)], 3. v. dep., remember. remissus, -a, a m , p. p. of remitto. remittb, -mittere, -misi, -missus, [re-mitto], 3. v. a,, let go back, send back, throw back. -Fig., relax, cease t o use, give u p : remissioribus frigoribus (Zess intense). remollCscb, -mollEscere, no perf., no p. p., [remollesco], 3. v. n., softeen away, soften, becomefeeble. rembtus, -a, -um, p. p. of removeo. removeb, -movEre, -m5vi, -m6tus, [re-moveo], 2. v. a,, move back, move away, send away, remuuc, draw away, get out o f fhe way. -remotus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., f a r away, remote. remiineror, -?iri, -?itus, [re-munerol, I. v. dep., rejay, requite. RCmus, ,-i, [?I, M., one of the Remi. rlmus, -i, [?I, M., an oar. rlnij, -6nis, [?I, M.,a skin, apelt. renovb, -Hre, -%vi, -Stus, [re-novo, fr. novus, new], I. v. a., yenew. reniintiltus, -a, -um, p. p. of renuntio. reniinti6, -Zre, -Hvi, -stus, [renuntio], I . v. a., bring back word, report, proclaim.

repel15

I34

r5a

repell6, -pellere, -ppuli, -pulsus, [re-pello], 3. v. a., drive back, re$el, repulse: ab hac spe repulsi, disappointed in this hope. repente [?I, adv., suddenly. repentinus, -a, -urn, [repente inus], adj., sudden, hasty. -repenting, abl. as adv., suddenly. reperiij, reperire, repperi, repertus, [re- (red-) pario], 4. v. a., j n d out, discover, j n d (by inquiry, cf. invenio) : reperti sunt multi, there were many. repertus, -a, -urn, p. p. of reperio. repetij, -petere, -petivi, -petitus, [re-peto], 3. v. a., try to get back, demand back, ask for: poenas (inj i c t , exact, cf. sumo). repleg, -plEre, - p h i , -plEtus, [repleo], 2. v. a . , j l l up, supply well. replltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of repleo. report6, -%re, -%vi, -%tus, [report~],I . v. a., carry back. reposc6, -poscere, no perf., no p. p., [re-posco], 3. v. a,, demand back, demand (something due). repraesent6, -%re,-%vi,-%tus,[repraesento], I. v. a., make present, do at once. reprehenag, -hendere, -hendi, -hEnsus, [reprehendo], 3. v. a., drag back, seize hold of, find f a u l t with, blame, censure. repressus, -a, -urn, p. p. of reprimo. reprimg, -primere, -pressi, -pressus, [re-premo], 3. v. a., check. repudig, -%re, -%vi, -%tus,[repudii-1, I . v. a., (spurn with the feet, cf. tripudium), spurn, refuse, rqect.

repiign6, -tire, -%vi, -titus, [repugno, j g h t ] , I . v. n., resist. - Fig., be in opposition. repulsus, -a, -um, p. p. of repello. requirg, -quirere, -quisivi, quisitus, [re-qnaero], 3. v. a., search out. Hence, repuest, repuire, denrand, need. rEs, rei, [akin t o reor, reckon], F., property, busiizess, an afair, a matter, a thing (in the most general sense), a fact, a n occurrence, an event, a case, an action, a n act. Often to be translated from the context: ob eam rem, for this reason; quam ob rem, for which reason, wherefore; his rebus, by these means,f o r these reasons, on this accozint; ea res, this, (often equivalent t o a pronoun); qua in re, in which; eius rei, of this; his rebus cognitis (this) ; qua ex re futurnm, the result of which would be; huic rei, for this purpose, f o r this; alia re iurare (in any other way); nihil earum rerum quas, etc., nothing o f what, etc.; sine certa re, without certain grounds ;omnibus rebus, in every respect, in all ways ;his omnibus rebus mum repugnabat (considerations, reasons, argunzeirts) ; quibus rebus occnrrendum esse (dangers) ; rem defene, lay the matter befre, not for consultation, bring informatiofz, cf. rem referre; rerum omnium casus, all accidents ; rem gerere, operate, conduct operations, in war, succeed well or ill ; his rebus gestis, after these operations, events ;male re gesta, want of success; rerum natura, nature, also, state o f the case ;

rescind5

I35

retrah5

f the impeiitus rerum, ignorant o world; omnium rerum summa (of the whole, o f all the forces) ; ei rei student (this branch, cavalry) ; cuius rei, of which, ships. -ESP., the afzirs (of a person), posttion, interests, condition,fortunes, circumstances: Gallicis rebus favere (the interests o f Gaul); rem esse in angusto (aJuir~,things) ; commutatio rerum, change o f fortunes. Esp. : res secundae, or adversae, success, prosperity, or udversity, want of success; res publica, the commonwealth, the state, the general interests, public business, polttics ;res communis, the common interest; de re publica, in regard to the welfare o f the state, about politics ; res divinae, disine worsh@, and everything pertaining to it, religion; res familiaris, property; res militaris, warfare, the art o f war; res frumentaria, grain szipp&, grain; res alicui est, one has business with, has to do with, and the like ; one's a f a i r is; res est, it is a fact, it is so ;novae res, a new form o f government, revolution. rescindij, -scindere, -scidi, -scissus, [re-scindo], 3. v. a., cut away, tear down, break down, destvoy. resciscb, -sciscere, -scivi, -witus, [re-scisco, inquire], 3. v. a.,jnd out, learn, discover. rescrib6, -scribere, -scrips& -scriptus, [re-scribo, write], 3. v. a., transf e r (by writing). reservgtus, -a, -um,p.p. of reservo. reservb, -%re,-%vi, -Itus, [re-servo], I. v. a., Keep back, reserve, hold i n reserve.

resideb, -sidere, -sEdi, no p. p., (re-sedeo], 2. v. n., sit back, sit down, remain behind, remain. resid6, -sidere, -sEdi, no p. p., [re-sido], 3. v. n., sink down, become * calm, subside. resistij, -sistere, -stit& no p. p., [re-sisto], 3. v. n., stand back, stop, withstand, nzoke a stand, resist, remain. respiciij, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus, [re-tspecio], 3. v. a. and n., look back, look back at, look behind one, see behind one, consider. respondeb, -spondEre, -spondi, -spiinsus, [re-spondeo, promise], 2 . v. n., rep&, answer. respijnsum, -i, [N. p. p. of responde~], N., a rep&. Plur., a rep4 (of several parts). rEs publica, see res. respub, -spuere, -spui, no p. p., [re-spuo], 3. v. a., spit out. -Fig., spurn, reject. restinctus, -a, -um, p. p. of restinguo. restinguii, -stinguere, -stinxi, -stinctus, [re-stinguo, quench], 3. v. a,, extinguish. restitM,-stituere, -stitui, -stitfitus, [re-statuo], 3. v. a., set up again, replace, restore, make anew. restitutus, -a, -urn, p. p. of restituo. retentus, -a, -urn, p. p. of retineo. retineij, -tinEre, -tinui, -tentus, [re-teneo], 2. v. a., hold back, restrain, (quin, from doing something), detain, retain : memoriam (preserve) ; Gallos (arrest). retrahij, -trahere, -trixi, -trHctus,

revel16

136

sacnlficium

Lre-traho], 3. v. a., drag dack, dring back (a person). revell6, -vellere, -velli, -vuIsus, [re-vello, puZZ], 3. v. a., tear away, * PuZZ away. reversus, -a -urn, p. p. of reverto. revertti, -vertere, -verti, -versus, [re-verto], 3. v. n., return (in perf. tenses). -Pass. as deponent in pres. tenses, return, go back, come back. revincia, -vincire, -vinxi, -vinctus, [re-vincio], 4. v. a., bind back (to something), make fast, fasten, bind. revinctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of revincio. revocLtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of revoco. revoc6, -Lre, -Hvi, -Htus, [re-VOCO], I . v. it., ea22 back, calZ away, caN o s recall. rsx, rEgis, [REG, rule, as st.], M., a king. RhBnus, -i, [Celtic?], M., the Rhine. Rhodanus, -i, [Celtic?], M., the Rhone. ripa, -ae, [?I, F., a dank. rivus, -i, [akin to Gr. PCw], M., n brook, a stream (not so large as flumen). rabur, -oris, [?I, N., oak. rogitus, -a, -um, p. p. of rogo. rog6, -%re,-%vi, -Ztus, [?I, I . v. a.
S

and n., ask, request, ask f o r : mxamento rogare milites (bind by a n oath, enlist under oath). Rama, -ae, [?I, F., Rome. RbmPnus, -a, -urn, [Roma- -Inus], M., Roman. -As noun, a Roman. R6scius, -i, [?I, M., a Roman family name.- Esp., Lucius Roscizis, a legatus of Cresar. rbdrum, -i, [ROD- (in rodo, gnaw) I - trum], N., a beak. - Esp. of a ship, the beak, the ram (used as in modern naval fighting). rota, -ae, [?I, it., a wheel. rubus, -i, [?, perh. rub- (in ruber) us], M., (red?),a brambze. Riifus, -i, [prob. dial. form = rubus, l e d ] , M., a Roman family name. See Sulpicius. riimor, &is, [?I, M., a rumor (confused report), report, riipEs, -is, [RUP (cf. rumpo) unc. term.], F., a clzx a rock (in position). riirsus [for reversus], adv., dack again, back, again, in turn. R u t h i , -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe on the borders o f Provence. Rutilus, -i, [prob. akin to ruber], M., red.As a Roman family name. - Esp., Marcus Sempronizis Rzttilzts, a cavalry officer under Ciesar.

Sabinus, 4,[unc. st. (cf. sabulus, sand) inus], M., (Sabine).- As a Roman family name.- See Titurius. Sabis, -is, [Celtic], M., a river of Gaul flowing into the Meuse, now Sambrc.

saceraas, -d6tis, [sacrli-dos (DA 4tis)], c., (arranger o f sacred rites?), a priest. sacrimenturn, -i, [sacra-, RaZZow, ! - mentum], N., a n oath. sacrificium, -i, [tsacrific& (sac&

saepe

I37

satisfaciij

tfacus, cf. beneficus) f ium], N . ,a sacrz9ce. saepe [N. of tsaepis (perh. same as saepes)], adv., often: minime saepe, most rarely. - saepius, compar., many times, repeated&. saepenumer6 [saepe, numero], adv., oftentimes, many times. saepds, -is, [akin to saepio, hedge in], F., a hedge. saevi6, -ire, -ii, -itfirus, [saevll-, raging (as if saevi-)], 4. v. n., be anfly, rage, be vioZent. . sagitta, -ae, [?I, F., an arrow. arius], Sagittarius, -i, [sagittaM.,a n archer, a dowman. sagulum, -i, [sag& (cloak) lum], N., a cZoak (military). saltus, -tiis, [I, perh. SAL (in salio, leap) 4-tus], M., a wooded hezgkt, a glade, a pass (in the mountains). saliis, .fitis, [salv&, (?) safe, tis (cf. virtus)], F., kealth, weZl-being, welfare, safety, preservation, deliverance, lzye (as saved or lost) ; salute desperata, despairing of saving ones self; salutis suae causa, to protect ones sev; ad salutem contendere (a place o f safety). Samarobriva, -ae, [Celtic], F., a city of the Ambiani, now Amiens. sanci6, sancire, sLnxi, slnctus, [SAC (in sacer)], 4. v. a., bind (in some religious manner), make sacred, solemnly estadlish (by law). -ss8nctus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., holy, sacred, solemn, invialadle. slnctus, -a, -um, p. p. of sancio. sanguis, -inis, M., bZood (as the vital fluid, generally in the body, cf. cruor).

+ +

[?I,

s l n i a s , -tiitis, [sanb I -tas], F., soundness, sound mind, good sense. siinfi, 4re, -Pvi, -stus, [sani-1, I. v. a., make sound, make good, repair. Santones, -um, (-i,.6rum), [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe between the Loire and the Garonne. Santoni, see Santones. sanus, -a, -um, [SA- (akin to salvus) f nus], adj., sound (in body or mind), sane, discreet: nihil pro sano facere (nothing discreet). sapi6, -ere, -ii (-ivi), no p. p., [?, SAP], 3. v. a. and n., taste (actively or passively). Hence, be wise, understand (what to do). sarcina, -ae, [sarci- (as if st. of sarcio, or a kindred noun-st.) na (F. of nus)], F., a p a d (sewed up?). - Plur., baggage (soldiers packs, cf. impedimenta, baggage not carried by soldiers). sarci6, sarcire, sarsi, sartns, [?I, 4. v. a,, mend, patck. -Fig., restore, repair. sarmentum, -i, [perh. SARP, prune mentum], N . , (but cf. sarcina) (either prunings or tiedfagots), only in plur., fagots,fascines. satis [?I, adv., enough, suficiently. -Often with partitive, equivalent to a noun or adj., enough, suficient: satis habere, consider szlflcient, de satis commode satisfied; neque (not very, etc.) ; satis grandis, nither Zarge, toleradly lorge. - Often a miId expression for very and the like. satisfaci6, -facere, -fEci, -factfirus, [satis facio], 3. v. n., do enough for, satisfy, make amends, excuse ones se& apologize.

...

satisfactiij, -6nis, [satis-factio (cf. satisfacio)], F., amends,excuses, an apology. satus, -a, -um, p. p. of sero. saucius, -a, -um, [?I, adj., woumfed. saxum, 4, [?I, N., a 70Ck (as movable), cf. rupes. scllae, -?irum, (sing. rare), [perh. la], F., scad- (in scando, climb) a ladder, a scaling Zander. Scaldis, -is, [I], M., a river of Gaul, the ScheZdt. scapha, -ae, [Gr., orig. a dugout ], F., a skzx a boat. scelerltus, -a, -um, [as if (perh. really) p. p. of scelero (sfuiic with crime?)],adj., villainous, accursed. scelus, -e&, [?, perh. orig. crookedness, cf. pravus and wrong I, N.,crime, wiciedizess. scienter [scient- (cf. scio) ter], adv., knowifzgly, ski&d&. scientia, -ae, [scient- (cf. scio) ia], F., knowledge, acquaiiztance with (thing in the genitive), skiZl. scindii, scindere, scidi, scissus, [ S C I D , s p l i t ] , 3. v. a., fear, teardown. sci6, scire, scivi, scitus, [?I, 4. v. a., (separate ?),distinguish, know. scorpib, -Bnis, [?I, M., a scorpion; n machine for throwiitg darts. Hence, a shot f r o m an e~zgine(of that kind). scribij, scribere, scripsi, scriptus, [ ? I , 3. v. a. and n., write, give an account (in writing). scrobis, -is, [prob. akin to scribo], M. and F., a ditch, apit. scttum, -i, [?I, N., a shieZd, of the Roman legion, made of wwd, con-

vex, oblong (2% by 4 ft.), covered with leather. sl- sEd- [old abl. of unc. st.], prep., mostly as adv. in comp., a@t, away, aside, o & un-. s6, see sui. &bum, 4,[?I, N., fallow. secii, seclre, secui, sectus, [prob. causative of S E C ] , I. v. a., cut, reap. sGcrEtii [abl. of secretus, p. p. of secerno, separate], adv., in private, private&. sectiii, - h i s , [ S E C (in seco) tio], F., n cutting. Heiice (prob. from dividing in lots), a lot o f boo@, buoy. sector, -zri, -Itus, [prob. secti (SEQU ta, cf. moneta)], I . v. dep., pursue, chase after. sectixa, -ae, [prob. sectu- (SEC tus) ra, F. of -IUS], P., n cutting, a mine, a shaft, a gaZlery. secundum, see secundus. secundus, -a, -um, [part. in dus of sequor], adj.,folZowing. Hence, second. - Also (as not opposing), favorabZe, successful: secundiores res, greater prosperi@; proelium secundum nostris (ik favor of); secund0 flumine, down the stream; secunda acies, the secondZiue offdattZe, the second divisioic. Neut. acc. as prep. with acc., aZong, in the direction of, iiz accordawe with ; secundum ea, besides ihat. secixis, -is, [SEC unc. term.], F., an axe. - Esp., the axe o f the Zictor (as a symbol of the power of life and death). SECUS, [SEQU (in sequor) unc. term.], adv., (inferior), otherwise.

sedtua

I39

sententia

Compar., sEcius (setius), less: nihilo secius, none the less, nevertheless. seciitus, -a, -um, p. p. of sequor. sed [abl. of unc. st., cf. re], conj., apart (cf. seditio, and securus), 6ut (stronger than autem or at), 6ut yet. sgdecim [sex-decem], indecl. num. adj., sixteen. stdts, -is, [SED es (M. and F. term. corresponding to N. -us)], F., a seat, Hence, an abode (both in sing. and plur.), a settlement: locus ac sedes, a place o f a6ode. stditib, -finis, [sed-titio (I f tio)], F., a secession, a muhy, an uprising. sgditibsus, -a, -urn, [sedition- f osus], adj., seditious,factious. Sedulius, -i, [?I, M., a leader of the Lemovices. Sedfini, -5rum, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of the Alps. Sedusii, -5rum, [Teut.], M. plur., a tribe of Germans. seges, &is, [unc. st. tis], F., a crop of p a i n (growing), a j e l d (of grain). Segni, -firurn, [CelticJ, M. plur., a people of Belgic Gaul. Segonax (-ovax), -actis, [Celtic], M., a British king. Segontigci, -firurn, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of Britain. Segusiiivi (-5ni), -firurn, [Celtic], M. plur., apeople west of the Rhone, near modern Lyons. semel [prob. N. of adj., akin to similis], adv., once: aemel atque iterum, more than once, asain and again; ut semel, when once, as soon as. stmentis, -tis, Lsemen (seed) f

tis, cf. Carmentis, virtus], F., a sow ing: sementis facere, sow grain. stmita, -ae, [se- (sed-) tmita (MI, in meo, go, cf. comes)], F., a side path, a by path, a path (over the mountains). semper [tsemZi- (?) (in semel) -per (cf. parumper)], adv., though all time, aN the time, always. Semprbnius, -i, [?I, M., a Roman gentile name. -See Rutilus. senltor, -tfiris, [tseng- (as if verbst. akin to senex, perh. really so, cf. SeWtUS) +tor], M., (an elder). Hence, a senator. senStus, -tiis, [tseng- (as if, perh. really, verb-st. akin to senex)], M., a senate (council of old men). - Esp., tke senate (of Rome, the great body of nobles acting as an administrative council). senex [seni- cus (reduced)]. Gen., senis, [I,cf. seneschal], adj. (only M . ) , old. -Esp. as noun, an old man (above forty-five). seni, -ae, -a, [sec(s) nil, distrib. num. adj., six each, six (where each is implied in Eng. by the context). Senones, -um, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of Gaul on the Seine, near Sens (their chief town, anciently Agedincum). sententia, -ae, [tsentent- (p. of simpler pres. of sentio) f ia], F., (feelin,<, thinking). Hence, a way of thinking-, an opinion, a view, a determination, a sentiment, a feeling, apurpose, a design. - Esp., officially, a judgment, an opinion, n sentence, a vote: in ea sententia permanere

(of that mind) ; in eam sententiam, to this purport. senti6, sentire, sEnsi, sCnsus, [I], 4. v. a., perceive (by the senses), know, see, think (of an opinion made up), ltarn about, Zearn: unum sentiunt ac probant, hoZd the same opinion, etc. sentis, -is, [?I, M., a briar. sgparltim [as if acc. of tseparatis (separg- f tis)], adv., separate&, private& (apart from others). sEpargtus, -a, -um, p. p. of separo. -8tus, [se- (sed-) sGpar6, &e, -%vi, parol, I . v. a,, (get apart?), separate. -ESP. slpariitus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj ., separate. septem [?I, indecl. num. adj., seven. septentri6nGs (septem, triones), -urn, M. plur., the seven plough oxez (the stars of the Great Bear).Hence, the north.-Also (by a n error), in the sing., septentrio, -6nis, tht north : a SeptentrionibU9, in the north ; sub septentrionibis, in the north, towards the north septimus, -a, -um, rseptern mus, cf. primus], adj., tht .\ezentk. septingenti, -ae, 'a, [septem (in some form) -centurn (?)I, num. adj., seven hundred. septulginta [from septem, in some unc. manner], indecl. num. adj., seven@. sepultina, -ae, [tsepultu- (cf. s+ pelio, bury) ra (F. of -IUS)], F . , burial, burying. SLquana, +e, [Celtic], F . , the Seine. SBquanus, a, urn, [Celtic], adj.,

of the S e p a n i (a tribe of Gaul, on the Rhone, N. of Macon). - Masc. sing., one o f the Seguani, a S e p a nian. - Masc. plur., the Seqziani. sequor, sequi, sectitus, [SEQU], 3. v. dep., follow, accompany :damnatum poena (be z'njicted upon, the penalty following the condemnation) ; eventus (ensue) ; hiems quae secuta est (the followitzg) ; fidem (hold to, remain under, come under, surrender one's s e u to, etc.) ; aestiis commutationem (take ndvantage of). Ser., for Servius. serm6, -6nis [SER (in sero, twine) mo (prob. -m& o)], M., (series?). Hence, conversation (continuous series of speech), talk, intercourse, conversation with (genitive). ser6, serere. &vi, satus, [SA, resow. dupl.], 3. v. a., pZa7ZtP sZr6 [abl. of scrus], adv., too late. Sertijrius, -i, [sertor (garlandmaker?) ius], M., a Roman gentile name. Esp., Q. Sertorius, a partisan of Marius, who held a command in Spain against the party of Sulla from U.C. 80 to B.C. 72. servilis, -e, [servi- (as if st. of servus or akin, cf. servio) lis], adj., ofsZaves, o f a slave, servile: in servilem modum, as with slaves, (Le. by torture) ; tumultus (the servde 'war, the revolt of the slaves under Spartacus in B.C. 73). servi6, -ire, ii @vi), ittirus [servi(as if st. of servus or akin)], 4. v. n., be a slave (to some one or something) ; rumoribus (be blind& guided by,follow) ; bello (devote one's self to). servitfis, -titis, [tservitu- (serv6

Serviue

141

signum
a
~

ut, so , that, so well tua) tis, cf. iuventus, semen- thtpls: sic that; sic reperiebat (this). tis], F., slavery, servitude. Servius, -i, fservaius], M.,a sicuti, as coiij.,just as,just as if: siccitls, &tis, [sicca- tas], F., Roman prsnomen. servij, -Sire, -%vi, -%us, [serva-1, dryness, drought, dry weather.-Plur. I. v. a., watch,guard, keep, preserve : in same sense, of different occasions. sicut (sicuti), see sic. praesidia (hold, maintain) ; ordines sidus, -eris, [SED us], N., (keep); fidem (keep ones word). servus, -i,[unc. root (SER, bind?) (position ?),a heaven& body. signifer, -feri, [signo-fer (FER vus], M., a slave. (bear) ! -us)], M.,a standard-bearer. s l s l , see sui. aigniflc&titi, - h i s , [significaslsquipedllis, -e, [tsesquiped- (a foot and a hacf) alis], adj., of a tio], F., a making of signs, a signal, footanda hay, ezghteen-inch(beams, an intimation, a warning. signific6, -Sire, -Sivi, -stus, [tsigetc.). nific6- (sign6-ficus, cf. facio)], I. v. seu, see sive. n., make sens, indicate, make known, sevlritls, &tis, [sever& tas], spread news, give an intimation, F . , strictness, harshness, severi9. slvocij, -Sire, -%vi, -%tus,[se (sed) give information, show: hac re sig-voce], I. v. a., call aside, caN out nificari, this is an indication; de fuga ; deditionem (make signs of), (aside). signum, -i, [unc. ioot num (N. sex [?I, indecl. num. adj., six. of -nus)], N., (a device?), a sign, a sexlgintii [sex unc. term.], signal. -Esp., a standard (for miliindecl. num. adj., s i x v . sexcenti (ses-), -ae, -a, [sex-cen- tary purposes, carried by any body of men, consisting of some device in turn], num. adj., six hundyed. Sextius, -i, [sextb ius], M., a metal on a pole). - Phrases: signa Roman gentile name. - Esp. : I. convertere, wheel, change front, face Titus Sextius, a legatus of Cssar. abart; signa inferre, advance to at-2. Publim Sextius Bacdus, a tack, charge; conversa signa inferre, change front and charge; infestis centurion in Casars army. si [loc. prob. akin to se], ccmj., signis (for an attack, at charge) ; (in this way, i n this case, so, cf. sic), signa ferre, move, move on, march ; in case. -Esp., to see if; whether: signa subsequi, keep the line o f id si fieret, should this happen, etc. march ; signa relinquere, leave the rank$; se continere ad signa, keep sibi, see sui. SibusPtes, -um, [Celtic], M. pl., the ranks; a signis discedere, desert, a people of Aquitania, near the leave the ranks; ad signa convenire, Pyrenees. join the army; ad signa consistere, sic [si-ce, cf. hic], adv., so, in r a l 4 around the standard; signa this manner, i n such a manner, constituere, halt.

...

..

SilEnus

142

sa

SilLnus, 4 , [?I, M., a Roman family name. - Esp., Marcus Silanus, a legatus of Caesar. silentium, 4, [silent- ium], N., stillness, silence. -silentib, abl., A silence, sile&y. Silius, -i, [?I, M., a Roman gentile name. - Esp., Titus Silius, a military tribune in Czsars army. silva, -ae, [?I, F., a forest, woods, forests. - Plur. in same sense. silvester (-tris), -tris, -tre, [silva(as if sihus-, cf. palustris) tris], adj., woody, wooded. similis, -e, [tsim6- (cf. simplex, semper) lis], adj., like, similar. similitidii, -ink, [simili- tudo], F . , likeness, resemblance (to, genitive). simul [N. of similis, cf. facul], adv., at the same time : simul atque (or without atque), as soon a s ; simul simul, both and. simullcrum, -i, [sirnula- crum], N . , an image, a Zi&eness. simulltib, -6nis, [simulci- tio], F., a pretence, a show, deceit. simulltus, -a, -um, p. p. of simulo. simulb, &e, -iivi, -8tus, [simili(as if, perh. orig., tsimul6)], I. v. a., f (something), pretend, make a show o feign. simultis, -tiitis, [simili- (cf. simul) tas], F., (likeness?, e p a l ity ?),rivahy. sin [si-ne], conj., (if not), but ;f: sincere [old case-form of sincerus], adv., honestly, truly, frank&. sine [?I, prep. with abl., without. singilliitim (singul-), [as if singula- (singulus) tim (acc. of

. ..

.. .

-tis)], adv., singly, one 6y one, in& viduaZ & . singullris, -e, [singulliaris], adj., soLitary,single. Hence, unique, extraoaordinary, unparalleled, unequalled, niarvellous. singuli, -ae, -a, [sim (in similis) unc. term.], adj., ofze at a hme; S i 7 i g h , each, one by oze, severaZ (several@). -Often to denote distribution, one to each ; singuli singulos, (with verb), one. each; singulis legionibus singulos legatos (one over each) ; ab singulis legionibus singu10s legatos discedere (eachfrom his) ; inter singulas legiones (between each t w o , one to each) ; navis singulas Romanis equitibus (scveral&, separately, oize to each) ; sevocare singu10s (iizdividzrals, oize by oze). sinister, -tra, -trum, [?I, adj., Zeftt: sub sinistra (manu), on the left. sinistriirsus [sinistro-vorsus (versus)], adv., to the left. sinb, sinere, sivi, situs, [SI (of unc. meaning)], 3. v. a., (lay down, cf. pono), leave. Hence, permit, allow. situs, -tfis, [SI tus], M., (a laying, a leaving), situation,position, site. sive, seu, [si-vel, conj., if either, or if: sive sive, either or, whether. or. socer, -eri, [?I, M., a father-in-law. societls, -tatis, [sociG- tas], F., a n alliance. socius, -i, [SEQU (follow) ius], M., a companion, a n alZy, a contrade. s61, s8lis, [?I, M., the sun. -Also personified, Sol, the Sun.- See also under orior, occido, occasus.

..

..

...

.. .

sllacium

I43

spiritus

s5Uciurn (s6Et-), -i, [solacb ium], N . , a consolation, a comfort. soldurius, -i, [Teutonic], M., a retainer, a follower. solea, solere, solitus, [?I, 2. v. n . , be wont, be accustomed. s6litad6, -inis, [sol& -k tudo], F., loneliness. Hence, a wilderness. sollertia, a e , [sollert- (sollb am,with complete skill, cf. sollicito) ia] ,F., skiZ2, ingenui9,shrewdness. sollicitiitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of sollicito. sollicitb, -%re, -%vi, -%tus, [sollicit& (sollbcitus, entire& roused)], I. v. a., stir up, instigate, make over+yes to, tamper with, approach (with money, etc.), ofer bribes to, tempt. sollicitiidb, -inis, [tsollicitu- (st. akin to sollicitus) -k do], F., anxie@, apprehension. solum, -i, [?I, N., the soil, the foundation, the bottom : solum agri, the bare ground; ab i n h o solo, from the very bottom. sijlus, -a, -urn, [?I, adj., alone, on&.- sblum, N. as adv., alone,on&. soliitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of solvo. solvb, solvere, solvi, soliitus, [prob. se-luo, loose], 3. v. a., unbind, Zoose. Esp. with navis, weigh anchor, set sail. - Also without navis, absolutely, set sail. sonitus, -ti&, [soni- (as st. of sono) tus], M., a sound, noise. sonus, -i, [SON f us], M., a sound. soror, &is, [?I, F., a sister: soror ex matre, a half-sister. sors, sortis, [perh. SER (in sero) 4- tis, but the orig. sense is unc.], F . , a lot (for divination), chance.

SBtiltes, -um, [Celtic], M. pl., a people of Aquitania. spatium, -i, [I], N., space, extent, a Transf., time, space, a distance. space o f time, Zapse o f time. Phrases : quantum fuit diei spatium, as much as there was time for; intermisso spatio, after an iizterval; spatia omnis temporis, the whole course of tinre. specigs, -iei, [SPEC 4- ies (akin to -ia)], F., (a sight, prob. both act. and pass.).- Passively, a sight, a show, an appearance: summa species earum stantium, aperfectappearf them ance of standing trees (lit. o standing) ; ad speciem, for show. spect6, -%re,-%vi, -%us, [spect&], I. v. a. and n., look at, regard, have regard to, lie towards (of a country), face. specuEtor, -tSris, [speculb tor] M., a spy, a scout. speculltbrius, -a, -um, [speculator 4-ius], adj., ( o f a scout), scozctiizg, reconnoitring (navigia). speculor, Gri, -Htus, [speculb, cf. I . v. dep., specula,. watch-tow~r], spy, reconnoitre: speculandi causa, as a spy. ' sperltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of spero. sperij, -%re, -%vi, -Itus, [spes(prob. orig. st. of SPES) with r for SI, I. v. a. and n., hope, hope for, expect. sp!s, -ei, [?I, F., hope, expectation : summam in spem venire, have the greatest hope. spiritus, -tiis, [spiri- (as st. of spiro, breathe) tus], M., b~eath.Also, spirit. Hence, in pl., pn2c arrogance, temper.

spoli8

144

sub

spolib, -Hre, -Hvi, -Stus, [spolib, hoop], I. v. a., despoil, strip. - Fig., rob, deprive, despoil. spontis (sen.), sponte (abl.), [prob. akin to spondeo, promise], F., only with poss. or (poetic) gen., o f ones own accord, voluntarily, on ones own account. - Rarely, by ones influence. stabili6, -ire, -ivi (ii), -itus, [stabili-1, 4. v. a., makejrm. stabilitis, -t8tis, [stabilitas], F., steadiness,jrmness. statim [acc. of tstatis (statis)], adv., (as one stands, on the sjot), at once,forthwith, immediate&. statiti, -6nis, [apparently STA tio, prob. tstati0, whence the common -ti0 used as ending without regard to its origin], F., (a startdtng), a position, a post, apicket. in statione, on p a r d . statuti, -uere, -ui, -iitus, [statu-], 3. v. a., set up. Hence, establish, resolve upon, determine, consider (make up ones mind), take measures. -Euphemistic for, punish (de eo causa cognita). statara, -ae, [statura, F. of -NS], F., (a standing), stature, sixe. status, -tiis, [STA tus], M., (a standing), a position, a condition, a state, a situation. stimulus, -I, [tstigmFj- (STIG I mus) Ius], M., a goad, a spur. -As name of a calthrop or instrument of defence, spurs. stipendi&rius, -a, -urn, [stipendill- 4- arius], adj., tributary, under tribute, subiect to tributc.

stipendium, -i, [stipi-, giyt, and st. akin to pendo (perh. tpendus, cf. pendulus) ium], N., a tribute. stipes, stipitis, M., a h u n g (of a tree). stirps, stirpis, M. and F., a stock, a stem. - Fig., a race : stirpem hominum interfici, men to be killed root and branch. stti, stLre, steti, stattirus, [STA], I. v. n., stand, be placed: decreto (stand by, abide by). strlmentum, -i, [STRA (form of mentum], N., root of sterno) (somefhing strewn), straw, thatch. -Also plur., saddle-cloths. strepitus, -tiis, [strepi- (as st. of strepo, roar) tus], M., a noise, a

[?I, [?I,

corfused din.

studeti, studere, studui, no p. p., [?stud& {or tstuda-), cf. studium], 2. v. n., be eager for, be devoted to, pay attention to, attend to, desire (a thing in the dat.). studitis8, [old case-form of studiOSUS], adv., eager&, zealous&. studium, -i, [prob. t s t u d b ium, cf. studeo], N., engerness, zeal, devotion,fondness (for a thing), enthusiasm. Hence, a pursuit (to which one is devoted), an occupation. stultitia, -ae, [stultli- (foolish) tia], F., folly. sub [unc. case, prob. abl., akin to super], adv. (in comp.) and prep. : a. With abl. (of rest in a place), under: sub oculis, before the eyes. -Also, just by : sub monte (at the foot o f ) ; sub sinistra, at the ldt; sub vallo, just under the 7unll. 6 . With acc. (of motion towards

subtictus

I 4 5

eabeia8
sublevztus, -a, a m , p. p. o f sub-

a place), under, close to. Of time, just at,just before: sub vesperum. c. I n camp., under, up (from under), away (from beneath), secretly (underhand), in succession, a ZittZe, dikhtly. subictus, -a, -um, p. p. of subigo. subdolus, -a, -um, [sub-dolus, artifice], adj., cunning, wily. subdiicb, -dficere, -dfixi, -ductus, [sub-duco], 3. v. a., draw up, lead up: navis (beach,draw up). subductib, -6nis, [sub-tductio, cf. subduco], F., a drawing up, a beaching (of ships). subductus, -a, -urn, p. p. of subdum. subeii, -ire, 4, -itus, [sub-eo], irr. v. a., go under, undergo, encounter, come up, a$proach. subfodib (suff-), -fodere, Wdi, -fossus, [sub-fodio], 3. v. a., dig under, stab (underneath). subfossus, -a, -um, p. p. of subfodi0.subici6, -icere, -iEci, -iectus, [sub-iacio], 3. v. a, throw under, place below, place under, subject, expose to. Also, throw up. -subiectus, -a, -urn, p. p. as adj., Zyingnear. subigii, -igere, -Egi, -Hctus, [subago], 3. v. a., bring under, su&ect. subitb, see subitus. subitus, -a, -urn, [p. p. of subeo], adj., (coming up secret& from under), sudden, suddenly (as if adv. taken with the verb), quick, hasty. eubitb, abl. as adv., suddenly, o f a sirdden. sublltus, a,a m , [sub- (t) latus], p. p. of tollo.

levo.
sublevb, -Hre, -Hvi, -Htus, [sub levo], I . v. a., hghten up, ltghten, ram, raise up, assist, render assistance. With reflexive, rise up.sublevitus, p. p., suppot&zg one's self. F., apile. sublica, -ae, [I], sublub, -here, no perf., -liltus, [sub-luo], 3. v. a., wask underneath, wash flumen collis radices. subministrb (sum-), -ire, -Pvl, -%us, [sub-ministro], I. v. a., supply (as needed), furnish (from time to time), provide. submittb (sum-), -mittere, -mTsi, -missus, [sub-mitto], 3. v. a., send up, send to one's assistance, send as reinforcements, send (as help), reinforce. submbtus, -a, -urn, p. p. o f sub-

.-

moveo.
submoveb (sum-), -movere, -mW, . v. a,, drive -mBtus, [sub-moveo], 2 oJ, dislodge. subrub, -ruere, mi, -rutus, [submol, 3. v. a., dig tmder, undermine. subsequor, -sequi, -seciitus, [subsequor], 3. v. dep., foZZow up, follozu on, foZZow, succeed to. subsidium, -i, [sub-taedium (SED f ium)], N., (a sitting in reseme), a reserve, a reinforccment, help, reZieeft su$port, assistance, reswrces, provisions : subsidio mittere, send assistance ; subsidium ferre, rescue; subsidium comparare, makeprovision. subsidb, -sidere, -sedi, -sessilrus, [sub-sido], 3. v. n., sit down, remain behind.

subsist6, -sistere, +titi, no p. p., [sub-sisto], 3. v. n., stop behind, halt, make a stand: ancorae (hold). subsum, -esse, -fui, -futiirus, [subsum], irr. v. n., be under, be near, be close by (a certain distance off), be near at hand, approach. subtrahb, -trahere, -trHxi, -trPctus, [sub-traho], 3. v. a., take away (underneath), carry away, take away (generally). subvectib, -6nis, [sub-vectio, cf. subveho], F., bringahg up, trmsportation, conveyance. subvehij, -vehere, -vExi, -vectus, [sub-veho], 3. v. a., bring up. subvenib, -venire, -vEni, -veiltarus, [sub-venio], 4. v. n., come under, come to the support of, come to the assistance O J assist. succgdij, -ct;dere, -cessi, -cessiirus, [sub-cedo], 3. v. n., come up, advance, come in place of; succeed to, take the place of, come next. -Also, be succes.fi2, prosper. succendb, -cendere, -cendi, -c&nsus, [sub-tcando (cf. candeo, glow)], 3. v. a., set o n j r e (as if beneath). succgnsus, -a, -urn, p. p. of succenao. successus, -tis, [sub-cessus (cf. succedo)], M., a corning up, an advance, a close approach. succidb, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, [subcaedo], 3. v. a., cut under, cut dmn. succieus, -a, -um, p. p. of suc-

rus, [sub-curro], 3. v. n., rush to suppod, rzish to one's rescue, run fo he@, simor. sudis, -is, [?I, F., a stake. Suessiijnes, -um, [Celtic], M. pl., a tribe of the Belgians between the Marne and the Iskre. Their town Noviodunum was later called from them Soissons. SuEvi (SuEbi), -6rum, [Teutonic], M. plur., name of the tribes in habiting a large part of Germany, Swabians. SuEvus, -a, -um, [see Suevi], adj., Swabian. - As noun, a Swabian (man or woman). sufficiij, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, [subfacio], 3. v. a,, make in pZace ofi supply the place of. Hence, suflce, be sztficient, be adequate. suffrggium, -i, [akin to suffringo, break zip], N., (a pastern bone, or a potsherd, either used a s a ballot), a ballot, vote. Sugambri (Sig-), -6rum, [Tentonic], M., a German tribe between the Sieg and the Lippe. suggestus, -tiis, [sub-gestus, cf. suggerij], M., (earth brought up), a raised ndoatnd, a tribunal, a plavorm (whence the Roman commander addressed his troops). sui (prop. gen. N. of suus), sibi st;, [SVA], reflex. pron., himseg, etc. -Often to be translated by the personal, he, etc., also each other. Esp. : inter se, front, with, by, etc., cido. succurnb6, -cumbere, -cubui, -cubi- each other; inter sese dant, Rive tiirus, [sub-cumbo], 3. v. n., lie down each other, exchange; per se, o j kinzseg, etc., (without outside influ(under), give way, succumb. succuTr6, -currere, -curri, -curst- ence or excitement) ; see ipse.

SulIa

I47

supples

Sulla, -ae, [?I, M., a Roman family name. -Esp., Lucius Cornelius Sulla, the great partisan of the nobility and opponent of Marius, calIed the Dictator Sulla. sulpicius, -i, [?I, M., a Roman gentile name. -Esp. : I . Sulpicius Rufus, a legatus of Czesar. -2. Servius Salpicius Galba, a legatus of Caesar. sum, esse, fui, futtirus, [AS, cf. am, i s ] , irr. v. n., be (exist). -Also, with weakened force, be (as a mere copula). - Phrases: want duo itin annera (there were); sibi esse E imo, that he had in m i d , tntcnded; pars quae est ad Hispaniam (lies) ; eomm est, they have; multum sunt in venationibus (much engaged). summa, -ae, [F. of summus as noun], F., (the top), the sum, the total, the main part: summa ombelli, nium rerum, the whole amount ; (the general management, the chief control);imperi (thechief command) ; imperi bellique administrandi (the chief management, etc.) ; rerum consiliorumque (chief control) ; summa exercitiis, the main body, etc. ; summam victoriae, the whole victory. summus, see superus. siim6, stimere, stimpsi, stimptus, [sub-emo, take], 3. v. a., take away, take, get, assume: supplicium de (inflict, cf. capere) ; laborem (spend). siimptuGsus, -a, -urn, [sumptu- -Iosus], adj., expensive, cost&. siimptus, -ttis, [sub-temptus, cf. sumo], M., (a taking out o f the stock on hand), expense. superatus, -a, -urn, p. p. of supera.

superb6 [old case-form of superbus], adv., haughtih, arrogant&, with arrogance. superior, see superus. superb, &e, -Lvi, -iitus, [superti-], I . v. a. and n., overtop. Hence, get the upper hand O J overcome,conguer, deftat, be superior to, $revail, ovcrmatch, survive (vita). supersede6, -sedEre, -sEdi, -sessiirus, [super-sedeo], 2. v. n., sit above. Hence, be above, decline, refrain from. supersum, -esse, -fui, -futiirus, [super-sum], irr. v. n., be over and above, remain, wrvive. superus, -a, -um, [tsupe- (st. akin IUS (cf. into sub, perh. same) ferus)], higher, being above (of space only). Compar. (in wider meanings), superior, hifher, upper, precedinr (of time), past, before, superior, victorious. - Superl., supr6mus [supra- (?) imus (?)I,hghest. - Also, summus [sup- 4- mus], highest, the highest part of, the top o f : - Fig., greutest, most important, very great, most per&t, perfect, supreme, most violent: ab summo, from the top, at the end; summis copiis, with all the forces, i n force, with aN ones might. suppetb, -petere, -petivi, -petit& . , (I, rus, [sub-peto, aim at], 3. v. n but cf. sufficio and eubvenio), be on hand, be supjlied, be to be found, hold out. supplgmentum, 4, [supplS- (as st. of suppleo,jh up) mentum], N., a supply (to fill up), a reinforcement. supplex, -icis, [subtplex (PLIC

supplicliti6

148

tabullitus

(fold), as st., cf. duplex)], c., a sup pliant. supplic8ti6, -ijnis, [suppliestio], F., a supplicatzon. - Esp., a thanhsgiving (prayer to the gods upon any signal success, decreed by the sena;e). suppliciter [supplici- (as st. of supplex) 4- ter], adv., in the guise of suppliants, as suppZhnts. supplicium, -i, [supplic- (st. of supplex) ium], N., a supplication, a sacrt@ce.- Also, esp., a punishme& (usually of death). support.6, -%re, -%vi, -Itus, [subporto], I . v. a., bring a?, convey, supp b , fawnish. s u p r i [instr. (?) of superus], adv. and prep. with acc., above, before. susceptus, -a, -urn, p. p. of sus-

tspecio, cf. suspicio], F., suspicion, an imputation (timoris), an indicatioion: dabat fugae (endeavorto excite a suspicioiz); neque abest suspicio, and there is a suspicion abroad, not without suspicion. suspicor, -%ri, -Itus, [tsuspic- (cf. suspicio)], I . v. dep., snspect: p. p. as adj., under suspicion. sustentitus, -a, -urn, p. p. of sus-

...

tento.
sustent6, -?ire,-Hvi, -Itus, [sub(s)tento (cf. sustineo)], I . v. a. and n., sustain, hold o u t : bella (hold out agoinst) ; aegre is dies sustentatur, with &Jicul~ they hold outf o r that day; pecore famem (Keepfrom starvation by means oft etc.). sustine6, -tini;re, -tinui, -tentus, sub(s)-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold up under, withstand, endure, hold out, bear, stop, rein in (horses) ; sustinere se, stand up. sustuli, see tollo. suus, -a, -urn, [SVA ius, cf. se], adj. pron. (reflex., referring back to subject), his, hers, its, theirs, etc. Sometimes emphatic, his own, etc., sua dementia, his characteristic clemency. - Often without noun, sui, their (his) men, countrymen, their friends; sua, their (his)possessions, their property: se suaque omnia, themsehes and all they had.

cipio.
suscipiij, cipere, -@pi, -ceptus, [sub(s)-capio], 3. v. a., take up, take @OP& one's sew (sibi), assume, undertake, engage in, undergo. suspectus,-a,-urn, p. p. of suspicio. suspiciltus, -a, -um, p. F. of suspicor. suspiciij, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus, [sub-specio], 3. v. a. and n., look up, Zook up at, Zook askance at. Hence, suspect: suspecta nobis, an oaject o f suspicion to us. suspiciti (+pititi), -6nis, [sub-

T T . ,for Titus. taberniculum, -i, [taberna- 4-culum], N., (a hut o f Joards), a tent. tabula, -ae, [+tab& (TA (siwtch)

'

-k bus ?) la], F., a 60urd. Hence, a record (written on a board covered with wax), a document, a list. tabulitus, -a, -urn, [tabulib (as

tacel

I49

tega

if st. of ttabulo) tus], adj., made with boards.- tabulztum, N., ajlooring, a story. tace6, tacEre, tacui, tacitus, [ t t a c b (TAC us)],2. v. a. and n., be silent, be silent about, keep secret, conceal, say nothing about. tacitus, p. p. as adj ., silent, in silence. tacitus, -a, -um, p. p. of taceo. tilea, -ae, [perh. akin to tzlus, artkle-bone],F., a rod, a bar. tslis, -e, [TA (akin to that) alia], adj. pron., such, sogreat. t a m [unc. case of TA (cf. quam, nam)], adv., so (as indicated in the context), so much. tamen [unc. case-form of TA (locat. ?)I, adv., (introducing a thought opposed to some preceding concession expressed or implied), yet, nevertheless, s & Z , however, foy aZl that, notwithttanding, after aZl, at least. Tamesis, -is, [Celtic], M., the

Thames. tametai, [tamen (or tam?) -etsi], adv., (still although, anticipating the thought to which tamen properly belongs), although, though. tandem [tam-dem, cf. idem], adv., (just so, even so?), at last. - In questions, to add emphasis, pray, lelZ me, or trans. only by emphasis. tang6, tangere, tetigi, tHctus, [TAG], 3. V. a,, touch, border On. tantopere, see opus. Ius], tantulus, -a, -um, [tan& adj., so small,so little, so trzying. tantum, see tantus. tantummodo [tantum modo], adv., (somuchon&), only, mere&, onlyjust.

tantundem (tantum-dem, cf. idem], adv., jus: so f a r . tantus, -a, -um, [prob. TA 4- pant us], adj., so much, so (adj. term.) great, such (of magnitude) : tanti est, is o f so much weight ;tanta exiguit a s temporis, so little time. - Esp., so much (and no more), only so muck: tantum progredi (so fa7 os). -tantum, N. as adv., only, mere@. Tarbelli, -arum, [Celtic], M. pl., a tribe of Aquitania. tardiitus, -a, -um, p. p. of tard6. tarde [old case-form of tardus], adv., slow&, tardiZy, with deZay. tard6, -Hre, -Hvi, -Htus, [tad&], I. v. a., refard, checR, hinder: Romanos ad insequendum (hinderfrom pursuing, retardthepu7suit o J etc.). tardus, -a, -urn, [?I, adj., SCOW, sZack, sZuggisk,without aZacri9. TarusiitEs, -ium, [Celtic], M, pl., a tribe of Aquitania. Taagetius, -i, [Celtic], M., a prince of the Carnutes. taurus, 4, [perh. STAV+ IUS, akin to steer], M., a buzz. Taximagulus, -i, [Celtic], M., a prince of Britain. taxus, -i, E?], P . , a yew-tree. Also, yew (the berries used as poison). Tectosages, -um, [Celtic], M. pl., a branch of the Volcae, which see. tgctum, -i, [N.p. p. of tego], N., a roof, a Rouse. t k t u s , -a, -um, p. p. of tego. tegimentum (tegu-), -i, [tegi- (st. mentum], N., a covering. of tego) teg6, tegere, tGxi, tEctus, [TBG], 3. v. a., cover, thatch, hide, c o n c e ~ .

tslum, -i, [?I, N., a weapon (of offence), a niissile, a javelin, a spear. temerlrius, -a, -um, [ttemertiarius], adj., reckless, rash, hasly. temeri3 [old case-form of ttemerus], adv., 6Zindly, without reason, without cause. Hence, recklessly,

hastily.

temeritls, -tiitis, [ttemerli- (has&) F., blindness, thoughtlessness, recklessness, histy temper. t6m6, -6nis, M., apole (of a wagon, etc.). temperantia, -ae, [temperantia], F., sevcontrol, prudence. temperltus, -a, -um, p. p. of tempero. temper6, -%re,-Hvi, -Itus, [temper(st. of tempus)], I . v. a., (diuide), m i x properly. Hence, control, control ones sev, rejrain, restrain ones seyfrom (quin). - Esp., temperltus, -a, -um, p. p. as aclj., temperate, mild. tempest%, -tiitis, [tempes- (st. of tempus) tas], F.,a season, weather. -ESP., baa weather, a storm, a tempest. tempt6 (tent6), -Ire, -iivi, -Itus, [tentli-, p. p. of teneo, hold], I . v. a., handZe. Hence, try, attempt, make a a attempt upon, tempt: iter (try to force). tempus, -oris, [TEM (cut, with root determinative or accidental p) US], N., (U CUttiX\c). - ESP., 0 f time, a tzme, time (in genaivision o eral), a season, an occasion, a n etnergency, a crisis :tam necessario tempore, at so critical a moment; omni tempore, a t all times, always; in reliquum tempus, f o r the future; uno

+ tas],

[?I,

tempore, at once; tempore exclusus, f by the waiit o f time. cut o Tencteri (-theri), -6rum, [Teutonic], M. plur., a branch of the Usipetes, which see. ten&, tendere, tetendi, tEnsus (tentus), PKEN -k do (of unc. origin)], 3. v. a., stretch, stretch out. Esp., stretch a tent, encamp. tenebrae, -%rum,[I,perli. akin to temere], F. plur., darkness. tene6, tenere, tenui, tentus (?), [ t t e n b (TEN t us)], 2 . v. a., hold, retain, keep, possess, occu/?y:circuitus milia (occupy, extend).- Also, restrain, detuitz : tenere obsidibus (bind); se tenere, remain ;memoria tenere, remember. ms], tener, -era, -erum, [TEN adj., (stretched, ihiii), delicate, tender, young. tenuis, -e, [TEN us, with accidental i, cf. gravis], adj., thin, delicate, jeebZe, meagre, poor. tenuitls, -tiitis, [tenui- tas], F., thinness, weakness, $over&. tenuiter [tenuiter], adv., thinly, shkhtly. ter [prob. mutilated case of tres], num. adv., three times, thrice. teres, -&is, [tere- (as st. of tero) f tis], adj., (rubbed), smooth and rozind, taperity. tergum, -i, [?I, N., the back: terga vertere, tarn n n d j f y ; a tergo, i a the rear. terni, -ae, -a, [tri- nus], distrib. num. adj., three each, three at once. terra, -ae, [TERS(?) a, cf. torreo, dry up], F., (the dry l a n d ) , the earth, the land-Also, a land, a

rcgrbn. Also, the ground. Plur., the worzd. Terrasidius, -T, [Celtic], M., a Roman gentile (?) name. Esp., Titus Terrasidius, a military tribune in Cssars army. terrgnus, -a, -um, [terra- (as if terr&) nus], adj., o f earth. terreij, terrere, terrui, territus, . v. a.,frighten, alarm, [+tern& (?)I,2 frighten o f , deter. territij, -%re, no perf. or p. p., [tenit&], I. v. a., frzkhten: metu (alarm with fears, keep aZarmed). terror, -tins, [TERR or], M., fright, alarm, terror, dread, panic. tertius, -a, -um, [prob. tri- tius], num. adj., third (in order); pars (one-third) testiimentum, -i, [testa- (witness) mentum], N . , a wiZZ. testimGnium, -i, [testimonium], N.,proof, evidence. testis, -is, [?I, c . , a wit?Jess. testii.dE, -inis, [ttestu- (akin to testa, tile) do], F., a tortoise.Esp., a covered coZumn (made by lapping the shields of one rank over those of another). -Also, a shelter (a small roof over attackingsoldiers). Teutomatus, -i, [Celtic], Y . ,a king of the Nitiobriges. Teutones, -um, (4, -6rum), [Teutonic], M. plur., a great German people in Jutland who overran Gaul in B.C. 113 along with the Cimbri. They were defeated by Marius in B.C. 102 at Aquae Sextia ( A h ) . tignum, 4 ,[?I, N., a Zog-, a timber, a @e. Tigurinus, -a, a m , [Celtic], adj.,

O f t h Tigurini.-M. P I . , the rini, a canton or division of the Helvetii. timeij, -Ere, -ui, no p. p., [ttima(cf. timidus)], 2. v. a. and n., be afraid, fear. - With dat., be anxious for, de anxious about: nihil (have nothing t o fear) ; timentes, as noun, the timid, the fearfuZ. tirni.dE [old case-form of timidus], adv., with timidity: non timide, fearZessZy. timidus, -a, -um, [ttimli- (cf. timeo) dus], adj., coward@,fr*htened, timid. timor, -6ris, [tim- (cf. timeo) t or], M., alarm,fear,&ead. Titiirius, 4, [?I, M., a Roman gentile name. Esp., Quintus Titurius Sabinus, a legatus of Caesar. Titus, 4 , [?I, M., a Roman prznomen. tolerij, -Bre, -iivi, -Htus, [ttoler(TOL us)], I. v. a. and n., (raise up), dear, endure, hoZd out, support: famem (keep from starvation). tollb, tollere, sustuli, sublztus, [TOL], 3. v. a., raise, ~ a r r y carry , o f . Hence, remove, take away, destroy : conloquium (break of). Esp., subUtus, -a, -urn, p. p., dated Tolijsa, -ae, [Celtic], F., Toulouse, a city of the Volcae Tectosages. tis], TolbsStEs, -ium, [TolosaM. plur., the peopZe o f TouZousc. tormentum, -i, [TORQU menf twisting),torture. tum], N., (means o -Also, an engitze (for throwing missiles by twisted ropes). Hence, a shot from an en@, a missiZe. torreb, torrGre, torrui, tostus,

tot

152

trHnsmarinus tranquillitiis, -tiitis, [tranquillll-

[torr& (cf. torrus,j%w5vand)], 2. v. a,, scorch, burn. tot [TA ti], indecl. adj., so many. dem], totidem [toti- (cf. tot) indecl. adj.,&st as many, as many, the same number. tijtus, -a, -urn, [TA tus], adj., the whole, the whole of, alZ, entire. Often translated by an adverb, entire&, throughout. trabs (trabcs), trabis, [?I, F . , a h a m , a timber. tractus, -a, -um, p. p. of traho. triiditus, -a, -um, p. p. of trado. triidb, -dere, -didi, -dittis, [transdo], 3. v. a., hand over, give up, rive over, deZiver up,surrender, commend, recommend. Also,pass along, hand down, teach, communicatt.. triidiicb, -dficere, &xi, -ductus, [trans-duco], 3. v. a., Zeal2 over (with two accusatives), Zead across, Bring over, lead through, transjort, draw over, win over, transfer, lead (along). triigula, -ae, [?I, I?., a juvehu (perh. with a barb, like a boat-hook) used by the Gauls. trah6, trahere, trLxi, trHctus, [TRAH (for TTRAGH)], 3. V. a., drag, drag a h g , drug in, draw in. trliciij, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [transiacio], 3. v. a , throw across, throw over. - Also, strike through, transf i x , pierce. triiiectus, -a, -um, p. p. of traicio. triiectus, -t8s, [trans-iactus, cf. traicio], M., (a throwinp- across), a passage, a route. triin6, -%re,-gvi, -Ltus, [trans-no], I . v. a. and n., swim across.

+ tas], F., s t i h e s s , caZtn.

triins [?, akin to terebra, auger], adv. (in comp.) and prep. with acc., across, over. Hence, on the other side o f . - I n comp., over, across, through. Triinsalpinus, -a, -urn, [transAlpes inus], adj., Transarpine (lying beyond the Alps from Rome). triinscend6, -scendere, -scendi, -sccnsCirus, [trans-scando], 3. v. n., cZimb across, board (ships). triinsdiicb, see traduco. trlnseb, -ire, -ii, -itus, [trans-eo], irr. v. a. and n., g o across, cross, pass over, go over,pass through,pass, nzigrate, pass by. trlnsferij, -ferre, -tuli, -1Htus, [trans-fero], irr. v. a., carry over, transfer, change the pZace o f : ad se bellum (direct against, transferring from somewhere else). triinsfigij, -figere, -fix& -fixus, [trans-figo], 3. v. a., pierce throqh. triinsfodiij, -fodere, -f6di, -fossus, [trans-fodio], 3. v. a.,d2through. Also, pierce through, wound (by stabbing). trlnsgredior, -gredi, -gressus, [trans-gradior), 3. v. dep., stej across, step over, cross. trgnsgressus, -a, -um, p. p. of transgredior. trlnsitus, -tGs, [trans-itus, cf. transeo], M., a crossing: difficili f di@cuZt passage, dzJZcult transitu, o to cross. triinslltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of transfero. trlnsmarinus, -a, -urn, [transmare (sea) inus], adj.,foreign.

trhnsmissus

153,

tripartitus

trznsmissus, -as, [trans-missus, cf. transmitto], M., a crossing, a distance across : pari spatio transmissiis, with a passage of the same length. trhsmissus, -a, -um, p. p. of transmitto. trlnsmittij, -mittere, misi, -missus [trans-mitto], 3. v. a., send over. triinsportiitus, -a, -um, p. p. of transporto. trHnsport6, -&, -Lvi, -Htus, [transport~],I. v. a., bring over (with two accusatives), transport, carry over: milites navibus transportari (were crossizg, being taken over). Transrhihlnus, -a, -um, [transRhenum anus], adj., Ziving across the Rhitze. -'Plur. as noun, the 9eopl.e across the Khirze. triinstrum, -i, [trans (trant-?) trum], N., a thwart, crsss4eam. triinsversus, -a, -urn, [p. p. of transverto], as adj., across, athwart, oblique, transverse : fossa (a crossditch). Trebius, -i, [?I, M., a Roman gentile name. - See Gallus. Trebijnius, -i, M., a Roman gentile name. - Esp., Gaius Trebonius: I , a Roman knight ; 2, a legatus in Caesar's army. trecenti, -ae, -a, [tri-centum], num. adj., three hundred. tredecim [tres-decem], indecl. num. adj., thirteeiz. trepidb, -Lre, -iivi, -Ztiirus, [trepia&], I . v. n., bustle about, hurry : totis trepidatur castris, there is a bustle throughout the camp.

[?I,

tr&, tria, gen. trium, [st. tri-1, num. adj., three. TrEveri (-viri), -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur., a people in Gaul, originally German, on the Moselle. Sing., Trevir. Triboces, -um (-i, -6rum), [Celtic], M. plur., a German tribe on the Rhine, about Strasburg. tribiinus, -i, [tribu-+ nus], A#., (n chief o f a tribe). With or without plebis, a tribune (one of several magistrates elected in the assembly of the plebs voting by tribes, to watch over the interests of the commons). - With militum or milif the soldiers, a taris, a tribune o military tribune. tribub, -uere, -ui, -iitus, [tribu-1, 3. v. a . , (distribute by tribes), distribute. Hence, grant, render, assign, attribute: tanturn dignitatis (pay such res-ect)j magnopere virtuti (attmbute 'it so very much to valor) ; rei publicae (grant out o f refard to) ; plus libertati (have more regardfor). tribiitum, -i, [N.p. p. of tribuo], N.,a tribute. triduum, -i,[tri- st. akin to dies, cf. biduum], N . , three days' time, three days. triennium, -i, [trienni- (tri-annus) ium], N., three years. trigintl, indecl. num. adj., thirty. trini, -ae, -a, [tri- nus], distrib. num. adj., three each, three sets of; three ( o f things in sets). Trinobantes, -um, [Celtic], M. plur., a people of southern Britain, in the region of Colchester. tripartitus (tripert-), -a, -urn

triplex

I54

tuna

tumultuosus], adv., with disorder, [tri-partitus, p. p. of partio], adj., noisib. divided in three. -ESP., tripartit6, abl. as adv., in three divisions. tumultus, -tiis, [tumul& (perh. triplex, -icis, [tri-plex (PLIC as reduced) tus], M., (a swelLing, an st.)], adj., threefoZd: acies (in three uprising ?), an upronr, cozfusion, a divisions or Zines), tr9Ze. commotion. - Esp., an uprising, a conznzotion (of revolt, or a war not triquetrus, -a, a m , [tri-tquatrus regularly declared). See servilis. (quattuor), cf. '' three-square "I, adj., tumulus, -i, [tturn& (whence three-cornered,triangdar. tristis, -e, [unc. root 4- tis], adj., tumeo, swcZZ) Ius], M., (a swelling?),a hiZZ, a mound. sad, gloomy, dejcted. tunc [turn-ce, cf. hic], adj., lust tristitia, -ae, [tristi- tia], F., thcn, then, at that tinre. sadness, a gZoomy state (of mind). turma, -ae, [TUR (cf. turba, turbo) truncus, -i, [?I, M., a trunk. ma], F., (a throng?),a squadron, tii, tui, [TVA], plur. vFs [v~],pron. a tvaop (of horse, consisting of thirty zd person, you (sing.), you (plur.). tuba, -ae, [?I, F., a trumpet (a men). straight instrument for infantry). Turone8, -um (-i, -6rum), [Celtic], hi. plur., a tribe of Gaul on the tueor, tugri, tiitus (tuitus), Loire. Their city became afterz. v. dep., watch, guard, protect. See also tiitus. wards Tours. turpis, -e, [?I, adj., ugly (in appeartuli, perf. of fero. ance). Hence, unbecoming, disTulingi, -6rum, [Teutonic], M. plur., a German tribe. gracefuZ, base, dishonorable. turpiter [turpi- ter], adv., disTullius, -i, [Tulloius], M., a Roman gentile name. - See Cicero. honorably : turpiter factum, an Tullus, -i, [?I, M., a Roman inglorious deed. family name. See Volcatiua. turpitiid6, -inis, [turpi- -k tudo], F., baseness. Hence, disgrace. turn [prob. acc. of TA], adv., turris, -is, [?I, F., a tower. then (at a time indicated by the contiit5 [old case-form of tutus], text), at this time: cum . turn, see cum; turn vero (then, with adv., safely, with safely. tatus, -a, -um, [p. p. of tueor], a s emphasis, of the decisive point of a narrative) j turn maxirne, just then, adj., protected, safe, secure: victis nihil tutum, no safe.trfor the conbut especiazly. tumultuor, 4ri, -%us, [turnultu-1, yuered. - tiitF, abl. as adv., in safety, safdy. I . v. dep., make an uproar. - As impersonal, there is an uproar. tuus, -a, -um, [TVA ius], adj. tumultuBs6 [old case-form of pron., your, ywrs.

[?I,

. .

ubi

I55
U

Uaipetea

ubi [supposed to be qu6 (dat. of bi], adv., where, in which: qui-) ibi ubi, in tht pZace where.-Also, of time, when: ubi primum, as soon as. . Ubii, -6rum, [Teutonic], M. plur., a German tribe on the Rhine, opposite Cologne, near which city they were afterwards settled. bbique [ubi-que, cf. quisque], adv., everywhere, anywhere. ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus, [?I, 3. v. dep., punish (an injury, or the doer), avenge (an injury), take vengeance (absolutely). iillus, -a, -urn j gen. -ius, [miIus], adj., a singZe (with negatives), any, - As noun (less common), anybody, any one. ulterior, -us, -ark, [comp. of ulter&, cf. ultra], adj., farther, more f . remote: ulteriores, those farther o - Superl., ultimus, -a, -um, [ultimus], farthest: ultimi, tdose in the rear. ultrk [unc. case, perh. instr., of tulter], adv. and prep. with acc., beyond. ultrti [dat. of tulter (us)], adv., to the farther side, beyond: ultro citroque, this way andthat, back and forth. -Esp. beyond what is expected or required, voluntarily, without provocation, freely, besides: sibi parcere cogi (inspiteof himself) ; ad se venire (without his askiflg it). ultus, -a, -urn, p. p. of ulciscor. ulillltus, -t%, [ululii- (yell) tus], M., a yell, a loud cry.

umerus, 4 ,[?I, M., the Jhoulder.

umquam (unquam), [supposed to be for cumquam (cf. quisquam)], adv. (with neg.), ever: neque umquam, and never. iins, [instr. (or abl. I) of anus], adv., together, along with them, etc., at the same time, i n the same place, also. unde [supposed to be for tcunde (cum, cf. umquam, de, cf. inde)], adv., whence, from which. tindecim [unus-decem], indecl. num. adj., eZeven. tindecimus, -a, -urn, [unus-decimus], num. adj., elewenth. undique [undeque, cf. quique], adv., f r o m every side,from all guarters. -Also (cf. ab), on every side. iiniversus, -a, -urn, [uni-versus], adj., all together, all (in a mass), entire. iinus, -a, -um ; gen. -ius, [ ?, old oenus], adj., one, a single, the same, done (as adv.): una celeritate (alone); unum se esse, that he was the only one; ad unum, to a man. urblnus, -a, -urn, [urbi- (reduced) anus], adj., o f a city. - Esp., o f the city (Rome], in the city. urbs, urbis, [?I, F., a cP@. Esp., the city (Rome). urge6 (urgueb), urgere, ursi, no p. p., [VARG,press, cf. volgus], 2. v. a., press, press hard, urge. Brus, 4,[Teutonic], M.,a wild ox. Usipetea, -urn, [Teutonic], M. pl., a German tribe who migrated from eastern Germany to the lower Rhine.

.. .

tisitfitus

156

uxor

iisitltus, -a, a m , p. p. of usitor. iisitor, -iiri, -Htus, [tusit6- (as if p. p. of tuso, freq. of utor)], I . v. dep., practrse. - iisitHtus, -a, -um, p. p. in pass. sense, used, practised, customary, nzuch practised. iisque [unc. case of qu6 (cf. usquam) -que (cf. quisque)], adv., (everywhere), all the way, even to, to tLat &pee (with eo ut), all the time, till, even till. iisus, -a,-um, p. p. of iitor. iisus, -Cs, [ U T (in utor) tus], AT., use, practice, expcrieme. Hence, advantage, service. - Esp. : usus est, it is necessary, there is need, is neiessary (with personal subject) ; also, ex usu, usui, ofadvantlzge, o f service, advantageous, to the advantage : usu venire, happelt, occur, turn out, come topass (on trial, in practice) ; usum navium eripi, be deprived of ail use of the ships; quae sunt usui, which are serviceable, are needed, are o f

timere ut, fear that not; ut quisquc est ita (inproportzon lz.r). uter, -tra, -trum ; gen. -trius [qua (cf. ubi) 4 - terus (reduced), cf. alter], adj. : a. Interrog., which (of two) ? : uter utri, which to the other. -b. Relative, whichever (of two), the one who (of two). - Neut., utrum, adv., (which of the two), whether. uterque, utra-, utrum-; gen. utrius-, [uter-que, cf. quisque], adj., both : medium utriusque, between the two. -Plur., of sets: utraque castra, both camps; utrique, both parties. Rarely of single things : utraeque, 60th women. uti, see ut. iitilis, -e, [tuti- (st. akin to utor) lis], adj., use~%l, o f w e , helpful. iitilitls, -tiitis, [utili- tas], F . , advantage, benejt, service. iitor, iiti, fisus, [?, old oetor, akin to aveo?], 3. v. dep., avail one's secf of, we, exercise, practise, enjoy, adojt, employ, have (in sense of enjoy or employ), possess, show use. ut (uti), [supposed to be for (qualities which one exercises), quoti (qu6- ti?)], adv. and conj. : occupy (a town), navzgate (a sea) : a. Interrog., how?-6. Rel., as, so pace (remain atpeace). - Esp. with as, when, inasmuch as, consideriizg two nouns, entploy as, have as, and that it was. - Esp. with subjv., that, the like : aliquo adiutore (have one's in order that, to, so that, so as to, services). -usus, p. p., often merely oWough,grantinp that.- Of ten with with. object-clause compressed in Eng. utrimque [unc. case of uter (cf. into some other form of speech: interim) que (cf. quisque)], adv., poenam ut, etc. (of beiup), etc.; id on both sides. facere ut, do this, name&. - Esp. : utrum, see uter. ut semel, when once, as soon as; uxor, -8ris, [?I, F.,a w i f .

...

I57
V
H e was defeated and killed in Aquitania. 3. Gaius valerzus Cobz6rus, a Gaul who received the Roman citizenship prob. from No. I.-4. Gaius Valerius Procillus, and (5) Guius Valerius Donnotaurus, sons of No. 3, who fought for Czesar in the war against Vercingetorix. Valetilcus, -i, [?I, M., a noble of the Haedui. valetaab, -inis, [prob. valenttudo], F., health. -Also, ilI health. vallEs, -is, [?I, F., a valley. vlllum, -i, [N. of vallus], N., a palzsade, a rampart (the regular fortification of the Romans, made of stakes and built up with earth), a wall. vlllus, -i, M., a stake. Vangiones, -um, [Teutonic], M. plur., a German tribe on the west bank of the Rhine, about modern Worms. varietls, -tztis, [vari& tas], F., diversiiy, varie&: pellium (dy ferent colors). varius, -a, -um, [prob. akin to varus, bent], adj., various, diverse. vlstitus, -a, -um, p. p. of vasto. vlstb, -%re, -Hvi, -Fitus, [vastti-], I . v. a., lay waste, devastate, ravage. vlstus, -a, -um, [?I, adj., waste. Also, immense, vast. viticinltib, -6nis, [vaticing- (foretell) tio], F., divination. -ve [?I, conj. enclit., or. vectigal, -Zlis, [N. of vectigalis], N., an impost, tri6ute. - Plur., rep enues (of a state).

Vacalus, -i, [?I, M., the west branch of the Rhine, at its mouth. vacitib, -tinis, [vacatio], F., freedom (from something), exentption, immunity. vacb, -%re, -Hvi, -Ztfirus, [prob. tvac& (cf. vacuus)], I . v. n., be , unoccupied, vacant, be free ~ ' Y O ~ J Jbe lie waste. vacuus, -a, -um, [prob. V A C (empty) f vus], adj.,free, unoccupied, vacant, destitute o f (ab or abl.). vadum, 4, [VAD (in vado,go) um], N., a ford.-Plur., a ford, shoals, shallows : vado, by fording. vagltus, -a, -urn, p. p. of vagor. vagina, -ae, [?I, F., a sheath. vagor, -Bri, &us, [vag&, roving], I . v. dep., roam about, roam, wander. vale& valsre, valui, valitfirus, [?, prob. denominative, cf. validus, strong], 2. v. n., be stroag, have weight, have injuence, be power-ul. -Often with N. pron. or adj. as cog. acc. : plurimum valere, be very strong, have greot we&ht, have p e a t injuence; minus valet, is not very strong; quicquid possunt pedestribus copiis valent, whatever strength they have is in infantry; tantum valebat, had such weight; pudor valet, seu-respect controls. Valerius, -i, [akin to valeo], M., a Roman gentile name. -Esp. : I . Gaizis VaZerius Flaccus, propraetor in Gaul, B c. 83. - 2. Lucius Volerim Praeconinzrs, a legatus under some unknown proprzetor in Gaul.

V, for quinque, Jive.

[?I,

vectigalis

158

Vercingetorix

vEnd6, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [venur vectigiilis, -e, [tvectigti- (vectis, unc. term., cf. do], 3. v. a., put io sale, sell. akin to veho, castigo) 4- alis], adj., tributary: Venelli (Unelli), -6rum, [Celtic: vectigalis babent, make tributary. M. plur., a tribe of Gaul in moder vect6rius, -a, -um, [vector- (cf. Normandy. Veneti, -6rum, [Celtic], M. plur ius], adj., carrying: veho, carry) navigia (transports). a tribe of Gaul in modern Brittanj Venetia, -ae, [venetlivehementer [vehement- (violent) ia (F. o ter], adv., violefit&, severe&, -ius)], F., the territory of the Veneti. strong&, hot&, exceeding&. Veneticus, -a, -um, [Venet& -t vel [prob. imperat. of v010, wish], cus], adj., of the Veireti. vel, either . conj., or: vel venia, -ae, [?I, F . , indulgenct or. -As adv., even. favor, pardon : petentibus venian VelHnius, 4, [?I, M., a Roman dare, grant their repest. veni6, venire, vi%?, ventfirus gentile name. -Esp., Quintus Velanius, a tribune of the soldiers in [GAM (for gvenio)], 4. v. n., come Czsars army. go: in spem (have hopes). - Sei VeliocassEs, -ium, (-i, -6rum), also usu. [Celtic], M. plur., a Gallic tribe of ventit6, -%re, -Hvi, -?itfirus, [as i Normandy, about Rouen. ventitll- (from vento, old freq. o venio)], I. v. n., come often, visit. Vellaunodiinum, -i, [Celtic], N., a town of the Senones. ventus, -i, [?I, M., the wind: ventc VellHvii, -6rum, [Celtic], M. pl., se dare, run before the wind. vEr, vEris, [for tvasar, VAS, burn] a tribe of Gaul in the Cevennes N -, spring. mountains. Veragri, -6rum, [Celtic], M. pl. vEl6citPs, -t%tis, [velocitas], a Gallic people of the Alps, on thc P . , swiftness, fleetness, speed. vEl6citer [veloci- 4- ter], adv., upper Rhone. Verbigenus, -i, [Celtic], M., a s u l z y t 6 y ,quickly. vGl6x, &is, [st. akin to volo (cf. canton of the Helvetii. colonus) verbum, -i, [?,cf. morbus], N., a cus (reduced?)], adj., word: pluribus verbis, atgreat length, swift, quick. animos verbis confinnavit (with en. vElum, -i, [?, cf. vexillum], N . ,a couropng words) ; facit verba, speat curtain, a veil.- Also, a sail. velut [vel-ut], adv., even as,justas: fur, etc. ; magna contumelia verbovelut si,just as 2 3 as no less than z y rum, with most insulting words. vEnZti6, -6nis, [venii- (hunt) Vercassivellaunus, -i, [Celtic], M., one of the Arverni, the uncle o f tio], F., hunting, the chase. - Plur., hunting, hunting exrursions. Vercingetorix. vgniitor, -t8ris, [vens- (hunt) Vercingetorix, -igis, [Celtic], M., a noble of the Arverni. Being tor], M., a hunter.

...

. .

vereor

I 5 9

vet6

chosen king, he made a stout resistance to Casar, but was finally overpowered by the Romans and surrendered by his followers. vereor, -Eri, -itus, [prob. tverti(akin to w a r y ) ] , 2 . v. dep., fear, be p. p. in afraid, dread. -veritus, pres. sense,fearing. verg8, -ere, no perf., no p. p. [?I, 3. v. n., incline, slope, look towards (of an exposure), lie towards. vergobretus, -i, [Celtic], M., Celtic title of the chief magistrate among the Arverni. vsrisimilis, -e, [veri sirnilis], adj., (like the truth), probable, likely. veritus, -a, -um, p. p. of vereor. verb [abl. of vGrus], adv., i n truth, i n fact, certaindy. - With weakened force, but, on the other hand, however. - Often untranslatable, expressing an intensive (emphatic) opposition, or pointing to the main time, circumstance, fact, or agent in a narrative. versa, -%re, -Hvi, -Itus, [versb], I . v. a., turn (this way and that), dead wzth (some one or some thing). - Esp. in pass. as dep., turn one's se& engage in, be, fight (as indicated by the context). versus, -a, -um, p. p. of verto. versus (versum), [orig. p. p. of verto], adv. and prep. with acc., towards, in the direction of: quoque versus (or as one word), in every direction, all about. versus, -tis, [VERT tus], M., a turning.- Esp., a verse (of poetry, where the rhythm turns and begins anew), a line.

Verticij, - h i s , [Celtic], M., one of the Nervii. verta, vertere, verti, versus, [VERT], 3. v. a., turn: terga (turn andjee). Verudoctius, -i, [Celtic], M., a noble of the Helvetii. vErus, -a, -um, [?, VER (in vereor) us], adj., (?, seen, visible), true. -Neut. as noun, the truth : repperit esse vera, f m n d the truth to be. - Also, just, right. - See also vero. veriitum, -i, [veru (a spit) turn], N . , a spear (of a light kind), a dart. Vesonti6, -6nis, [Celtic], M., the chief town of the Sequani, now Besayon. vesper, -eri, [?I, M., the evening. vester, -tra, -trum, [vester (us)], poss. adj. pron., your, yours. vestigium, -i, [tvestigb (cf. vestigo) ium], N., the footstep, the footprint, a track.-Esp. : e vestigio, forthwith (from one's tracks ?) ; eodem vestigio, in the same spot; in ill0 vestigio ternporis, a t that instant o f time. vesti6, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus, [vesti-1, 4. v. a., clothe, cover. - Pass., clothe one's sptf witk (with thing in abl.), wear. vestis, -is,[VES (cover) tis], F., clothing, garments. vestittls, -tis, [vestitus], M., clothinf, garments. vetergma, -a, -um, [vetera- (as if st. of vetero) nus], adj., veteran (long in service). vet6, vetiire, vetui, vetitus, [st. akin to vetus], I. v. a.,forbid.

+ +

vetus vetus, a i s ,

I 60

vindic6

victus, -tfis, [vIG(?), (cf. vixi) t tus], M., living, + .e . -Also, meam diers, veterans). o f Living, food: dornus victusque, inkwourse, lzye in common. vexgtus, -a, -urn, p. p. of vexo. vgxillum, -i, [?,apparently a dim. vicus, -i, [VIC (enter) us], M., of velum], N., a j a g : sub vexillo, ( a dwellin,v), a village (a collection in a detachment, without any signa, of dwellings). which were carried only in the videi3, videre, vidi, visus, [vin, perh. through a noun-st.], 2. v. a,, regular corps. vex& -%re,-Hvi, - % t u , [tvex6- (as see, observe, examine (reconnoitre), if p. p. of veho)], I . v. a., (carry this tahe care (see that). - In pass., be way and that), harass, annoy, com- seen, appear, seem, seem best. mit depredations on, overrun (a Vienna, -ae, [Celtic], I?., a town country), ravage (lands). of the Allobroges, on the Rhone, via, -ae, [for veha? (veh- a)], now Vienne. F., a road, a way, a route, a march : vigilia, -ae, [vigil- (awake) ia], tridui viam, three daysjourney. F., a wntch, watching. The Romans viltor, -t6ris, [tvia- (as st. of divided the night into four watches, tvio) tor], M., aatraveller. and reckoned the time thereby. vicgni, -ae, -a, [akin to viginti], viginti [dvi- (st. of duo) form distrib num. adj., twenty (apiece). akin to centum (perh. the same)], vicEsimus, -a, -um [akin to vi- indecl. num. adj., twenty. ginti], num. adj .,twentzeth. vimen, -inis, [root (or st.) VI vici6s (-Ens), [akin to viginti], (twine) men], N., a twig (flexible, num. adv., twenty times: vicies cenfor weaving), osier. turn milia passuum, t w o thousand vinci6, vincire, vinxi, vinctus, miles. [perh. akin to vinco], 4. v. a., bind, vicinitls, -tHtis, [vicinll- (ne2hbor- f e t t w , ing) -I-tas], P., ne&4zborhood, vicznvinca, vincere, vici, victus, [VIC], ity. - Plur., nezzhbors. 3. v. a. and n., conquer, defeat,previcis, gen. (nom. not found), vaiZ: naturam (outdo). change, turn: in vicem, in turn. vinctus, -a, -urn, p. p. of vincio. victirna, -ae, [akin to vinco, vinculum (vinclum), -i, [tvincllperh. going back to the sacrifice of (st. akin to vincio, perh. primitive prisoners], F., a victim, i z sucrzyce. of it) lum (N. of Ius)], N., achain: victor, -toris, [VIC (in vinco) ex vinculis, i ~ tchains, see e x : in tor], Y., a victor. - Often as adj., vincula, into prison, into conjnentent. victorious, triumphant. vindici3, -iire, -%vi, -atus, [viudic-, victi3rii, -ae, [victor- ia], F., defender], I . v. a., claini,~cLaimones victory, success (in war). rights a p i n s t , defend: in aliquem victus, -a, -urn, p. p. of vinco. (punish); Galliam in libertatem
o f long standing: milites (old sol-

[?I, adj., old, former,

.
vinea

161

volgus

(estrrhlzsh the liherty O J a phrase violent current. - Plur., strength, force, powers, bodzly vigor. derived from the formal defence of visus, -a, -um, p. p. of video. freedom in a Roman court). vita, -ae, [root of vivo t tal, F., vinea, -ae, [vinll- ea (P. of -eus)], F., a vzneyord, a vine arbor. Hence, lzfe, the course of life. vit6, -%re,-%vi, -Ztus, [?,vita-?], a shed (defence, for a besieging party, I . v. a., (escape with life, h e made like an arbor). through ?), escape, avoid, dodRe. vinum, -i, [?I, N., wine. viol6, -%re,-%vi, -%tus,[?I, I . v. a,, vitrum, -i, [I], N., woad (a plant abuse, violate (a sacred object), lay used by the Britons for dyeing blue). waste : hospites (injure, a guest vivb, vivere, vixi, victus, [ V I C being held sacred). (vigor?), cf. victus], 3. v. ii., live: vir, viri, [?I, M.,a man,a husband. lacte (liveon). vivus, -a, -um, [ V I G O R (?) us], vires, see vis. virg6, -inis, [?I, F., a maiden, a adj., alive, livzng. maid, a virgin. vix [poss. VIC (in vinco)], adv., virgultum, -i, [tvirgula- (?) with dzflculty, hard&, scarceb, tum, cf. tumultus], N., only in pl., barely. - Also, of time, hard& shrubbery, a thicket, bushes (cut for (. . when). military purposes). VocHtEs, -ium, [Celtic], M. plur., a ViridomHrns, -i, [Celtic], M., a people of Aquitania, on the Garonne. noble of the Hadui. Vocci6, - h i s , [Celtic], M., a king Viridovix, -icis, [Celtic], M., a of Noricum. prince of the Venelli. voc6, -%re, -%vi, &us, [voc- (st. viritim [vir itim, as if acc. of of vox)], I . v. a., call by name, caN, verbal in -tis], adv., man by m a n sum titon, invite. (of distribution), to each individual. Vocontii, -6rum, elti tic], M. PI., Viromandui, -6rum, [Celtic], M. a tribe between the I s h e and the plur., a Gallic tribe in modern Durance. Picardy. Volcae, -%rum, [Celtic], M. plur., virtiis, .tatis, [vir& (reduced) a people of Gaul in the Roman tus], F., manliness, valor,prowess, province. -See Tectosnges aud courage. - Also, merit (generally), Arecomici. noble conduct, virtue: virtute (with VolcPnus (Vul-), -i, [?I, M , Vzdgen.), thanks to. - Plur., virtues, can (the god of fire and metals). merits, good qualities. VolcHtius, 4 ,[?I, M., a Roman genvis, vis (?),[?I, F., force, might, tile name. - Esp., Gaiur Volcnfius violence. - Esp. : vi cogere (forci- Tullus,a young man in Czsars suite. b&) ; vim facere, use vioZence; vim valgus (vul-), -i, [VoLdTpress) hostium prohibere (violent attach) ; us], N., the crowd, the com?tzon vi fluminis oppressi, overcome by the people, the mass: in volgus efferri,

volrierltus

I 62

xx

be .Fpread a h a d ; militum (the common soldzers, the army).-volg5, abl. as adv., common&, general&, eve?vw/lei*e. volnedtus, -a, -utn, p. p. of volnero. volnerij (vul-), -%re, -iivi, -itus, [volner-1, I . v. a., zvoiind, h z i ~ t . volnus (vul-), -eris, [prob. akin to vello, plucR], N., a wound. ~ 0 1 5 velle, , volui, [VOL], irr. v. a. and n., wish, be willing, want: velle aliquem aliquid, want one f o r anything, want anything o f one ; quid sibi vellent, what they wmzted, or meant, or intended to do, what business they had. voltus (vul-), -tfis, [VOL tus], M., (wish, expression o f countenance), Zook, countenance, face: voltiis fingere, com$ose ones countealicuius nance, conceal ones feel+; voltum ferre, clare t o look in ones

fnce.

of volo)

voluntlrius, -a, -um, [volent- (p. arius], adj., volnntary. -As noun, a volunteer.

voluntls, -tiitis, [volent- (p. of volo) tas], IC., 7vilLingness, g o o d wdl, consent, desire, wrll, approval, mi znclinatzon : voluntates alienare (<$~OOd.W/N). voluptiis, -tatis, [volup- (akin to volo) tas], P.,pleasnw, delixht. VolusEnus, -i, [?I, hf., a R o m a n family name. - Esp., Gaizis Volziserins Quadmtzis, a military tribune in Cosars army. VorEnus, 4, [?I, M., a Roman family name. - Esp., Lziczns Forenus, a centurion of Czsars army. V~S, see tu. Vosegus, -i, [Celtic], M . , the V q e s Moiintnins, running northerly from the Ju r a along the Rhine. vovefi, vovEre, v&i, vGtus, [?I, 2. v. a., vow, make a wow. vijx, vijcis, [voc as st.], F., a voice, a ~~IOYII, nit exprtssion, a shont. -Collectively, cries, words, talk Plur., talk, reports: nulla vox audita (not a word) ; militum vocibus carpi ( t a m t s ); concursu ac vocibus cogi (outcries).

X
X, for decem, ten.

XX, for viginti, twenty.