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u&' # *M 3 & Na) 6 S* 8(C F/ D/ ? s +)
s+
F/ D/
& %&( C , 05 b!= * F r5 , / J<& ? & 2C%F jM >%56
(& J<& &# I ( $#
F !#3 3w' TO# , P f<( 8 ( J<& P/( 036# ?
>") b a) * #) bK _P E& ($: FY 03 ?'
J(5 ) U]' C!?( E&= T1# J &(?& # %& # b!= CM &
5 3 E= 0!%' VI& #%' F
: ;$
%& # 2 34 *+ : 1 H G(' %(I& &P( .W(
> C3/( &4) C#%( 036
JMF& # !F * P f<( F/ D/ u ?
4!%/ l] u P J M" %&(
03% ( b a) * ? & F/ D/ u B%<(I

98

: ) 6<= 2 : !"
6 43# &
9 J.& ZP/ 1
I J. l
@ J. )
0M" J. 3
PY J. y
$$= @ J.

2
[&F M& l
' %I) +. )
##= a 3
+"% l[ y
>! F V(5M 04m * &4I J K 2)

3
##= l
' %I) +. )
#(P %I) 3
2& y
4 ? & F/ D/ u B %<($ * 8(C ( JM?& 2)
4
PY b a l
! b a )
>") b a 3
QP b a y
7CI
b!= pM$
9 C ##= a 6
?I= a EF(C 5
-C %$) l
#(P %$) )
B %<($M 036 3
C#%( 036 y
H' ! 6

/ J<& ? jI )
6
9
jF l
&M )
B %<($M 036 3
C#%( 036 y
99

C+2 @ J.
7
-C %I) +. l
' %I) +. )
TC(P %I) 3
+"% l[ y

: > %+" : ,-
2C4H10 + 13O2
+ 7O2
+ 10H2O 1
5H2O + CO2 + 2CO + C
2SO2 + O2
Al2(SO4)3 +
3
2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2
5
: %#? : 1 fP 14 MK( & jI !(' * a! S J%# I+o 5# $$= 3 & f+
S #)
b a) 0% * ? & F/ D/ u E& ($

&C
F/ D/ !3/ 3% (
/ J<& ? & 03% ( jI %
G(
H i*F& * 0 &4) @ [< @&
100
SOdG dG - fCG SGc
101
feG Pf - jQdGh fCG c

()
: #@9A ? *<"

: ) 6<= 2 .1 : !"
z[") , ' , &5) , Y) {
2& 3 C [&F F$ *
"
z!<& , 5FI , Y& , j!#% { %' e$ 8?5 V * %<(I& J #3M

z 1 , + 2 , + 1 , Y {
3
3
>#IC zu{ sP

A! zS{ 'K 8!
B<
: %#? .2
C!< F * S & (
N/ -C & ( Z(< "
>!M]+M ( * C#+ Ze 1 J+#P B%<(I
: # '#M) 2+0 .1 : , 1 100 nm
' 43 ') %5) #) | 43 ') t# ( ( 3 & "
+ E:(" 6 >3nC# I+o M]+= ?(+ H J+ * #) & K
Xo E:F+M 7CI
Y= 43% Z/+ 6 /P C+) 3% S* fP(C >1
Q B<
IP' ' >(FC S+) -& O6 70 g S & ( >[ N& HCQ? K/ g(P($ .2
} C = 12 , H = 1 ~ 14.3 % IP'
#!%4# 85.7 %
: F
.1 : 1 OH C) g(P @& * l#1 ( 03& 4 VP4!) ZC ( yI
9 U&F "
JP j !#) U$# 3 & # +& J # \ * +"% l[ NI(C
+( 0% y+#'
0% NI( %P ( ( 03& B<
9
eI %&? NY 6 !<' EF e$ * NY '#O :
* BiP '#(+6 K(C Z .2
&) 8. , @&
& * B$' %I#!%4 42 g ' O6
gP EF& Q NI5 .1 : 6

} K = 39 , O = 16 , H = 1 ~
500 ml (5 EF&
EF&
(
C( @&
& * NaOH
z 80 g { ' O6
gP >! F K( NI5 .2
B) 3!I ( 4
' 8. 24C -FY) 20C @& e %('M 0! F !3 W' y&
9
C!M& '#1 0! 5 NI5 8. , 0! F
102
hCG PdG - jQdGh fCG c

()
: #@9A ? *<"

: ) 6<= 2 .1 : !"
z6.02 1023 , 4 , 12.04 1023 , 2{
z#' , #+ , ) , (' {
z8 , 2 , 5 , 7{
= SP 88 g * CO2 JHCQ 3%

4
"
He { Q' SP C ( J&I? %5)
>% EF& pH P#!% 8
B<
z
: %#? .2
} C =12 , H = 1 , O = 16 ~ C6H6
39 g JHCQ 3% # I H2O
9 g JHCQ 3% "
0%C* V 0%5# +P ( C
>"= 03
>! F >(F& Z(<C B<
: # '#M) 2+0 .1 : ,e& P/(
?P J. +M (' G(
H C&5 V!%C @&
s* "
03%F NI+ J O SP ?P # ( * " % J K B?5
$ (5 * #= 4YP
03&
%5 # E
C
gP >! F K( B<
56
NI5 , 0.5 u 4 $&( 4# 0 P (# 26 Fe %C%F 0!1 0 P J+ (
' j O6 .2
>#P F' ( I
: F
.1 : 1 # eP. b&5=
TC(I U&5 ( C "
#= @ J.
+"% l[ ( C
;!%& !<& 03 ( C% * %<(I& J #3=
B<
BC! %C! EF
40 g %P BaSO4 N/ BC! J(C
39.4 g N$ .2
F gP CH& IP NI5 B$ J(C EF
0*# BaCl2
$P C#+ 3 &' TO p# ) 3 yM
9
220
88
Ra BC3 FPC .1 : 6

-& O6 SP 0.12 g * 03& ' J !O ZY!

gP F< EI (& 0%5' NI5 .2
} C = 12 ~ 0.7 nm >#IC +P V 0%5 0!1 M )
103
fdG PdG - jQdGh fCG c
: #@9A ? *<"

: ) 6<= 2 .1 : !"
z+P *%Y , C+P D= , J , ' N'+){ >+P % eP. 3 &
"
zA! , #Q , #!34 , C!'{
#(o ( C
z0F M , C! F I , '#(+o , >! F >(F& { 4 Bi+ * e ] !3 B<
: %#? .2
]& 0 P ( 3% #) >!1 3% K(C M X) G + %P "
J<&
f<( $ &M CI [ M
: # '#M) 2+0 .1 : , J ?' P
9 K/ 0%5# #) Q? #) 0!1 ( "
CH 0%5 # !3 @&
%5 # B 0! 5 !3 * : 0! F &
EF&
( * ' 1& JM& 3% B<
4
14
(& 3 & J !O >+ ( -+ O6 2 He + 7 N
17
O + 1 H : ( >#P ( * .2

8
0.0083 u >#I ) 3 5 I# , N( 18.0126 u , 18.0114 u 4 ?P #
zu{ 0%5' ?P >P 5 I NI5
:
%+ 6 CD .1 : 1 Y& # 0! F 03!M J:( "
@
CW 0!% OP 0!% PF] : r5
(' X)# ) X)
D#i * @&
0* # & BC3Y 23 g
gP
#!% a 8?5 NI5 .2
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)
2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) : 3 & y

9 $
( 14
?P BC3/ J+C) 3% NI5 8.
6 BC3/ %C! EF *6 : +# +C) 3 0!Y * ( (
.1 : 6

[ %C!
U') N$ !# BC3Y J (+ EF g(P [* J (+ EF
216
9
Po 6 MF(
84
228
90
Th BC!2 E:F+
?P ) J&I 3% NI5 .2
!Q NM P/ : E? * P +P 9%5 # 9 M O .3
104
ddG PdG - jQdGh fCG c
: #@9A ? *<"

: ) 6<= 2 .1 : !"
z1 10-9 , 1 10-3 , 1 100 , 1 109{
(&
E3 C (+P "
zU&5 , +( 0% , 0% , ( U&5{
NH
C) ( C HCl NH3 *
z67.2 , 11.2 , 44.8 , 22.4{ STP * @& !<'

11.2 L ;(+o B: H2 8?5 B<
?
Cn& s Xo CF @& :
' 3/& .2
) 8I?
226
88
Ra BC3 %* 2<( : +# 3 &' WC &

.3
: # '#M) 2+0 .1 : ,-
N& +& YP J !O

' FF/ 3 %q NI+ )
KY "
J M" 0% #) 0%5 # 0M" ( 8 @ $ $ D#i * -'. ! % ( 0! 5
EF& pH & K(' + K(C 0% #) Z U&5 B<
>#K EF& # F EF&
2P EF# _&] 3 EF :
' Q& Z .1 : 1 ! 5 !3 - !* 5700 J 4! % 0! F
& 155 g (( ? 03
P -/( .2
P 0! F NI5 , 40C 6 25C

@ [< @& 3
.:. O .3
/P 14 J !O C+)
75 % FPC ] /P
+ P 3 12 !# % ' .1 : 6

S Z/P & 0(* NI5
5
:4 F' # I W' y&
2CO2 + H2O : ( ( * H NI5 .2
9 C2H2 + 2 O2
C C : 835 , C H : 413 , O O : 498 , C O : 745 , O H : 467
105
HGdG PdG - jQdGh fCG c
: #@9A ? *<"

: ) 6<= 2 .1 : !"
z 0.5 , 2.5 , 2 , 1 {
z e , n , p , {
SP 36 g * @& JM 3% w* H = 1 # O = 16 O6

9
12
C + X : 3 & *
0%5' EF& M& Q(

C
B<
2& zX{ w*
zmol/L , g/eq.L , g/L , mol/kg{
"
He + 4 Be
2
: %#? .2
P @& a !3
EF& a !3 s! "
b!= pMI I:& e (
I M 0! 5 !3 * ?C!% s!
: # '#M) 2+0 .1 : ,0C & * B%<(I# 5 y$)!
-2 03%F $ J O 0 3) "
v
0% 0%C% g + E/F +P V&' 03& ? &' f(<C 8
P/ 036 & 6 F #3 >") b a= #) bK _P @ $ g(P& B %<($ B<
206
80
X /P 0 + 6 -F(* (' J&I z4{# ) J&I z5{ J%* ] /P 0!O 0 + zX{ .2
X Y= /P 0!O 0 P ( # >!1 3% NI5
>! F V(5M 04m P +P >#P s Xo :
! ) O .1 : 1 S , B , Q
8 g(P($ { u u d } J ! G:.
3[& # (C .2
}Na = 23~ @& * SP 40 g ' O6
?P BC3/ J+C) 3% NI5 .3
j! C#% 036 J M"
8 8. ,C#%( 03o C3/(M &4= O .1 : 6

>! %(]+#'# VP4!) :
%P 0% # U&F B
' ! .2
zSTP{ %P C!< F * !$
E J !O 3%# 8?5 NI5 .3
106
edG PdG - jQdGh fCG c
: E!A 708 6<F

: ) 6<= 2 .1 : !"
&5) "
!<&
Y B<
: %#? .2
0%5 # 0!O / F * &P' , J !O &. C!< F * -C @Q = "
*P
9 :C ) #3 0 P E"3 M(I* , 2 C1 ( C #P =
: # '#M) 2+0 .1 : , C++ 3 "
G(
( U&5 B<
C5H10 .2
: F
.1 : 1 H+ "
[&F M&
( U&5 B<
'#(+o C '#(+o C '#(+o 3 3QC .2
JM& 3% =
0.75
42
= 0.75 mol
M=
= 1.5 M .1 : 6

0.5
56
Q = m.c.T = 1000 4.18 4 = +16720 J .2
>! F >(F& * K( 0!X6 = 0! F '#1

8.36 kJ / mol = 16.72 = C!M& '#1 0! 5
2
107
hCG PdG HLEG - jQdGh fCG c
: ,1 708 6<F

: ) 6<= 2 .1 : !"
12.04 1023 "
)
8 B<
: %#? .2
9 0.5 mol =
CQP
39 g ) & 0.5 mol = @&
9 g "
P * JHCQ? 3% >#I(C T1 [C)
P = 3 &
e*# 0%C* (< Y "
NI( +P V %P p/ %P 3 & =
v
U ' [ ' J !1 U! CI# 3%# s+ D:("M i+
9 B<
: # '#M) 2+0 .1 : , @ [< @& "
A$ > +
$
C( 0! 5 B<
MeV 465.5 = 931 0.5 = >#P F' ( I .2
: F
.1 : 1 # .:. "
' J a
Q& B<
44.8 g = 40 233 = gP 'IF& CiP ( .2
208
88 % = 100 39.2 = F gP CH& IP #
44.8
220
Ra
88
216
X + 2 He .1 : 6

86
6.02 1021 = 6.02 1023 0.01 = ' J !O 3% .2

4.214 1012 m = 4.214 1021 nm = 6.02 1023 0.7 = EM
108
fdG PdG HLEG - jQdGh fCG c

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