26.

Change of coordinates: II
Example 26.1. Let D be the region bounded by the cardiod,
r = 1 cos .
If we multiply both sides by r, take r cos over the other side, then we
get
(x
2
+ y
2
+ x)
2
= x
2
+ y
2
.
We have
area(D) =
__
D
dx dy
=
__
D

r dr d
=
_

__
1cos
0
r dr
_
d
=
_

_
r
2
2
_
1cos
0
d
=
_

(1 cos )
2
2
d
=
_

1
2
cos +
cos
2

2
d
=
_

2
sin
_

2
=

2
.
In R
3
, we can either use cylindrical or spherical coordinates, instead
of Cartesian coordinates.
Lets rst do the case of cylindrical coordinates. Recall that
x = r cos
y = r sin
z = z.
So the Jacobian is given by
(x, y, z)
(r, , z)
(r, , z) =

cos r sin 0
sin r cos 0
0 0 1

= r.
1
So,
___
W
f(x, y, z) dx dy dz =
___
W

f(r, , z) dr d dz.
Example 26.2. Consider a cone of height b and base radius a. Put
the vertex of the cone at the point (0, 0, b), so that the base of the cone
is the circle of radius a, centred at the origin, in the xy-plane. Note
that at height z, we have a circle of radius
a
_
1
z
b
_
.
vol(W) =
___
W
dx dy dz
=
___
W

r dr d dz
=
_
b
0
_
_
2
0
_
_
a(1z/b
0
r dr
_
d
_
dz
=
1
2
_
b
0
__
2
0
_
r
2

a(1z/b
0
d
_
dz
=
1
2
_
b
0
__
2
0
a
2
_
1
z
b
_
2
d
_
dz
= a
2
_
a
a
_
1
z
b
_
2
dz
= a
2
b
_
0
1
u
2
du
= a
2
b
_
1
0
u
2
du
=
a
2
b
3
.
Example 26.3. Consider a ball of radius a. Put the centre of the ball
at the point (0, 0, 0). Note that
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= a
2
,
translates to the equation
r
2
+ z
2
= a
2
,
so that
r =

a
2
z
2
.
2
vol(W) =
___
W
dx dy dz
=
__
W

r dr d dz
=
_
a
a
_
_
2
0
_
_

a
2
z
2
0
r dr
_
d
_
dz
=
1
2
_
a
a
__
2
0
_
r
2

a
2
z
2
0
d
_
dz
=
1
2
_
a
a
__
2
0
a
2
z
2
d
_
dz
=
_
a
a
a
2
z
2
dz
=
_
a
2
z
z
3
3
_
a
a
=
4a
3
3
.
Now consider using spherical coordinates. Recall that
x = sin cos
y = sin sin
z = cos .
So
(x, y, z)
(, , )
(, , ) =

sin cos cos cos sin sin

sin sin cos sin sin cos
cos sin 0

=
2
cos
2
sin +
2
sin
3
=
2
sin .
Notice that this is greater than zero, if 0 < < . So,
___
W
f(x, y, z) dx dy dz =
___
W

f(, , )
2
sin dr d dz.
3
Example 26.4. Consider a ball of radius a. Put the centre of the ball
at the point (0, 0, 0).
vol(W) =
___
W
dx dy dz
=
___
W

2
sin d dd
=
_
2
0
__

0
__
a
0

2
sin d
_
d
_
d
=
_
2
0
__

0
sin
_

3
3
_
a
0
d
_
d
=
_
2
0
__

0
sin
a
3
3
d
_
d
=
a
3
3
_
2
0
[cos ]

0
d
=
2a
3
3
_
2
0
d
=
4a
3
3
.
4