Chemring CM Renewable Energy Report

Chemring Countermeasures Renewable Energy Review
Document No. 3568 Revision: 0 Revision date: 17/10/11 Page 1 of 47
Study Report for Chemring Countermeasures High Post Salisbury Renewable Energy Review
Solar Energy Opportunities
y:\usb3 drive\other\chemring countermeasures solar files\chemring cm renewable energy report.doc
Contents
1. Executive Summary 2. Introduction 2.1 2.2 Previous PROjEN Involvement Site Location and Orientation 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 20 21 21 24 24 25 29 30 31 33 33 33 33 34 35 35 36
3. Solar Energy Background 4. PVGIS Resource Data and Analysis 4.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 PVGIS Database PV Technology Planning Fixed or Tracking PV Collectors 5. Photovoltaic
6. PV Installations at Chemring Countermeasures 6.1 Integrated PV Solution 6.1.1 Building 207 Evaluation 6.1.2 Determination of Required Panel Numbers 6.1.3 Financial Model and Budgetary Costings 6.2 Stand Alone Modular System (100kW) 6.2.1 Determination of Required Panel Numbers 6.2.2 Financial Model and Budgetary Costings 7. Solar Thermal 7.1 7.2 Solar Thermal Panel Performance Solar heating of HWS and heating circuits for the Spectral Building
8. Appendix A Solar Irradiance Data 8.1 Average Solar Irradiance for Chemring Countermeasures (SP4 6AS) 8.1.1 Solar Irradiance across time of day (W/m2) 9. Appendix C Renewable Energy Support 9.1 Micro-generation Certification Scheme (MCS) 9.2 Feed in Tariff (FiT) 9.2.1 Feed In Tariff Rates 9.3 Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) 9.3.1 RHI Proposed Rates 9.3.2 Deeming 10. Appendix D Solar Thermal Collectors
11. 12. 13.
Appendix E Solar Panel Data Appendix F - Photovoltaic Array Installed Cost Appendix G Solar Collector Factsheet
38 44 46
1.
Executive Summary
Chemring Countermeasures are currently reviewing the use of renewable energy technologies to reduce their dependence on conventional fossil fuels used on the site. In line with current site expansion plans for two new production buildings PROjEN have been requested to carry out a study on Solar Energy opportunities on the site. The two technologies under review are Solar Thermal, providing thermal energy directly to hot water services, and Photovoltaic, where electrical power is generated for use in offsetting imported electricity from the grid. In both these cases, previous involvement with the site has been utilised to reflect known building consumption and operation to evaluate these technologies. A brief site survey of the new facilities along with review of design documents has also been conducted. Photovoltaic Solutions Photovoltaic Solutions included the electrical supply to Building 207 and a modular approach to a larger 100kW standalone array. The simple payback of these schemes equate to 8-9 years when governmental support through Feed in Tariffs are considered. With a potential equipment life of 25 years, the cumulative savings of these schemes show a considerable benefit to the site. The modular solution can be ramped up to provide 400-500kW output offering considerable benefits at the cost of tying up capital investment for a number of years.
PV systems provide a simple clean solution of reducing imported electricity and allows carbon reductions to be realised for both company and legislative targets.
Solar Thermal Solutions Solar Thermal solutions proved to be much harder to apply across the site with known information about consumption. It was found that heating hot water above 50oC was not possible, and therefore any application requiring a supply and return above this range could not benefit from Solar Thermal. Production of Hot Water can be applied as the water required heating from a lower temperature of 5oC-10oC. Known applications across the site are limited but as an example of what could be achieved the HWS load of the existing Spectral Building was modelled using a large solar thermal array. In order to meet demand for hot water required the storage of approximately 12m3 of heated water to balance out night time demand.
Solar Thermal systems require greater engineering to provide an acceptable solution. The capital costs are estimated at 1,500/kW t for a standard solar panel installation, where complex heat exchangers and or self-syphoning systems are required, these cost will increase.
A simple payback of 2-3 years was found for the building reviewed, although the variables are much greater than that known for PV due to demand profiles, conformation of the HWS load and funding options etc. The Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) has not yet been ratified, and although rates for solar thermal have been published, there is still scope for changes to be made. One such area is in the requirement for Deeming or modelling the thermal demand for a given building. Where full benefits have been calculated in the example within this report, this ma be subject to change. This study on solar energy provides the first part of a structured approach to review renewable energy solutions for the Chemring Countermeasure site. Ground source heating & cooling, Biomass and Anaerobic Digestion and Wind Power are all technologies that could be beneficial to the site to assist in reducing fossil fuel consumption, reduce carbon emissions and reduce operational costs.
2.
Introduction
PROjEN have been asked to provide a study on the opportunities of utilising solar energy as a renewable energy source for Chemring Countermeasures in line with their current drive to reduce their use of conventional fossil fuels, and support the on-going expansion program of the site in the manufacture of countermeasure products. This study is the first part of a proposed range of technologies that is recommended to be evaluated within a range of renewable energy solutions available. The outlined objectives of the study are: Determine solar energy data for site location Review Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal technologies Evaluate technologies against site applications Determine budget costs for recommended options
2.1
Previous PROjEN Involvement
During the summer 2008 PROjEN were commissioned to undertake a site energy study of the Chemring Countermeasures, High Post facilities. The purpose of undertaking this work was allow the continued site operations against an on-going limitation over the agreed 1MVA electrical supply capacity the site were able to take from Scottish & Southern Distribution Network. The study looked at opportunities to reduce both the electrical demand and consumption of the site, along with other energy and carbon reduction opportunities. During this period of time the site was due to undertake expansion works in the nature of two new production buildings to be located in green belt area to the northeast sector of the site. The new production facilities were to accommodate automated production plant, and that would also allow the rationalisation of a number of other existing poor performing buildings around the site that were up to 30 years old. Since 2008, agreement has been made to lay a new secure 8MVA supply into the site to supply both the existing buildings and new production buildings. This works will allow the dependency on existing diesel generation capacity to be removed, namely in EM8 area and provide the increase capacity required for the production automation plant and heating with ancillary areas. A single 970kVA standby generator will remain on site to support the new production facilities during local loss of supply. The new production facilities comprise of two purpose built buildings of approximately 1,200m2 each with additional separate control/services buildings and ovens of smaller footprints. Both building shells have been constructed but the first to be fitted out for production will be the MTV building leavings the Spectral Building to be completed at a later date.
2.2
Site Location and Orientation
Chemring Countermeasures (CCM) has a large 100 acre estate comprising in excess of 180 buildings and structures. The site is serviced by mains electricity which is metered through a single half hour meter. Due to the sites location, there are no mains gas services on site and the predominant source of energy use is through electricity for heating, lighting and compressed air services in addition to site process activities. The site also uses light fuel oil for low pressure hot water space heating and diesel fuel for electricity generation in a number of smaller production areas. The site is located in an open and exposed position at the top of Salisbury plain, and experiences high winds and gains very little protection from the elements. There is no over shadowing from other buildings or facilities. The location and grid reference coordinates for Chemring Countermeasure site are as follows: OS X (Eastings) 414304 OS Y (Northings) 136810 Post Code: SP4 6AS Latitude N51:07:49 (51.130391) Longitude W1:47:49 (-1.796962) 126m above sea level
The site runs predominantly east to west with open plain land currently being developed for new process facilities to the north-east sector of the site. The approximate area of the development land is 71,000m 2 (17.2 Acres) of which the physical buildings and ancillary areas account for approximately 3,000-4,000m2 providing significant areas of open land available for the installation of renewable energy services.
3.
Solar Energy Background
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. The earth continually receives radiation from the sun in the form of ultra violet, visible and infra-red light. This light energy falls on the surface of the earth and dependant on your location, distance from the equator, and time of day will vary the amount of energy available. The amount of instantaneous energy available at the earths distance from the sun is approximately 1,366W/m2, after passing through the earths atmosphere this value drops to around 1,000W/m2. This is the theoretical maximum amount of energy that would fall at the equator. Dependant of the location on the earths surface in relation to the latitude above or below the equator, the amount of energy available per square meter will vary accordingly. As can be seen in the figure below, the effect of the angle will reduce the density of energy across the actual surface area.
1,366W/m above the atmosphere

SUN
Energy Density 0 2 @ 51 N= 230-890W/m
Earth
Energy Density 0 2 @ 0 N= 1,000W/m
Energy will always be available even with cloudy or overcast skies due to diffused insolation. For clarification of the terms used within this report, and to assist in understanding the relationship between each term, the following explanations are provided below: Irradiance - The direct, diffuse, and reflected solar radiation that strikes a surface, usually expressed in kilowatts per square meter (kW/m2). Irradiance multiplied by time equals insolation. Insolation - The solar power density incident on a surface of stated area and orientation, usually expressed as Watts per square meter per hour (Wh/m2) or Btu per square foot per hour (BTUh/ft2). Direct Insolation - Sunlight falling directly upon a collector. Diffuse Insolation - Sunlight received indirectly as a result of scattering due to clouds, fog, haze, dust, or other obstructions in the atmosphere.
The different technologies employed for solar collectors, their performance data, and costs can be found in the relevant appendices of this report.
4.
PVGIS Resource Data and Analysis
This study utilises solar data available from a reliable source of the PVGIS, as used for the majority of European solar evaluation schemes. The Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) is a web based resource available to engineers and research bodies provided by the EU and provides a map-based inventory of solar energy resource and assessment of the electricity generation from photovoltaic systems in Europe, Africa, and South-West Asia. It is a part of the SOLAREC action that contributes to the implementation of renewable energy in the European Union as a sustainable and long-term energy supply. The data made available is provided as a means to evaluate both Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal energy opportunities throughout Europe, Africa, and South-West Asia. The database contains solar irradiance data on the following factors at a resolution of 1 km x 1 km: [1] Geographical data: digital elevation model, administrative boundaries, land cover and cities, etc. [2] Spatially continuous climatic data series representing monthly and annual means of: Daily sum of global irradiation for horizontal plane [Wh/m2] Linked atmospheric turbidity [dimensionless] Ratio of diffuse to global irradiation [dimensionless] Optimum inclination angle of solar collector modules to maximise energy yield [degrees]
[3] Regional averages for built-up areas: Yearly total of global irradiation (horizontal, vertical and optimally- inclined planes) [kWh] Yearly total of estimated solar electricity generation (for horizontal, vertical, optimally-inclined planes) [kWh] Optimum inclination angle of the solar collector modules to maximise energy yield over a year (degrees]
A second resource; RETScreen Clean Energy Project Analysis software, was also made available to verify the figures used in this report as a comparison. RETScreen is provided by the Government of Canada as part of Canadas recognition of the need to take an integrated approach in addressing climate change and reducing pollution. Data used in the software is derived from NASA climate sources. Although figures from RETScreen have not been included in this report, a comparison has been made for the site location to ensure robustness of the figures.
4.1
PVGIS Database
The screen shot below shows the data presented by the PVGIS system. A data entry screen also allows site specific information regarding proposed system to be entered and certain key information about the system to be determined; e.g. type of chemistry/construction of the panel, mounting position and slope and azimuth of the array. The database can also indicate the optimal slope and azimuth for peak performance of the system across the year.
From the main screen the site location can be entered and the relevant data specific to that location is presented by the software. Other data is able to be drilled down from the software to provide; Monthly Radiation and Daily Radiation, the results of which are shown in Appendix 8 Solar Irradiance Data.
5.
5.1
Photovoltaic
PV Technology
Generating electricity from the suns energy is possible using Photovoltaic cells. Cells are arranged in multiple units to form a panel. Panels are then connected together to provide a PV Array. The size and power output of any array is limited by only the space required to install them and the insolation level applicable to their installation.
The key components within a PV system are PV array, Inverter and Distribution cabling. Within each element there are inherent efficiency values that need to be considered in order to fulfil the electrical power supply to the load. PV Array
The selection of photovoltaic material and its ability to generate electricity is discussed in Appendix B. Generally, consideration of Watt/ is the primary driver to a selection of the array as it is intended to get the most amount of energy out of a system for as little capital investment as possible. The power output data presented in Appendix B is for a standardised insolation of 1,000W/m2 across all panels thereby allowing fair comparison when considering performance data. Most photovoltaic panels are guaranteed by the manufacturers to generate power for a period of 20-25 years. Whilst this may be taken as original peak output under optimum conditions, certain technologies have a varying degradation of the materials that prevent full power capability being maintained over the life of the panel. A 10-15% reduction in output is common for most panels due to deterioration. Increased operating temperature of the panel decreases performance of the panel. Dependant on the ambient air temperatures around the panel, the output performance will vary accordingly. e.g. higher ambient air temperatures equates to lower performance of the same panel.
Inverter
The function of an inverter is to convert Direct Current (DC) power into Alternating Current (AC) power for use in supply at the same conditions as would be expected at the mains incomer for the building or site. Due to the inherent conversion efficiency of the electronics involved energy is lost from the process in the form of heat. The performance of an inverter varies across the range it is designed to provide power for. If an inverter is significantly oversized and operates at say 10% of its full capacity, its efficiency will be much lower than if operating at 90-100% of its capacity. Consideration should therefore be taken to employ multiple inverters where the load varies significantly. Grid Tie In Inverters - As with all inverters, a grid-tie or grid-interactive inverter converts the direct current (DC) power from the renewable energy source into the alternating current (AC) used within domestic and commercial properties. These inverters are intended specifically for grid-tied applications where they will be tied into the local distribution system or utility grid. While it is possible to completely eliminate your imported electricity with a grid-tie system, it is generally required to supplement energy usage by using a combination of both their utility grid and solar array (i.e. 70% solar, 30% utility grid). This can due to factors such as power requirements outside of natural daylight, and when power demand is higher than installed generation capacity. One of the major benefits of a grid-tie system is net metering, where unused energy is fed back into the local distribution or utility grid. When no power is being generated by the solar array, the buildings power is drawn from the utility supply. The energy the site pays for is the difference between the power drawn from the grid and the power fed into the local grid. Distribution Cabling
Low voltage cabling (12-50V) is much more susceptible to resistance issues whether from cable resistance or terminal resistance. To lose 1,000W of power in a 12V system only requires a line resistance of only 0.145 Ohms compared the 62.5 Ohms resistance required to lose the same power in a 240V system. Therefore it is important to ensure that cable resistance, cable length and terminations are minimised throughout the system design prior to inverter connection. For the purposes of this study the most commonly available and higher power/m 2 collector has been considered for a suitable solution. Where space is a premium getting the most out of a favourable location is usually the limiting factor.
5.2
Planning
In many cases fixing solar panels a roof is likely to be considered 'permitted development' under planning law with no need to apply for planning permission. There are, however, important exceptions and provisos which must be observed.
Under normal planning regulations all solar installations are subject to the following conditions: Panels on a building should be sited, so far as is practicable, to minimise the effect on the appearance of the building. They should be sited, so far as is practicable, to minimise the effect on the amenity of the area. When no longer needed for micro generation they should be removed as soon as possible.
It would be expected that the local planning body would be advised and would make specific comments on local site regulations. Therefore it should not be assumed that planning should not be sought when considering large scale installations. The aspects of planning requirements will need to be addressed during the design stage, once commitment has been given to take solar energy opportunities further.
5.3
Fixed or Tracking PV Collectors
The sun passes through a known variable path across the sky thereby varying the peak power available dependant on the inclination and azimuth of the earth. Allowing the solar array to track the sun through this path maximises the collection of available energy. Whilst it is possible to design solar arrays to track the suns path, it is considered outside the scope of this study to evaluate the technical parameters and costs. This study will therefore only consider a fixed array designed to be mounted at the optimum angle.
6.
PV Installations at Chemring Countermeasures
From the site location and data identified in Appendix A: Solar Irradiance Data, the annual irradiance figure for Chemring Countermeasures site equates to 1030kWh/m2/annum for a horizontal surface. For the purpose of this study two scenarios have been considered for review; Integrated PV array designed to utilise the building characteristics of the existing building types for which known consumption patterns can be associated. In this scenario the physical area of the roof will be the limiting factor on how much electricity can be generated through a suitably designed PV system in addition to the building own electricity demand profile. It is also expected that a solution will be below 50kWp and fall within a MCS certified registration process. A stand-alone modular PV array designed to provide 100kW of electricity. The model can then be built up in multiples to meet the required supply requirements. The potential benefits of a PV installation will be limited firstly what area will be surrendered for a large scale PV array, and more importantly on capital investment against Internal Rate of Return, or simple payback required.
This data is used within the PVGIS analysis sheet as below. The selection of a suitable solar array has been chosen for this study to be based around the current range of UK available solar panel manufactures, and the most commonly available highest efficiency unit. The Suntech STP195S-24-Ad+ panel was chosen with a peak output of 195W and panel surface area of 1.28m2.This panel has an equivalent output of 152W/m2 at a surface insolation of 1,000W/m2 equating to an efficiency of 15.2%
6.1
Integrated PV Solution
From building data from the original energy study building type Building 207 has been considered due their use of electricity for both lighting and/or production equipment. From the previous study Building 207 used showed a peak demand of 6-7kW during the period of (08:00-17:30) over Monday-Friday working pattern although working out of these hours was noted. This would be expected to increase to a maximum of 9-10kW during winter operation when the boiler pumps were in operation. Building 207 has a floor area of approximately 494m2 but with its (SSW) South South West facing pitched roof the available roof mounted area is approximately 284m 2. A roof pitch of 30o is assumed in these calculations. When we consider an array to support 7kW during summer selection of a suitable panel is required. Panel efficiency is set out in Appendix B. In order to fulfil the summer time peak
load of 7kW a system that incorporates collector, invertor and distribution components will need to be established.
6.1.1 Building 207 Evaluation

For the location and orientation of the required array, an inclination of 30 o and SSE orientation (+30o) gives the following data. Based on a combined loss of 23.1% output from the array to point of use, a 9kWp array is required to produce the required 7kW of power for the building. Nominal power of the PV system: 9.0 kW p (crystalline silicon) Estimated losses due to temperature: 7.7% (using local ambient temperature) Estimated loss due to angular reflectance effects: 3.1% Other losses (cables, inverter etc.): 14.0% (Inverter 10% Cables 4%) Combined PV system losses: 23.1% Fixed system: inclination=30o, orientation=30o Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly average Total for year Ed 8.05 13.90 20.10 30.30 33.60 34.30 34.60 30.90 24.20 15.40 9.87 6.27 21.8 Em 250 388 623 909 1040 1030 1070 959 726 479 296 194 664 Hd 1.10 1.89 2.81 4.34 4.91 5.09 5.17 4.62 3.53 2.19 1.36 0.85 3.16 Hm 33.9 53.0 87.0 130 152 153 160 143 106 67.9 40.8 26.4 96.2 Where: Ed: Average daily electricity production from the given system (kWh) Em: Average monthly electricity production from the given system (kWh) Hd: Average daily sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of the given system (kWh/m2) Hm: Average sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of the given system (kWh/m2)
7960
1150
When we consider the performance with the ideal orientation and slope of the same power output panel the following data is provided:
Nominal power of the PV system: 9.0 kW p (crystalline silicon) Estimated losses due to temperature: 7.7% (using local ambient temperature) Estimated loss due to angular reflectance effects: 2.9% Other losses (cables, inverter etc.): 14.0% (Inverter 10% Cables 4%) Combined PV system losses: 23.0% Fixed system: inclination=36o, orientation=-2o Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly average Total for year Ed 9.09 15.20 21.20 30.90 33.30 33.60 34.10 31.20 25.30 16.70 11.10 7.11 22.4 Em 282 427 657 927 1030 1010 1060 966 759 518 333 220 682 Hd 1.22 2.07 2.96 4.43 4.87 5.00 5.10 4.66 3.69 2.37 1.52 0.95 3.24 Hm 37.9 58.0 91.6 133 151 150 158 144 111 73.3 45.5 29.6 98.6 Where: Ed: Average daily electricity production from the given system (kWh) Em: Average monthly electricity production from the given system (kWh) Hd: Average daily sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of the given system (kWh/m2) Hm: Average sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of the given system (kWh/m2)
8180
1180
Here the ideal orientation is 2o to the West and 36o inclination from the horizon. The additional calculated energy generated between the location of the roof and the ideal is only 220kWh or 2.6% of the maximum therefore siting the panel onto the existing roof of building 207 does not significantly affect the power available.
6.1.2 Determination of Required Panel Numbers

The selected panel Suntech STP195S-24-Ad+ has an area of 1.28m2/panel and peak capacity of 152W/m2. Therefore; and; 9,000W p / 152W/m2 = 59.2m2 of solar array 59.2m2 / 1.28m2/panel = 46.3 panels
Using the selected Suntech STP195S-24-Ad+ panel as previously discussed an array comprising of 59.2 m2 can be provided in 47 panels. A total array area of 60m2 over a roof area of 284m2 can be accommodated without any space issues although consideration over additional loading of the roof must be taken into account and structural advice obtained.
6.1.3 Financial Model and Budgetary Costings

It was noted that Building 207 is used during weekdays only; therefore the demand solely for the building for electricity will only be apparent during these times. It should therefore be possible that any excess power generated is effectively fed back into the local distribution grid offsetting power drawn elsewhere. Therefore as the site has a higher demand than can be met with the suggested solar array, all electricity generated will be used and be counted as offsetting imported electricity. Offset Savings Calculated generated power 7,960kWh/annum Cost of current electricity = 6.33p/kWh (Night time rate is not applicable) Annual offset savings = 7960kWh x 0.0633 = 503.87/annum Feed In Tariff Feed in tariff is based on the installed power load (4-10kW) for April 2012 onwards = 33p/kWh Annual FIT income = 7,960kWh x 0.33 = 2,626.80/annum Total Financial savings = 503.87 + 2,626.80 = 3,130.67
Cost of System
For an estimate cost per kW p installed Segen have provided costs for smaller type systems as shown in Appendix F. An average cost of a 9kWp system is expected to be in the region of 31,500 based on 3,500/kWp installed system. Therefore the simple payback of this scheme would be 11.4 years at todays rates. It is important to note that the Feed in Tariff will be index linked to RPI for a guaranteed 25 years Therefore when this data is taken into account along with a conservative fuel costs rises of 3% then the following cost model can be determined.
Year 0 1 2 3
kWh Generated
Degradation %
Expected Generation kWh
/kWh
FIT Rate
Annual Savings
Capital Expenditure
Cumulative Savings
7960 7960 7960

kWh Generated
0.00% 0.40% 1.20%

Degradation %
0 7960 7928 7864

Expected Generation kWh
0.063 0.065 0.067 0.069
0.330 0.340 0.350 0.361

FIT Rate
0 3,225 3,308 3,380

Annual Savings
-31,500
-31,500 -28,275 -24,967 -21,587

Cumulative Savings
Year 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
/kWh
Capital Expenditure
7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960 7960
1.60% 2.00% 2.40% 2.80% 3.20% 3.60% 4.00% 4.40% 4.80% 5.20% 5.60% 6.00% 6.40% 6.80% 7.20% 7.60% 8.00% 8.40% 8.80% 9.20% 9.60% 10.00%
7833 7801 7769 7737 7705 7673 7642 7610 7578 7546 7514 7482 7451 7419 7387 7355 7323 7291 7260 7228 7196 7164
0.071 0.073 0.076 0.078 0.080 0.083 0.085 0.088 0.090 0.093 0.096 0.099 0.102 0.105 0.108 0.111 0.114 0.118 0.121 0.125 0.129 0.133
0.371 0.383 0.394 0.406 0.418 0.431 0.443 0.457 0.471 0.485 0.499 0.514 0.530 0.545 0.562 0.579 0.596 0.614 0.632 0.651 0.671 0.691
3,467 3,557 3,648 3,743 3,839 3,938 4,039 4,143 4,249 4,358 4,470 4,585 4,702 4,823 4,946 5,072 5,202 5,335 5,471 5,610 5,753 5,899
-18,120 -14,564 -10,915 -7,173 -3,334 604 4,643 8,786 13,035 17,394 21,864 26,449 31,151 35,974 40,920 45,992 51,194 56,529 62,000 67,610 73,363 79,263
The payback once RPI and fuel price increases have been evaluated indicates that the scheme would look to pay within 9 years, with a cumulative gain over the life of the scheme of over 79,000.
Graph of Cumulative Savings over Life of System (9kWp)

Cumulative Savings
Based on 3% RPI & 3% Increase fuel costs
100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 -20,000 -40,000 0 5
10
Years
15
20
25
6.2
Stand Alone Modular System (100kW)
In this instance a stand-alone fixed solar array with a useful peak power output of 100kW is considered. The orientation and slope will be maximised to provide the greatest benefit to the scheme in the available land surrounding the newly constructed production buildings. Using PVGIS model, with the assumed power loss figures and optimum alignment the following data has been determined: Nominal power of the PV system: 130.0 kW (crystalline silicon) Estimated losses due to temperature: 7.7% (using local ambient temperature) Estimated loss due to angular reflectance effects: 2.9% Other losses (cables, inverter etc.): 14.0% (Inverter 10% Cables 4%) Combined PV system losses: 23.0% Fixed system: orientation=-2o Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ed 131.00 220.00 306.00 446.00 480.00 485.00 492.00 450.00 365.00 242.00 160.00 103.00 Em 4070 6170 9490 13400 14900 14600 15300 14000 11000 7490 4810 3180 9850 inclination=36o, Hd 1.22 2.07 2.96 4.43 4.87 5.00 5.10 4.66 3.69 2.37 1.52 0.95 3.24 1180 Hm 37.9 58.0 91.6 133 151 150 158 144 111 73.3 45.5 29.6 98.6 Where: Ed: Average daily electricity production from the given system (kWh) Em: Average monthly electricity production from the given system (kWh) Hd: Average daily sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of the given system (kWh/m2) Hm: Average sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of the given system (kWh/m2)
Yearly 324 average Total 118000 for year
6.2.1 Determination of Required Panel Numbers

The selected panel Suntech STP195S-24-Ad+ has an area of 1.28m2/panel and peak capacity of 152W/m2. Therefore; and; 130,000W p / 152W/m2 = 855.2m2 of solar array 855.2m2 / 1.28m2/panel = 668 panels
Using the selected Suntech STP195S-24-Ad+ panel as previously discussed an array comprising of 855.2 m2 can be provided in 670 panels. A total array area of 855m2 will be required for every 100kW of peak power required. The footprint of a scheme would typically require an area of 30m x 30m..

It was noted that site demand has previously been a minimum of 400kW during the past 12 months. With the phasing in of the production plant and upgrade of the electricity supply, this demand is expected to increase significantly over the next 6 months. In reality the site could benefit from a number of 100kW arrays in order to offset site demand and consumption and the following calculations will provide support to investigate this further if found acceptable. In this scenario, all of the electricity is expected to be used within the site, there is no plans for exporting generated power to the grid (i.e. export to the national grid). Therefore as the site has a higher demand than can be met with the suggested solar array, all electricity generated will be used and be counted as offsetting imported electricity. Offset Savings Calculated generated power 118,000kWh/annum Cost of current electricity = 6.33p/kWh (Night time rate is not applicable) Annual offset savings = 118,0000kWh x 0.0633 = 7,469.40/annum Feed In Tariff Feed in tariff is based on the installed power load (100kW>5MW) for April 2012 onwards = 26.8p/kWh Annual FIT income = 118,000kWh x 0.268 = 31,364/annum Total Financial savings = 7,469 + 31,624 = 39,093
Cost of System
For an estimate cost per kW p installed Segan have provided costs for smaller type systems as shown in Appendix F..
An average cost of a 130kWp system is expected to be in the region of 390,000 based on 3,000/kWp installed system. Therefore the simple payback of this scheme would be 9.9 years at todays rates. It is important to note that the Feed in Tariff will be index linked to RPI for a guaranteed 25 years Therefore when this data is taken into account along with a conservative fuel costs rises of 3% then the following cost model can be determined.
kWh Generated Degradation % Expected Generation kWh FIT Rate Annual Savings Capital Expenditure Cumulative Savings
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
/kWh
118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000 118000
0.00% 0.40% 1.20% 1.60% 2.00% 2.40% 2.80% 3.20% 3.60% 4.00% 4.40% 4.80% 5.20% 5.60% 6.00% 6.40% 6.80% 7.20% 7.60% 8.00% 8.40% 8.80% 9.20% 9.60% 10.00%
0 118000 117528 116584 116112 115640 115168 114696 114224 113752 113280 112808 112336 111864 111392 110920 110448 109976 109504 109032 108560 108088 107616 107144 106672 106200
0.063 0.065 0.067 0.069 0.071 0.073 0.076 0.078 0.080 0.083 0.085 0.088 0.090 0.093 0.096 0.099 0.102 0.105 0.108 0.111 0.114 0.118 0.121 0.125 0.129 0.133
0.268 0.276 0.284 0.293 0.302 0.311 0.320 0.330 0.339 0.350 0.360 0.371 0.382 0.394 0.405 0.418 0.430 0.443 0.456 0.470 0.484 0.499 0.514 0.529 0.545 0.561
0 40,266 41,308 42,206 43,296 44,414 45,559 46,734 47,938 49,172 50,437 51,733 53,062 54,425 55,821 57,252 58,718 60,222 61,762 63,341 64,958 66,616 68,315 70,056 71,840 73,668
-390,000
-390,000 -349,734 -308,426 -266,220 -222,924 -178,510 -132,951 -86,217 -38,280 10,892 61,329 113,062 166,125 220,549 276,370 333,622 392,341 452,562 514,324 577,665 642,623 709,240 777,555 847,611 919,451 993,118
The payback once RPI and fuel price increases have been evaluated indicates that the scheme would look to pay within 9 years, with a cumulative gain over the life of the scheme of over 993k.
Graph of Cumulative Savings over Life of System (100kW)
1,200,000 1,000,000
Cumulative Savings
800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 -200,000

-400,000
10
Years
15
20
25
6.3
Photovoltaic Conclusions
Due to the large dependency on electricity for the site for existing space heating, lighting and production power, there is a benefit to the site to reduce its dependency on fossil fuel derived electricity and utilise renewable Green electricity. This can be realised in a number of ways. A scheme to provide electricity independent to the grid will give increased security of supply, afford some protection from price rises in fossil fuels, and assist in meeting the companys drive to reduce their carbon emissions either through internal targets or as part of a Governmental scheme, such as Carbon reduction Commitment (CRC) or European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EUETS) The two example scenarios chosen give an indication of the potential that is available through Photovoltaic. The simple payback for both the stand alone single building and large scale central modular array provide a payback of around 8-9 years with the current Feed in Tariff rates guaranteed for the next 25 years. Whilst this may be considered too long for many projects the full benefit of a scheme will need to be evaluated in order to define the true costs and savings in light of future legislation and company drivers. It is important to note that a fixed 3% annual increase in fuel costs has been assumed, this may in fact be much higher over the next 5-10 years. Also the overall savings from the scheme during the life of the equipment will be positive, indicating 50k-80k and 600k-1M lifetime savings between the stand alone and modular solutions respectively. One area that has been ignored during this study has been the maintenance of the equipment. Due to the fit and forget nature of the PV panels and inverters, there is very little maintenance required other than usual periodic electricity certification and possible some cleaning of the arrays dependant on fouling by birds and local atmospheric conditions.
7.
7.1
Solar Thermal
Solar Thermal Panel Performance
The solar energy available for solar thermal is common to that for PV systems. For an optimised collector the available thermal energy that can be collected will be dependent on the following efficiency coefficients. The ability for the panel to collect and transfer the solar energy to the working fluid will be dependent on a number of factors. The raw conversions factor, the losses from the panel due to radiation or re-radiation and conduction, and the ambient air temperature and required off water temperature the panel is operating within. Each panel will have known efficiency coefficients as part of its specification. The efficiency coefficients will be related to the aperture area of the collector: These parameters describe the efficiency of the collector under certain conditions of irradiation and temperatures. The efficiency at an irradiation G, a mean collector temperature Tm and the ambient temperature Ta can be computed as follows: True Panel efficiency T = 0 (a1 * x) (a2 * G * x) Where: x = (Tm Ta) / G 0 = Conversion factor Loss coefficient a1 W/(mK) Loss coefficient a2 W/(mK) For a typical flat plate collector example, panel model Caotec CAO TLP, has been selected based on a designed to provide 50oC supply off temperature. The following table can be established to determine performance for the selected location.
Month
G 1220 2070 2960 4430 4870 5000 5100 4660 3690 2370 1520 955 3240 5.3 5.8 7.1 9.0
Ta
0 0.802 0.802 0.802 0.802 0.802 0.802 0.802 0.802 0.802 0.802 0.802 0.802 0.802 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Tm 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8
a1
a2 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067
True Panel Eff T
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
65.2% 71.5% 74.3% 76.4% 77.1% 77.4% 77.6% 77.4% 76.4% 73.7% 68.9% 61.1% 75.3%
12.2 15.1 17.3 17.6 15.1 12.0 8.0 5.4 10.8
Therefore it is possible to determine the seasonal efficiency of the panel based on local climatic and insolation data. The application of solar heating appear to be beneficial for instances of heating water that is supplied at low ambient conditions (5oC-10oC) prior to any additional heating for point of use consumption. In cases where process or space heating is required, the design of the system is normally required to heat the working fluid a maximum range between flow and return of 10-20oC differential once the system is at operating temperature. The sizing of conventional space heat exchangers/radiators etc. would normally require a temperature flow of say 82oC, and 72oC return, thereby giving the designed temperature drop. The temperatures available from the solar collector fall too low to be of benefit to the heating effect for conventional heating i.e. generally using flat plate panel technology it would not normally be expected to increase the off panel temperature above 50oC. In some instances where under floor heating has been installed a designed flow temperature of 50oC will be suffice, but only useful during periods when ambient air temperature is low. Consideration has been made into the supply of the MTV Production Building Process Heating. A review of the system design indicates that both space heating, by means of air handling plant, and process heating of the fluidised bed dryer is required. The two kerosene oil fired boilers are rated at 120kW each and provide hot water to closed circuit heating coils within a number of air handling units for space heating around the facility. In addition to the heating circuits, there is a non-storage calorifier used to provide hot water to the drying table. As the design of these circuits are based around a flow temperature of 90oC and return of 70oC this is outside the useful range of solar thermal systems. Solar Thermal therefore cannot be considered to assist in heating the hot water used for production.
Solar heating of HWS system for the Spectral Building
This building has been chosen as an example due to the previously known data regarding its thermal oil usage from the previous energy site study. It is believed that this buildings activities will be replaced over time within the new Spectral production building but has been chosen as a typical example to evaluate a solar thermal solution.
7.2
Solar heating of HWS and heating circuits for the Spectral Building
The spectral building was reported to have used 497,111kWh of thermal oil during the 12 month period of June 2007 May 2008. Summer consumption accounted for an estimated 963kWh/day presumed for HWS production. Comments cannot be made regarding the significance of the summer load compared to the winter consumption, but it is assumed for the purpose of this study to be for HWS production.
The HWS production is therefore assumed to be constant across the year and will be used as the basis for this evaluation. Annual HWS load = 50Wks x 7days x 963kWh/day x 65% seasonal boiler efficiency = 219,082kWh/annum hot water consumption. Annual cost of production of HWS = (219,082kWh / 0.65 Boiler Eff) x 0.728p/litre* x 10.7kWh/litre = 22919/annum (*Cost of Fuel from previous survey) In order to fulfil this supply of production the daily consumption will be spread over the 24 hours and the design of a suitable HWS storage vessel capable of holding the daily usage of hot water will be considered. 0.65 x 963 = 635kWh/day equivalent to 26kW demand. There are several options that can be taken to size the array; Design Array for 100% HWS daily production based on highest monthly irradiance Design Array for 100% HWS daily production based on lowest monthly irradiance The chosen option to provide a solution to provide hot water production will be to design the Array for 100% HWS daily production based on average yearly irradiance.
From the solar thermal panel efficiency table above, an average seasonal conversion efficiency of 75.3% can be determined for the location and panel chosen. From the previous PV solar irradiance data it can be seen that the average insolation equates to 5.10kWh/m2/day. Therefore based on 75.3% efficiency the solar thermal array would need to be: 635kWh/day / (5.10kWh/m2/day x 0.753 Conversion Eff) = 165m2 Therefore given the specification of the example panel Caotec CAO TLP with an aperture of 1.818m2 and Gross area of 2.095m2 this will require 91 panels covering a gross total array area of 191m2. To provide the load of 26kW at peak irradiance levels during highest irradiance day would only require the following size panel: Load of 26,000W / (Panel Peak Power *801W/m2 x June Seasonal Eff of 0.774) = 37.9m2 of net collector area (21 panels equating to an array of 44m2). (* Taken from Panel Specification sheet) Thermal Energy Storage The storage requirements to contain hot water for 635kWh of energy equates to:
(635 x 1000W x 3600 sec) / (4.19kJ/kgoC x (50oC 5oC)) = 12,012kg of water As 1 litre = 1kg this will equate to 12m3 volume water tank. This could be contained in an insulated tank approximately 2.2m long x 2.2m wide x 2.2m high.

Offset Savings Calculated hot water production = 219,082kWh/annum Calculated offset thermal energy for Hot Water = 337,050kWh/annum Cost of current fuel = 0.728/litre * 10.7kWh/litre = 6.8p/kWh Annual Offset Savings = 337,050kWh x 0.068 = 22,919/annum The cost of running Solar Thermal circulation pump will need to be determined: For a 1kW pump operating 50% of the year (daylight hours) will be 1kW x 4350 hours x 6.8p/kWh = 295.00 which is a small proportion against the overall savings of the scheme. Renewable Heat Incentive RHI is based on the installed thermal load (20kW-100kW) for April 2012 onwards = 17.0p/kWh Annual RHI income = 219,082kWh x 0.17 = 37,243/annum Total Financial savings = 22,919 + 37,243 - 295 = 59,867/annum
Cost of System
For an estimate cost per kW thermal installed an estimated costs of 1500/kW t installed has been used. The costs of the collectors, From above with the array size of 165m2 and for the example panel with requires 91 panels. Each panel has a peak output of 801W which equates to 72,891W t peak output for an annual average output of 26,000W or 35% seasonal loading. 72.9kW x 1,500 = 109,000 estimated capital cost An average cost of a 73kW t system is expected to be in the region of 110,000 based on 1,500/kW t installed system. The cost of the storage system is not included, and therefore an estimated additional cost of say 30,000 may be required raising te capital cost to 140,000. It is also noted that the existing system for heating the water may still be required due to the inability to keep the hot water above required safety standards e.g. legionella protection.
Therefore the simple payback of this scheme would indicate 2-3 years at todays rates. The RHI is currently under review, current indications show its application in the domestic arena and there is little information on commercial/industrial applications. Therefore the published rates have been used but these have been issued under the requirements for Deeming (see Appendix 9.3.2 Deeming) and therefore until the full regulations are issued, the support of the RHI will not be truly known until at earliest the end of 2011. It is important to note that the RHI will be index linked to RPI for a guaranteed 20 years.
7.3
Solar Thermal Conclusions
It is evident that solar thermal heating is limited in schemes where the design hot water temperature is above 50oC and does not involve the heating of water below this temperature. The selection of the example site was based on previous survey information. If a building or process is found to have hot water production requirements as opposed to space heating loads, then this technology may prove beneficial in those instances. There are currently a number of factors that will determine whether the financial model provides a benefit to Chemring for the limited number of applications around the site. The greatest impact comes in the determination of the Deeming criteria. Where the assumption has been that all thermal energy will be provided and offset from the solution, the RHI benefit may be substantially lower for the scheme when it finally is rolled out. Maintenance of a Solar Thermal system will be higher than that of the existing fossil fuel heated system. Potentially draining of the system in winter, more pumps and valves to operate and maintain, and periodic checks will be required during its operation in addition to the original system. For this reason care should be taken when looking at the lower payback period of the solar thermal opportunities compared to that of PV unless all factors are known..
8.
Appendix A Solar Irradiance Data
Chemring Countermeasures
8.1
Average Solar Irradiance for Chemring Countermeasures (SP4 6AS)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly average Total for year kWh/m / Day 0.73 1.38 2.34 3.9 4.79 5.14 5.12 4.31 2.98 1.67 0.92 0.56 2.83
2
kWh/m / Month 22.6 38.6 72.5 117 149 154 159 134 89.4 51.9 27.5 17.2 86 1030
20 Year Average Daily Solar Irradiance Values [W/m2] (CIBSE Guide J)

It is important to recognise that the availability of insolation will vary across the year, dependant on the month of the year and time of day will determine when to expect insolation and when peak values occurs. In the case of PV, unless the system has a means to store the energy, the use of solar power will be required to be utilised instantaneously. Certain installation will utilise battery banks to store the power for use at a later period. Due to the additional cost and maintenance requirements for these battery systems they have not been considered within this study. Where solar thermal is concerned, it is often possible to store the heat gained during the day for use outside normal irradiance periods. The thermal energy can be captured in a substance of high specific heat capacity. Water as a working within a solar thermal system is often used due to its moderate thermal capacity, stored in large tanks where it can be used to supplement conventional hot water services. The table and graph below show the solar Irradiance for a site in similar coordinates to Chemring Countermeasures facility. The variation on availability as well as peak irradiance values can be easily identified across the 12 months.
8.1.1 Solar Irradiance across time of day (W/m2)

Time 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Jan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 75 171 257 300 300 245 156 73 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Feb 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 68 172 293 391 447 440 389 302 181 69 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 0 0 0 0 0 23 78 197 343 469 562 623 617 568 476 348 199 76 21 0 0 0 0 0 Apr 0 0 0 0 19 70 199 352 515 626 721 775 779 721 643 505 356 190 68 19 0 0 0 0 May 0 0 0 0 43 144 276 429 585 717 805 847 846 802 715 584 439 277 142 39 0 0 0 0 Jun 0 0 0 17 54 162 318 482 625 750 835 879 884 825 739 611 470 312 164 56 17 0 0 0 Jul 0 0 0 13 45 143 281 435 579 697 781 820 830 779 695 576 437 287 140 43 12 0 0 0 Aug 0 0 0 0 27 91 211 366 519 639 738 771 764 719 643 502 344 194 85 25 0 0 0 0 Sep 0 0 0 0 0 30 117 263 409 530 605 642 657 613 522 393 239 111 31 0 0 0 0 0 Oct 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 119 253 386 466 486 481 442 357 227 111 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nov 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 111 227 312 357 341 286 198 102 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 122 204 243 236 190 115 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Appendix B Photovoltaic Panels

PV panels can come in a number of different compositions utilising different manufacturing processes and offering varying conversion efficiencies. The three main types are Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, and Amorphous Silicon cells. Monocrystalline Silicon PV (Mono-Si) To produce Monocrystalline silicon a crystal of silicon is grown from highly pure molten silicon. This single crystal cylindrical ingot is cut into thin slices between 0.2 and 0.3mm thick- this is the basis of a solar PV cell. The edges are cut off to give a hexagonal shape so more can be fitted onto the module. These PV cells have efficiencies of 13-17% and are the most efficient type of the three types of silicon PV cell. However, they require more time and energy to produce than polycrystalline silicon PV cells, and are therefore slightly more expensive. Polycrystalline Silicon PV (Poly-Si) Polycrystalline silicon is also produced from a molten and highly pure molten silicon, but using a casting process. The silicon is heated to a high temperature and cooled under controlled conditions as a mould. It sets as an irregular poly- or multi-crystal form. The square silicon block is then cut into 0.3mm slices. The typical blue appearance is due to the application of an anti-reflective layer. The thickness of this layer determines the colour- blue has the best optical qualities. It reflects the least and absorbs the most light. More chemical processes and fixing of the conducting grid and electrical contacts complete the process. Mass-produced polycrystalline PV cell modules have an efficiency of 11-15%. Amorphous Silicon PV (a-Si) Amorphous silicon is non-crystalline silicon. Cells made from this material are found in pocket calculators etc. The layer of semi-conductor material is only 0.5-2.0um thick, where 1um is 0.001mm. This means that considerably fewer raw materials are necessary in their production compared with crystalline silicon PV production. The film of amorphous silicon is deposited as a gas on a surface such as glass. Further chemical processes, the fixing of a conducting grid and electrical contacts follow. These PV cells have an efficiency of between 6-8%. Multi-junction amorphous thin film PV cells with each layer sensitive to different wavelengths of the light spectrum are also available. These have slightly higher efficiencies. This type of PV cell is not currently suitable for use on residential or commercial developments due to the low generation density.
9.
9.1
Appendix C Renewable Energy Support

Micro-generation Certification Scheme (MCS)
The Micro-generation Certification Scheme was set up to ensure that the public is protected from rogue renewable energy installers. Each product to be eligible for the FiT or RHI schemes must be MCS registered, and each installation done by a MCS registered installer. As long as a product is listed on the MCS product list and is installed by a registered installer then there should be no issues in eligibility. MCS are responsible for renewable installations between 0kW and 50kW. Where renewable installations are between 50kW and 5MW in capacity, they will need to apply to Ofgem for accreditation through Ofgems Renewable and CHP Register (www.ofgem.gov.uk/Sustainability/Environment/RCHPreg). Upon completion of this process, applicants will need to contact a supplier with the accreditation details in order to receive the credits for all renewable energy generated.
9.2
Feed in Tariff (FiT)
In April 2010 the UK Government introduced Feed In Tariffs to encourage the installation of renewable electricity generating technology in all types of buildings across the UK. Under this scheme the system owner is paid a fixed rate for every kilowatt hour (kWh) of renewable electricity that is generated, regardless of whether it is use within the site or exported. For electricity that is not use within the site will be paid an additional rate for every KWh that is feed back into the national grid. This will result in reduced electricity costs as the site will purchase less electricity from its supplier.
9.2.1 Feed In Tariff Rates

FIT (Feed In Tariffs) Technology Scale Tariff level for new installations in period (p/KWh) (Tariffs RPI Indexed annually) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 01/04/2010 01/04/2011 01/04/2012 31/03/2011 31/03/2012 31/03/2013 11.5 11.5 11.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 19.9 19.9 19.9 17.8 17.8 17.8 11.0 11.0 11.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 36.1 41.3 36.1 41.3 36.1 37.8 Tariff Lifetime (years)
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Hydro Hydro Hydro Hydro Micro CHP pilot Photo-Voltaic (PV) Photo-Voltaic (PV)
500kW 500kW 15 kW 15 - 100kW 100 - 2MW 2MW - 5MW 2 KW 4 Kw (new build) 4 Kw (retrofit)
20 20 20 20 20 20 10 25 25
Technology
Scale
Tariff level for new installations in period (p/KWh) (Tariffs RPI Indexed annually) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 01/04/2010 01/04/2011 01/04/2012 31/03/2011 31/03/2012 31/03/2013 36.1 31.4 29.3 29.3 34.5 26.7 24.1 18.8 9.4 4.5 9.0 36.1 31.4 29.3 29.3 34.5 26.7 24.1 18.8 9.4 4.5 9.0 33.0 28.7 26.8 29.3 32.6 25.5 23.0 18.8 9.4 4.5 9.0
Tariff Lifetime (years)
Photo-Voltaic (PV) Photo-Voltaic (PV) Photo-Voltaic (PV) Photo-Voltaic (PV) Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Existing micro generators transferred from the RO
4 10kW 10 10kW 100 - 5MW Standalone system 1.5kW 1.5 - 15kW 15 - 100kW 100 - 500kW 500 - 1.5MW 1.5 - 5MW
25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 to 2027
9.3
Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI)
As set out in the UK Governments UK Low Carbon Transition Plan and Renewable Energy Strategy, July 2009, the Government planned to introduce a Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) in June 2011 to encourage the installation of renewable heat technologies throughout the economy. The RHI is very similar to the FIT scheme for renewable electricity, but applies to technologies that generate heating in a renewable fashion. The RHI is now due to come into effect in November 2011 (delayed from June 2011). The RHI is being put in place to encourage the take-up of renewable heat technologies that remain more expensive to install and run than traditional fossil-fuel heating systems. It is for this reason that the Government is setting up a cash incentive scheme whereby under the RHI you will be paid annually on the total amount of heat generated, expressed in kWh. The scheme aims to generate a return on investment of 12% for all technologies and 6% for Solar thermal. This is more than the investment return the FIT scheme attempts to achieve and this is because the technologies available are less well known, more expensive to purchase and run on a standalone basis (i.e. there is no grid connectivity to allow the generator to sell excess production). Solar thermal gets a lower rate of return as it is a widely known technology with lower barriers to entry and cheaper installation costs. Solar Thermal: Collects heat from the sun which transfers the heat to the building. All solar systems contain a storage element in the form of a hot water tank that ensures the hot water/heat can be supplied at the desired time rather than just when the sun is shining.
9.3.1 RHI Proposed Rates

RHI (Renewable Heat Incentives) Technology Small installations Solid biomass Bioliquids Biogas on - site combustion Ground source heat pumps Air source heat pumps Solar thermal Medium installations Solid biomass Biogas on - site combustion Ground source heat pumps Air source heat pumps Solar thermal Large installations Solid biomass Ground source heat pumps Scale Proposed Deemed or Tariff lifetime tariff (p/kWh) Metered (years)
Up to 45kW Up to 45kW Up to 45kW Up to 45kW Up to 45kW Up to 20kW
9.0 6.5 5.5 7.0 7.5 18.0
Deemed Deemed Deemed Deemed Deemed Deemed
15 15 10 23 18 20
45 - 500kW 45 - 200kW 45 - 350kW 45 - 350 20 - 100
6.5 5.5 5.5 2.0 17.0
Deemed Deemed Deemed Deemed Deemed
15 10 20 20 20
500 Plus 350 plus
1.6 - 2.5 1.5
metered metered
15 20
9.3.2 Deeming
Deeming is the process whereby a building will be assessed on how much heat it actually needs to heat it to a certain temperature. Thus, the payment from the RHI will be based upon the amount of heat required to heat a property, rather than the actual amount of heat used by that property over a certain period. The Domestic Hot Water and Space Heating requirements for any building will be estimated using the BREDEM (the Building Research Establishment Domestic Energy Model). This is a standardised model for estimating the amount of energy required by a property for space heating and Domestic Hot Water (DHW). It is a simple, long established, method of estimating energy use. It considers both the physical aspects of a property and the lifestyle of the occupants. Unfortunately it does not take into account how the occupier actually uses the heating system, but takes a standard level of heating requirement (21 degrees for a living room, and 18 degrees for other areas, with 2 hours of heating used in the mornings and 7 hours at night for weekdays, with 13 hours a day at weekends). This way, it produces a very standardised energy rating for a property, disregarding the individual occupiers preferences for how hot/cool they actually use the property, thus allowing homes to be compared on a like for like basis. For Hot Water requirements it ignores the actual number of people that actually live in a building, but focuses on the actually floor area of a building, assuming that a larger floor area will have more people living there. In essence, it will provide an energy rating that is independent of the size of the home, providing an energy rating per square meter. The model gives accurate results, often within a +/- 10% reading of actual data readings.
10. Appendix D Solar Thermal Collectors

Solar thermal systems use energy from the sun to heat water. This replaces other energy sources such as natural gas and electricity as a means of providing hot water to buildings for HWS or heating services. The most important part of a solar thermal system is the collector. The collectors role is to absorb the suns energy and efficiently convert it to heat for transfer to the hot water system. The collector is normally mounted on the roof of a building. There are a number of different types of solar thermal system; a typical system is shown below. Hot water is supplied to the building by transferring the heat (energy) absorbed by the collector and pumping it down to the cylinder tank. Here the hot water heats the cooler feed water via a heat exchanger coil. The fluid within the collector circuit usually contains an antifreeze ton prevent freezing during cold weather. The cylinder used has a second heat exchanger circuit at the top of the cylinder designed to heat the tempered water to required full operating temperature.
During sunny summer weather the thermal heat from the collector may be of sufficient temperature to heat the water to full operating temperature without additional top up heating from the boiler. This application may be suitable for applications where there is a known hot water demand for which the system can be calculated. IN the instance for space heating, there becomes the issue that the system provides hot water when it is likely not to be required i.e. during warmer weather. Therefore purpose design and installation of solar heating systems are not normally provided solely around space heating only. Flat Plate Collector The construction of a solar panel follows that of a radiator, where the working fluid is channelled across a heat absorbing material (usually metal due to its inherent high thermal conduction properties) where it then able to absorb the heat into the working fluid to be passed by means of a pump to the point of application. The absorbent material is usually matt black to minimise re-reflection of the insolation and a glazed envelope is placed across the collector to prevent wind cooling and minimise conduction losses.
Evacuated Tube Collector Evacuated tube collectors are also used where higher water temperatures are required. Heat pipes with one end enclosed in a clear evacuated tube transfer the heat energy across via conduction into heater pipe where liquid is pumped through collecting the thermal energy. This system although more expensive reduces losses to the surrounding and the likelihood of freezing of the working fluid in winter and provides higher water temperatures. Due to the mechanics of the heat pipe, the collector is often required to be mounted at a particular angle to ensure operation.
11. Appendix E Solar Panel Data

Manufactu rer Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Kyocera Kyocera Kyocera Kyocera Kyocera Kyocera Kyocera Kyocera Kyocera Width (mm) 1200 1575 1575 1499 1499 1328 1491 1640 1640 1640 1409 1409 1409 1409 1409 1500 1338 1500 1500 1043 778 706 517 367 Height (mm) 537 826 826 662 662 994 994 994 994 994 1009 1009 1009 1009 1009 990 990 668 668 660 660 744 280 512 Area (Metre Squared) 0.64 1.30 1.30 0.99 0.99 1.32 1.48 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.49 1.32 1.00 1.00 0.69 0.51 0.53 0.14 0.19 Watts per metre squared 124.15 126.83 130.67 123.95 131.00 133.33 133.60 137.41 141.09 144.16 80.89 85.11 90.03 99.88 94.96 141.41 139.66 134.73 134.73 138.01 136.32 95.19 110.53 111.76 Efficiency % 12.41 12.68 13.07 12.39 13.10 13.33 13.36 13.74 14.11 14.42 8.09 8.51 9.00 9.99 9.50 14.14 13.97 13.47 13.47 13.80 13.63 9.52 11.05 11.18 Peak Output (Watts) 80 165 170 123 130 176 198 224 230 235 115 121 128 142 135 210 185 135 135 95 70 50 16 21 Peak Voltage 21.60 34.60 34.80 17.20 17.40 23.42 26.30 29.30 30.00 30.00 174.00 180.00 186.00 188.00 192.00 26.60 23.60 17.70 17.70 17.90 17.90 17.90 17.40 17.40 Peak Current 4.63 4.77 4.90 7.15 7.50 7.52 7.52 7.66 7.67 8.40 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.72 0.74 7.90 7.84 7.63 7.63 5.31 3.92 2.80 0.93 1.12 Maximum System Voltage 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 750 750 750 750 50 50
Product NE-80EJEA NE-165UC1 NE-170UC1 ND-123UJF ND-130UJF ND-176UC1 ND-198UC1 ND-224UC1 NU-U230F3 NU-U235F1 NA-V115H5 NA-V121H5 NA-V128H5 NA-V142H5 NA-V135H5 KD210GH-2PU KD185GH-2PU KD135GH-2PU KD135SX-1PU KD95SX-1P KD70SX-1P KD50SE-1P KC16T KC21T
Technology Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Monocrystalline Monocrystalline Thin Film Thin Film Thin Film Thin Film Thin Film Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline
Product KC32T BP350J BP380J BP3160N BP3170N BP4175N BP4175T SX-305M SX-310J SX-320U SX-330U PowerGlaz RG-SMT5(36)M PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(48)P 648185 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(48)P 648180 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(48)P 648175 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(48)P 648170 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(48)P 648165 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(48)P 648160 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(54)P 654210 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(54)P 654200 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(54)P 654195 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(54)P 654190 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(60)P 660235 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(60)P 660230 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(60)P 660225 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(60)P 660220 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(60)P 660210 PowerGlaz RG-SMT6(60)P 660205
Manufactu rer Kyocera BP Solar BP Solar BP Solar BP Solar BP Solar BP Solar BP Solar BP Solar BP Solar BP Solar Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag Romag
Width (mm) 517 839 1209 1593 1593 1593 1587 269 425 502 595 1197 1318 1318 1318 1318 1318 1318 1482 1482 1482 1482 1640 1640 1640 1640 1640 1640
Height (mm) 512 537 537 790 790 790 790 251 273 425 502 530 994 994 994 994 994 994 994 994 994 994 994 994 994 994 994 994
Area (Metre Squared) 0.26 0.45 0.65 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.25 0.07 0.12 0.21 0.30 0.63 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.63
Watts per metre squared 120.89 110.98 123.22 127.14 135.08 139.06 139.58 74.05 86.19 93.74 100.44 130.83 141.21 137.39 133.58 129.76 125.95 122.13 142.56 135.77 132.37 128.98 144.16 141.09 138.02 134.96 128.82 125.75
Efficiency % 12.09 11.10 12.32 12.71 13.51 13.91 13.96 7.41 8.62 9.37 10.04 13.08 14.12 13.74 13.36 12.98 12.59 12.21 14.26 13.58 13.24 12.90 14.42 14.11 13.80 13.50 12.88 12.58
Technology Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Monocrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline
Peak Output (Watts) 32 50 80 160 170 175 175 5 10 20 30 83 185 180 175 170 165 160 210 200 195 190 235 230 225 220 210 205
Peak Voltage 17.40 17.50 17.60 35.10 35.50 35.40 35.40 16.50 16.80 16.80 16.80 18.10 24.50 23.90 23.50 23.10 22.50 21.90 27.54 26.91 26.35 26.03 30.60 30.30 29.90 29.40 28.40 27.90
Peak Current 1.84 2.90 4.60 4.55 4.80 4.90 4.90 0.27 0.59 1.19 1.78 4.60 7.70 7.60 7.50 7.40 7.40 7.31 7.60 7.50 7.40 7.30 7.70 7.60 7.50 7.50 7.40 7.30
Maximum System Voltage 50 600 600 1000 1000 1000 1000 50 50 50 50 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Product HIT-240HDE4 HIT-235HDE4 HIT-205DNKHE1 HIT-200DNKHE1 HIT-N220E01 HIT-N215E01 Imerys Roof Tile SCHOTT POLY 225 SCHOTT POLY 220 SCHOTT POLY 217 SCHOTT POLY 210 PV-TD175MF5 PV-TD180MF5 PV-TD185MF5 PV-TD190MF5 PV-TE130MF5N PV-TE125MF5N PV-TE120MF5N PV-TE115MF5N PV-MF185TD4 PV-MF180TD4 PV-MF175TD4 PV-MF170TD4 PV-MF130TE4N PV-MF125TE4N PV-MF120TE4N PV-MF115TE4N PV-AD190MF5
Manufactu rer Sanyo Sanyo Sanyo Sanyo Sanyo Sanyo Imerys Schott Schott Schott Schott Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi
Width (mm) 1610 1610 1630 1630 1580 1580 1377 1685 1685 1685 1685 1658 1658 1658 1658 1495 1495 1495 1495 1658 1658 1658 1658 1495 1495 1495 1495 1658
Height (mm) 861 861 862 862 798 798 475 993 993 993 993 834 834 834 834 674 674 674 674 834 834 834 834 674 674 674 674 834
Efficiency % 17.31 16.95 14.59 14.23 17.45 17.05 8.41 13.45 13.15 12.97 12.55 12.66 13.02 13.38 13.74 12.90 12.41 11.91 11.41 13.38 13.02 12.66 12.29 12.90 12.41 11.91 11.41 13.74
Technology HIT HIT HIT HIT HIT HIT Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline
Peak Voltage 35.50 35.10 41.30 40.70 41.60 40.90 0.00 29.80 29.70 29.60 29.30 23.90 24.20 24.40 24.70 17.40 17.30 17.20 17.10 24.40 24.20 23.90 23.70 17.40 17.30 17.20 17.10 24.70
Peak Current 6.77 6.70 4.97 4.92 5.31 5.27 0.00 7.55 7.41 7.33 7.16 7.32 7.45 7.58 7.71 7.47 7.23 6.99 6.75 7.58 7.45 7.32 7.19 7.47 7.23 6.99 6.75 7.71
Product PV-AD185MF5 PV-AD180MF5 PV-AD175MF5 PV-AE130MF5N PV-AE125MF5N PV-AE120MF5N PV-AE115MF5N PV-MF170EB4 PV-MF165EB4 PV-MF125EA4 PV-MF120EC4 PV-MF110EC4 PV-MF160EB4 PV-MF130EA4 YL 165 P-23b YL 170 P-23b YL 175 P-23b YL 180 P-23b YL 185 P-23b YL 260 P-35b YL 265 P-35b YL 270 P-35b YL 275 P-35b YL 280 P-35b YL 235 P-32b YL 240 P-32b YL 245 P-32b YL 250 P-32b
Manufactu rer Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli
Width (mm) 1658 1658 1658 1495 1495 1495 1495 1580 1580 1248 1425 1425 1580 1248 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 1810 1810 1810 1810
Height (mm) 834 834 834 674 674 674 674 800 800 803 646 646 800 803 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990
Efficiency % 13.38 13.02 12.66 12.90 12.41 11.91 11.41 13.45 13.05 12.47 13.04 11.95 12.66 12.97 12.72 13.11 13.49 13.88 14.26 13.33 13.59 13.84 14.10 14.36 13.11 13.39 13.67 13.95
Technology Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline
Peak Voltage 24.40 24.20 23.90 17.40 17.30 17.20 17.10 24.60 24.20 18.80 17.60 17.10 23.80 19.20 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.50 35.00 35.30 35.30 35.50 35.50 32.00 32.20 32.20 32.30
Peak Current 7.58 7.45 7.32 8.05 7.90 7.75 7.60 6.93 7.36 6.63 6.84 6.43 6.72 6.79 7.17 7.39 7.61 7.83 7.87 7.43 7.50 7.65 7.75 7.89 7.34 7.45 7.61 7.74
Product YL 255 P-32b YL 210 P-29b YL 215 P-29b YL 220 P-29b YL 225 P-29b YL 230 P-29b YL 235 P-29b YL 190 P-26b YL 195 P-26b YL 200 P-26b YL 205 P-26b YL 210 P-26b YL175Wp YL180Wp YL210Wp YL230Wp YL260P-35b YL265P-35b YL270-35b YL275-35b YL280-35b 315 Solar Panel 230 Solar Panel 225 Solar Panel 215 Solar Panel 210 Solar Panel STP210-18/Ud STP205-18/Ud
Manufactu rer Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli Yingli SunPower SunPower SunPower SunPower SunPower Suntech Suntech
Width (mm) 1810 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650 1495 1495 1495 1495 1495 1310 1310 1650 1650 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 1559 1559 1559 1559 1559 1482 1482
Height (mm) 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 990 1046 798 798 798 798 992 992
Efficiency % 14.23 12.86 13.16 13.47 13.77 14.08 14.39 12.84 13.18 13.51 13.85 14.19 13.49 13.88 12.86 14.08 13.33 13.59 13.84 14.10 14.36 19.32 18.49 18.09 17.28 16.88 14.28 14.62
Technology Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Monocrystalline Monocrystalline Monocrystalline Monocrystalline Monocrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline
Peak Voltage 32.50 28.50 29.00 29.00 29.00 29.50 29.50 25.80 26.00 26.30 26.50 26.60 23.50 23.00 29.50 30.00 35.00 35.30 35.30 35.50 35.50 54.70 41.00 41.00 39.80 40.00 26.40 26.30
Peak Current 7.85 7.37 7.41 7.59 7.63 7.80 7.97 7.36 7.50 7.60 7.74 7.90 7.50 7.80 7.20 7.66 7.43 7.50 7.65 7.75 7.89 5.76 5.61 5.49 5.40 5.25 7.95 7.80
Product STP225-20-Wd STP220-20-Wd STP195S-24-Ad+ STP190S-24-Ad+ STP090Ts-AA STP086Ts-AA STP082s-AA STP380Ts-DA STP370Ts-DA STP360Ts-DA STP350Ts-DA STP185Ts-BA STP180s-BA STP175s-BA STP170s-BA STP090Ts-AC STP086Ts-AC STP082Ts-AC STP185Ts-CA STP180Ts-CA STP175Ts-CA STP170Ts-CA STP185S-24-Ad STP180S-24-Ad STP280-24-Vd STP275-24-Vd C21e
Manufactu rer Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech Suntech SolarCent ury
Width (mm) 1665 1665 1580 1580 1300 1300 1300 2600 2600 2600 2600 2200 2200 2200 2200 1309 1309 1309 2600 2600 2600 2600 1580 1580 1956 1956 1220
Height (mm) 991 991 808 808 1100 1100 1100 2200 2200 2200 2200 1300 1300 1300 1300 1109 1109 1109 1100 1100 1100 1100 808 808 992 992 420
Area (Metre Squared) 1.65 1.65 1.28 1.28 1.43 1.43 1.43 5.72 5.72 5.72 5.72 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 1.45 1.45 1.45 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 1.28 1.28 1.94 1.94 0.51
Watts per metre squared 136.36 133.33 152.74 148.83 62.94 60.14 57.34 66.43 64.69 62.94 61.19 64.69 62.94 61.19 59.44 62.00 59.24 56.49 64.69 62.94 61.19 59.44 144.91 141.00 144.30 141.73 101.48
Efficiency % 13.64 13.33 15.27 14.88 6.29 6.01 5.73 6.64 6.47 6.29 6.12 6.47 6.29 6.12 5.94 6.20 5.92 5.65 6.47 6.29 6.12 5.94 14.49 14.10 14.43 14.17 10.15
Technology Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Polycrystalline Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Thinfilm Monocrystalline Monocrystalline Monocrystalline Monocrystalline Monocrystalline
Peak Output (Watts) 225 220 195 190 90 86 82 380 370 360 350 185 180 175 170 90 86 82 185 180 175 170 185 180 280 275 52
Peak Voltage 29.60 29.50 36.60 36.50 73.20 72.30 71.30 148.40 147.40 146.30 145.20 147.40 146.40 145.20 144.10 73.20 72.30 71.30 73.70 73.20 72.60 72.00 36.40 36.00 35.20 35.10 9.80
Peak Current 7.61 7.46 5.33 5.20 1.23 1.19 1.15 2.56 2.51 2.46 2.41 1.26 1.23 1.21 1.18 1.23 1.19 1.15 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.36 5.09 5.00 7.95 7.84 5.30
Maximum System Voltage 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 600
12. Appendix F - Photovoltaic Array Installed Cost (Costs from

Segem.co.uk)
System
kWp 3.990 3.885 3.800 3.700 3.420 3.330 3.995 3.040 2.960 3.680 3.600 3.760 2.850 2.775 3.375 2.660 2.590 3.220 3.150 3.290 2.280 2.220 2.760 2.700 2.820 1.900 1.850 2.300 2.250 2.350 1.710 1.665 2.025 2.115 1.520 1.840 1.800 1.880 1.380 1.350 1.410
Panels
Cost
Est Annual Energy kWh 3,326 3,239 3,168 3,084 2,851 2,776 3,330 2,534 2,467 3,068 3,001 3,134 2,376 2,313 2,813 2,217 2,159 2,684 2,626 2,743 1,901 1,851 2,301 2,251 2,351 1,584 1,542 1,917 1,876 1,959 1,425 1,388 1,688 1,763 1,267 1,534 1,500 1,567 1,150 1,125 1,175
/kWp
Upsolar Mono 190W Romag 185W Black PV Panel Upsolar Mono 190W Romag 185W Black PV Panel Upsolar Mono 190W Romag 185W Black PV Panel Sanyo HIT N Series PV Panel 235W Upsolar Mono 190W Romag 185W Black PV Panel SCHOTT Perform Poly 230W Mitsubishi 225W PV Panel Sanyo HIT N Series PV Panel 235W Upsolar Mono 190W Romag 185W Black PV Panel Mitsubishi 225W PV Panel Upsolar Mono 190W Romag 185W Black PV Panel SCHOTT Perform Poly 230W Mitsubishi 225W PV Panel Sanyo HIT N Series PV Panel 235W Upsolar Mono 190W Romag 185W Black PV Panel SCHOTT Perform Poly 230W Mitsubishi 225W PV Panel Sanyo HIT N Series PV Panel 235W Upsolar Mono 190W Romag 185W Black PV Panel SCHOTT Perform Poly 230W Mitsubishi 225W PV Panel Sanyo HIT N Series PV Panel 235W Upsolar Mono 190W Romag 185W Black PV Panel Mitsubishi 225W PV Panel Sanyo HIT N Series PV Panel 235W Upsolar Mono 190W SCHOTT Perform Poly 230W Mitsubishi 225W PV Panel Sanyo HIT N Series PV Panel 235W SCHOTT Perform Poly 230W Mitsubishi 225W PV Panel Sanyo HIT N Series PV Panel 235W
21 21 20 20 18 18 17 16 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 12 12 12 12 12 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 6 6 6
11,571 13,031 11,036 12,527 10,097 11,246 14,837 9,230 10,206 11,741 12,149 14,354 7,508 9,545 11,555 8,012 9,041 10,574 10,773 12,779 7,151 8,033 9,041 9,356 11,120 6,311 6,699 7,865 7,970 9,440 5,849 6,195 7,355 8,891 5,418 6,363 6,752 7,970 5,290 5,447 6,235
3,479 4,023 3,484 4,062 3,542 4,051 4,456 3,642 4,137 3,827 4,048 4,580 3,160 4,127 4,108 3,614 4,188 3,940 4,102 4,659 3,762 4,340 3,929 4,156 4,730 3,984 4,344 4,103 4,248 4,819 4,105 4,463 4,357 5,043 4,276 4,148 4,501 5,086 4,600 4,842 5,306
When these costs are plotted to show cost per kW p it is possible to estimate a typical cost of installation for low power array (4-10kW). When considering larger schemes, the costs are expected to drop marginally, but would be dependent on a specific design as opposed to MCS approved standard systems. For the purposes of reflecting typical cost benefits from larger PV schemes a figure of 3,000/kW p has been taken.
13. Appendix G Solar Collector Factsheet

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Chemring Countermeasures Renewable Energy Review

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Solar Energy Opportunities

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11. 12. 13.

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Previous PROjEN Involvement

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Site Location and Orientation

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Solar Energy Background

1,366W/m above the atmosphere

Energy Density 0 2 @ 51 N= 230-890W/m

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PVGIS Resource Data and Analysis

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Fixed or Tracking PV Collectors

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PV Installations at Chemring Countermeasures

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6.1.1 Building 207 Evaluation

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6.1.2 Determination of Required Panel Numbers

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6.1.3 Financial Model and Budgetary Costings

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Expected Generation kWh

7960 7960 7960