Era 6 Study Guide

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*Economic issues of the Gilded age include:: *America's economy grew by more than 400% between 1860 and 1900 *Technological advances, expanding population, improved transportation, financial innovation, and new business practices combined to fuel this economic growth *"Titans of Industry" like John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan built monopolies and revolutionized business practices *Laissez faire ideology called for little or no government regulation of economic affairs *Unskilled urban workers did not share in economic gains, instead enduring great poverty

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*Political issues of the Gilded Age include:: *Gilded Age politics were dominated by corruption, as politicians took bribes and rewarded their supporters with good government jobs *In the 1890s, frustrated farmers organized their own party, the Populists *In 1896, the Democrats co-opted much of the Populist agenda and the Populists supported Democrat William Jennings Bryan for the presidency; Bryan lost and the Populists faded away

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*Social issues of the Gilded Age include:: *Assimilation for both immigrants and Native Americans was expected by "nativists". Native Americans were often forced off their lands and away from their culture against their will. *Segregation was prevalent and Jim Crow laws went against the goals of the 14th and 15th Amendments *Chinese immigrants faced discrimination in education, housing, and jobs. The Chinese Exclusion Act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country. *Mexican Americans had to fight for their land rights after the U.S. gained parts of Mexico (present day Arizona and New Mexico). Anglo Americans used political connections and cultural differences to take land away from the Mexican Americans. *The Gilded Age was a period of horrific labor violence, as industrialists and workers literally fought over control of the workplace *Workers organized the first large American labor unions during the Gilded Age *The urban poor, typically immigrants, lived in vile slums and tenements.

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1) How did the industrial growth the of late 1800s shape American society and the economy?: See notes and chapter 4 2) How did American urban life change between 1875 and 1914?: See notes and chapter 5 3) What political, social, and economic issues did the nation face during the late 1800s?: See notes and chapters 6&7 Alexander Gram Bell: telephone, phonograph American Federation of Labor: labor union that organized skilled workers in a specific trade and made specific demands rather than seeking broad changes Andrew Carnegie: steel Andrew Carnegie: steel tycoon who used vertical integration to increase profits. he was known for the charitable organizations he established Bessemer process: method developed in the mid-1800s for making steel more efficiently cartel: associations of producers of a good or service that prices and controls stocks in order to monopolize the market Civil Service Reform: had to take test to get civil (government) job collective bargaining: process in which employers negotiate with labor unions about hours, wages, and other working conditions. company town: community whose residents rely upon one company for jobs, housing, and shopping Cornelius Vanderbilt: Railroads corporation: company recognized as legal unit that has rights and liabilities separate from each of its members Credit Mobilier Scandal: created by railroad executive to avoid fees DuPont: chemicals entrepreneur: person who invests money in a product or business with the goal of making a profit Eugene V. Debs: head of the American Railway Union. he organized the American Railway Union as an industrial union, grouping all railroad workers together rather than separating them by the job they held Garfield's Assassination: shot by disgruntled civil job seeker George Pullman: railroad cars George Westinghouse: electricity & train brakes Granger Laws: A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates. Grant's Black Friday: financial panic caused by gold speculation, cornered goldmarket Haymarket Riot: 1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence

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horizontal integration: system of consolidating many firms in the same business Interstate Commerce Act: Established to monitor the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states created to regulate railroad prices Interstate Commerce Commission: first federal agency monitoring business operations, created in 1887 to oversee interstate railroad procedures John D. Rockefeller: oil tycoon who used horizontal integration to decrease costs and increase profits. he owned the Standard Oil Company and became the world's first billionaire. laissez faire: lenient, as in absence of government control over private business mass production: production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines Milton Hershey: chocolate patent: official rights given by the government to an inventor for the exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an invention for a set period of time protective tariff: tax on imported goods making the price high enough to protect domestic goods from foreign competition Pullman Strike: violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide. restraint: holding back or checking of action Samuel Gompers: founder of the AFL. He set high dues for membership and used the money to create a strike and pension fund to assist workers in need Sherman Antitrust Act: 1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce Social Darwinism: the belief held by some in the late 19th century that certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore destined to rule over them socialism: system or theory under which the means of production are publicly controlled and regulated rather than owned by individuals stimulate: to excite into action sweatshop: small factory where employees have to work long hours under poor conditions for little pay Swift & Armour: meatpacking Tammany Hall: an example of the boss system- this group controlled NYC politics, headed by Boss Tweed Thomas Edison: great inventor who established a research laboratory eat Menlo Park, New Jersey. He would receive more than 1,000 patents for new inventions. He wasted to develop affordable lighting for homes and invented the light built. time zone: any of the 24 longitudinal areas of the world within which the same time zone is used. trend: general course of events trust: group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing vertical integration: system of consolidating firms in all steps of a product's manufacture. Whiskey Ring: tax evasion among government agents, politicians, and whiskey makers

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