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Originally prepared by David Hutchinson, S.E., President, Buehler & Buehler Structural Engineers, Inc. for 1997 UBC Adapted to 2006 IBC by Kevin S. Moore, Principal, Certus Consulting, Inc. 2006 IBC Adaptation presented by Scott Hooker, S.E., Principal, Buehler & Buehler Structural Engineers, Inc.
September 2007
Code References
Building Area: Four levels @ 29,090 s.f. per floor Lateral System: Special Moment Resisting Frames Roof Dead Load Roof Live Load Floor Dead Load Floor Live Load Exterior Wall Weight 62psf 20psf 69psf 80psf 10psf
Structural Materials
Wide Flange Shapes Plates Weld Electrodes ASTM A992 grade 50 ASTM A572 grade 50 E70xx
Example building does not have structural irregularities per ASCE 7-05 12.3.2 and tables 12.3-1 and 12.3-2, however note limits and additional requirements for SDC D-F per ASCE 7-05 sections 12.2.5.5 & 12.3.3 Concrete filled metal deck diaphragms considered rigid per ASCE 7-05 12.3.1.2
Note: Ev = 0 when SDS 0.125 or in equation 12.4-2 where determining demands on soil foundation interface. Seismic load combinations LRFD per ASCE 7-05 12.4.2.3 (1.2 + 0.2 SDS)D + QE + L + 0.2S Load combo 5 ASCE 7-05 2.3.2
(0.9 - 0.2 SDS)D + QE + 1.6H Load combo 7 ASCE 7-05 2.3.2 Note: L may be taken as 0.5L where L is less than 100psf except for garages or public assembly areas. H is zero if lateral earth pressures counteract E. If H is used as resistance to E, H shall not occur in above equations but shall be included in resistance. Equations for ASD also shown in example, however LRFD used for example.
Note: Emh need not exceed maximum force determined by a rational, plastic mechanism analysis or non-linear response using realistic expected material strength Ev = 0.2SDS D same as previous
Seismic load combinations with overstrength factor LRFD per ASCE 7-05 12.4.3.2 (1.2 + 0.2 SDS)D + oQE + L + 0.2S (0.9 - 0.2 SDS)D + oQE + 1.6H Note: L and H same as previous Load combo 5 Load combo 7 ASCE 7-05 2.3.2 ASCE 7-05 2.3.2
Note: TL = response spectrum long period transition = 8 seconds in example Cs shall not be less than 0.01
(0.5) S1 = 0.038 g (R ) I
Seismic base shear per ASCE 7-05 12.8.1 V = C sW V = 0.077W = 0.077(8180Kip) = 630K Note: Per 1997 UBC V= 0.082W for Zone 4 and no near source effects
Horizontal distribution of forces per ASCE 7-05 12.8.4 n Vx = Fi = story shear = sum of levels above
i =1
Example based on rigid diaphragm, distribution of forces per stiffness and location Torsional moments to include both natural and accidental torsion where Mt = 5% of the building length perpendicular to the direction considered Mt =.05(204) Fx = 10.2 Fx N-S Mt =.05(144) Fx = 7.2 Fx E-W
See tables 3-4, 3-5, and 3-6 from example for torsional moments and horizontal force distribution
x =
Note: and x are determined from linear elastic analysis. Upper limit of CuTa not required for drift analysis per ASCE 7-05 12.8.6.2 Recalculate seismic base shears, torsional moments and force distribution using calculated period with out upper limit Table 3-7 show building deflections, drifts, drift ratios, and stability coefficients based on calculated periods
Story drift limit per ASCE 7-05 12.12 Allowable drift limits given in table ASCE 7-05 12.12-1 For steel SMF 4 stories or less with walls and ceilings that can accommodate drift and occupancy II, the allowable drift a = 0.025 hsx Note: ASCE 7-05 12.12.1.1 requires drift for buildings comprised of solely moment frames to be limited to a/
is the ratio of shear force to shear strength at level considered and may be conservatively taken as 1.0 Where 0.10 < < max, P- effects must be determined by rational analysis or displacements and member forces multiplied by 1/(1- ) If > max, the structure may be unstable and shall be redesigned
AISC 341-05 requires use of expected strength = Fye = RyFy where Ry = 1.1 per AISC 341-05 table I-6-1 for A992
Check Frame for P- Instability AISC 360-05 Chapter C notes that any method that considers P- and P- effects is acceptable. This Chapter also has provisions for approximating second order effects. Where: P- = second order effect of displacements of braced points (story deflection) P- = second order effect of displacements between braced points (loads between levels) Computer analysis/design program such as SAP and ETABS have provisions to consider second order effects. AISC 360-05 Appendix 7 and AISC 341-05 commentary C3 also have provisions for considering P- effects. SDM Example illustrates AISC 341 commentary C3 approach.
M DL = 1,042 k in
M LL = 924 k in
M seis = 3,083 k in
V DL = 16.4 kips
V LL = 13.3 kips
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + QE + 0.5L + 0.2S (0.9 - 0.2SDS)D QE 1.6H MD+L = 1.2(1042) + 1.6 (924) = 2729k-in VD+L = 1.2(16.4) + 1.6(13.3) = 41.0k
MD+L+E = [1.2 + 0.2(1.0)] 1042 + 1.0 (3083) + 0.5(924) + 0 = 5004k-in VD+L+E = [1.2 + 0.2(1.0)]16.4 + 1.0(19) + 0.5(13.3) + 0 = 48.6k
= 7.78 0.3
Check flange width at end of center 2/3 of radius cut per note above. This results in an effective flange width of bf - y where y=b - R+(r2-x2) = 2.25-2.8+(282-7.332) =1.27
bf y 2t f = (9.96 1.27) = 6.79o.k . 2(0.64)
Web: h 2.45 E Fy tw
place braces at points = 7.0 ft on center (84in) Required brace strength at hinge per AISC 341-05 9.8:
Pbr = 0.06 Mu M at hinges (0.02 u elsewhere) ho ho
Note: At RBS, Mr=RyZeFy = 1.1(169)(50)=9,300k-in (Section 6 has calculation for Ze=169 at RBS)
Pbr = 0.06(9,300) = 21.4k 26.06
1 10M C
where =0.75 Mr=13,420k-in (per above) Cd=2.0 at brace closest to hinge and = 1.0 elsewhere Lb=brace spacing per above ho=26.7 per above
br =
1 10(13,420)(2.0) ( ) = 163.5k / in 0.75 84in(26.7in)
Ag E L
cos 2
where = tan 1 (
0.46<1.0 o.k.
Shear strength per AISC 360 G2 h/tw previously checked for compliance with AISC 341-05 Table I-8-1
Vn=.6FyAw
0.15<1.0 o.k.
M seis = 3,970k in
V DL = 3.1 kips V LL = 2.7 kips
PLL = 78 kips
Pseis = 28 kips
5 - Load Combinations
Same basic load combinations used for beam design PD+L = 1.2(113) + 1.6(78) = 260 Kips MD+L = 1.2(236) + 1.6(201) = 604.8 K-in VD+L = 1.2(3.1) + 1.6 (2.7) = 8.0K PD+L+E = [1.2 + 0.2(1.0)] 113 + 1.0 x 28 + 0.5 x 78 = 225 Kips MD+L+E = [1.2 + 0.2(1.0)]236 + 1.0 x 3970 + 0.5 x 201 = 440 K-in VD+L+E = [1.2 + 0.2(1.0)]3.1 + 1.0 x 56.8 + 0.5 x 2.7 = 62.5 K PD-E = [0.9 0.2(1.0)]113 1.0 x 28 = 51.1 K MD-E = [0.9 0.2(1.0)]236 1.0 x 3970 = -3805 K-in VD-E = [0.9 0.2(1.0)]3.1 1.0 x 56.8 = -54.6K
Flange:
b bf E = 0.3 t 2tf Fy
Web:
where
Ca =
b Py
Pu
Mnx = 0.9(50)(320) = 14,400 k-in Mny = 0.9(50)(163) = 7,735 k-in Axial capacity per AISC 360 E3 Determine effective length factor, K per alignment charts in AISC 360 commentary figure C-C2.4
G=
(I (I
/ Lc )
y / Ly )
Gtop = Gbott =
2(2140 / 12.5) = 1.68 2(2850 / 28) (2140 / 12.5) + (2140 / 14) = 1.59 2(2850 / 28)
2E 2 (29,000) = = 148.5ksi Fcr = [0.658 Fe ]Fy where Fe = KL 43.9 2 ( )2 50 r Fcr = [0.658148.5 ](50) = 43.4ksi
Pn = cFcrAg = 0.9 x 43.4 x 51.8 = 2025K Note: SDM example illustrates AISC 360-05 chapter C approach for amplifying first order elastic analysis to approximate second-order effects.
Shear strength per AISC 360 G2 h/tw previously checked for compliance with AISC 341-05 Table I-8-1
Vn=.6FyAw
Vn = 0.9(0.6)(50)(15.2)(0.830) = 341K
D C = 62.5k (V max( D + L + E )) .183<1.0 o.k. = 341
Note: AISC 358-05 is based on post-Northridge Earthquake research and testing conducted by SAC Joint Venture, University of Texas as well as the provisions of FEMA 350.
Depth of cut c to result in 20-50% of flange removed With 45% reduction in flange area:
bf c = 0.45 2
R =
Plastic hinge assumed to occur at the center of the curved cut such that Sh = a + b/2 = 6 + 22/2 = 17 in
Step 2: Determine Ze at RBS per AISC 358-05 5.8 Ze=Zx-2ctf(d-tbf) 2c=2(2.25)=4.5 Ze=244-4.5(0.64)(26.7=0.64)=169in3 Step 3: Determine probable maximum moment strength at RBS per AISC 358-05 5.8
M pr = C pr R y Fy Z e
C pr = Fy + Fu 2 Fy 1.2
50 + 65 = 1.15 2(50)
M pr = 1.15(1.1)(50)(169) = 10,686k in
Note: Mpr must be limited such that the projected moment demand at the face of the column Mf is less than the expected strength of the full beam section. This is verified below.
V pr =
2M pr L'
VP = 1.2(VD ) + 0.5(VL ) V pr
VP = 1.2(16.4) + 0.5(13.3) + 74.5 = 101kips = VRBS VP = 1.2(16.4 ) + 0.5(13.3) 74.5 = 48.2 kips = V'RBS
) = 12,403k in
M f = 10,686 + [48(6 + 22 )] = 11,505k in 2 * M pb = M pr + M v = M pr + VP sh + dc = 10,686 + 101 (6 + 22 + 15.2 ) = 13,170k in 2 2 2 * dc 15 . 2 22 M pb = M pr + M v = M pr + VP sh + = 10,686 + 48(6 + + ) = 11,867 k in 2 2 2
( (
) )
Moment at column face (Mf) used for beam flange-to-column weld and panel zone strength check below Moment at column centerline (M * pb ) used to check weak beam/strong column condition below Note: The moment due to gravity loads occurring between plastic hinge and face of column may be neglected per AISC 358 5.8 Step 5.
Note: If d M pe M f no additional calculations required and CJP weld at beam flange to column flange is acceptable. If d M pe < M f the flange cut depth should be increased (not to exceed 50%) to reduce Mf. Step 8: Check shear strength per AISC 358-05 5.8
Vu = 2M pr L1 + Vgravity = V pr + Vgravity = VRBS
Shear check of beam per chapter G of AISC 360 as checked in Section 5 previously
Vn = 331.6 > 101kips ok
= 0.4 (1.8)(9.96)(0.64)
Minimum thickness per AISC 358-05 2.4.4a tcont-pl tbf / 2 for one sided connection tcont-pl thickest tbf for two sided connection
Therefore, contact area of continuity plate and column flange Apb = W pbtcont pl where W pb = bcont pl (k1col + 1 " )
4
where W pb max =
tcont pl = Apb W pb =
bcf tcw 2
= 7.435
Use two pairs of 1x7 continuity plates aligned with beam flanges
F A
y
W
pb
= 2(0.9)50(5.56) = 500kips
b. T= Vnw = (0.6) Fy Apw = 1.0(0.6)(50)(5.67) = 173kips where Apw = (dc - 2tcf - 2(k+1.5in) x tcont-pl Apw = (15.2 - 2(1.31) - 2(1.91 - 1.5) x
d M pc
y
1.0 = 5.67in2
tbf
= 2(
Weld to have capacity to resist smallest of above = 173 kips. Minimum double sided fillet = Dmin =
Dmin =
Ru 1 . 392 k 2( )(d 2tcf 2(k + 1.5in)) in c
Ru = F f =
M
dp
3(15.7)(1.32) 2 = 469 < 907 n.g. add doubler plates 26.7 x15.2 x0.83
Check minimum panel zone thickness per Section AISC 341 9.3b
t z (d z + wz ) / 90
t z = 0.83" [(26.38) + (15.2 2(1.31) )/ 90] = 0.43 minimum thickness o.k.
Note: Adding to each side of the column web and replacing tw in above equation with 0.83+1/2+1/2=1.83 results in panel zone capacity = 926kips>907 OK Note: AISC 341 9.3c requires doubler plates to be welded to column flanges with CJP or fillet to develop shear capacity of doubler and shall be welded at top and bottom to transmit portion of shear to be resisted by doubler.
M* pb = Mpr + Mv
M* pb = 13,170 + 11,867 M* pc M* pb = 29,232 = 1.17 > 1.0o.k . 25,037
Column lateral bracing at beam to column connection per AISC 358 5.32 * Bracing required at top flange of beam only if M pc If above not true, bracing required at top and bottom flanges either directly or indirectly Direct bracing achieved through beams or bracing attached directly to column flanges or deck/slab attached near column flange Indirect bracing achieved through stiffness of members and connections not directly attached to flanges, but rather act through column web or stiffener plates Bracing to have 2% of beam flange strength = 2%RyFybftbf (no minimum stiffness requirement)
M* pb
> 2.0
6 -Fabrication Considerations
Radius cut at RBS to be thermally cut and grind parallel to flange to surface roughness of 500 micro-inches. All transitions to be rounded to minimize notch effects and abrupt transitions. Gouges and notches up to may be repaired by welding and grinding Protected zone requirements (zone = from face of column to end of radius cut) Tack welds, erection aids, gouging and cutting to be avoided or repaired per EOR Headed studs not permitted (puddle welds of decks OK) No permanent welded, bolted, screwed, shot-in or other construction permitted (holes for shear plate erection bolts OK) Welding requirements per AISC 341 Appendix W QA/QC requirements per AISC 341 Appendix Q