BreakerFailure Protection 29th Annual HandsOn Relay School March12 16, 2012

29th Annual

BrentCarper, PE Protection &Integration Engineer Relay Application Innovation, Inc.

HANDS-ON RELAY SCHOOL

March 12 - 16, 2012

OUTLINE
Protection System Failures and Breaker Failures BF Protection versus BF Relaying BF Relay Schemes and Logic Special BF Situations BF Setting Calculation Exercise Impacts from Changing Technology Testing and Maintenance of BF Schemes

BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION

Brent Carper, PE
P r o te c t i o n & I n te g r a t i o n E n g i n e e r b r e n t . c @ r e l a ya p p l i c a t i o n . c o m

P r i m a r y Re fe r e n c e : C 37. 1 1 9 - 2 0 0 5 I E E E G u i d e fo r B r e a ke r Fa i l u r e P r o te c t i o n o f Pow e r C i r c u i t B r e a ke r s

PROTECTION FAILURE
Protection System Failures
Relay failure Settings failure Control system failure CT/PT failure Batter y system failure Catastrophic control house failure (fire)

Breaker Failures
Fails to trip Trips too slow Fails to interrupt fault current Fails to interrupt load current Flashover when open Fails to close Auxiliar y contact problems Catastrophic failure

Breaker Failure Protection versus Breaker Failure Relaying

BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION BY COORDINATION

BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION BY COORDINATION

BreakerFailure Protection 29th Annual HandsOn Relay School March12 16, 2012
BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION BY COORDINATION

BrentCarper, PE Protection &Integration Engineer Relay Application Innovation, Inc.

BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION BY COORDINATION

Advantages:
S i m p l e N o ex t r a e q u i p m e n t Simple No risk of misoperation U l t i m a te p r o te c t i o n . C ove r s A L L f a i l u r e s , n o t j u s t B r e a ke r Fa i l u r e ( f a i l u r e o f b r e a ke r, r e l a y, s e t t i n g s , c o n t r o l s a n d w i r i n g , b a t te r y, e t c . )

Disadvantages:
S l ow M a y n o t b e p o s s i b l e f o r t h e b a c ku p r e l a y i n g a t [ A ] to s e e a l l f a u l t s

Conclusions:
C o m m o n p r a c t i c e f o r D i s t r i b u t i o n , b u t t y p i c a l l y n o t s u f f i c i e n t f o r Tr a n s m i s s i o n . T h e r e i s B r e a ke r Fa i l P r o te c t i o n eve n t h o u g h t h e r e i s n o t B r e a ke r Fa i l Re l ay i n g . B r e a ke r f a i l u r e p r o te c t i o n i s b u i l t - i n to g o o d p r o te c t i o n p r a c t i c e s .

BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION BY COORDINATION

T A B

IEEE EXAMPLE
B A 3 4 C

1 2 T M 3 4 5 [ A ] c a n p r o b a b l y b a c k u p [ B ] a n d s e e a m i n i m u m f a u l t a l l t h e way a t t h e e n d o f t h e l i n e . [ M ] m ay n o t b e a b l e to f u l l y b a c k u p t h e f e e d e r b r e a ke r s f o r a n e n d o f l i n e f a u l t .
Example: Assume 200A load per feeder section, and 800A minimum fault current at the end of line. [A] has 400A max load and needs to pickup on an 800A fault. [M] has 1000A max load, so it cannot be set to pickup on an 800A fault.

1 Load

5 Load 7 Load

IEEE EXAMPLE PROPER CLEARING

B A 3 4 C A

IEEE EXAMPLE BREAKER FAILURE

B 3 4 C

1 Load

5 Load 7 Load

1 Load

5 Load 7 Load

BreakerFailure Protection 29th Annual HandsOn Relay School March12 16, 2012
IEEE EXAMPLE REMOTE BACKUP
B A 3 4 C A

BrentCarper, PE Protection &Integration Engineer Relay Application Innovation, Inc.

IEEE EXAMPLE BREAKER FAILURE RELAYING
B 3 4 C

1 Load

5 Load 7 Load

1 Load

5 Load 7 Load

Advantages:
C o m p l e te l y i n d e p e n d e n t o f Substation B.

Disadvantages:
S l o w s y s te m i n s t a b i l i t y S l o w vo l t a g e d i p s Wide area outage M a y n o t b e p o s s i b l e f o r t h e b a c ku p r e l a y to s e e a l l f a u l t s

IEEE EXAMPLE BREAKER FAILURE RELAYING

B A 3 4 C

BREAKER FAILURE RELAYING

1 Load

5 Load 7 Load

C
21 Z1 21 Z2 21 Z2 67 G 50 62 67 G

01 87B

86B

BFR on breaker [3] detects breaker failure condition B F R t r i p s a L o c ko u t r e l a y L o c ko u t r e l ay ( 8 6 ) t r i p s b r e a ke r s [ 2 ] , [ 5 ] , a n d [ 7 ] L o c ko u t r e l ay b l o c k s c l o s e o f [ 2 ] , [ 5 ] , a n d [ 7 ] What else? Tr a n s fe r Tr i p to b r e a ke r [ 4 ] Cancel reclose of [4]

BFI trip all bkrs on bus

86BF

DTT/RC to remote bkrs

trip all adjacent bkrs

BREAKER FAILURE RELAYING

BREAKER FAILURE RELAYING

21 P

21 B BFI

87B

87B

87B

BF 1 21 B

BF 2

BFI

50 62

BFI

86B

21 P

86BF

BF 3 21 B

21 P

BreakerFailure Protection 29th Annual HandsOn Relay School March12 16, 2012

BrentCarper, PE Protection &Integration Engineer Relay Application Innovation, Inc.

BREAKER FAILURE LOGIC

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Basic Breaker Failure Scheme 50BF Torque Control Breaker Re-Trip Logic BFI Control Timer BFI Seal-In Minimal Current Scheme Timer Bypass Scheme Dual Timer Scheme Special Schemes

BASIC BREAKER FAILURE SCHEME

Four Par ts to a Breaker Failure Scheme:

Fault Detector (50) or other Failure Detectors Initiator Circuit (BFI) Logic and Timers (62) Output Circuit (BFT)

50BF TORQUE CONTROL

BREAKER RE-TRIP LOGIC

BFI CONTROL TIMER

BFI SEAL-IN

BreakerFailure Protection 29th Annual HandsOn Relay School March12 16, 2012

BrentCarper, PE Protection &Integration Engineer Relay Application Innovation, Inc.

MINIMAL CURRENT SCHEME

TIMER BYPASS SCHEME

Note: This logic is for illustrative purposes only. Not intended as a complete scheme. The timer bypass scheme should be supervised by a fault detector, which may not be compatible with torque controlled 50BF.

EXAMPLE BE1-50BF LOGIC

DUAL TIMER SCHEMES

Use fast BF timer for multi-phase faults (L-L, L-L-G, 3P) Use slower BF timer for single-phase faults (SLG) Multi-phase faults have larger impact on system stability, and may require fast breaker failure times. Single-phase faults are more common. Dual timer allows fast BFT for the multi-phase fault, but keeps the security of a slower BFT for the most common fault scenario.

SPECIAL SCHEMES
Voltage dif ferential Frame leakage detection Breaker dif ferential IPO breakers Redundant breakers

BF SETTINGS
Logic Fault or Load Current Detector Pickup Other Breaker Failure Detectors Set Timers

BreakerFailure Protection 29th Annual HandsOn Relay School March12 16, 2012

BrentCarper, PE Protection &Integration Engineer Relay Application Innovation, Inc.

CALCULATING BF SCHEME TIMERS

MAXCRITICALCLEARINGTIME BYCOMPANYPOLICY CRITICALCLEARINGTIME CALCULATEDBYSTUDY

EXERCISE

FAULT

NORMALCLEARINGTIME PROTECTIVERELAY OPERATETIME BREAKER OPERATETIME 50FD RESET

PROPEROPERATION FAULTCLEARED

MARGIN

BFI INPUT P/U

BFTIMER SETTING

50FD P/U

BFR 86BF OUTPUT OPERATE RELAY TIME TIME

LOCALBACKUPBREAKER OPERATETIME TT CHANNEL TIME REMOTEENDBACKUPBREAKER OPERATETIME

CONTROLTIMER SETTING

IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

Digital Relay BF Protection: Faster, Better, Cheaper, More
Solved transient stability problems previously unsolvable Better protection against wide-area and cascading outages Protect against all breaker failure modes, not just one or two Can be more secure if designed well

IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

21 P

21 B BFI

87B

Most utilities moving away from Stand- Alone BF Relays

Some utilities (not many) are reversing the trend and going back to stand alone Breaker Failure Relays Reduce misoperations unscheduled maintenance tests Use longer maintenance cycles for BF protection systems
BFI 50 62

BFI

86B

86BF

IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

21 P

21 B BFI

87B

21 P BFI

21 B BFI

87B

BFI

BF

BFI

86B

BF

BF

BFI

86B

86BF

86BF

BreakerFailure Protection 29th Annual HandsOn Relay School March12 16, 2012

BrentCarper, PE Protection &Integration Engineer Relay Application Innovation, Inc.

IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

21 P

21 B

87B

21 P BFI

21 B BFI

BF

BFI

87B

BF I

BF

BF

BFI

86B

BF

BF

86B

86BF

86BF

IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

87B

87B

BF 1

87B

87B

BF 3

BF 1 21 B

BF 2

BF 1

21 B

BF 2

BF 1 21 P BF 3 21 B

21 P

BF 2

BF 2

21 B

BF 3

BF 2 21 P

21 P

BF 3

IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

Digital Relay Timing and Logic
Precise timing eliminates relay misoperations due to calibration drift Precise timing and logic allows reducing design margins

IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

Challenges from Complexity
Elaborate/exotic BF logic Wide variety of BF schemes, even in the same model of relay at the same utility May have more than one BF scheme in a single relay May have more than one BF scheme for single breaker Solution: Engineering Standardization Solution: Documentation (written setting descriptions, logic diagrams, and test plans)

Digital Relay I/O

Sensitive BFI inputs (transients, DC grounds) Solid state relay outputs (sneak circuits)

Digital Relay Protective Elements

Used to be limited to a 50FD Now we can use 50L and other sensitive detectors that may pick up a lot Solution: Consider using other elements to help add Security, not just Sensitivity (negative sequence, voltage elements, synch check and frequency elements, etc.)

Challenges with Integrated BF

May not be able to disable all BFIs May not be able to disable all BFTs Trend is to completely eliminate all hardwired BFT and lockout relays (IEC 61850) Solution: Design with test switch to relay input that disables the BFI and/or BFT. Especially important for BFTT or 61850.

BreakerFailure Protection 29th Annual HandsOn Relay School March12 16, 2012
TESTING AND MAINTENANCE OF BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION
Challenges with BF Protection
D i f f i c u l t to te s t i n te n t i o n a l l y E a s y to te s t u n i n te n t i o n a l l y

BrentCarper, PE Protection &Integration Engineer Relay Application Innovation, Inc.

TESTING AND MAINTENANCE OF BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION
There is a dif ference between testing the BF Relay and testing the BF Relaying System
M a n y u t i l i t i e s p e r fo r m m a i n te n a n c e te s t i n g o f t h e B F Re l a y, b u t a r e n o t te s t i n g t h e e n t i r e B r e a ke r Fa i l u r e P r o te c t i o n S y s te m . G o o d m a i n te n a n c e p r a c t i c e s ( a n d N E R C c o m p l i a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s ) a r e to te s t t h e P r o te c t i o n S y s te m : Maintenance program for the BF Relay Maintenance program for CTs/PTs Maintenance program for the Battery and DC system Maintenance of the BFR Protection System must include:
Rolling lockout relays and tripping breakers Best practice: simultaneous functional test (clear the bus)

Brent Carper, PE
Protection & Integration Engineer brent.c@relayapplication.com 509.334.9138

BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION

Brent Carper Protection & Integration Engineer brent.c@relaya pplication.com