23.

Inclusion-Exclusion
Proposition 23.1. Let D = D
1
D
2
be a bounded region and let
f : D R be a function.
If f is integrable over D
1
and over D
2
, then f is integrable over D
and and D
1
D
2
, and we have
__
D
f(x, y) dx dy =
__
D
1
f(x, y) dx dy+
__
D
2
f(x, y) dx dy
__
D
1
D
2
f(x, y) dx dy.
Example 23.2. Let
D = { (x, y) R
2
| 1 x
2
+ y
2
9 }.
Then D is not an elementary region. Let
D
1
= { (x, y) D| y 0 } and D
2
= { (x, y) D| y 0 }.
Then D
1
and D
2
are both of type 1.
If f is continuous, then f is integrable over D and D
1
D
2
. In fact
D
1
D
2
= L R = { (x, y) R
2
| 3 x 1, 0 y 0 }
{ (x, y) R
2
| 1 x 3, 0 y 0 }.
Now L and R are elementary regions. We have
__
R
f(x, y) dx dy =
_
3
1
__
0
0
f(x, y) dy
_
dx = 0.
Therefore, by symmetry,
__
L
f(x, y) dx dy =
__
R
f(x, y) dx dy = 0
and so
__
D
f(x, y) dx dy =
__
D
1
f(x, y) dx dy +
__
D
2
f(x, y) dx dy.
1
To integrate f over D
1
, break D
1
into three parts.
__
D
1
f(x, y) dx dy =
_
3
3
_
_
(x)
(x)
f(x, y) dy
_
dx
=
_
1
3
_
_

9x
2
0
f(x, y) dy
_
dx
+
_
1
1
_
_

9x
2

1x
2
f(x, y) dy
_
dx
+
_
3
1
_
_

9x
2
0
f(x, y) dy
_
dx.
One can do something similar for D
2
.
Example 23.3. Suppose we are given that
__
D
f(x, y) dx dy =
_
1
0
__
2y
y
f(x, y) dx
_
dy.
What is the region D?
It is the region bounded by the two lines y = x and x = 2y and
between the two lines y = 0 and y = 1.
Change order of integration:
__
D
f(x, y) dx dy =
_
1
0
__
x
x/2
f(x, y) dx
_
dy+
_
2
1
__
1
x/2
f(x, y) dx
_
dy.
Example 23.4. Calculate the volume of a solid ball of radius a. Let
B = { (x, y, z) R
3
| x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
a
2
}.
We want the volume of B. Break into two pieces. Let
B
+
= { (x, y, z) R
3
| x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
a
2
, z 0 }.
Let
D = { (x, y) R
2
| x
2
+ y
2
a
2
}.
Then B
+
is bounded by the xy-plane and the graph of the function
f : D R,
given by
f(x, y) =
_
a
2
x
2
y
2
.
2
It follows that
vol(B
+
) =
__
D
_
a
2
x
2
y
2
dy dx
=
_
a
a
_
_

a
2
x
2

a
2
x
2
_
a
2
x
2
y
2
dy
_
dx
=
_
a
a
_
_

a
2
x
2

a
2
x
2
_
1
y
2
a
2
x
2

a
2
x
2
dy
_
dx.
Now lets make the substitution
t =
y

a
2
x
2
so that dt =
dy

a
2
x
2
.
vol(B
+
) =
_
a
a
__
1
1

1 t
2
(a
2
x
2
) dt
_
dx
=
_
a
a
(a
2
x
2
)
__
1
1

1 t
2
dt
_
dx
Now lets make the substitution
t = sin u so that dt = cos u du.
vol(B
+
) =
_
a
a
(a
2
x
2
)
_
_
2

2
cos
2
udu
_
dx
=
_
a
a
(a
2
x
2
)

2
dx
=

2
_
a
2
x
x
3
3
_
a
a
= (a
3

a
3
3
)
=
2a
3
3
.
Therefore, we get the expected answer
vol(B) = 2 vol(B
+
) =
4a
3
3
.
Example 23.5. Now consider the example of a cone whose base radius
is a and whose height is b. Put the central axis along the x-axis and
3
the base in the yz-plane. In the xy-plane we get an equilateral triangle
of height b and base 2a. If we view this as a region of type 1, we have
(x) = a
_
1
x
b
_
and (x) = a
_
1
x
b
_
.
We want to integrate the function
f : D R,
given by
f(x, y) =
_
a
2
_
1
x
b
_
2
y
2
.
So half of the volume of the cone is
_
b
0
_
_
a(1
x
b
)
a(1
x
b
)
_
a
2
_
1
x
b
_
2
y
2
dy
_
dx =

2
_
b
0
a
2
_
1
x
b
_
2
dx
=
a
2
2
_
b
0
1
2x
b
+
x
2
b
2
dx
=
a
2
2
_
x
x
2
b
+
x
3
3b
2
_
b
0
=
1
6
(a
2
b).
Therefore the volume is
1
3
(a
2
b).
4