DRAFT AME Syllabus

CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF NEW ZEALAND

RULE PART 66

AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEER LICENCE

ADVISORY CIRCULAR AC66-2.1A

BASIC EXAMINATION SYLLABUS

SUBJECT 001

AERONAUTICAL SCIENCE
February 2003
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Index of Topics

Topic Page
Code Topic Title Number

1 Atmosphere 5

2 Measurement 7

3 Mathematics 8

4 Matter 9

5 Mechanics 11

6 Kinetics 13

7 Dynamics 14

8 Thermodynamics 16

9 Optics 18

10 Wave motion and sound 19

11 Electrical fundamentals 20

12 Generation of electricity 22

13 Resistance 23

14 DC Circuits 24

15 Capacitance 25

16 Magnetism 26

17 Electromagnetic induction 27

18 AC Theory and power systems 29

19 Transformers 31

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SUBJECT 001 – AERONAUTICAL SCIENCE

Subject Overview

Subject 001, Aeronautical Science, is a three-hour closed book examination comprised of 100 multi-
choice questions.

Pass mark is 70 percent.

An AME sample question booklet with 15 representative questions pertaining to this subject is
available for purchase from Aviation Services Limited (ASL).

Application to sit the examination is made directly to ASL. Refer to www.aviation.co.nz for
examination information.

General Examining Objective

The objective of this examination is to determine that the certifying engineer has adequate knowledge
of physics and mathematics to permit proper performance, supervision and certification of aircraft
maintenance at a level commensurate with the privileges of the various AME licence categories and
ratings. Candidates can expect that many questions will be at a level requiring practical engineering
decisions to be made in realistic maintenance situations.

Knowledge Levels
LEVEL 1 A familiarization with the principal elements of the subject.

Specifications The certifying engineer should be:

1. familiar with the basic elements of the subject.
2. able to give simple descriptions of the whole subject, using common words and
examples.
3. able to use typical terms.

LEVEL 2 A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject and
an ability to apply the knowledge.

Specifications The certifying engineer should be able to:

1. understand the theoretical fundamentals of the subject.
2. give a general description of the subject using, as appropriate, typical examples.
3. use mathematical formulae in conjunction with physical laws describing the
subject.
4. read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics describing the subject.
5. apply his/her knowledge in a practical manner using detailed procedures.

LEVEL 3 A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject and
a capacity to combine and apply the separate elements of knowledge in a
logical and comprehensive manner.

Specifications The certifying engineer should:

1. know the theory of the subject and the interrelationships with other subjects.
2. be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical fundamentals
and specific examples.
3. understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the subject.
4. be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings and
schematics describing the subject.
5. be able to apply his/her knowledge in a practical manner using manufacturer’s
instructions.
6. be able to interpret results and measurements from various sources and apply
corrective action where appropriate

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Recommended Study Material

The publications listed below contain most of the information required to meet the AME syllabus
requirements for subject 001. A certain number of these books will also be listed for other AME
examination subjects.

Publication references have been placed adjacent to many sub-topic headings in this syllabus. The
references are simply to help candidates make a start in studying the subject and should not be
considered the only or most complete references available.

To be certain that the candidate is well prepared for the examination the CAA subject syllabus is the
definitive guide. Other more appropriate texts should be studied in cases where any of the references
listed in the syllabus do not fully cover the topic.

References may become out of date as books are revised.

All examination questions in this subject are covered by information contained in the syllabus.

All of the books listed below may be purchased from Aeromotive Limited, phone 07 8433199,
Hamilton, New Zealand, or E mail hamilton@aeromotive.co.nz

Book list

Study Book Title Jeppesen ISBN

Ref Number
1 A & P Technician General Textbook JS312690 0-88487-203-3

2 Airframe & Powerplant Mechanics General JS 312602 0-89100-078X

Handbook
3 A&P Technician Airframe Textbook JS312692 0-88487-205-1

4 Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics Airframe JS312605 0-89100-080-1

Handbook
5 Standard Aviation Maintenance Handbook JS312624 0-89100-282-0

6 Mathematics and Physics for Aviation Personnel JS312619 0-89100-399-1

7 Physics for Aviation JS312620 0-89100-411-4

8 Aircraft Technical Dictionary JS312625 0-89100-410-6

Note: Syllabus study references relate to the publications contained in this list.

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Syllabus Content

Topic Topic Description and Study Reference Level

Code

1 ATMOSPHERE

Specific Examining Objectives

To determine that a certifying engineer:
1. has a satisfactory understanding of the properties and characteristics of the atmosphere as applied to
aircraft and engine performance.
2. is aware of the effects of the atmosphere relating to aircraft maintenance and maintenance processes.
3. is able to identify and mitigate atmospheric conditions that give rise to defects and deterioration of
aircraft and aircraft components.

1.1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere

Ref. 1

1.1.1 Describe the term ISA standard atmosphere. State the following standards atmospheric 2
values for the following.
a. Sea level temperature in degrees C and F.
b. Sea level pressure in inches of mercury, PSI, millibars and SI units.
c. Standard pressure lapse rate.
d. Temperature lapse rate.
e. Absolute pressure.
f. Gauge pressure.

1.1.2 Describe the relationship between temperature, pressure and density with changes in 3
altitude.

1.1.3 Describe the difference between height and altitude. 2

1.1.4 Describe the measurement of atmospheric pressure in the British, American and Metric 3
systems.

1.1.5 Describe cabin altitude and its relationship to aircraft construction, operation, 1
maintenance and passenger comfort.

1.1.6 Carry out simple calculations relating to aircraft cabin pressure and altitude from given 3
information.

1.1.7 Describe how viscosity affects the movement of air between atmospheric layers. 1

1.1.8 Describe the following atmospheric layers and the approximate altitude and temperature 1
range of each. State where temperature change with altitude is nearly constant.
a. Troposphere
b. Stratosphere
c. Ionosphere
1.1.9 Describe ambient air pressure and how it acts on and around the surface of a body. 1
Describe the term “atmosphere” for pressure measurement

1.1.10 Describe the properties of moving air in respect of Newton’s laws of motion. 1

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1.1.11 Describe the gaseous composition of the atmosphere. 1

1.1.12 Explain the operation of aneroid and mercury barometers in measuring atmospheric
pressure.

1.2 Air Density

Ref. 1

1.2.1 Describe the following criteria relating to air density. 2

a. How it is derived and measured.
b. The basic effects on aircraft and power plant performance.
c. The term density altitude.

1.2.2 Describe the difference between density altitude and pressure altitude and give 3
examples of where each phenomenon plays an important part in the performance or
operation of an aircraft.

1.3 Vapour and Humidity

Ref. 1

1.3.1 Describe the following. 2

a. Equation of state.
b. Atmospheric moisture and the effects of temperature changes on vapour retention.
c. Humidity and its relationship to air density.
d. Absolute humidity.
e. Relative humidity.
f. Dew point.
g. Water vapour.
h. Vapour pressure and vapour pressure variation with pressure differential.
i. Saturated air.
j. Fog and clouds.
k. Rain.
l. Wet bulb thermometer.
m. Wet and dry bulb temperatures.
n. Wet-bulb hygrometer.
o. Condensation and its cause (dew point/temperature relationship).

1.3.2 Describe the basic effects of fog, water vapour and humidity on the performance of 3
piston and turbine engines.

1.4 Atmospheric Phenomenon

1.4.1 Understand the following atmospheric phenomenon and their effects on aircraft 2
operations, aircraft structure, components and internal furnishings.
a. Lightning and its effects.
b. Glare and glare protection.
c. Frost.
d. Types of ice, the formation of ice, and the effects of ice on aircraft operation.
e. Extremes of temperature.
f. Acid rain, dust and salt deposits.
g. Volcanic ash and smoke.

1.4.2 Give reasons why air is warmer near the earth’s surface. 1

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2 MEASUREMENT

Specific Examining Objectives

To determine that the certifying engineer is:
1. fully familiar with the systems of measurement applied under the American, British and Metric
standard systems.
2. able to correctly translate between these systems using standard conversion factors.
3. able to identify mistakes commonly made when dealing with the certification of maintenance utilising
units of measurement from the three systems.

2.1 Standard Conversion Factors

Ref. 5

2.1.1 State without reference to tables, the following standards in the British, Imperial and 3
Metric systems.
a. Pounds in a kilogram.
b. Ounces to grams and visa versa.
c. Imperial pints/quarts/gallon relationship.
d. Litres in an Imperial/American gallon.
e. MPH in a knot.
f. Miles in a nautical mile.
g. Metres in a nautical mile.
h. Centimetres in an inch.
i. Square inches in a square foot.
j. American gallons in an Imperial gallon.
k. Freezing point of water in degrees centigrade and fahrenheit.
l. Degrees absolute.
m. Weight of one Imperial gallon of water.
n. Weight of one kilogram of water.
o. Gallons in a cubic foot.
p. Litres in a cubic metre.
q. Gravitational acceleration.

2.2 Systems of Measurement

Ref. 2

2.2.1 State the British, American and SI systems for measuring the following. 3
a. Length
b. Mass
c. Weight
d. Time
e. Volume
f. Distance
g. Speed
h. Velocity
i. Acceleration
j. Fluid flow
k. Density
l. Area.

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3 MATHEMATICS

Specific Examining Objectives

To determine that a certifying engineer is competent to:
1. carry out calculations that may be used during maintenance or simple design activities.
2. supervise and certify activities requiring mathematical skills.
3. carry out defect investigations that require mathematical analysis as part of the problem solving
process.

3.1 Electronic Calculators

Ref. 1

3.1.1 Use a scientific electronic calculator to perform the mathematical functions applicable to 3
all AME syllabuses.

3.2 Arithmetic
Ref. 1

3.2.1 Recognise and write arithmetical terms and signs. 3

3.2.2 Perform calculations involving: 2

a. addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of whole numbers, fractions and
decimals.
b. percentages, ratios, proportions, powers, averages, squares, cubes, and cube
roots.
c. factors and multiples.
d. areas and volumes of common engineering objects.

3.2.3 List the base and derived International System (SI) of units and convert from one value 2
to another and between the Metric, Imperial and US units of measurement.

3.2.4 Calculate the following. 3

a. Volumes of cubes, prisms and cylinders
b. Areas of plain figures and surface areas of regular solids.

3.2.5 Round decimals and convert fractions to decimals and decimals to fractions. 3

3.3 Algebra
Ref. 1

3.3.1 Describe, giving examples of: 2

a. simple linear equations.
b. the algebraic rules.
c. solving for a variable.
d. use of parentheses.
e. order of algebraic operations.
f. binary and other applicable numbering systems.

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3.3.2 Perform calculations involving: 2

a. algebraic expressions, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of like and
unlike algebraic terms.
b. factors and the use of brackets.
c. simple algebraic fractions, linear equations and their solutions.
d. indices and powers, negative fractional indices and scientific notation.
e. simultaneous equations and second-degree equations with one unknown.
f. logarithms.
g. transposition of formula.

3.4 Graphs
Ref. 2

3.4.1 Describe the nature and uses of graphs. 2

3.4.2 Describe the construction of graphs that contain linear, simple exponential, sine and 2
cosine equations and functions.

3.4.3 Extract performance information off graphs found in aircraft flight manuals and 3
manufacturer’s maintenance manuals. For example, fuel consumption, power and
engine performance graphs.

3.4.4 Describe the difference between scalar and vector quantities and give examples of each. 1

3.4.5 Calculate the summation and resolution of vector quantities including: 2

a. additions and displacements of vectors.
b. polygon of vectors.
c. resultant forces.
d. forces in equilibrium.

3.5 Geometry and Trigonometry

Ref. 1

3.5.1 Describe simple geometrical constructions. 1

3.5.2 Calculate the area of various types of triangle. 3

3.5.3 Describe trigonometrical relationships such as; sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent 2
ratios used in trigonometry. Use these ratios (and appropriate tables or calculator) to
calculate the length of sides and angles in a right angle triangle.

3.5.4 State Pythagoras’ theorem and be able to use it to solve problems relating right angle 1
triangles.

3.5.5 Describe polar and rectangular co-ordinates. 1

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4 MATTER

Specific Examining Objectives.

To determine that the certifying engineer has an understanding of the basic theory relating to matter and
how that theory impacts on materials employed in the construction, maintenance and operation of aircraft.
4.1 Characteristics of Matter
Ref. 1
Ref. 2

4.1.1 Describe the characteristics and general properties of matter including the following. 1
a. Volume
b. Mass
c. Attraction
d. Weight
e. Density
f. Inertia
g. Porosity
h. Impenetrability

4.2 States of Matter

Ref. 2

4.2.1 Describe the three states of matter and give aeronautical examples. 1

4.2.2 List the properties of solids, liquids and gasses and how each changes state. 1

4.2.3 Define a chemical element and describe the information contained in the atomic chart. 1

4.3 Structure of Matter

Ref. 2
4.3.1 Describe the structure of following. 1
a. Mixtures
b. Atoms
c. Molecules
d. Ions
e. Chemical compounds

4.3.2 Describe the significance of electrons, protons and neutrons and how they act in solids, 1
liquids and gasses.

4.3.3 Define the following terms and give aviation examples of each. 2
a. Gravity
b. Relative density
c. Specific gravity
d. Energy
e. Potential energy
f. Kinetic energy
g. Units of energy

4.3.4 Solve simple problems relating to each of the above terms. 3

4.3.5 In relation to solids, describe the basic theory of stress, strain, elasticity, tension, 1
compression, shear and torsion.

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5 MECHANICS

Specific Examining Objectives.

To determine that the certifying engineer:
1. understands from first principles, the laws and theory of operation pertaining to aircraft maintenance
activities, processes and maintenance equipment.
2. is able to fault find and competently report on the root causes of failure in aircraft or aircraft
components.

5.1 Turning Forces

Ref. 1
Ref. 1

5.1.1 Describe with examples the following terms. 3

a. Principle of moments and couples, and their representation as vectors.
b. Resultant moments.
c. Centre of gravity.
d. Datum.
e. Fulcrum.
f. Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium (positive static, negative static or neutral).

5.1.2 Perform mathematical calculations relating to turning moments on a beam. 3

5.1.3 Describe the theory of torque measurement and its various applications in aviation, 3
including calculations of torque values.

5.2 Levers
Ref. 1

5.2.1 In relation to levers and simple machines describe; forces, moments and couples. 3

5.2.2 Describe the theory and principles of first, second and third class levers. 2

5.2.3 Calculate load, effort and mechanical advantage relating to each class of lever. 3

5.3 Inclined Plane

Ref. 1

5.3.1 Describe the effects of raising or lowering objects using an inclined plane. 1

5.3.2 Carry out simple calculations relating to the use of an inclined plane. 2

5.4 Pulleys
Ref. 1

5.4.1 Describe common pulley systems with a mechanical advantage of 1, 2 and 4. 1

5.4.2 Calculate load, effort, velocity ratio and mechanical advantage relating to each system. 2

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5.5 Centre of Gravity

Ref. 1

5.5.1 Describe aircraft centre of gravity and carry out simple calculations using positive and 3
negative moments.

5.6 Gears
Ref. 1

5.6.1 Describe spur, bevel, helical, worm and planetary gear systems and where each has an 1
aeronautical application.

5.6.2 State the advantages and disadvantages of each gear system. 1

5.6.3 Describe how changes to speed and direction of rotation are achieved in the different 2
gear systems.

5.6.4 Describe the purpose of idler gears. 1

5.6.5 Describe the different configurations of gears on a shaft. 1

5.6.6 Describe common terms relating to the design and mesh of gear teeth. Includes internal 1
and external applications.

5.6.7 Define and calculate: 2

a. gear ratio.
b. velocity ratio.
c. mechanical advantage.
d. efficiency.

5.7 The Screw Jack

5.7.1 Describe the theory of operation of a screw jack and solve simple lifting problems. 2

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6 KINETICS

Specific Examining Objectives

To determine that the certifying engineer is competent to analyse situations and solve problems involving
the motion of machinery from first principles.

6.1 Motion
Ref. 2

6.1.1 Explain the accelerated motion of a free falling body. 2

6.1.2 Use the laws of motion formulae to solve simple problems relating to acceleration, 2
velocity, distance and time.

6.1.3 Describe the difference between average speed, displacement, acceleration and 1
velocity. Understand the use of velocity time graphs.

6.1.4 Describe linear movement i.e. uniform motion in a straight line and motion under 2
constant acceleration. (Motion under the force of gravity)

6.1.5 Describe rotational movement i.e. uniform circular motion, centripetal and centrifugal 1
forces, centripetal acceleration. State the relationship between centrifugal force and
speed in a rotating body.

6.1.6 Describe periodic motion such as pendular movement. 1

6.1.7 Define Newton’s three laws of motion giving practical examples and solving calculations 3
for each. (for example basic engine thrust calculations)

6.1.8 In relation to matter, describe the following. 1

a. Vibration
b. Harmonics
c. Resonance

6.1.9 Define the following terms. 3

a. Distance
b. Time
c. Velocity
d. Acceleration
e. Speed
f. Momentum

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7 DYNAMICS

Specific Examining Objectives.

To determine that the certifying engineer is competent to analyse and solve problems from first principles
which relate to aircraft systems and systems operation.

7.1 Terms and Units of Measurement

Ref. 1

7.1.1 Define the following terms and state their units of measurements. 1
a. Force
b. Resultant force and equilibrium
c. Gravity
d. Inertia
e. Work
f. Power
g. Energy (Potential, Kinetic and total)
h. Efficiency
i. Conservation of momentum
j. Impulse

7.1.2 Perform calculations relating to simple aeronautical applications for each of the above 2
terms.

7.1.3 Calculate forces parallel to displacement. 2

7.1.4 Calculate forces not parallel to displacement. 2

7.1.5 Describe the basic operation of a simple gyroscope. 1

7.2 Fluids
Ref. 1

7.2.1 In relation to fluids, describe: 2

a. specific gravity and density.
b. viscosity.
c. fluid volatility.
d. fluid resistance.
e. effects of streamlining.
f. effects of compressibility.
g. static, dynamic and total pressure.
h. pressure and buoyancy. (Includes the principles of a barometer)
i. Bernoulli’s Theorem.
j. the venturi.

7.2.2 Describe the similar and dissimilar characteristics of liquids and gasses with particular 1
respect to compressibility, flow, force, and expansion.

7.2.3 Calculate aircraft fuel loads and fuel conversions with respect to variation in temperature 3
and fuel specific gravity.

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7.2.4 Describe the nature of fluid flow through a venturi tube with regard to velocity and 3
pressure.

7.2.5 Describe and solve simple floatation problems of an aeronautical nature relating to 2
Archimedes’s Principle.

7.2.6 Describe the principle of operation and use of a hydrometer. 2

7.3 Transmission of Force Through Fluids

Ref. 1

7.3.1 Describe and show by calculation the following factors relating to hydraulic and 3
pneumatic power systems.
a. Force and pressure.
b. Pascal’s principles.
c. Computing force, pressure and area.
d. Multiplication of forces.
e. Differential areas.
f. Volume, distance and area factors.
g. Effects of atmospheric pressure.

7.3.2 Solve simple problems relating to the use of a hydraulic press, hydraulic actuator, or 3
pressure-operated valve.

7.4 Friction
Ref. 2

7.4.1 Describe the following types of friction and give examples of where each may be found. 1
a. Static (starting) friction or stiction
b. Sliding friction
c. Rolling friction

7.4.2 Describe the term coefficient of friction and relate it to common materials used in aircraft 2
or aircraft component construction.

7.4.3 With the use of appropriate formulae, solve practical problems relating to frictional forces. 3

7.4.4 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of friction in aeronautical engineering. 3

7.4.5 State the factors that affect friction of a sliding surface. 1

7.4.6 Describe the effects of bearing friction and air resistance on rotating components. 2

7.4.7 Describe how frictional effects can be modified. 2

7.4.8 Identify common defects found in aircraft components that have arisen as a result of 3
excessive friction. (Includes overheating, excessive/ premature wear out and faying
surface deterioration such as galling, spalling and welding.)

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8 THERMODYNAMICS

Specific Examining Objectives.

To determine that the certifying engineer has an understanding of the basic thermodynamic laws
underpinning the design and operation of aircraft components and propulsion systems.

8.1 Heat
Ref. 1

8.1.1 Describe the following terms, provide practical aeronautical applications, and as 1
appropriate, solve problems relating to each.
a. Latent heat.
b. Latent heat of fusion.
c. Latent heat of evaporation (vaporisation).
d. Cooling produced by evaporation.
e. Expansion and coefficient of linear expansion.
f. Expansion of solids and liquids.
g. Volumetric expansion.
h. Specific heat.
i. Sensible heat.
j. Heat capacity.
k. Heat definition.
l. Heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation.
m. Radiant energy.
n. Thermal energy.
o. Heat of combustion.
p. Mechanical equivalent of heat.

8.1.2 Explain how thermal expansion and the coefficient of linear expansion are used in the 3
operation of a bi-metallic strip.

8.1.3 Define and describe in practical terms, the first and second laws of thermodynamics. 1

8.1.4 Describe the types of surfaces that radiate or absorb heat more readily and how 3
heating/cooling is effected in aircraft using the three methods of heat transfer.

8.1.5 Identify the ability of various aircraft materials to conduct heat. 2

8.1.6 Define the following units of heat. 1

a. Calorie (cal)
b. British Thermal Unit (Btu)
c. Joule (J)

8.1.7 Describe the calorific value of fuels and make calculations relating to energy and power 3
production in a heat engine.

8.1.8 Describe how water pipes are affected when water freezes. 3

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8.2 Temperature
Ref. 1

8.2.1 Describe the following temperature scales and convert between them. 2
a. Centigrade (Celsius) scale
b. Fahrenheit scale
c. Kelvin scale
d. Rankine scale

8.2.2 Define absolute zero and relate it to the above temperature scales. 3

8.2.3 Identify freezing and boiling points on each of the temperature scales. 3

8.2.4 Describe the boiling point of a fluid in terms of saturated vapour pressure and 2
atmospheric pressure including the effects of altitude changes.

8.3 Gas Laws

Ref. 1

8.3.1 State and apply to practical problem solving exercises the following gas laws. 2
a. Boyle’s Law
b. Charles’ Law
c. Gay-Lussac’s Law
d. General gas laws
e. Dalton’s law
f. Gas law formulae
g. Kinetic theory of gasses

8.3.2 Describe the work done by expanding gasses and describe the temperature rise during 1
compression of a gas.

8.3.3 Define, and show a practical understanding of the following terms. 1

a. Specific heat at constant volume and constant pressure
b. The state of dynamic equilibrium between a vapour and a liquid
c. Isothermal
d. Adiabatic expansion and compression
e. Engine cycles
f. Constant volume
g. Constant pressure
h. Refrigerators
i. Heat pumps

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9 OPTICS

Specific Examining Objective

To determine that the certifying engineer has a basic understanding of the nature and effects of light as
applied to aircraft design and maintenance.

9.1 Light
Ref. 6

9.1.1 Describe electromagnetic radiation, transverse waves and light transmission. 1

9.1.2 Describe the nature, frequency and speed of light. 1

9.1.3 Define the laws of refraction and reflection. 1

9.1.4 Describe the reflection and transmission of light: 1

a. from flat, concave and convex surfaces.
b. through a concave lens.
c. through a convex lens.

9.1.5 Describe the use of various shaped lenses for carrying out practical inspection tasks and 1
describe the visual results gained from using these lenses.

9.1.6 Describe the transmission of light through an optical fibre cable and factors that will affect 1
the transmission.

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10 WAVE MOTION AND SOUND

Specific Examining Objectives.

To determine that the certifying engineer has a basic understanding of the nature and effects of sound
when related to aircraft design, operation and maintenance.

10.1 Definitions and Terms

Ref. 1

10.1.1 Describe the following terms relating to sound. 1

a. Wave motion and mechanical waves.
b. Longitudinal waves.
c. Sinusoidal wave motion.
d. Standing waves.
e. Interference phenomena.
f. Amplitude.
g. Decibels.
h. Speed of sound.
i. Sub sonic.
j. Transonic.
k. Super sonic.
l. Mach number.
m. Doppler effect.
n. Frequency including natural frequency in a body.
o. Resonance.
p. Threshold of audibility.
q. Threshold of feeling.
r. Compression.
s. Rarefaction.
t. Vibrations.
u. Reverberation.
v. Propagation.
w. Shock waves.

10.1.2 In relation to sound, describe: 1

a. how it is produced.
b. factors affecting its intensity, pitch and quality.
c. the Doppler effect.
d. nature of the waves.
e. units of intensity.

10.1.3 Describe the effects of the atmosphere on sound transmission. 1

10.1.4 Describe the transmission of sound through solid and gaseous mediums. 1

10.1.5 Describe how noise intensity is minimised. Identify sound reducing materials and 2
insulation techniques.

10.1.6 Describe how resonance is caused in a body and the adverse effects resonance can 2
have on aircraft structure or aircraft components.

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11 ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS - ATA 24

Specific Examining Objectives (for topic codes 10 – 19).

To determine that the certifying engineer has sufficient theoretical knowledge of electrical fundamentals to
support further study in the avionics subjects 011, 012, 013, 014 and 015.

11.1 Electron Theory

Ref. 1

11.1.1 Describe the structure and distribution of electrical charge within the following. 1
a. Atoms
b. Compounds
c. Ions
d. Molecules

11.1.2 Describe the molecular structure of conductors, semi-conductors and insulators. Give an 2
example of each.

11.2 Static Electricity and Conduction

Ref.1

11.2.1 Describe how static electricity is produced and how electrostatic charges are distributed. 2

11.2.2 Describe the laws of electrostatic attraction and repulsion. 1

11.2.3 Describe the units of charge and describe Coulomb’s law. 1

11.2.4 Describe the concept of electric current as a flow of free electrons. 2

11.2.5 Describe the conduction of electricity in solids, liquids and gasses. 1

11.2.6 Describe positive and negative charges and their attraction and repulsion of each other. 1

11.2.7 Describe electrostatic fields as they occur in aircraft. 2

11.2.8 Describe how electrostatic charges are distributed throughout aircraft structure and 3
components.

11.2.9 Describe electrostatic lines of force as they leave a charged body. 1

11.2.10 State the direction of an electrical field around positive and negative charges. 1

11.2.11 Describe the distribution of charges on a regular shaped solid, hollow disc or sphere. 1

11.2.12 Describe the electrical charge distribution on an irregular shaped object. 1

11.2.13 Describe the effects of attraction and repulsion of parallel current carrying conductors. 1

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11.3 Electrical Terminology

Ref. 1

11.3.1 Define the following terms, their units, their symbols, factors affecting them and their 1
impact on circuit performance.
a. Charge
b. Conductance
c. Current flow
d. Electromotive force
e. Potential difference
f. Resistance
g. Voltage

11.4 Metric Prefixes

Ref.1

11.4.1 State the following metric prefixes, the symbols and multiplier for each. 2
a. Giga
b. Mega
c. Micro
d. Milli
e. Kilo
f. Pico
g. Nano

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12 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY - ATA 24

12.1 Methods of Electricity Production

Ref. 1

12.1.1 Describe how electricity is produced by the following methods. Give typical examples of 1
each.
a. Chemical action
b. Friction
c. Heat
d. Light
e. Magnetism and motion
f. Pressure

12.1.2 Describe Fleming’s left and right hand rules and how these rules apply to current 1
carrying conductors.

12.1.3 Describe how the following factors affect the magnitude of an induced current in a 1
conductor as it passes through a magnetic field.
a. Magnetic field strength.
b. Angle at which the magnetic lines are cut.
c. Rate at which the magnetic field is cut.

12.2 DC Sources of Electricity

Ref. 1

12.2.1 a. In basic terms, describe the construction and basic chemical action of the following 1
sources of electricity.
b. Primary cells
c. secondary cells
d. lead acid cells
e. Nickel cadmium cells
f. Other alkaline cells

12.2.2 Describe the effects of connecting cells in series and parallel. 1

12.2.3 Describe internal resistance and its effect on a battery. 1

12.2.4 Describe the construction, materials and operation of a thermocouple. 1

12.2.5 Describe the operation of a photocell. 1

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13 RESISTANCE - ATA 24

13.1 Resistors (fixed and variable) and Resistance

Ref. 2

13.1.1 Describe resistance and factors that affect its value. 1

13.1.2 Describe the following terms. 1

a. Positive and negative temperature coefficient.
b. Conductance.
c. Specific resistance.

13.1.3 Describe the composition, performance (stability and tolerance) and limitations of the 1
following fixed resistors.
a. Carbon composition
b. Carbon film
c. Metallic film
d. Wire wound

13.1.4 Describe the following types of variable resistor. 1

a. Carbon film.
b. Thermistor.
c. Voltage dependent resistor and varistor.
d. Wire wound.

13.1.5 Identify resistor colour codes, values and tolerances. 2

13.1.6 Describe the system of preferred values and wattage ratings. 2

13.1.7 Describe the advantages of connecting resistors in series, parallel and combinations 2
thereof.

13.1.8 Calculate total resistance using series, parallel and 2

series-parallel combinations of resistors.

13.1.9 State the factors that affect the resistance of a wire conductor. Carry out resistance 3
calculations from given information.

13.1.10 Describe the construction and use of potentiometers and rheostats. State the effect on 1
the output voltage when the load is varied.

13.1.11 Describe the principles of a Wheatstone Bridge. 1

13.1.12 Perform calculations using potential dividers and a Wheatstone Bridge. 2

13.1.13 Describe the polarities of potential differences in resistive 1

circuits and the potential at various points in a circuit.

13.1.14 Describe the characteristics of a good insulator material. 2

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14 DC CIRCUITS - ATA 24

14.1 Circuit Terminology

Ref. 2

14.1.1 Describe the following terms. 2

a. Closed circuit
b. Open circuit
c. Short circuit

14.1.2 Define Ohm’s law and Kirchoff’s voltage and current laws. 1

14.1.3 Perform calculations using the above laws to find resistance, voltage and current in a 2
circuit, including the effects of adding or removing electrical components.

14.1.4 Describe the significance of the internal resistance of a supply. 2

14.1.5 Describe what causes the heating effect in a conductor. 3

14.2 Power
Ref. 2

14.2.1 Understand the dissipation of power by a resistor. 2

14.2.2 In electrical terms define power, work and energy. 1

14.2.3 Convert horsepower to watts and KN and visa versa. 1

14.2.4 State the power formula. 2

14.2.5 Describe the maximum power transfer theorem. 1

14.2.6 Perform calculations involving power, work and energy in the aviation context. 2

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15 CAPACITANCE - ATA 24

15.1 Capacitors and Capacitance

Ref. 2

15.1.1 Describe the basic construction and principle of operation of a capacitor. 1

15.1.2 Describe the unit of capacitance and explain the following relationships. 1
a. C= KA/D
b. Q=CV

15.1.3 Describe the following factors affecting capacitance. 2

a. Area of the plates.
b. Dielectric.
c. Dielectric constant.
d. Distance between the plates.
e. Number of plates.

15.1.4 Describe the following factors. 1

a. Relationship between capacitance and working voltage.
b. Voltage rating.
c. Working voltage.

15.1.5 Describe the construction, principles of operation and application of the following 1
capacitors.
a. Ceramic
b. Electrolytic
c. Mica
d. Paper
e. Tantalum

15.1.6 Describe the preferred values of capacitors and the method of colour coding. 1

15.1.7 Describe the common types of variable capacitor. 1

15.1.8 Calculate capacitance and voltage for series and parallel circuits. 1

15.1.9 Describe the exponential charge and discharge of a capacitor and state the time 1
constant (T=CR).

15.1.10 Describe the main uses of a capacitor such as in: 2

a. DC blocking.
b. energy storage.

15.1.11 Describe the procedure for testing a capacitor with an ohmmeter and be able to identify 2
the following.
a. Leaking capacitor
b. Open circuit
c. Short circuit

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16 MAGNETISM - ATA 24

16.1 Properties of a Magnet

Ref. 2

16.1.1 Describe the properties of a magnet and the molecular theory of magnetism, including: 1
a. artificially made magnets.
b. domain theory.
c. laws of attraction and repulsion.
d. magnetic shielding techniques and shielding materials.
e. magnetisation and demagnetisation.
f. the action of a magnet suspended in the earth’s magnetic field.

16.1.2 Describe the various types of magnetic material. 1

16.1.3 Describe the precautions associated with the handling, care and storage of permanent 3
magnets, including the requirement for keepers.

16.2 BH Curves
Ref. 1

16.2.1 In relation to electromagnets: 1

a. describe magnetomotive force (MMF) and field intensity. Describe their units, the
factors that affect them and be able to calculate both from given data.
b. describe the action and field patterns where two current carrying conductors are
placed adjacent to each other.
c. describe the handclasp rules to determine the direction of north and south poles and
the direction of current flow through a coil.
d. describe the use of the handclasp rules to determine the direction of the magnetic
field about a current carrying conductor (electron and conventional flow).
e. list the factors that affect the strength of a magnetic field in an electromagnet.

16.2.2 Describe the following terms and their relationship in a magnetic circuit. 1
a. Coercive force
b. Flux density
c. Permeability
d. Reluctance
e. Retentivity
f. Saturation

16.2.3 Describe the BH curve and the significance of a hysteresis loop. 1

16.2.4 Describe eddy currents, how they are produced, their effects on the performance of an 2
electromagnetic component, and the methods used to reduce adverse effects.

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17 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION - ATA 24

17.1 Induction, Inductance (self and mutual) and inductors

Ref. 1

17.1.1 Describe the production of an induced voltage in a conductor when relative motion 1
occurs between a conductor and a magnetic field.

17.1.2 State Faraday’s law. 1

17.1.3 Describe the effect of the following criteria on the magnitude of an induced voltage. 1
a. Magnetic field strength.
b. The number of conductor turns.
c. The rate of change of flux.

17.1.4 Describe the production of an induced voltage in a secondary coil. (mutual inductance) 1

17.1.5 Describe the effects that the rate of change of primary current and mutual inductance 1
have on the value of an induced voltage.

17.1.6 Describe the following factors which have an affect on mutual inductance. 1
a. Permeability of each coil.
b. Position of the coils with respect to each other.
c. The number of turns in each coil.
d. The physical size of each coil.

17.1.7 Describe: 2
a. back emf.
b. Lenz’s Law and the rule for determining the polarity of an induced voltage.
c. the production of an induced voltage in a coil. (self induction)
d. the unit of inductance.

17.1.8 Calculate total inductance in a series, parallel and series parallel circuit. 1

17.1.9 Describe the exponential rise and fall of a current in an inductive resistive (LR) circuit. 1

17.1.10 Determine the time constant T=L/R 1

17.1.11 Describe the condition known as saturation, where a change in magnetising force 1
produces no change in flux density.

17.1.12 Describe the following types of fixed inductors. 1

a. Air core
b. Ferrite core
c. Iron dust core
d. Laminated core

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17.1.13 Describe the following methods of varying the value of an inductor. 1

a. Adjustable slug.
b. Slider contact on a coil.
c. Tapped coil.
d. Variometer.

17.1.14 Describe the following common faults in inductors. 1

a. Open coil
b. Shorted turns

17.1.15 Describe the principal uses of inductors. 1

17.1.16 State the purpose of an iron core in an electromagnetic device. 2

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18 AC THEORY AND AC POWER SYSTEMS - ATA 24

18.1 Sinusoidal Wave Form Analysis

Ref. 1
Ref. 2

18.1.1 In relation to voltage, current and power, define and perform calculation involving the 1
following factors.
a. Average
b. Instantaneous
c. Peak
d. Peak to peak
e. Root mean square (RMS)

18.1.2 Describe how AC to DC current rectification is achieved in a basic aircraft system. 1

18.1.3 Describe sinusoidal waveform and perform calculations in respect of the following. 1
a. Angular velocity (Radians).
b. Cycle.
c. Frequency and resonant frequency.
d. Period.
e. Phase.

18.1.4 Calculate the effects on frequency with variation in the number of alternator poles and 2
RPM.

18.1.5 Describe harmonics and the effect that odd and even harmonics have on fundamental 1
wave shapes.

18.2 Resistive ( R), Capacitive ( C) and Inductive (L) Circuits

Ref. 1

18.2.1 In relation to purely resistive, capacitive and inductive circuits: 1

a. apply Ohm’s Law to determine voltage, current and opposition to current flow.
b. calculate inductive and capacitive reactance and state the factors that affect them.
c. describe and calculate impedance and phase angle.
d. describe the power dissipation and phase relationship between voltage and current.

18.3 Series and Parallel Inductive, Capacitive and Resistive Circuits

Ref. 1

18.3.1 In relation to series and parallel L, C and R circuits, describe the relationship between 1
voltage and current across the circuit components.

18.3.2 Calculate: 3
a. applied and component voltage.
b. current.
c. impedance.
d. phase angle.
e. power factor.

18.3.3 Describe and calculate true, apparent and reactive power. 2

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18.4 Series and Parallel Resonance

Ref. 1.

18.4.1 Define resonance, and describe how the properties of a series reactive circuit change at 1
resonance.

18.4.2 When the frequency of a series resonant circuit is varied, describe the effect on: 1
a. current.
b. impedance.
c. phase angle.

18.4.3 Describe and interpret frequency response curves for series resonant circuits. 2

18.4.4 From given information, calculate the resonant frequency of a circuit. 2

18.4.5 Describe and calculate the voltage magnification factor Q of a circuit. 2

18.4.6 Describe the effect that resonance has on Q and resonance curves. 1

18.4.7 Define and calculate bandwidth. 2

18.4.8 Describe how the properties of a parallel resonant circuit change at resonance. 1

18.4.9. When the frequency of a parallel circuit is varied, describe the effect on: 1
a. current.
b. impedance.
c. phase angle.

18.4.10 Describe and interpret frequency response curves for parallel resonant circuits. 1

18.4.11 Describe the operation and use of a tank circuit. 1

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19 TRANSFORMERS - ATA 24

19.1 Transformer Principles

Ref. 1
Ref. 2

19.1.1 Describe construction and operating principles of a transformer. 1

19.1.2 Describe transformer losses and how they are minimised. 1

19.1.3 Describe the action of a transformer under load and no load conditions. 1

19.1.4 Describe power transfer, efficiency and the relevance of polarity markings. 1

19.1.5 From given data calculate: 2

a. efficiency.
b. power.
c. primary or secondary current.
d. primary or secondary voltage.
e. turns ratio.

19.1.6 Describe the operation and use of autotransformers, current transformers and variacs. 1

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