ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

Near Eastern Chronology at a Glance JOHN LEWIS 11/5/05

YEAR BC

3000

2800

2600

2400

2200

2000
Early Minoan

1800

1600
Middle Minoan

1400

1200
Late Minoan

1000

800
Rise of the Polis Aetolia Settled

600

400
Peloponnesian War

Aegean Sea --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13th Century Breakdown | | Hyksos 2nd New 18th Ramessids 3rd Invasions Intermed Kingd Dynasty | Intermed iate | 2400 Patriarchal 2000 Abraham | | 1700-1270 | [Egyptian Captivity---------] to Canaan | 1020 Kings 738 Assyrian Conquest 587-37 Babylonian Captivity

Predynastic

Archaic Dynastic

Old Kingdom

1st Intermediate

Middle Kingdom

Kushite Invasions

Persian Period

Ptolemiac Rule

Egypt ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hebrews ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Amurru Ugarit, Alalakh, Emar | 13th Century Breakdown | Hittites Collapse Sack of Ugarit, Hazor | | | | | | | | | | |

Syria / Palestine-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Amorites Infiltrate

Hittite State

Middle Hittites

Lydians

Persians

Macedonians

Asia Minor -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Isin 1st Dynasty-]Assyria Larsa Dynasty --]Shamsiadad | | | Babylonia Hammurabi takes Babylonia

1500 Mittani

1360 Assyrian Middle

Assyria Tilgath Pilser I

Assyria 2nd Rise 880

NeoNinevah falls Assyrian to Babs, Medes 612

North Mesopotamia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lagash-umma War Uruinimgina of Lagash Ur 3rd Dynasty AkkadSargon I Early Dynastic Periods: Late Uruk I: 2900-2750 IIIa: 2600-2450 Period: 3500-3100 II:2750-2600 IIIb: 2450-2350 Jamdet-Nasr Periiod: 3100-2900 | | | Kassites in | Nebuchadnezzar Babylonia ------------------] sacks Susa; ends | 2nd Elamite period | | | | | Elam takes | Babylonia 1155

Sumer Cities

Archaic UR

Fall of Ur to East Gudea of Lagash

Cyrus takes Babylon 539

South Mesopotamia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hammurabi takes Fars area

Middle Elamites

Rise of Cyrus Persians: 559 BC

East -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

Near Eastern Chronology in Detail Dates for Mesopotamia based largely on Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004). Dates for Egypt: Grimal A History of Egypt (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005) D.I = 1st Dynasty DATE BC EGYPT MESOPOTAMIA
PREHISTORIC ERA 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4500 4000 3500 3300 Proto-Neolithic Neolithic 1st Predynastic Period:Chalcolithic 2nd Predynastic Preiod: Naqada I or Amratian @ el-Amra (near Luxor) 3rd Predynastic, 2nd Naqada period. Gerzean @ el Gerza (near Faiyum) 3rd Naqada period Aceramic-Neolithic Hassana: northern Mesopotamia Earliest seals, kilns, smelting Halafin culture Ubaid Potters wheel, plow invented; the sail (?) 4300-3100: Uruk, Sumerians, southern Mesopotamia Late Uruk (Levels XIV-III) Jemdet Nasr period Cylinder Seals (some found in Egypt) Pictographic writing on clay HISTORIC PERIODS BEGIN 3150 Scorpion Macehead Archaic-Dynastic Period: Earliest Kings 3150-2700 Kings, known as Menes Scorpion, Narmer, Aha United Upper and Lower Egypt: D.I & D.II. Thinite Period @ This near Abydos 2 Tombs of Wadjii @Abydos & Saqqara Stele of King Wadjii Narmer Palette Step Pyramid of Djoser @ Saqqara 3100: Reign of Aha ends Sumerian Cities: Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Eridu; Eanna; Kish in competition Cuneiform writing on stone Pottery-Neoltihic

LEVANT COAST GREEKS

SOURCES, AND COMMENTS

[Van De Mieroop ch. 1] [Grimal ch.1]

Ubaid 3761: Year 1 of Jewish Calendar. 1 a.m. = 1 anno mundi [Van De Mieroop ch. 2 Origins: Uruk]

[Grimal ch.2]

3100-2900

Jemdet Nasr Period Uruk III; Eanna Precinct Dramatic dating, Epic of Gilgamesh

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

2800-2350 2800 2780-20 Old Kingdom. Pyramids at Sakkara, Ghiza D(ynasty).III: Djoser Scorpion (courtier = Imhotep). Adopts theocratic title Golden Horus and Son of Ra for monarchs. Step Pyramid at Saqqara D.IV Snofru. Cheops = Khufu Djedefre Chephren (pyramid) D.V Userkaf. Kings linked solidly to priesthood.

EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD Archaic Ur

[Van De Mieroop ch. 3 Competing City-States] [Grimal ch.4-5]

2720-2560

Greeks: Herodotus on Egyptians

2560-2420 2500 2500-2350 2420-2270

King Mesilin of Kish Tablets from Fara and Abu Salabikh Lagash Umma Border Wars D.VI Teti Pacifies tension with nobles Tomb of Harkhuf at Aswan, records Nubian expedition Pepy I Mery-Tawi Loved in Two Lands. Autobiography of Weni, an official Merenre Antiemdjaf Anti = war god. Expands into Nubia Pepy II (a long reign). Decline of Old Kingdom in growth of local official power, kingdom splits into 2 viziers. Nitocris (difficult succession)

2400 2400-2350 2350

Urinimgina of Lagash Bau-temple archive, Girsu King Lugalzagesi of Umma Ebla Archives

2400-2000 Early Minoan Period

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

2334-2279 2278-70 2270-2100 Nebhepetre Mentuhotpe II last Old Kingdom ruler 1st Intermediate Period D.VII-X Egypt fragmented politically D.X: Wall of the Prince built vs. Sinai Akkad (Agade): Sargon I Central Mesopotamia, Agade overthrows Lugalzagesi Dramatic date, Autobiography of Sargon Akkad: Rimush. Akkad weakens in succession struggles Amorites (Semetic Bedouins) movement into Palestine cause displacements; to Nile Delta and elsewhere? Akkad: Manishtushu Akkad : Naram-Sin Victory Stele of Naram Sim Akkad: Sharkalishari Akkad: Dadu Shu-Turul Gudea of Lagash Gudea Cylinders Ur 3rd Dynasty period: Ur-Namma asserts Akkad rule Royal Graves of III Dynasty at Ur Legal / bureaucratic reforms 1st Ziggurats at Ur, Eridu, Nippur, Uruk Ur: Shulgi (son of Ur-Namma) Laws of Ur-Nammu or Shulgi (from copies made 300 years later, at scribal schools in Nippur and Ur) Ur: Amar-Suen Ur: Shu-Sin Ur: Ibbi-Sin Larsa Dynasty (to 1763): Naplanum founds Mentuhotpe III Sankhtawyef He who breathes new life into Two Lands 1st Dynasty of Isin (to 1793): Ishbi-Erra founds Jews: Patriarchal Period. Roots of Jews in Mesopotamia; to Canaan

4
[Van De Mieroop ch. 4 Political Centralization]

[Grimal ch.6]

2269-55 2254-18 2217-2193 2189-69 2168-54 2100 2112-2095 2094-47 2061-10 2046-38 2037-29 2028-04 2025-1763 2010 2017-1793 Mentuhotpe II. Theban king.

Middle Kingdom D.XI Earliest confirmed use of site at Temple of Karnak. List in Hall of Ancestors claims to D.III. Building site for <3000 years. [Grimal ch.12]

[Grimal ch.7]

[Van De Mieroop ch. 5 2nd Millen Near East]

2004 1998 Mentuhotpe IV. Expedition to Red Sea. Last Theban prince.

Fall of Ur to Eastern Kingdom Shimashki (held Elam); King Ibbi-Sin taken to Susa Amorites, Semitic desert nomads, infiltrate Mesopotamia

Greek: 2000-1580 Middle Minoan Jews: Abraham

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

1990-1790 D.XII Ammenemes I. Amun is at head combines Amun w/ Heliopolis theology. 1970: co-rule w/ son 1961 Ammenemes killed; Sesostris I 1928 Ammenemes II 1895 Sesostris II 1878 Sesostris III (main figure of legend) Conquest of Nubia, and sealing of borders The First Semneh Stele Karum-Kanesh level II Isin and Larsa at war

1910-1830 1897

1894-1595 1834 1822-1763 1810-1740 1808-1781 1800-1762 1795 1793 1792-50 1790-1633 1776 1766-62 1761 1749-12 1711-1684 1674-1552 Hyksos Period. Semetic Foreign rule. D.XIV to 1633 D.XV & XVI Hyksos D.XVII Thebes 1800: Egyptian Tale of Sinuhe

1st Dynasty of Babylon: Samuabum (Amorite) founds Babylon and Assyria struggle after fall of Ur Larsa: Kudur-Mabuk dynasty Larsa: Rim-Sin I Karum-Kanesh level Ib Assur: Shamsi-Adad seizes throne; Assyria rises. Kingdom divides on his death. Mari archives Ari under Yasmah-Addu rule Larsa: Rim-Sin conquers Isin. End of 1st Dynasty of Isin Babylon: Hammurabi I inherits throne. 6th king. Babylonian Law Code Death of Shamsi-Adad. Allows the Amorite Hammurabi (his vassal?) to rise Babylon: Hammurabi conquers southern Babylonia, Fars. End of Larsa Dynasty End of Eshnunna Babylon: Hammurabi conquers Mari Babylon: Samsuiluna loses control of southern Babylonia Babylon: Abi-eshuh

[Van De Mieroop ch. 6 Territorial States]

cf. Hebraic Laws at Exodus 21-23; Leviticus 17-26; Deuteronomy 12-26

D.XIII & XIV

1700-1270 Egyptian Captivity of Jews

[Grimal ch.8]

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

1650-1550 1620-1590 1595 1552 New Kingdom: Ahmose I ends Hyksos rule iaH-msi(w) (The Moon Is Born) D.XVIII 1552-1350 Pyramid at Abydos (last royal tomb) His mummy from Deir el-Bahari The Autobiography of Ahmose 1526-06 Amenhotep I 1506-1493 Tuthmosis 1493-79 Tuthmosis II 1479-25 Tuthmosis III Egyptian Book of the Dead: Compiled Spells and Incantations. Second Intermediate Period Old Hittite State (Hatta) Hattusili I (1650-20) founds Hittite Laws (copied through later centuries) Hatti: Mursili I Hittite Mursili sacks Babylon (Hammurabi II). End of Old Babylonian dynasty. Kassites (Mountain People) rise Greek: 1580-1400 Late Minoan I

[Grimal ch.9]

1525 1500

Hatti: Telepinus Restores unity Main Regional powers: Middle Elamites (Western Iran) under Igi-halki; first reintegration since Hammurabis attacks. Construction of Liyan, eastern Persian Gulf (w/ziggurat); rise of Elamite language Kassites (Babylonia) until 1155 Middle Hittites (Anatolia) Mittani: Parattarna rules North Mesopotamia / Syria (later supplanted by Assyria) Smaller powers: Syro-Palestinian Ugarit, Alalakh, Emar These powers rise, decline by 1200 Greek: Volcanic Destruction of Knossos (Rebuilt) Mycenaean Rise [Van De Mieroop ch. 7 Club of Great Powers] [Van De Mieroop ch.8 Western States] [Van De Mieroop ch.9 Kassites, Assyrians and Elamites]

1486-1450 1425-01 1400 1400-1182 1390-52

Tuthmose III. Raids through Palestine into Euphrates valley Amenhotep II. Expands into Syro-Palestine 1401-1390 Tuthmosis IV

Mittani: Artatama I Western Iran unified Ugarit Kingdom in Syro-Palestine Babylonia: Kadashman-Enlil I

Greek: Fall of Knossos Greek: 1400 1100 Late Minoan II Mycenaean Palaces

Amenhotep III

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

1363-28 1st Rise of Assyria: Assur-uballit I Limits strength of Babylonia in Tigris Valley Middle Assyrian Period Asyrian Empire lasts until 612 and fall of Ninevah Amarna Archive: Diplomatic Letters btw. Egyptian (Amenhotep II / Akhnaten) & Mesopotamian Kings Ugarit: Niqmadu II Baal Cycle (Conflict myth: Baal defeats sea-god Yam. Similar, Enum-Elish) Amenhotep IV Mittani: Tushratta Tale of Aghat, Ugarite narrative Legend of King Kirta, Ugarite narrative Akhnaten: Experiment in Monotheism 1338-36 Smenkhkare Hatti: Suppiluliuma I. Subdues Mittani, vassals made of Ugarit, Qadash, Amurru and other former Mittani vassals. Viceroy est. At Carachemish Treaty of Suppiluliuma and Mattiwaza of the Mittani Babylonia: Burnaburiash II 1328: Death of Babylonia: Kurigalzu II Amurra: King Aziru: allegiance from Egypt to Hatti. Hittites and Egypt divided Syro-Palestine. Ugarit, Amurru: Syro-Palestinian cities Amurru: Tuppi-Teshub Hatti: Mursili II (son of Suppiluliuma) Treaty of Mursili II and Tuppi-Teshub Assyria: sustained military expansion 1305-1274 Adad-nirari I Hatti: Muwatalli II Ziggurat w/ internal stairway at Chaga Zanbil (Elamite) cf. II Samuel 9-20; I Kings 1-2

1365-35 1363-18 1352-48 1350-1200 1348-38 1344-22

[Grimal ch.10] Treaties: cf. Exodus 20-24; Deuteronomy; Joshua 24

1340 1325

1336-27 Tutankhamun 1327-23 Ay 1323-1295 Horemheb

1313-1280 1321-1295 1305-1207 1300

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

1295-1188 D.XIX The Ramessids 1295-94 Rameses I 1294-79 Sethos I (Seti) 1279-1212 Rameses II (son of Sethos) Egyptian aggression ends peaceful division of Palestine with Hittites Mittani: Shattiwaza Assyria: 1273-44 Shalmaneser I Battle of Qadesh (Kadesh): Hittites under Muwatalli II limit Egypts expansion north under Rameses II. Egyptian Account of the Battle of Kadesh Peace Treaty between Rameses and Mutwatalli II (Hittite version) Hatti: Mursili III Hatti: Hattusili III usurps Ca. 1270: End of Egyptian Captivity of the Jews: OT Exodus 12.21 Genesis 47.11, Exodus 1.11 ref. Rameses area Jews Journey to Canaan Conquest of Canaan? Joshua Infiltrate Canaan? Judges

8
[Grimal ch.11]

1275 1274

1272-67 1267-37

1260 1250 1237-09 1225 1209

1259 Rameses II and Hattusili III (Hittites) treaty

Merneptah (1213-1204); vs. people of the countries of the sea. Forays into SyroPalestine; earliest non-biblical ref. to Jewish people (not a state) Moves admin. center from Pi-Rameses back to Memphis 1205: Merneptah Stele (Arnold & Beyer 50)

Babylonia: Kadashman-Enlil II Assyria: Shalmaneser I controls Babylon Elam: Untash-Napirisha Hatti: Tudhaliya IV Babylonia: Kashtiliashu IV Assyria: Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243-07) sacks Babylon Amurra (Shaushga-muwa) and Hatti (Tudhaliya IV) treaty

[Van De Mieroop ch.10 Collapse of Regional System]

1207-00

Assyria: Tukulti-Ninurta I assassinated; Assurnadinapli (1206-03) Hatti: Suppiluliuma II

Merneptah Stele: only mention of Jews as people in Egypt literature

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

1200-1150 1202-1199 Amenmesse 1202-1196 Sethos II 1196-90 Siptah 1196-88 Twosre Foreign attacks (Sea Peoples) limit influence of major states: Assyria, Babylonia, Elam, Egypt Assyria reduced to heartland Collapse of Hatti State in Anatolia;1185 Hittitedependent Emar sacked (west Euphrates) Sack of Ugarit, Hazor, as Syrian cities become independent Arameans control Syrian countryside Philistines settle in Levant Coast Letters from Ugarit document ships of the enemy (Van De Mieroop183) Jews: 1st Archaeological evidence in Canaan Greek: End of Mycenaean Greeks. Siege of Troy. Cyprus develops.

1188-1069 1180 1175 1155 1150 1145 1140

D.XX 1188-86 Sethnahkte 1186-54 Rameses III Rameses III (1186-54) fights peoples who come by sea (Van de Meiroop 184) 1154-48 Rameses IV 1148-44 Rameses V 1144-36 Rameses VI 1136-28 Rameses VII 1128-25 Rameses VIII 1125-07 Rameses IX. The kingdom built by Rameses II is falling aprart. Nubia breaks off. Challenges from priests at Thebes. 1107-1098 Rameses X 1198-69 Rameses XI 1069 Smendes Third Intermediate Period: D.XXI Tanite Kings; rule with Theban Chief Priest 1040-993 Psusennes I unites kingly and religious powers. Buried at Tanis. Elam: Shutruck-Nahhunte I Elam: Shutruk-Nahhunte invades Babylonia; end of Kassite dynasty. 2nd Dynasty of Isin (to 1026) Elam: Kutir-Nahhunte (son of Shutruck) Elam: Shilhak-Inshushinak Assyria: Assur-resha-ishi I

Judges. Renewal of Legal, Religious, Political, Order

1120

1069-945 1049-31 1030-19 1020

Babylonia: Nebuchadnezzar I (1125-04) sacks Susa (1110). Elamite kingdom subordinated (to 740 End of Middle Elamite period 1114-1076 Assyrian Reforms: Tiglath-Pileser I Collections of 14th c. laws: Middle Assyrian Laws Royal Records (Arnold/Beyer #39) Epic Enuma Elish. (Conflict myth w/ sea god.) Assurnasirpal I Assyria: Shalmaneser II Period of Kings. Death of Samuel. Saul made king. Revolt by David; Saul slain. OT Samuel I&II David King of Hebrews

[Grimal ch.13]

1002

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

OT Samuel II 993 970 966-35 945-715 959-945 Psusennes II D.XXII: Bubasite Kings 945-924 Shoshenq I: appoints son Priest at Amun, military CinC and governor of Upper Egypt 993-984 Amenemope 984-978 Osorkon the Elder 978-959 Siamun Egypt (Siamun) wastes Philistine city Gezer; I Kings 9.16. Asssyria: Tilgath-Pileser II 897: Osorkons unsuccessful expedition against Judah (II Chronicles 14.8-15) Solomon, King OT Kings I & II: Death of David to fall of Judah

10

934-12 930 924-889 Osorkon I 890-889 Shoshenq II (Priest of Amun) 889-874 Takelot I 874-850 Osorkon II (allows Harsiese to follow father Shoshenq II as priest of Amun; hereditary priesthood est.) Equilibrium btw king and priest erodes Harsiese and Osorkon compete

Assyria: re-emergence of text records Assyria: Asur-dan II Death of Solomon (I Kings 14.21); kingdom divided 2nd Rise of Assyria: expands empire yoke of Assur Assurnasirpal II: Asur guards 1stborn child Assurnasirpal sets capital at Kalhu. Conquers Northern / Middle Mesopotamia, Orontes Valley, Coast of Amurru. Threatens Egypt. 870-46 Jehosaphat r. Judah [Van De Mieroop ch.12 Rise of Assyria] [Grimal 326: Assurnasirpal & Mosul]

883-59 878

858-24 853 Egypt policy supports Syro-Palestinians, against advance of Assyria into Nile Valley 850-825 Takelot II 839: Death of Chief Priest Nimlot; struggle to succeed. Thebes revolts; Prince Osorkon suppresses; claims priesthood. Conflict with Thebes, reconciliation.

850 840 835-827

Assyria: Shalmaneser III (son of Assurnasirpal; classic 2-gen. tyranny) Black Obelisk Tribute Stele (Arnold/Beyer #40) Battle of Qargar: Shalmaneser III (Assyria) 6-year campaign, marches in Syria vs. western coalition of Hamath, Damascus and Israel. Assyrian advance halted. Coalition ends w/ death of Hadad-ezer of Syria Sarduri I unifies Urartian state (north of Assyria) Shalmaneser III to north (for tribute) vs. Neo-Hittites 832-27: Shalmaneser III moves vs. Urartu 827-823 Assyria: rebellions on the heartland on death of

[Van De Mieroop ch.11 Near East 1stMillenium]

846-41 Jehoram (Judah) 850-41 Joram (Israel) 841 Jehu (king of Israel) pays tribute to Assyria 830: King Mesha of Moab: Mesha Stele (Louvre)

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

Shalmaneser III. (Arnold & Beyer 51) with victory over Israel OT Kings: Israel victory over Moab

11

823-715

825: Death of Takelot II, struggle. D.XXII splits power w/ D.XXIII within the Delta D.XXII D.XXIII 825-773 Shoshenq 817-793 Pedubastis I III bro. of Osorkon king at Leontopolis Priest of Thebes 793-87 Shoshenq IV 773-67 Pimay 787-59 Osorkon III 767-30 Shoshenq V 754-15 Iuput II Nubia rising in independent power. Kashta on throne (Kushites) Late Period

Assyria declines 823-811 Assyria: Shamsi-Adad V 811-783 Assyria: Adad-nirari, son of Shamsi and Queen Sammuramat Ca. 800: Greek: Settlement of Ionian, Aeolia. 1st Olympics 776

760 745-525

754-45 Assur-nirari V Treaty of Mati-ilu of Abad and Bargayah (in Aramaic) Treaty: Assur-nirari V and Mati-ilu (in Akkadian) Rise of Neo-Assyrian Empire (to 612) Assyria: Tilgath-Pileser III reforms Victories Inscription (Arnold/Beyer #40) Babylonia: Nabonassar 747-34.

[Grimal ch.XIV]

747-656

D.XXIV Theban: 747-672 754-15 Iuput II

742 740

D.XXV Nubian: 747-656. 744-16: Piankhy rules Kushites in Nubia, spreads north Two Dynasties contend (until 656)

[Van De Mieroop ch.13 Assyrias Domination]

738-20 727 f.

736 f.Nubians take Thebes (& Karnak temple site) Kushite Invasions: from Nubia into North Theban Tefnahkt unites northern coalition vs. Nubians. Defeated by Piankhy. Gebel-Barkal stele confirms Nubian rule Piankhy (Nubian) takes Memphis by siege; celebrates sun-god at Heliopolis; sets 4 client rulers over north. Restores Napata. Piankhy D.XXV controls Egypt 716-02

Assyria annexes NW Syria, Phoenicia; forces separation from Egypt. Elamites 2nd rise; major rival to Assyria. Humban-nikash 1st attested ruler of Elam since Susa sacked by Nebuchadnezzar I c.1100 (taken by Assyria, 645) (Urartu = Elamites) Assyria: conquest of Israel (734), Damascus (732), Philistines, Samaria (722) 726-22: Assyria: Shalmaneser V

Israel conquered by Assyria II Kings 17.6.

721-05 Assyria: Sargon II

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

Autobiography of Sargon written (?). Did he claim Israel for propaganda? Battle of Dur: Assyria vs Babylonian / Elamite coalition Sargon II founds new capital at Dur-Sharrukin. Anatolia: Assyrian expansion. King Mita of Mushku in Anatolia (Midas).

12

720 717

Tefnahkt tries to re-establish in north

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

715 705 704 702 Death of Shabaka. Son Shebitku (702690) aids Phoenicia, Judah vs. Sennacherib. Retreats after fall of Jerusalem. Death of Piankhy; brother Shabaka (716-02) runs D.XXV. Stress on traditional values. Peace with Sargon II. Sargon II deports Mede Daiakko (Deioces in Herodotus, w/capital at Ecbatana, mod. Hamatam) Elam: Humban-nikash fought Sargon II Elam: Shutruck-Nahhunte II 704-681Assyria: Sennacherib (son of Sargon II). Phoenicia / Palestine revolt 701 Sennacherib invades Judah, ends smaller kings, sieges Jerusalem. Sennacheribs Taylors Prism Inscription: battle with Hezekiah, who refuses to surrender Jerusalem. (Arnold and Beyer #43) Phrygia overrun by nomadic Cimmerians; Gordion sacked Assyria: Sennacherib moves capital to Ninevah Battle of Halule: Sennacherib (Assyria) vs Humbannimena (Elam) and Iranian coalition Assyria: Babylon and and Elam revolt; Sennacherib sacks Babylon Sennacherib assassinated at Ninevah. Egypt, Assyria back at war D.XXVI 672-525 (Theban); struggle w/ Nubian D. XXV continue 672-64 Necho I 664 Death of Taharqa; Tantamani to 656 (last Kushite Ruler of Egypt) 664-610 Psammetichus D.XXVI Assyria: Esarhaddon (680-69) captures Memphis from Nubians Assyria: Assurbanipal (at Ninevah) Shamashshumukin (at Babylon) Assurbanipal captures Thebes Elam invades Babylonia OT Chronicles II.32; Siege of Jerusalem II Kings 1819; Isaiah 36-37

13
[Van De Mieroop ch.14 Medes, Babylonians]

695 694 691 689 681 677 671 668-27 663 690 Death of Shebitku. Taharqa (son, who led troops vs Sargon) has best 26 years of Kushite rule (690-664)

Lydians Dominate Western Asia Minor

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

656 654 652 647 640 626-05 614 610 605 605-562 595 587 595-89 Psammetichus II 589-70 Apries 610-595 Necho II End of Kushite Rule D.XXVI to 525 (Theban) has sole rule Assurbanipal invades Elam: Battle at River Ulai (near Susa). Elams King Tepti-Humban-Inshishinak decapitated, sent to Ninevah Babylonian rebellion: Assurbanipal and Shamashshuma-ukin civil war Assurbanipal of Assyria has won civil war; ravages Elam, sacks Susa. End of Elamite Empire. Assyrian empire at height: Iran to Egypt Neo-Babylonian Laws (tablet from Nippur, in BM) Death of Assurbanipal. Neo-Babylonian independent dynasty founded by Nabopolassar, a local official. Assyria overthrown. Rise of Medes: Umakishtar (Cyaxares in Hdt.) vs Assyria 612 Ninevah sacked by Medes and Babylonians. End of Assyrian Empire. Medes expand into Anatolia Babylonia: Nabopolassar defeats Egyptians @ Carchemish Babylonia: Nebuchadnezzar II 587 Nebuchadnezzar II sacks Jerusalem Babylonian Chronicles (747-586) Babylonian account of events leading to siege of Jerusalem. Cf. OT Mede expansion into Anatolia halted. Cyaxeres stopped by Lydian Alyattes. Hdt 1.74 for 5/25/585 battle at Kizik Irmak River (date by eclipse). 570-526 Amasis 561-60 Babylonia: Evil-Merodach Herodotus: Solon gets law from Amasis? Babylonian Captivity. End of Hebrews as a Nation and Judaism as religious community

14

585 570 560

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

559-30 559-56 Babylonia: Neriglassar Rise of Persia: Cyrus II Great Out of SW Iran Fars area 1st Capital at Pasargadae in Fars Hdt 3.90-94 on Persian tribute Babylonia: Labashi-Marduk Babylonia: Nabonidus Persia: Cyrus defeats Medes. Thus Greeks call Persians Medes Nabonidus moves to Teima Persia: Cyrus conquers Lydia Cyrus captures Babylon Decrees: Cyrus Cylinder; victory over Babylon; (Arnold and Beyer #44). Cf. OT Ezra 1.2-4; II Chronicles 36.23; Aramaic decree Ezra 6.1-5. Persia: Cambyses Persia: Cambyses conquers Egypt, Bedouins assist; Persia overextends into Africa Statue inscription of Udjahorresnet Persia: Bardiya Persia: Darius I usurps. Capital to Persepolis, 25 miles south; develops Susa as capital. Behistun Inscription Persia: expansion into Black Sea Persia: attempts expansion into Europe Persia: Ionian revolt of Greek coastal cities Persia: 1st naval attack towards Greece wrecked Persia: 2nd naval attack on Greece. Battle of Marathon Persia: Xerxes II (assassinated) Persia: 3rd attack on Greece. Battles of Thermopylae, Salamis Persia: defeated by Greeks at Plataea, Mycale Persia: Artaxerxes I Daniel, a Jew in Babylon

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[Van De Mieroop ch.15 Persian Empire]

556 555-539 553-50 552 547 539

536: Cyrus releases Jews to Jerusalem. 534-516: Rebuilding of temple: Isaiah 44-45. [Grimal ch.15 Persians and Greeks]

529-522 525-404 522 521-486 515 512 499-94 492 490 485-465 480 479 464-424

526-26 Psammetichus II, defeated by Cambyses D.XXVII 1st Persian Period 52-17 Aryandes, satrap Aryandes executed; Pherendates satrap

486 Delta revolts against Persians Achaemenes, son of Xerxes, satrap

490-80 Athens builds navy

465 Xerxes assassinated Egyptians rise against Persia Inaros son of Psammetichus declares king Persia ends the revolt Egypt at peace for a generation

Athenians assist Egyptians in revolt

445

Nehemiah, a Babylonian Jew, rebuilds walls of Jerusalem. Law Book: Covenant btw.

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

Jews and Yahweh 424 423-05 415 404 401 399-380 404-399 Amyrtaeus revolts Claims D.XXVIII (1 generation) D. XXIX 399-93 Nepherites I 393 Psammuthis 393-80 Achoris Persia: Greek expeditions, in response to threatened invasion D. XXX 380-62 Nectanebo I 362-60 Tachos 360-43 Nectanebo II Persia: Artaxerxes III 2nd Persian Period 333 Khababash (last native ruler) Alexander rules Egypt Ptolemies rule Egypt Persia: Artaxerxes IV (Arses) Persia: Darius III Persia: Darius defeated by Alexander Alexander III of Macedonia Great rules Persia Hellenistic Period 404-359 Persia: Artaxerxes III 401: March of 10,000 Greeks support usurper Cyrus Darius adopts conciliatory policy Persia: Xerxes II and Sogdianus struggle Persia: Darius II Jews ruled by Priests and Elders

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Peloponnesian War 431-404 Athens expedition against Sicily

397 380-43

Death of Socrates 399

358-338 343-332 337-36 336-32 331 330-323 323 290 219 204 167 142 65-3 47

Rise of Macedonia Death of Philip Alexander sacks Corinth; invades Asia Minor

Judea a satrapy of Syria, pawn btw Seleucid Syria and Egypt Judea a Syrian Province Judea under Ptolemaic control Judea in Seleucid rule Maccabee uprising against worship of pagan deities Judea freed from Syrian control Romans in Syria; Pompey takes Jerusalem Antipater Prucurator of Jerusalem, Samaria and

Manetho, Egyptian Priest, writes Greek history of Egypt (lost)

ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES

43 31 4 AD 6 AD 26 AD 33 AD 38 AD 41 AD 66-70 Death of Cleopatra VII Egypt a Roman Province Birth of Jesus; death of Herod Judea a Roman Province Pontius Pilate Procurator Death of Jesus Jews persecuted for not worshipping Caligula Death of Caligula; Judea to Agrippa by Claudius Procurator Florus seizes temple treasures; Jewish revolt. Roman siege of Jerusalem by Vespasian Galilee by Caesar Antipater assassinated; Herod made king; takes Jerusalem

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