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ASOCIACION COSTARRICENSE DE

.;0(;;-" INGENIERIA ESTRUCTURAL Y SISMICA
C!t:t

Cu rso:

DE
V eMlES DE com PJeA
"Diseno de Estructuras de Acero
Laminado en Frio"
Instructor:
Dr. Roger A. LaBoube, Ph.D., P.E ..
Universidad de Ciencia y Tecnologfa de
Missouri, USA
Auditorio Lanamme-UCR
Martes 4 de setiem bre, 201 2
8:00 am-6:00 pm
Produced for
AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE
DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED
STEEL STRUCTURES
1 - 1
AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE
by
Roger LaBoube
Curators Teaching Professor Emeritus
Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures
(Missouri University of Science and Technology)
Wei-Wen Yu
Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structure
1 - 2
Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structure
laboube@mst.edu, 573-341-4481
STEEL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
Type of steel Specification
Cold-Formed, Carbon Steel AISI
Hot-Rolled AISC
1 - 3
Hot-Rolled AISC
AISI Applicable in North America
AISI S100-07 with Supplements 1 and 2
Canada
Mexico
United States
1 - 4
United States
Design Methods
United States: Allowable Strength Design and Load and
Resistance Factor Design
Canada: Limit States Design
Mexico: Allowable Strength Design and Load and
1 - 5
Mexico: Allowable Strength Design and Load and
Resistance Factor Design
ORGANIZATION OF THE 2007 SPECIFICATION
A. General Provisions
B. Elements
C. Members
D. Structural Assemblies and Systems
E. Connections and Joints
1 - 6
E. Connections and Joints
F. Tests for Special Cases
G. Fatigue
Appendices for each country
Appendix 1 for Direct Strength Method
Appendix 2 for Second-Order Analysis
KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD-FORMED
STEEL STRUCTURES
Shapes are cold-formed from flat sheets or plates
Original mechanical properties of steel are changed due
to the cold forming process
1 - 7
to the cold forming process
Standardized and customized shapes are available
Thin material (in most cases less than 0.10 inch)
Predominant cross-section failure mode is influenced by
local buckling, followed by postbuckling strength increase
SOME TYPICAL COLD-FORMED SHAPE
CROSS SECTIONS
Studs or Joists
1 - 8
Other Shapes
In the United States structural HSS sections are typically designed
by hot-rolled specification
SOME TYPICAL COLD-FORMED PANEL
CROSS SECTIONS
Roof Decks
Long-Span Decks
1 - 9
Floor Decks
Curtain Wall Panels
Ribbed Panels
Corrugated Sheets
STEEL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS
(Section A1.1)
The Specification Covers
Steel: Carbon and low alloy
1 - 10
Steel Products: Sheet, strip, plate, bar
Members: Cold formed to shape
Limits of Applicability
(Section A1.2)
Nominal strength and stiffness shall be determined by
Chapters A through G and Appendices A and B.
As an alternate:
Determine design strength or stiffness by tests
1 - 11
Determine design strength or stiffness by tests
and Chapter F
Determine design strength or stiffness by
rational analysis.
Direct Strength Method (Appendix 1)
Second Order Analysis (Appendix 2)
TYPICAL APPROVED STEELS
(Section A2.1)
16 Approved Steels in Section A2.1.
ASTM A653 Steel Sheet, Zinc Coated (Galvanized) or
Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip
Process
1 - 12
Process
F
y
= 33 to 50 ksi F
u
= 45 to 70 ksi
F
y
= 80 ksi F
u
= 82 ksi
ASTM A792 Steel Sheet, 55% Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-
Coated by the Hot-Dip Process
F
y
= 33 to 50 ksi F
u
= 45 to 70 ksi
F
y
= 80 ksi F
u
= 82 ksi
TYPICAL APPROVED STEELS
(Section A2.1)
ASTM A1011 Steel Sheet, Hot-Rolled, Carbon,
Structural, High Strength Low-Alloy with improved
Formability
1 - 13
ASTM A1003 Steel Sheet, Carbon, Metallic- and
Nonmetallic-Coated for Cold Formed Framing
Members
(Replaced A653 for framing members)
TYPICAL APPROVED STEELS
(Section A2.1)
ASTM A500 Standard Specification for Cold-Formed
Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in
Rounds and Shapes
F
y
= 33 to 50 ksi F
u
= 45 to 63 ksi
1 - 14
OTHER STRUCTURAL QUALITY STEELS
(Section A2.2)
Published Material Specification with Specified
Mechanical and Chemical Properties
1 - 15
Minimum Ductility Requirements of Section A2.3
REQUIRED DUCTILITY
(Section A2.3.1)
F
u
/F
y
1.08
1 - 16
Elongation 10% (two-inch gage length)
7% (eight-inch gage length)
LOW DUCTILITY STEELS
(Section A2.3.2)
ASTM A653, A792, A875 and A1008, Grade 80 material
May be used for deck and panel profiles
1 - 17
Limits on F
y
and F
u
GOVERNING MATERIAL THICKNESS
Design Thickness Bare steel flat product
thickness, t (exclusive of
coating)
1 - 18
Delivered Minimum Thickness Minimum thickness is
0.95t, when measured on
actual product (Section A2.4)
Design Formulas Account for corner and
tolerance effects
PROPERTIES OF STEELS
Key Measures of Strength and Deformability
Yield Stress F
y
Tensile Strength F
1 - 19
Tensile Strength F
u
Ratio of Tensile to Yield F
u
/F
y
Elongation at Fracture
u
EFFECTS OF COLD-FORMING ON
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
DESIGN YIELD STRESS
(Section A7)
Use Virgin Steel Yield Stress, F
y
or
Average Yield Stress for Cross Section, F
ya
Determine Average Yield Stress from Either of the
1 - 21
Determine Average Yield Stress from Either of the
Following:
Full cross section tension test
Stub column test
Computation of average yield stress:
F
ya
= CF
yc
+ (1 - C)F
yf
F
uv
MAJOR COLD-FORMED STEEL DESIGN CONCEPT
Effective Design Width
Stiffened Elements
1 - 22
Stiffened Elements
Partially Stiffened Element
Unstiffened Elements
STIFFENED AND UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS:
EXAMPLES
Stiffened
1 - 23
Unstiffened
ASD STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
(Section A4.1.1)
R R
n
/
R = Required strength
1 - 24
R = Required strength
R
n
= Nominal strength
= Safety Factor
R
n
/ = Design strength (allowable strength)
LRFD STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
(Section A5.1.1)
R
u
R
n
R = Required strength
1 - 25
R
u
= Required strength
R
n
= Nominal strength
= Resistance factor
R
n
= Design strength (factored resistance)
Wei-Wen Yu
Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structure
1 - 26
Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structure
laboube@mst.edu, 573-341-4481
QUESTIONS?
1 - 27
DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURES
USING THE 2007 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIFICATION
COMPRESSION ELEMENTS LOCAL BUCKLING
2 - 1
THIN PLATE ELEMENTS IN COMPRESSION
(Section B)
LOCAL BUCKLING CONSIDERATIONS
Elastic Critical Buckling
Post-Buckling
TYPES OF COMPRESSION ELEMENTS
Stiffened
2 - 2
Stiffened
Partially Stiffened
Unstiffened
STRESS CONDITION
Uniform
Gradient
STIFFENED PLATE ELEMENTS
(Section B)
2 - 3
UNSTIFFENED PLATE ELEMENTS
(Section B)
2 - 4
ELASTIC CRITICAL BUCKLING OF STIFFENED PLATE
2 - 5

cr
2
2 2
f
= k
E
12(1- )(w/t
)

FREQUENTLY USED k VALUES

2 - 6
POST-BUCKLING OF STIFFENED PLATE ELEMENT
2 - 7
POST-BUCKLING STRESS DISTRIBUTION
2 - 8
EFFECTIVE WIDTH CONCEPT
2 - 9

o
w
fdx = b
f
max
CLASSIC EFFECTIVE WIDTH EXPRESSION
1
2

cr y
2
2 2
f
=
F
=
4 E
12(1- )(b/t
)

b = 1.9t E/
F
y
2 - 10
3
4
f
kE
)
w
t
( 0.208 - 1
f
kE
0.95t = b
max max
|
|

\
|
also, b = 1.9t E/
f
max
BASIC EFFECTIVE WIDTH EXPRESSION
(Section B2.1)
Eq.B2.1-1
Eq.B2.1-2
b = w when 0.673
0.673 > w when = b
0.22

| |

2 - 11
Eq.B2.1-3
Eq.B2.1-4
Eq.B2.1-5
Used in all cases of effective width considerations
f/F = cr
/
0.22
- 1 =
|

\
|

) )(w/t - 12(1
E
k =
F
2 2
2
cr

BASIC EFFECTIVE WIDTH RELATIONSHIP

(Section B2.1)
2 - 12
Reduction factor, , vs. slenderness factor,
EFFECT OF LOCAL BUCKLING ON
COLUMN SECTION

ult
Ineffecitve
Areas
2 - 13
f = F
y
A
eff
Effective Section
Areas
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

2 - 14

MAXIMUM FLANGE FLAT-WIDTH-TO-THICKNESS RATIOS

(Section B1.1)
(a) Maximum Flat-Width-to-Thickness Ratios
(1) Stiffened Compression Elements (Edge Stiffeners)
Simple lip (w/t 60) Section B1.1(a)(1)
2 - 15
MAXIMUM FLANGE FLAT-WIDTH-TO-THICKNESS RATIOS
(Section B1.1)
Any other kind of stiffeners
i) when I
s
< I
a
(w/t 60) Section B1.1(a)(1)i)
ii) when I
s
I
a
(w/t 90) Section B1.1(a)(1)ii)
2 - 16
(2) Stiffened Compression Elements (w/t 500)
Section B1.1(a)(2)
MAXIMUM FLANGE FLAT-WIDTH-TO-THICKNESS RATIOS
(Section B1.1)
2 - 17
MAXIMUM FLANGE FLAT-WIDTH-TO-THICKNESS RATIOS
(Section B1.1)
(3) Unstiffened Compression Elements (w/t 60)
Section B1.1(a)(3)
2 - 18
MAXIMUM WEB DEPTH-TO-THICKNESS RATIOS
(Section B1.2)
Section Depths
a) Unreinforced webs
(h/t)
max
200 Section B1.2(a)
b) Reinforced webs, satisfying Section C3.7.1
2 - 19
1) with bearing stiffeners
(h/t)
max
260 Section B1.2(b)(1)
2) with bearing and intermediate stiffeners
(h/t)
max
300 Section B1.2(b)(2)
UNIFORMLY COMPRESSED STIFFENED ELEMENTS
(Section B2.1)
2 - 20
Figure B2.1-1
Use basic effective width expression with k = 4.0
Given: (s.c.e.)
F
y
= 33 ksi; t = 0.105 in.; R = 2t
Determine:
1) Effective width of
compression flange
EXAMPLE 2.1 BEAM SECTION
2 - 21
compression flange
for strength determination
w = 8.0 6(0.105) = 7.37 in.
W = w/t = 7.37/0.105 = 70.2 < 500 OK
[B1.1(a)(2)]
Eq.B2.1-5
ksi 21.6
)
2 . 70 ( ) - 12(1
E
4 =
F
2 2
2
cr
=

EXAMPLE 2.1 (Continued)

Eq.B2.1-4
Since > 0.673 Eq.B2.1-2
35 1.2 =
6 . 21
33
=
f/F = cr
/
0.22
- 1 = ; w b
|

\
|

=
2 - 22
Eq.B2.1-3
. in 90 . 4 = ) 37 . 7 ( 65 0.6 = b
/ - 1 = ; w b
|

\

=
0.665 235 . 1 /
235 . 1
0.22
- 1 = =
|

\
|

EXAMPLE 2.1 (Continued)

2) Effective width for serviceability
Assume f = 0.6F
y
= 19.8 ksi
Eq.B2.1-4
57 0.9 =
6 . 21
8 . 19
=
f/F = cr
2 - 23
Since > 0.673 Eq.B2.1-2
Eq.B2.1-3
in. 5.93 = ) 0.805(7.37 = b
/
0.22
- 1 = ; w b
|

\
|

=
805 . 0 957 . 0 /
957 . 0
0.22
- 1 = =
|

\
|

Given: (s.c.e.)
F
y
= 50 ksi; t = 0.075 in.; R = 2t
Determine:
Effective widths for
EXAMPLE 2.2 COLUMN SECTION
2 - 24
strength determination
1) For w
1
= 9.0 - 6 (0.075) = 8.55 in.
w
1
/t = 8.55/0.075 = 114 < 500 OK B1.1(a)(2)
Eq.B2.1-5
ksi 21 . 8
)
114 ( ) - 12(1
E
4 =
F
2 2
2
cr
=

Eq.B2.1-4
Since > 0.673 Eq.B2.1-2
EXAMPLE 2.2 (Continued)
47 . 2 =
21 . 8
50
=
f/F = cr
/
0.22
- 1 = ; w b
|

\
|

=
369 . 0 47 . 2 /
47 . 2
0.22
- 1 = =
|

\
|
2 - 25
Eq.B2.1-3
2) For w
2
= 5.0 - 6(0.075) = 4.55 in.
w
2
/t = 4.55/0.075 = 60.7 < 500 OK
. in 15 . 3 = ) 55 . 8 ( 9 0.36 =
w
=
b
1 1

\

47 . 2
\
EXAMPLE 2.2 (Continued)
Eq.B2.1-5
Eq.B2.1-4
ksi 9 . 28
)
7 . 60 ( ) - 12(1
E
4 =
F
2 2
2
cr
=

f/F = cr
31 . 1 =
9 . 28
50
=
2 - 26
Since > 0.673 Eq.B2.1-2
Eq.B2.1-3
. in 89 . 2 = ) 55 . 4 ( 35 0.6 =
w
=
b
2 2

/
0.22
- 1 = ; w b
|

\
|

= 0.635 31 . 1 /
31 . 1
0.22
- 1 = =
|

\
|
UNIFORMLY COMPRESSED UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS
(Section B3.1)
2 - 27
UNIFORMLY COMPRESSED UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS
(Section B3.1)
2 - 28
Figure B3.1-1
Use basic effective width expression with k = 0.43
Given: (u.c.e.)
F
y
= 50 ksi; t = 0.105 in.; R = 2t
Determine:
Effective width of compression
EXAMPLE 2.3 BEAM SECTION
2 - 29
flange for strength determination
w = 3.5 - 3t = 3.185 in.
w/t = 3.185/0.105 = 30.3 < 60 OK
Eq.B2.1-5
ksi 5 . 12
)
3 . 30 ( ) - 12(1
E
43 . 0 =
F
2 2
2
cr
=

EXAMPLE 2.3 (Continued)

Eq.B2.1-4
Since > 0.673
0 . 2 =
5 . 12
50
= f/F = cr
/
0.22
- 1 = ; w b
|
|

|
= 0.445 0 . 2 /
0.22
- 1 = =
|
|

|
2 - 30
Eq.B2.1-3
Compression flange is only 44.5 % effective.
in. .42 1 = ) 185 . 3 ( 45 0.4 = w = b
/ - 1 = ; w b
|

\

= 0.445 0 . 2 /
0 . 2
- 1 = =
|

\
UNIFORMLY COMPRESSED STIFFENED ELEMENTS
WITH CIRCULAR OR NON-CIRCULAR HOLES
(Section B2.2)
2 - 31
UNIFORMLY COMPRESSED STIFFENED ELEMENTS
WITH CIRCULAR OR NON-CIRCULAR HOLES
(Section B2.2)
NON-CIRCULAR HOLES:
i) Based on Section B2.1(a) at a stress F
n
Assume the web to consist of
2 unstiffened elements (c), one on
2 - 32
2 unstiffened elements (c), one on
each side of the perforation (k = 0.43)
Consider local buckling in edge
stiffeners and flange elements, as
discussed before
ii) Or by conducting stub-column tests
based on AISI S902
UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS AND EDGE STIFFENERS
WITH STRESS GRADIENT (Section B3.2)
i) If the stress decreases toward the free edge [Fig. B3.2-1(a)]
Eq.B3.2-2
34 . 0
578 . 0
k
+
=
2 - 33
= Abs[f
2
/ f
1
] Eq.B3.2-1
Figure B3.2-1(a)
UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS AND EDGE STIFFENERS
WITH STRESS GRADIENT (Section B3.2)
ii) If the stress increases toward the free edge [Fig. B3.2-1(b)]
k = 0.57 - 0.21 + 0.07
2
Eq.B3.2-3
2 - 34
Figure B3.2-1(b)
SECTION PROPERTIES
use
SIMPLIFIED MIDLINE LINEAR METHOD
WITH
2 - 35
DUE CONSIDERATION TO LOCAL BUCKLING
IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION B
EXAMPLE 2.4 BEAM SECTION
Given: (s.c.e.)
F
y
= 50 ksi
2 - 36
Determine:
Effective moment of inertia for strength determination, I
xe
.
Assume webs are fully effective
EXAMPLE 2.4 (Continued)
Properties of 90 corners
r = R + t/2 = 0.094 + 0.060/2 = 0.124 in.
u = 1.57r = 1.57(0.124) = 0.195 in.
2 - 37
c
1
= 0.637r = 0.637(0.124) = 0.0790 in.
Dashed line is centerline
Calculation of I
xe
Element 5
w/t = 8.692/0.060 = 145 < 500 OK
Eq.B2.1-5
EXAMPLE 2.4 (Continued)
ksi 5.07
) 145 ( ) - 12(1
E
4 =
F
2 2
2
cr
=

2 - 38
Eq.B2.1-4
Since > 0.673, b = w Eq.B2.1-2
Eq.B2.1-3
. in 2.573 = ) 692 . 8 0.296( = w = b
) 145 ( ) - 12(1
2 2

14 . 3 07 . 5 / 50 f/F = cr = =
0.296 /3.14
14 . 3
22 . 0
1 /
0.22
- 1 = =
|

\
|
=
|

\
|

ELEM. L y Ly Ly
2
I
1

1 1.192 3.548 4.229 15.005 0.035

2 0.780 3.925 3.062 12.016
3 5.384 3.970 21.375 84.857
EXAMPLE 2.4 (Continued)
2 - 39
4 7.384 2.000 14.768 29.536 8.388
5 2.573 0.030 0.077 0.002
6 0.390 0.075 0.029 0.002
17.703 43.540 141.418 8.423
2
cg
1
2
x
y
cg
cg
) y L( -
I
+ y L =
I
ssumed a as ,
F
= f
2
4.0
> y Since
in. 2.46 =
17.703
43.540
= y

EXAMPLE 2.4 (Continued)

2 - 40
3
xe
4
x xe
3
x
2
x
cg
. in 04 . 1 46 . 2 / 56 . 2 S
. in 2.56 = ) 0 42.7(0.06 = t
I
=
I

. in
42.7 =
I
) (2.46 17.7 - 8.423 + 141.4 =
I
= =
UNIFORMLY COMPRESSED ELEMENTS
WITH SIMPLE LIP EDGE STIFFENERS
(Section B4)
1) Simple lip type
2 - 41

For Both Beam & Column Type Sections

ELEMENTS WITH SIMPLE LIP EDGE STIFFENERS
(Section B4 Figure B4-1)
2 - 42
Use basic effective width expression with k varying between 0.43 & 4.0
COMPRESSION ELEMENTS WITH
SIMPLE LIP EDGE STIFFENERS
(Section B4)
For w/t 0.328S Eq.B4-7
I
a
= 0 (no edge stiffener required)
b = w Eq.B4-1
( )
f / E 28 . 1 = S
2 - 43
b = w Eq.B4-1
b
1
= b
2
= w/2 Eq.B4-2
d
s
= d
s
Eq.B4-3
COMPRESSION ELEMENTS WITH
SIMPLE LIP EDGE STIFFENERS
(Section B4)
For w/t > 0.328S
b
1
= b/2(R
I
) Eq.B4-4
b
2
= b b
1
Eq.B4-5
2 - 44
d
s
= d
s
(R
I
) Eq.B4-6
Eq.B4-7
I
a
= 399t
4
[W/S 0.328]
3
t
4
[115W/S + 5] Eq.B4-8
R
I
= I
s
/I
a
1 Eq.B4-9
W = w/t
( )
f / E 28 . 1 = S
PLATE BUCKLING COEFFICIENTS k
(Section B4 Table B4.1)
Simple Lip Edge Stiffener (140 40)
D/w 0.25 0.25 < D/w 0.8
( ) 4 43 . 0 R 57 . 3 k
n
+ =
( ) 4 43 . 0 R
D 5
82 . 4 k
n
+
|
|

|
=
2 - 45
where
n = 1/3 Eq.B4-11
|

\
|

S 4
t / w
582 . 0
( ) 4 43 . 0 R 57 . 3 k
n
I
+ =
( ) 4 43 . 0 R
w
82 . 4 k
I
+
|

\
|
=
STIFFENED ELEMENTS UNDER STRESS GRADIENT
(Section B2.3)
Webs and Other Elements
2 - 46
STIFFENED ELEMENTS UNDER STRESS GRADIENT
(Section B2.3)
Dimensions
2 - 47
Figure B2.3-2
STIFFENED WEBS UNDER STRESS GRADIENT
(Section B2.3(a)(i))
(a) Strength Determination
(i) Where f
1
is in compression and f
2
is in tension
= lf
2
/f
1
I (absolute value) Eq.B2.3-1
k = 4 + 2(1 + )
3
+ 2(1 + ) Eq.B2.3-2
For h
o
/b
o
4
2 - 48
For h
o
/b
o
4
b
1
= b
e
/(3 + ) Eq.B2.3-3
b
2
= b
e
/2 when > 0.236 Eq.B2.3-4
b
2
= b
e
b
1
when 0.236 Eq.B2.3-5
For h
o
/b
o
> 4
b
1
= b
e
/(3 + ) Eq.B2.3-6
b
2
= b
e
/(1 + ) b
1
Eq.B2.3-7
EXAMPLE 2.6 BEAM SECTION
Given:
F
y
= 50 ksi; t = 0.090 in.; R = 2t
Determine:
Effective moment of inertia
for strength determination
2 - 49
for strength determination
Basic properties
r = 0.18 + 0.090/2 = 0.225 in.
u = 1.57r = 0.353 in.
c
1
= 0.637r = 0.143 in.
EXAMPLE 2.6 (Continued)
Element 3 under uniform stress (B4)
w/t = 3.96/0.090 = 44.0 < 60 OK (B1.1)
; 0.328S = 10.2
For w/t > 0.328S
1 . 31 = E/50 1.28 = S
3
)
9
8
. 0
(
0
9
0
. 0
2 - 50
4
3
3
s
i
n
.
0
0
7
0
6
. 0
1
2
)
9
8
. 0
(
0
9
0
. 0
1
2
/ t
d
I = = =
4 4
1 a
in. 0285 . 0 328 . 0
1 . 31
0 . 44
) 090 . 0 ( 399 I =
(

=
( )
4
2 a 1 a a
. in 0110 . 0 I , I Min I = =
( )
4
4
4
2 a
. in 0110 . 0 5
1 . 31
0 . 44
115 090 . 0 5
S
t / w
115 t I =
(

+ =
(

+ =
EXAMPLE 2.6 (Continued)
R
I
= I
s
/I
a
= 0.00706/0.0110 = 0.642
D/w = 1.25/3.96 = 0.316
( )
3 / 1 = n 3 / 1 < 228 . 0 =
1 . 31 4
0 . 44
582 . 0 =
S 4
t / w
582 . 0 = n - -
( )
25 . 1 5
2 - 51
( )
( )
23 . 3 = 43 . 0 + 642 . 0
96 . 3
25 . 1 5
82 . 4 = k
3 / 1
-
44.5ksi =
)
44 ( )

- 12(1
E
23 . 3 =
F
2 2
2
cr
06 . 1 =
5 . 44
50
=
0.673 > Since
/
0
.
2
2
- 1 = ; w b
|

\
|

=
7
4
8
0
.
= 0
6
. 1 /
0
6
. 1
0
.
2
2
- 1 =
|

\
|
EXAMPLE 2.6 (Continued)
b
1
= b/2(R
I
) = 2.96/2(0.642) = 0.950 in.
b
2
= b b
1
= 2.96 0.950 = 2.10 in.
Edge stiffener (u.c.e.) (B3.2)
d/t = 0.98/0.090 = 10.9 < 14 OK
. in 96 . 2 = ) 96 . 3 ( 748 0. = w = b
2 - 52
d/t = 0.98/0.090 = 10.9 < 14 OK
f
1
= 50(7.23/7.5) = 48.2 ksi; = Abs[f
2
/f
1
]
f
2
= 50(7.5 1.25)/7.5 = 41.7 ksi; = 41.7/48.2
= 0.865; k = 0.578/(0.865 + 0.34) = 0.480
ksi 108 =
)
9 . 10 ( ) - 12(1
E
480 . 0 =
F
2 2
2
cr

EXAMPLE 2.6 (Continued)

Since < 0.673
and lip is fully effective . in 980 . 0 = d = d
'
s
f/F = cr
668 . 0 =
108
2 . 48
=
2 - 53
. in 29 0.6 = 80 (0.642)0.9 = d R = d
1.0 < R since Also,
s
I
s
I
24.0 = ) 1 2(1 + ) 1 2(1 + 4 = k
1 f / f = ksi 48.2 =
f
=
f
Assume
OK 200 < 161 = 0 14.46/0.09 = w/t
3
1 2
2 1
+ +
=

EXAMPLE 2.6 (Continued)
Web under stress gradient (assume y
cg
= 7.5) (B2.3)
2 - 54
Since > 0.673
ksi 7 . 24 =
)
161 ( ) - 12(1
E
24 =
F
2 2
2
cr

40 . 1 = 48.2/24.7 = f/F = cr
602 . 0 40 . 1 /
40 . 1
0.22
- 1 /
0.22
- 1 = ; w b
e
=
|

\
|
=
|

\
|

=
EXAMPLE 2.6 (Continued)
b
e
= 0.602(14.46) = 8.71 in.
h
o
/b
o
= 15/4.5 = 3.33
For h
o
/b
o
4
b
1
= b
e
/(3 + ) = 8.71/(3 + 1) = 2.18 in. (Eq. B2.3-3)
2 - 55
Since > 0.236
b
2
= b
e
/2 = 8.71/2 = 4.36 in. (Eq. B2.3-4)
(b
1
+ b
2
) = 2.18 + 4.36 = 6.54 in.
The compressed portion of web = [7.5 3(0.090)] = 7.23 in.
Since (b
1
+ b
2
) < 7.23 in., the web is subject to local buckling.
EXAMPLE 2.6 (Continued)
ELEM. L y Ly
1 0.629 0.585 0.368
2 0.353 0.127 0.0448
3 2.96 0.045 0.133
4 0.353 0.127 0.0448
5 2.18 1.36 2.965
2 - 56
assumed . in 7.5 > . in 8.05 = 711 /23. 5 190.8 =
y
cg
5 2.18 1.36 2.965
6 4.36 5.32 23.20
7 7.23 11.12 80.40
8 0.353 14.87 5.25
9 3.96 14.96 59.24
10 0.353 14.87 5.25
11 0.98 14.24 13.96
23.711 190.85
EXAMPLE 2.6 (Continued)
From a computer program - CFS
y
cg
= 8.29 in.
I
xe
= 66.6 in.
4
S
xe
= 8.04 in.
3
2 - 57
CONCLUSIONS
% Effective
Edge stiffener 64.2%
Compression flange 74.7%
Web 90.5%
ELEMENT WITH ONE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENER
(Section B5.1)
2 - 58
UNIFORMLY COMPRESSED STIFFENED ELEMENTS WITH
SINGLE OR MULTIPLE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS
(Section B5.1)
2 - 59
C-SECTION WEBS WITH HOLES UNDER STRESS GRADIENT
(Section B2.4)
Provisions
(a) Strength Determination
2 - 60
When d
o
/h < 0.38, the effective widths, b
1
and b
2
shall be
determined by Section B2.3(a) assuming no hole exists in the
web.
When d
o
/h 0.38, the effective width shall be determined by
Section B3.1(a) assuming the compression portion of the web
consists of an unstiffened element adjacent to the hole with
f = f
1
as shown in Figure B2.3-1.
C-SECTION WEBS WITH HOLES UNDER STRESS GRADIENT
(Section B2.4)
(b) Serviceability Determination
The effective widths shall be determined by Section B2.3(b)
assuming no hole exists in the web.
d
o
= Depth of web hole
2 - 61
d
o
= Depth of web hole
b = Length of web hole
b
1
, b
2
= Effective widths defined in Figure B2.3-1
h = Depth of flat portion of the web measured along the
plane of the web
C-SECTION WEBS WITH HOLES UNDER STRESS GRADIENT
(Section B2.4)
Provision Limits
(1) d
o
/h < 0.7
(2) h/t 200
(3) Holes centered at mid-depth of web
2 - 62
(3) Holes centered at mid-depth of web
(4) Clear distance between holes 18 in.
(5) Non-circular holes, corner radii 2t
(6) Non-circular holes, d
o
2.5 in. and b 4.5 in.
(7) Circular hole diameters 6 in.
(8) d
o
> 9/16 in.
QUESTIONS?
2 - 63
DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURES
USING THE 2007 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIFICATION
MEMBERS IN BENDING
4 - 1
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3)
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
STRENGTH SERVICEABILITY
1.) Flexure 1.) Deflection
2.) Shear
4 - 2
2.) Shear
3.) Web Crippling
4.) Combined 1.) & 2.)
5.) Combined 1.) & 3.)
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.1.1)
Laterally Supported Members
Nominal Section Strength (Section C3.1.1)
a) Procedure I - Based on Initiation of Yielding
4 - 3
a) Procedure I - Based on Initiation of Yielding
M
n
= S
e
F
y
= M
y
Eq.C3.1.1-1
b) Procedure II - Based on Inelastic Reserve Capacity
(applicable for thicker HSS sections)
b) Procedure II - Based on Inelastic Reserve Capacity
Conditions :
1. Laterally supported
2. Cold work of forming does not apply
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.1.1)
4 - 4
2. Cold work of forming does not apply
3. Compressive web portion to thickness ratio
1
,
4. Shear yielding governs the web (change)
5. 30
Nominal moment
M
n
1.25M
y
ES
e
[C
y
e
y
]

FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.1.2)
Laterally Unsupported Members
Section C3.1.2.1 - Lateral-Torsional Buckling for
Open Cross Section Members
Section C3.1.2.2 - Lateral-Torsional Buckling Strength for
4 - 5
Section C3.1.2.2 - Lateral-Torsional Buckling Strength for
Closed Box Members
OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.1.2.1)
Laterally Unsupported Members
4 - 6
OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.1.2.1)
Lateral Buckling Strength
Elastic Lateral-Torsional Buckling
1
4 - 7
or
2
where
Inelastic Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Not subject to L-T buckling when F
e
2.78F
y
,
use Section C3.1.1(a)
When 2.78F
y
> F
e
> 0.56F
y
OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.1.2.1)
4 - 8
Eq.C3.1.2.1-2
For F
e
0.56F
y
F
c
= F
e
Eq.C3.1.2.1-3
OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.1.2.1)
4 - 9

b
= 1.67
b
= 0.90 Eq.C3.1.2.1-1
(a) For Singly-, Doubly-, and Point-Symmetric Sections
Where for (A) & (B)
OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.1.2.1)
c c n
F S M =
4 - 10
Eq.C3.1.2.1-4
and for (C)
OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.1.2.1)
4 - 11
Maximum Unsupported Length, L
u
for Singly-, Doubly-, and Point Symmetric Sections
For Singly-, and Doubly-Symmetric Sections
OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Commentary Section C3.1.2.1)
4 - 12
For Singly-, and Doubly-Symmetric Sections
For Point-Symmetric Sections
OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.1.2.1)
Bending About Centroidal Axis
Perpendicular to Symmetry Axis for
Singly-Symmetric Sections Only
4 - 13
where
and
EXAMPLE 4.1 BEAM SECTION
Given:
Information of Ex. 2.6 of Lecture 2
Determine:
1.) Nominal moment strength
based on laterally braced and
4 - 14
based on laterally braced and
initiation of yielding
(Procedure I)
S
xe
= 66.5/8.30 = 8.01 in.
3
M
n
= S
xe
F
y
M
n
= 8.01 (50) = 401 in.-k = 33.4 ft-k
EXAMPLE 4.1 (Continued)
2) Determine the nominal moment strength based on a laterally
unbraced length of L = 120 in.
From a computer program
A = 2.32 in.
2
; r
y
= 1.61 in.; r
o
= 6.72 in.
J = 0.00626 in.
4
; C
w
= 276 in.
6
; S
f
= 10.3 in.
3
4 - 15
J = 0.00626 in.
4
; C
w
= 276 in.
6
; S
f
= 10.3 in.
3
Assume K
y
= K
t
= 1.0
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
EXAMPLE 4.1 (Continued)
4 - 16
0.56F
y
= 28 ksi ; 2.78F
y
= 139 ksi
EXAMPLE 4.1 (Continued)
Since 2.78F
y
> F
e
> 0.56F
y
4 - 17
Now, use f = f
c
= 46.0 ksi and calculate the effective section
modulus. From a computer program -- S
c
= 8.33 in.
3
EXAMPLE 4.1 (Continued)
3) Determine the unsupported length L
u
4 - 18

L
u
= 91.4 in.
CLOSED BOX FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.1.2.2)
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Unbraced length
Eq.C3.1.2.2-1
If the unbraced length is L
u
, the nominal flexural strength shall
4 - 19
If the unbraced length is L
u
, the nominal flexural strength shall
be determined in accordance with Section C3.1.1
If the unbraced length is > L
u
, the nominal flexural strength shall
be determined in accordance with Section C3.1.2.1, where the
critical lateral-torsional buckling stress shall be determined as
follows:
Eq.C3.1.2.2-2
y
f y y
b
e
EGJI
S L K
C
F

=
DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING STRENGTH
Section C3.1.4
For
M
n
= M
y
(Eq. C3.1.4-1)
For
d
> 0.673
4 - 20
(Eq. C3.1.4-2)
M
y
= S
fy
F
y
S
fy
= Elastic section modulus of full unreduced section
M
crd
= S
f
F
d
(Eq. C3.1.4-3)
DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING STRENGTH
Section C3.1.4
General distortional buckling stress equation:
(Eq. C3.1.4-10)
4 - 21
(Eq. C3.1.4-10)
CYLINDRICAL TUBULAR MEMBERS IN BENDING
(Section C3.1.3)
For flexural members, the nominal flexural strength, M
n
, shall be calculated
as follows:
M
n
= S
f
F
c
Eq.C3.1.3-1
For D/t 0.0714 E/F
y
F
c
= 1.25 F
y
Eq.C3.1.3-2
4 - 22
F
c
= 1.25 F
y
Eq.C3.1.3-2
For 0.0714 E/F
y
< D/t 0.318 E/F
y
F
c
= Eq.C3.1.3-3
For 0.318 E/F
y
< D/t 0.441 E/F
y
F
c
= [0.328E/(D/t)] Eq.C3.1.3-4

b
= 1.67,
b
= 0.90
CYLINDRICAL TUBULAR MEMBERS IN BENDING
(Section C3.1.3)
4 - 23
0.0714
0.318
0.441
SHEAR STRENGTH
(Section C3.2)
Section C3.2.1 Shear Strength of Webs Without Holes
Section C3.2.2 Shear Strength of C-Section Webs With Holes
4 - 24
SHEAR STRENGTH
(Section C3.2.1)
SHEAR OF SOLID WEBS
The Shear Strength Depends on:
The web slenderness ratio, h/t
4 - 25
The material properties
Use of transverse stiffeners
SHEAR STRENGTH
(Section C3.2.1)
1) Unreinforced Webs
1) Elastic shear buckling
2) Inelastic shear buckling
Elastic shear buckling
4 - 26
For simply supported
edges along member
k
v
= 5.34
SHEAR STRENGTH
(Section C3.2.1)
Inelastic Shear Buckling
4 - 27
Specification uses 0.6
SHEAR STRENGTH
(Section C3.2.1)
Nominal Shear Strength, V
n
V
n
= A
w
F
v
Eq.C3.2.1-1
(a) For
Eq.C3.2.1-2
(b) For
4 - 28
(b) For
Eq.C3.2.1-3
(c) For
Eq.C3.2.1-4
SHEAR STRENGTH
(Section C3.2.1)
2) Reinforced Webs (Transverse Stiffeners)
when a/h 1.0
4 - 29
when a/h > 1.0
SHEAR STRENGTH
(Section C3.2.1
4 - 30
Shear Strength with Transverse Stiffeners
EXAMPLE 4.2 SHEAR OF SOLID WEBS
Given: Information of Ex. 2.6 of Lecture 2
Determine:
1) The nominal shear strength of the unreinforced web
h = 14.46 in.; t = 0.090 in.; k
v
= 5.34
h/t = 161 < 200 OK A
w
= 14.46(0.090) = 1.30 in.
2
4 - 31
h/t = 161 < 200 OK A
w
= 14.46(0.090) = 1.30 in.
2
Since h/t > 84.7
V
n
= A
w
F
v
= 1.30(5.49) = 7.14 kips
EXAMPLE 4.2 (Continued)
2) The nominal shear strength of the reinforced web satisfying
the requirements of Section C3.6.1.
a = 16 in.; a/h = 1.11
4 - 32
Since h/t > 108
V
n
= A
w
F
v
= 1.30(8.86) = 11.5 kips
61% increase in V
n
with stiffeners
SHEAR STRENGTH OF C-SECTION WEBS WITH HOLES
(Section C3.2.2)
The nominal shear strength, V
n
, determined from Section C3.2.1
shall be multiplied by q
s
:
When c/t 54
q
s
= 1.0 Eq.C3.2.2-1
4 - 33
When 5 c/t < 54
q
s
= c/(54t) Eq.C3.2.2-2
where
c = h/2 - d
o
/2.83 for circular holes Eq.C3.2.2-3
c = h/2 - d
o
/2 for non-circular holes Eq.C3.2.2-4
SHEAR STRENGTH OF C-SECTION WEBS WITH HOLES
(Section C3.2.2)
Provision Limits
(1) d
o
/h < 0.7
(2) h/t 200
(3) Holes centered at mid-depth of web
(4) Clear distance between holes 18 in. (457 mm)
4 - 34
(4) Clear distance between holes 18 in. (457 mm)
(5) Non-circular holes, corner radii 2t
(6) Non-circular holes, d
o
2.5 in. (64 mm) and b 4.5 in. (114 mm)
(7) Circular hole diameters 6 in. (152 mm)
(8) d
o
> 9/16 in. (14 mm)
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.3)
COMBINED BENDING AND SHEAR
4 - 35
High bending and shear simultaneously
STRENGTH FOR COMBINED BENDING AND SHEAR
(Section C3.3.1 - ASD Method)
1) Unreinforced Webs
2) Reinforced Webs
4 - 36
STRENGTH FOR COMBINED BENDING AND SHEAR
(Section C3.3.2 - LRFD Method)
1) Unreinforced Webs
2) Reinforced Webs
4 - 37
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
(Section C3.3)
4 - 38
WEB CRIPPLING
(Section C3.4)
4 - 39
WEB CRIPPLING
(Section C3.4)
LOAD CASES:
1. EOF -- End One Flange
2. IOF -- Interior One Flange
3. ETF -- End Two Flange
4 - 40
3. ETF -- End Two Flange
4. ITF -- Interior Two Flange
WEB CRIPPLING
(Section C3.4.1)
Web Crippling is a Function of many Parameters
P
n
= function of [h/t, R/t, N/t, , t, F
y
]
+ [Loading Condition]
4 - 41
+ [Loading Condition]
+ [Section Geometry)]
WEB CRIPPLING
(Section C3.4)
Basic Web Crippling Equation
Eq.C3.4.1-1
4 - 42
Web crippling coefficients C, C
R
, C
N
, and C
h
are given in the
appropriate tables for fastened or unfastened to the support.
R/t = inside bend radius ratio
N/t = bearing length ratio
h/t = web slenderness ratio
WEB CRIPPLING OF WEBS WITHOUT HOLES
(Section C3.4.1)
SECTION TYPES (Fastened or unfastened to support)
Built-up Sections (Table C3.4.1-1)
I-beams made up of 2 channels connected back to back
Limitations: h/t 200; N/t 210; N/h 1.0 and = 90
o
;
limiting R/t values and resistance factors, & , given in table

4 - 43
Single Web Channel and C-Sections (Table C3.4.1-2)
Limitations: h/t 200; N/t 210; N/h 2.0 and = 90
o
;
limiting R/t values and resistance factors, & , given in table
Single Web Z-Sections (Table C3.4.1-3)
Limitations: h/t 200; N/t 210; N/h 2.0 and = 90
o
;
limiting R/t values and resistance factors, & , given in table
WEB CRIPPLING
(Section C3.4)
SECTION TYPES (Fastened or unfastened to support)
Single Hat Sections (Table C3.4.1-4)
Limitations: h/t 200; N/t 200; N/h 2.0 and = 90;
limiting R/t values and resistance factors, & , given in table
Multi-web Deck Sections (Table C3.4.1-5)
4 - 44
Multi-web Deck Sections (Table C3.4.1-5)
Limitations: h/t 200; N/t 210; N/h 3.0; 45 90
limiting R/t values and resistance factors, & , given in table
WEB CRIPPLING
(Section C3.4)
Alternatively, for end-one-flange loading condition on a C- or Z-section,
P
nc
= P
n
Eq. C3.4.1-2
is a function of the overhang length, purlin depth, and purlin thickness.
4 - 45
WEB CRIPPLING OF C-SECTION WEBS WITH HOLES
(Section C3.4.2)
When a web hole is within the bearing length, a bearing stiffener
shall be used.
For C-sections with holes, multiply Eq.C3.4.1-1 by the reduction
factor, R
c
.
For EOF reaction (Eq.C3.4.1-1 with Table C3.4.1-2)
4 - 46
For EOF reaction (Eq.C3.4.1-1 with Table C3.4.1-2)
when any portion of a web hole is NOT within the bearing length:
R
c
= 1.01 0.325d
o
/h + 0.083x/h 1.0 Eq.C3.4.2-1
N 1 in. (25 mm)
For IOF reaction (Eq.C3.4.1-1 with Table C3.4.1-2)
when any portion of a web hole is NOT within the bearing length:
R
c
= 0.90 0.047d
o
/h + 0.053x/h 1.0 Eq.C3.4.2-2
N 3 in. (76 mm)
WEB CRIPPLING OF C-SECTION WEBS WITH HOLES
(Section C3.4.2)
Provision Limits
(1) d
o
/h < 0.7
(2) h/t 200
(3) Holes centered at mid-depth of web
(4) Clear distance between holes 18 in. (457 mm)
4 - 47
(4) Clear distance between holes 18 in. (457 mm)
(5) Distance between end of member and edge of hole d
(6) Non-circular holes, corner radii 2t
(7) Non-circular holes, d
o
2.5 in. (64 mm) and b 4.5 in. (114 mm)
(8) Circular hole diameters 6 in. (152 mm)
(9) d
o
> 9/16 in. (14 mm)
COMBINED BENDING AND WEB CRIPPLING
(Section C3.5.1 - ASD Method)
a) Shapes having single unreinforced webs
Eq.C3.5.1-1
4 - 48
b) Shapes such as I-sections (high degree of restraint)
Eq.C3.5.1-2
COMBINED BENDING AND WEB CRIPPLING
(Section C3.5.1 - ASD Method)
c) At Support Point of Two Nested Z-Sections
4 - 49
Eq.C3.5.1-3
COMBINED BENDING AND WEB CRIPPLING
(Section C3.5.2 LRFD Method)
a) Shapes having single unreinforced webs
Eq.C3.5.2-1
4 - 50
b) Shapes such as I-sections (high degree of restraint)
Eq.C3.5.2-2
COMBINED BENDING AND WEB CRIPPLING
(Section C3.5.2 - LRFD Method)
c) At Support Point of Two Nested Z-Sections
4 - 51
Eq.C3.5.2-3
Provision limits
h/t 150
N/t 140
R/t 5.5
Fy 70 ksi
COMBINED BENDING AND TORSIONAL LOADING
(Section C3.6)
For laterally unrestrained flexural members
subject to both bending and torsional loading,
M
n
computed in accordance with Section
C3.1.1(a) shall be reduced by a reduction
4 - 52
n
C3.1.1(a) shall be reduced by a reduction
factor.
R =
STIFFENERS
(Section C3.7)
Bearing Stiffeners (Section C3.7.1)
Attached to beam webs at points of concentrated load or
reaction, shall be designed as compression members.
The nominal concentrated load or reaction strength, P
n
, shall
4 - 53
The nominal concentrated load or reaction strength, P
n
, shall
be the smaller of (a) or (b) as follows:
(a) P
n
= A
c
F
wy
Eq.C3.7.1-1
(b) P
n
= A
e
F
n
Eq.C4.1-1
with A
e
replaced by A
b

c
= 2.00 &
c
= 0.85
STIFFENERS
(Section C3.7)
Shear Stiffeners (Section C3.7.3)
Where shear stiffeners are required, the spacing shall be
based on the nominal shear strength, V
n
, permitted by Section
C3.2.
The aspect ratio a/h shall not exceed [260/(h/t)]
2
nor 3.0.
4 - 54
The aspect ratio a/h shall not exceed [260/(h/t)] nor 3.0.
Non-Conforming Stiffeners (Section C3.7.4)
The design strength of members with transverse stiffeners that
do NOT meet the requirements of Section C3.7.1, Section
C3.7.2, or Section C3.7.3 such as stamped or rolled-in
transverse stiffeners, shall be determined by tests according to
Chapter F or rational analysis according with Section A1.1(b).
QUESTIONS?
4 - 55
DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURES
USING THE 2007 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIFICATION
MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION
5 - 1
CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COMPRESSION
MEMBERS
Types of Compression Members
a) Doubly-symmetric
5 - 2
b) Singly-symmetric
c) Point-symmetric
d) Non-symmetric
ACTUAL FAILED STUD SPECIMEN
600S162-43
5 - 3
STUD SECTION WITH TYPICAL HOLE
Stub Column Test
5 - 4
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
a) Member behavior
i) Yielding (short & compact)
ii) Overall buckling
~ Flexural (bending about one of the principal axes)
~ Torsional (twisting about shear center)
5 - 5
~ Torsional (twisting about shear center)
~ Torsional-flexural (simultaneous bending & twisting)
b) Element behavior
Local buckling of individual elements
NOMINAL AXIAL STRENGTH, P
n
a) For locally stable compression members
P
n
= A
g
F
n
No local buckling will occur before the nominal compressive
stress reaches the column buckling stress or the yield stress.
Hence, the gross area of the section is used.
b) For locally unstable compression members
5 - 6
b) For locally unstable compression members
P
n
= A
e
F
n
Eq.C4.1-1
Local buckling will occur and the effective cross sectional area
is used and is calculated at the nominal compressive buckling
stress.
NOMINAL AXIAL BUCKLING STRESS, F
n
(Section C4.1(a))
The nominal axial buckling stress is calculated as follows.
For
c
1.5 : (inelastic buckling) Eq.C4.1-2
For > 1.5 : (elastic buckling) Eq.C4.1-3
F =

(
(
0 877 .
F
( )
F
n
= 0 658
2
.

c
F
y
5 - 7
For
c
> 1.5 : (elastic buckling) Eq.C4.1-3
Where Eq.C4.1-4
and F
e
is the least of the elastic flexural, torsional and torsional-
flexural buckling stresses.
F
n
=

(
(
0 877
2
.

c
y
F

c
y
e
F
F
=
ELASTIC BUCKLING STRESS, F
e
Flexural Buckling (possible failure mode)
The elastic flexural buckling stress is computed
by using the following expression:
(Eq.C4.1.1-1)
F
E
=

2
P
5 - 8
(Eq.C4.1.1-1)
( )
F
KL r
e
=
2
/
P
KL=L
e
ELASTIC BUCKLING STRESS, F
e
Torsional Buckling (possible failure mode)
The elastic torsional buckling stress is computed
using the following expression:
(Eq.C3.1.2.1-9)
( )
F GJ
EC
w
= = +

(
(
1
2
P
5 - 9
(Eq.C3.1.2.1-9)
( )
F
Ar
GJ
K L
e
o
w
t t
= = +

(
(

t

2 2
P
Torsional-Flexural Buckling (possible failure mode)
The elastic torsional-flexural buckling
stress is computed by using the
following expression:
( ) ( )
F = + +

(
(
1

2 2
4
ELASTIC BUCKLING STRESS, F
e
P
Shear
Center
Centroid
5 - 10
(Eq.C4.1.2-1)
Alternatively, a conservative value for F
e
can be
obtained from the following expression:
(Eq.C4.1.2-2)
( ) ( )
F
e ex t
= + +

(
1
2
ex t ex t

4
F
e
=
+
t ex
t ex


P
EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR, K
(Table C-C4.1-1 of Commentary)
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
Buckled shape of column is
shown by dashed line.
5 - 11
Theoretical K value
Recommended K value
when ideal conditions are
approximated
End condition code
Rotation fixed, Translation fixed
Rotation free, Translation fixed
Rotation fixed, Translation free
Rotation free, Translation free
0.5 0.7 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0
0.65 0.80 1.2 1.0 2.1 2.0
LATERALLY UNBRACED STRUCTURES
(Section C4.1 of Commentary)
When no lateral bracing against sidesway is present, such as
in portal frames, the structure depends on its own bending
stiffness for lateral stability.
4
5
5 - 12
Fig. C-C4.1-6 Fig. C-C4.1-5
P
KL
L
P
(I/L)
beam
(I/L)
column
K
1 2 3 4
0
1
2
3
Hinged
Base
Fixed
Base
NONSYMMETRIC SECTIONS
(Section C4.1.4)
For open shapes that have no symmetry, either about an axis
or about a point, F
e
shall be determined by a rational analysis
or from testing in accordance with Chapter F of the Standard.
Analytically, tedious cubic equations have to be solved to
determine the torsional-flexural buckling stress, as well, the
5 - 13
determine the torsional-flexural buckling stress, as well, the
torsional warping constant, C
w
, becomes quite complex to
solve. See Section 3 of part V (Supplementary Information) of
the AISI Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual.
EXAMPLE 5.1 - CONCENTRICALLY LOADED
COMPRESSION MEMBER
Given: The doubly-symmetric I-section
made up of 2 - 5.5CU1.25x045
channel sections. L = 4.5 ft, F
y
= 33 ksi
Basic gross section properties (computer)
A = 0.696 in.
2
, C = 0.826 in.
6
, J = 0.000470 in.
4
0.045
w
R=0.1875
1.25 1.25
x
y
x
(in.)
5 - 14
A
g
= 0.696 in.
2
, C
w
= 0.826 in.
6
, J = 0.000470 in.
4
r
y
= 0.411 in., r
x
= 1.98 in., r
o
= 2.03 in.
Determine: The nominal compressive
strength, P
n
w
P
n
P
n
KL=L
e
EXAMPLE 5.1 - (Continued)
1) Determine elastic buckling stress, F
e
a) Flexural buckling (K
y
= 1.0)
K
y
L/r
y
= 4.5(12)/0.411 = 131 < 200 OK (Commentary)
F
e
=
2
E/(K
y
L/r
y
)
2
=
2
29500/(131)
2
= 17.0 ksi Eq.C4.1.1-1
5 - 15
b) Torsional buckling (K
t
= 1.0)
F
e
=
t
= 1/(Ar
o
2
)[GJ +
2
EC
w
/(K
t
L
t
)
2
] Eq.C3.1.2.1-9
F
e
= 1/0.696/(2.03)
2
{11300(0.000470) +

2
(29500)0.826/(54)
2
} = 30.6 ksi
F
e
= 17.0 ksi, and flexural buckling controls.
EXAMPLE 5.1 - (Continued)
2) Determine nominal buckling stress, F
n

c
= [F
y
/F
e
]
1/2
= [33/17.0]
1/2
= 1.39 Eq.C4.1-4
Since
c
< 1.5
F
n
= (0.658 )F
y
= [(0.658)
(1.39x1.39)
]33 = 14.7 ksi Eq.C4.1-2
3) Determine effective area, A , at f = 14.7 ksi

c
2
5 - 16
3) Determine effective area, A
e
, at f = 14.7 ksi
Flange (u.c.e) --- w = 1.25 - (0.1875 + 0.045) = 1.018 in.
W = w/t = 1.018/0.045 = 22.6 < 60 OK B.1.1(a)(3)
; Eq.B2.1-4&5
cr
F / f =
2 2
2
cr
W ) 1 ( 12
E
k F
-

=
; ksi 4 . 22 =
) 6 . 22 ( 92 . 10
E
43 . 0 = F
2
2
cr
809 . 0 = 4 . 22 / 7 . 14 =
EXAMPLE 5.1 - (Continued)
Since > 0.673, b = w Eq.B2.1-2
= (1 - 0.22/ )/ = (1 - 0.22/0.809)/0.809 = 0.900 Eq.B2.1-3
b = 0.900(1.018) = 0.916 in.
Web (s.c.e) --- w = 5.5 - 2(0.1875 + 0.045) = 5.035 in.
5 - 17
W = w/t = 5.035/0.045 = 112 < 500 OK B.1.1(a)(2)
Eq.B2.1-4&5
; F / f =
cr

2 2
2
cr
W ) 1 ( 12
E
k = F
; ksi 50 . 8 =
) 112 ( 92 . 10
E
4 = F
2
2
cr
32 . 1 = 50 . 8 / 7 . 14 =
EXAMPLE 5.1 - (Continued)
Since > 0.673, b = w Eq.B2.1-2
= (1 - 0.22/ )/ = (1 - 0.22/1.32)/1.32 = 0.631 Eq.B2.1-3
b = 0.631(5.035) = 3.18 in.
r = R + t/2 = 0.1875 + 0.045/2 = 0.210 in.
5 - 18
u = 1.57r = 1.57(0.210) = 0.330 in.
A
e
= 0.045[4(0.916 + 0.330) + 2(3.18)] = 0.510 in.
2
4) Determine nominal compressive strength, P
n
P
n
= A
e
F
n
= 0.510(14.7) = 7.50 kips Eq.C4.1-1
EXAMPLE 5.2 - CONCENTRICALLY LOADED
COMPRESSION MEMBER
Given: The point-symmetric Z-section
4ZU1.25x060
L = 3.0 ft (36 in.), F
y
= 50 ksi.
Basic gross section properties (computer)
Also, see Table I-4 of Manual
0.060
R=0.1875
1.25
x
y
x
(in.)
x
2
x
2

5 - 19
Also, see Table I-4 of Manual
A
g
= 0.372 in.
2
, C
w
= 0.201 in.
6
, J = 0.000446 in.
4
r
min
= 0.300 in., r
o
= 1.56 in.
Determine: The nominal compressive
strength, P
n
P
n
P
n
KL=L
e
x
2
EXAMPLE 5.2 - (Continued)
1) Determine elastic buckling stress, F
e
a) Flexural buckling (K = 1.0)
KL/r
min
= 36/0.300 = 120 < 200 OK (Commentary)
F
e
=
2
E/(KL/r
min
)
2
=
2
29500/(120)
2
= 20.2 ksi Eq.C4.1.1-1
5 - 20
b) Torsional buckling (K
t
= 1.0)
F
e
=
t
= 1/(Ar
o
2
)[GJ +
2
EC
w
/(K
t
L
t
)
2
] Eq.C3.1.2.1-9
F
e
= 1/0.372/(1.56)
2
{11300(0.000446) +

2
(29500)(0.201)/(36)
2
} = 55.4 ksi
F
e
= 20.2 ksi and flexural buckling controls
EXAMPLE 5.2 - (Continued)
2) Determine nominal buckling stress, F
n
Eq.C4.1-4
Since
c
> 1.5
F
n
= (0.877/
c
2
)F
y
= [0.877/(1.57)
2
]50 = 17.8 ksi Eq.C4.1-3
3) Determine effective area, A
e
, at f = 17.8 ksi
57 . 1 2 . 20 / 50 F / F
e y c
= = =
5 - 21
3) Determine effective area, A
e
, at f = 17.8 ksi
Flange (u.c.e) --- w = 1.25 - (0.1875 + 0.060) = 1.00 in.
W = w/t = 1.00/0.060 = 16.7 < 60 OK B.1.1(a)(3)
Eq.B2.1-5
ksi 1 . 41
) 7 . 16 ( 92 . 10
E
43 . 0
W ) 1 ( 12
E
k F
2
2
2 2
2
cr
= = =

-

658 . 0 1 . 41 / 8 . 17 F / f
cr
= = =
EXAMPLE 5.2 - (Continued)
Since < 0.673, flange is fully effective and Eq.B2.1-1
b = w = 1.00 in.
Web (s.c.e) --- w = 4.0 - 2(0.1875 + 0.060) = 3.505 in.
W = w/t = 3.505/0.060 = 58.4 < 500 OK B.1.1(a)(2)
Eq.B2.1-5
ksi 3 . 31
E
4
E
k F
2 2
= = =

5 - 22
Eq.B2.1-5
Eq.B2.1-4
Since > 0.673, b = w Eq.B2.1-2
ksi 3 . 31
) 4 . 58 ( 92 . 10
E
4
W ) 1 ( 12
E
k F
2 2 2
cr
= = =

-

755 . 0 3 . 31 / 8 . 17 F / f
cr
= = =
EXAMPLE 5.2 - (Continued)
= (1 - 0.22/ )/
= (1 - 0.22/0.755)/0.755 = 0.939 Eq. B2.1-3
b = 0.939(3.505) = 3.29 in.
r = R + t/2 = 0.1875 + 0.060/2 = 0.218 in.
u = 1.57r = 1.57(0.218) = 0.341 in.
5 - 23
u = 1.57r = 1.57(0.218) = 0.341 in.
A
e
= 0.060[3.29 + 2(0.341 + 1.00)] = 0.358 in.
2
4) Determine nominal compressive strength, P
n
P
n
= A
e
F
n
= 0.358(17.8) = 6.38 kips Eq.C4.1-1
EXAMPLE 5.3 - CONCENTRICALLY LOADED
COMPRESSION MEMBER
Given: The singly-symmetric C-section
3CS3x060
L = 3.5 ft (42 in.), F
y
= 50 ksi.
Basic gross section properties (computer)
A
g
= 0.593 in.
2
, C
w
= 2.09 in.
6
, J = 0.000712 in.
4
y
x
3.0
(in.)
0.060
R=0.1875
x
0.75
5 - 24
A
g
= 0.593 in. , C
w
= 2.09 in. , J = 0.000712 in.
r
y
= 1.12 in., r
x
= 1.27 in., r
o
= 3.33 in., x
o
= 2.87 in.
Determine: The nominal compressive
strength, P
n
P
n
P
n
KL=L
e
3.0
EXAMPLE 5.3 - (Continued)
1) Determine elastic buckling stress, F
e
a) Flexural buckling (K
y
= 1.0)
K
y
L/r
y
= 42/1.12 = 37.5 < 200 OK (Commentary)
F
e
=
2
E/(K
y
L/r
y
)
2
=
2
29500/(37.5)
2
= 207 ksi Eq.C4.1.1-1
5 - 25
b) Torsional-flexural buckling (K
t
= K
x
= 1.0)

t
= Eq.C3.1.2.1-9

t
= 1/0.593/(3.33)
2
{11300(0.000712) +

2
(29500)(2.09)/(42)
2
}

t
= 53.6 ksi
( )
1
2
2
2
Ar
GJ
EC
K L
o
w
t t
+

(
(

EXAMPLE 5.3 - (Continued)

F
e
= 1/(2){(
ex
+
t
) - [(
ex
+
t
)
2
- 4
ex

t
]
1/2
} Eq.C4.1.2-1
K
x
L/r
x
= 42/1.27 = 33.1 < 200 OK (Commentary)

ex
=
2
E/(K
x
L/r
x
)
2
=
2
29500/(33.1)
2
= 266 ksi Eq.C3.1.2.1-11
= 1 - (x
o
/r
o
)
2
= 1 - (2.87/3.33)
2
= 0.257 Eq.C4.1.2-3
5 - 26

t
= 53.6 ksi from before
F
e
= 1/2/0.257{(266 + 53.6) - [(266 + 53.6)
2
-
4(0.257)(266)(53.6)]
1/2
} Eq.C4.1.2-1
F
e
= 46.3 ksi, and torsional-flexural buckling controls.
EXAMPLE 5.3 - (Continued)
2) Determine nominal buckling stress, F
n

c
= [F
y
/F
e
]
1/2
= [50/46.3]
1/2
= 1.04 Eq.C4.1-4
Since
c
1.5
F
n
= = [(0.658)
(1.04x1.04)
]50 = 31.8 ksi Eq.C4.1-2
( )
0 658
2
.

c
F
y
5 - 27
3) Determine effective area, A
e
, at f = 31.8 ksi
Flange (s.c.e) --- w = 3.00 - 2(0.1875 + 0.060) = 2.505 in.
W = w/t = 2.505/0.060 = 41.8 < 60 OK B.1.1(a)(3)
Eq.B4-7
( )
12.8 0.328S ; 0 . 39 8 . 31 / E 28 . 1 S = = =
EXAMPLE 5.3 - (Continued)
Since W > 0.328S, B4(a)
Eq.B4-8
4
3
3
s
in. 000636 . 0
12
) 503 . 0 ( 060 . 0
12 / td I = = =
4
3
4
1 a
in. 00213 . 0 328 . 0
39
8 . 41
) 060 . 0 ( 399 I =
(

=
5 - 28
Eq.B4-8
Eq.B4-9
1 a
39
(

( )
4
4
4
2 a
. in 00166 . 0 5
39
8 . 41
115 060 . 0 5
S
t / w
115 t I =
(

+ =
(

+ =
( )
4
2 a 1 a a
. in 00166 . 0 I , I Min I = =
; 383 . 0 I / I R
a s I
= = 299 . 0 505 . 2 / 75 . 0 w / D = =
EXAMPLE 5.3 - (Continued)
Table B4.1
Using the basic effective width expression with k = 2.85
( )
3 / 1 = n 3 / 1 < 314 . 0 =
39 4
8 . 41
582 . 0 =
S 4
t / w
582 . 0 = n - -
( )
( )
85 . 2 = 43 . 0 + 383 . 0
505 . 2
75 . 0 5
82 . 4 = k
3 / 1
-
5 - 29
Using the basic effective width expression with k = 2.85
Since > 0.673, b = w Eq.B2.1-2
= (1 - 0.22/ )/ = (1 - 0.22/0.855)/0.855 = 0.869 Eq.B2.1-3
b = 0.869(2.505) = 2.18 in.
43.5ksi
) 8 . 41 ( ) - 12(1
E
85 . 2 =
F
2 2
2
cr
=

55 0.8 =
5 . 43
8 . 1 3
=
EXAMPLE 5.3 - (Continued)
Edge stiffener (u.c.e.)
Eq.B2.1-5
ksi 8 . 31 f ; 38 . 8 = 60 /0.0 503 . 0 = d/t =
ksi 63 1
) 38 . 8 ( ) - 12(1
E
43 . 0 =
F
2 2
2
cr
=

5 - 30
Eq.B2.1-4
Since 0.673, edge stiffener is fully effective Eq.B2.1-1
d
s
' = d = 0.503 in.
d
s
= R
I
d
s
' = 0.383(0.503) = 0.193 in.
442 0. =
163
8 . 31
=
Web (s.c.e) --- w = 3.0 - 2(0.1875 + 0.060) = 2.505 in.
W = w/t = 2.505/0.060 = 41.8 < 500 OK B.1.1(a)(2)
Eq.B2.1-5
EXAMPLE 5.3 - (Continued)
ksi 0 . 61
) 8 . 41 ( 92 . 10
E
4
W ) 1 ( 12
E
k F
2
2
2 2
2
cr
= = =

-

722 . 0 61 / 8 . 31 F / f = = =
5 - 31
Eq.B2.1-4
Since > 0.673, b = w Eq.B2.1-2
= (1 - 0.22/ )/
= (1 - 0.22/0.722)/0.722 = 0.963 Eq.B2.1-3
b = 0.963(2.505) = 2.41 in.
722 . 0 61 / 8 . 31 F / f
cr
= = =
EXAMPLE 5.3 - (Continued)
r = R + t/2 = 0.1875 + 0.060/2 = 0.218 in.
u = 1.57r = 1.57(0.218) = 0.341 in.
A
e
= 0.060[2.41 + 4(0.341) + 2(0.193 + 2.18)] = 0.511 in.
2
4) Determine nominal compressive strength, P
n
5 - 32
P
n
= A
e
F
n
= 0.511(31.8) = 16.3 kips Eq.C4.1-1
DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING STRENGTH
(Section C4.2)
For
d
0.561
P
n
= P
y
(Eq. C4.2-1)
For
d
> 0.561
P
n
= (Eq. C4.2-2)
y
6 . 0
crd
6 . 0
crd
P
P
P
P
P
25 . 0 1
|
|

\
|
|
|
|

|
|
|

\
|

5 - 33
where

d =
(Eq. C4.2-3)
P
y
= A
g
F
y
(Eq. C4.2-4)
P
crd
= A
g
F
d
(Eq. C4.2-5)
The elastic distortional buckling stress, F
d
y y
P P
|

\
|

\
|

\
crd y
P P
Flexural buckling stress:
F
e
is determined according to Section C4.1.1 and the nominal
buckling strength, P
n
, is then calculated from Section C4.1.
Effective Area:
CLOSED CYLINDRICAL TUBULAR MEMBERS IN
COMPRESSION (Section C4.1.5)
5 - 34
Effective Area:
A
e
= A
o
+ R( A - A
o
) Eq.C4.1.5-1
A
o
= Eq.C4.1.5-2
R = F
y
/(2F
e
) 1.0 Eq.C4.1.5-3
( ) ( )
y y
F
E
441 . 0
t
D
for A A 667 . 0
tE / DF
037 . 0

(
(

+
QUESTIONS?
5 - 35
DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURES
USING THE 2007 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIFICATION
COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION
6 - 1

b x
nx
b y
ny
t
n
M
M
M
M
T
T
+ 10 .
COMBINED TENSILE AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING
(Section C5.1)
ASD (C5.1.1)
i) yielding of Eq. C5.1.1-1
tension flange
ii) failure of Eq. C5.1.1-2
compression flange

b x
nxt
b y
nyt
t
n
M
M
M
M
T
T
+ + 10 .
6 - 2
nx ny n
M M T
compression flange
LRFD (C5.1.2)
i) yielding of Eq. C5.1.2-1
tension flange
ii) failure of Eq. C5.1.2-2
compression flange
M
M
M
M
T
T
ux
b nxt
uy
b nyt
u
t n

+ + 10 .
M
M
M
M
T
T
ux
b nx
uy
b ny
u
t n

+ 10 .
COMBINED COMPRESSIVE AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING
(Section C5.2)
C5.2.1 ASD
The required strengths, P, M
x
, and M
y
shall satisfy the
following interaction equations:
i) Stability C5.2.1-1


c b mx x
b my y
P
P
C M
M
C M
M
+ +

10 .
6 - 3
ii) Strength C5.2.1-2
When
c
P/P
n
0.15, the following equation may be used in
lieu of the above equations:
C5.2.1-3
n nx x ny y
P M M


c
no
b x
nx
b y
ny
P
P
M
M
M
M
+ + 10 .


c
n
b x
nx
b y
ny
P
P
M
M
M
M
+ + 10 .
COMBINED COMPRESSIVE AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING
(Section C5.2)
C5.2.2 LRFD
The required strengths, P
u
, M
ux
, and M
uy
shall satisfy the
following interaction equations:
i) Stability C5.2.2-1
P
P
C M
M
C M
M
u
c n
mx ux
b nx x
my uy
b ny y

+ + 10 .
6 - 4
ii) Strength C5.2.2-2
When P
u
/
c
P
n
0.15, the following equation may be used in
lieu of the above equations:
C5.2.2-3
P M M
c n b nx x b ny y

P
P
M
M
M
M
u
c no
ux
b nx
uy
b ny

+ + 10 .
P
P
M
M
M
M
u
c n
ux
b nx
uy
b ny

+ + 10 .
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS
ASD
> 0 Eq. C5.2.1-4
> 0 Eq. C5.2.1-5
y
c
Ey
P
P
= 1

x
c
Ex
P
P
= 1

P
M
x
M
max
=
M
x

x
P
u
M
ux
M
max
=
M
ux

x
6 - 5
LRFD
> 0 Eq. C5.2.2-4
> 0 Eq. C5.2.2-5
Eq.C5.2.1-6, Eq.C5.2.1-7
Ey
P
Ex
u
x
P
P
1 = -
Ey
u
y
P
P
1 = -
P
EI
K L
EI
K L
Ex
x
x x
Ey
y
y y
= =

2
2
2
2
( )
;
( )
P
P
M
x
P
u
M
ux
ASD LRFD
If end moments are as shown on the previous slide, no additional
modification is necessary.
For unequal end moments M
1
and M
2
and compression members
in frames, the following modifications shall apply:
(a) For compression members in frames subject to joint
translation (sidesway)
EFFECT OF MOMENTS (C
mx
, C
my
)
6 - 6
C
m
= 0.85
(b) For compression members in frames braced against
joint translation and no transverse loading between
supports
C
m
= 0.6 + 0.4(M
1
/M
2
) (single curvature) Eq.C5.2.2-8
C
m
= 0.6 - 0.4(M
1
/M
2
) (double curvature) Eq.C5.2.2-8
EFFECT OF MOMENTS (C
mx
, C
my
)
(c) For compression members in frames braced against joint
translation with transverse loading between supports
C
m
may be determined by rational analysis, or in lieu of
(1) for members with restrained ends, C
m
= 0.85,
6 - 7
(2) for members with unrestrained ends, C
m
= 1.0.
Given: The closed box section
8 x 8 x 0.105 as shown
L = 12.0 ft (144 in.), F
y
= 50 ksi.
Applied loads:
i) Axial load P
D
= 4.00 kips, P
L
= 16.0 kips
ii) End moments M = 1.50 ft-kips, M = 6.00 ft-kips
EXAMPLE 6.1 - COMBINED AXIAL LOAD
AND BENDING
y
x
8.0
(in.)
t=0.105
R=0.1875
w
P
6 - 8
ii) End moments M
D
= 1.50 ft-kips, M
L
= 6.00 ft-kips
Basic gross section properties (computer)
A
g
= 3.27 in.
2
, I
x
= I
y
= 33.8 in.
4
, r
x
= r
y
= 3.21 in.,
S
f
= 8.44 in.
3
, r = R + t/2 = 0.24 in.,
u = 1.57r = 0.377 in., c = 0.637r = 0.153 in.
Determine: The adequacy of the tubular
member using LRFD
P
P
12 ft
M
M
EXAMPLE 6.1 - (Continued)
1) Check Interaction Equation C5.2.2-1
(M
uy
= 0)
Compute nominal axial strength, P
n
,
based on buckling C4
0 . 1
M
M C
+
M
M C
+
P
P
y ny b
uy my
x nx b
ux mx
n c
u

6 - 9
based on buckling C4
Flexural buckling (K = 1.0)
F
n
= = 43.2 ksi Eq.C4.1-2
A
e
= 2.01 in.
2
P
n
= A
e
F
n
= 2.01(43.2) = 86.8 kips Eq.C4.1-1
( )
0 658
2
.

c
F
y
Compute nominal flexural strength, M
nx
,
based on lateral-torsional buckling C3.1.2.1
M
nx
= S
c
F
c
Eq.C3.1.2.1-1
~ Compression flange (1)
From above, b = 4.15 in.
EXAMPLE 6.1 - (Continued)
6 - 10
From above, b = 4.15 in.
~ Webs (3) (w/t = 70.6)
C
y
cg
2
2
4
3
4
3
1
5
T
f
1
f
2
y
cg
= 4.46 in. (Effective Section)
M
nx
= 313 in.-kips = 26.1 ft-kips Eq.C3.1.2.1-1
Compute
x
term (C
mx
= 1.0)

x
= 1 - P
u
/P
Ex
= 0.936 Eq.C5.2.2-4
Compute required strengths, P and M
EXAMPLE 6.1 - (Continued)
6 - 11
Compute required strengths, P
u
and M
ux
P
u
= 1.20P
D
+ 1.60P
L
= 30.4 kips
M
ux
= 1.20M
D
+ 1.60M
L
= 11.4 ft-kips
Check interaction equation C5.2.2-1
Eq.C5.2.2-1
OK
0 . 1 < 930 . 0 =
) 936 . 0 )( 1 . 26 ( 90 . 0
4 . 11
+
) 8 . 86 ( 85 . 0
4 . 30
2) Check Interaction Equation C5.2.2-2
(M
fy
= 0)
Compute nominal axial strength, P
no
,
EXAMPLE 6.1 - (Continued)
0 . 1
M
M
+
M
M
+
P
P
ny b
uy
nx b
ux
no c
u

6 - 12
Compute nominal axial strength, P
no
,
based on f = F
n
= F
y
C5.2
w = 7.415 in. (s.c.e.), w/t = 70.6 < 500 OK B1.1(a)(2)
= 1.53 Eq.B2.1-4
Since > 0.673, b = w Eq.B2.1-2
= (1 - 0.22/ )/ = 0.560 Eq.B2.1-3
b = 0.560(7.415) = 4.15 in.
A
e
= 4(0.105)[0.377 + 4.15] = 1.90 in.
2
P
no
= A
e
F
n
= 1.90(50) = 95.0 kips
Compute nominal flexural strength, M
nx
[From Part 1) above] C3.1.2.1
M
nx
= 313 in.-kips = 26.1 ft-kips Eq.C3.1.2.1-1
EXAMPLE 6.1 - (Continued)
6 - 13
M
nx
= 313 in.-kips = 26.1 ft-kips Eq.C3.1.2.1-1
Check interaction equation C5.2.2-2
OK
0 . 1 < 862 . 0 =
) 1 . 26 ( 90 . 0
4 . 11
+
) 0 . 95 ( 85 . 0
4 . 30
QUESTIONS?
6 - 14
DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURES
USING THE 2007 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIFICATION
MEMBER BRACING
7 - 1
STRAPPING
7 - 2
BLOCKING
JOISTS OR RAFTERS
7 - 3
STUDS
TYPES OF BRACING
7 - 4
STEEL BUILDING SYSTEMS
7 - 5
TYPES OF BRACING
Member (beam or column)
7 - 6
System (roof or wall)
MEMBER BRACING
(Section D3)
Design Requirements:
Prevent lateral bending
Prevent twisting
7 - 7
Prevent local crippling at attachments
MEMBER BRACING
(Section D3.1)
SYMMETRIC SHAPES
Design considerations:
7 - 8
Strength
Stiffness
MEMBER BRACING
(Section D3.3)
BRACING OF AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Design considerations:
7 - 9
Strength,
Stiffness,
BRACING OF C & Z SECTION BEAMS
(Section D3.2)
Applications:
Top Flange Restrained by Deck or Sheathing
Neither Flanges Restrained by Deck or Sheathing
7 - 10
Neither Flanges Restrained by Deck or Sheathing
MEMBER BRACING
7 - 11
C-SECTION BRACING FORCES
F
P
7 - 12
For a uniform load
per unit length, P:
P
L
= 1.5KaP
MEMBER BRACING
d
Pm
= F
K P =
P
P
F
7 - 13
K P =
P
F
MEMBER BRACING
|
|

\
|
x
xy
I 2
I
P = F PK =
P
F
7 - 14
F
MEMBER BRACING
(Section D3.2.1)
Neither Flange Restrained and the load acts through
the plane of the web:
7 - 15
Design brace force, P
L
:
Uniform load, P
L
= 1.5 K'W
Concentrated load, P
L
= 1.0 K'P + 1.4K'P(1- l/a)
7 - 16
MEMBER BRACING
(Section D3.2.2)
Neither Flange Restrained and the load does not act
through the plane of the web:
Design brace force, P
L
:
7 - 17
Uniform load,
Concentrated load,
DIAPHRAGM BRACING
7 - 18
STEEL DECK DIAPHRAGMS
7 - 19
DIAPHRAGM BRACING
(Section D5)
Strength Consideration - LRFD
P
d
S
n
Where,
P= Factored loads on the diaphragm
S
n
= Nominal strength of the shear diaphragm as determined
7 - 20
S
n
= Nominal strength of the shear diaphragm as determined
by calculation or test
Strength Consideration - ASD
P S
n
/
d
Where,
P= Service loads on the diaphragm
D6 Metal Roof and Wall Systems
The provisions of Sections D6.1 through D6.3 shall apply to
metal roof and wall systems that include cold-formed steel
purlins, girts, through-fastened roof systems and standing
seam roof panels.
7 - 21
SYSTEM BRACING AND ANCHORAGE
(Section D6.3)
Design brace force for typical roof systems is a
function of
Gravity load
C- or Z- purlins
7 - 22
Top flange attached to sheathing
(through fastened or standing seam panels)
Simple or continuous spans
For bracing arrangements not covered, test per Section F1
SYSTEM BRACING
7 - 23
SYSTEM BRACING AND ANCHORAGE
(Section D6.3.1)

=
|
|
|

\
|
=
p
i
j
N
1 i
total
j , i
eff
i L
K
K
P P
(
| |
+ t ) b 25 . 0 m (
L I
New Anchorage Device Equation:
Each anchorage device must resist P
L
Anchorage force at each purlin
7 - 24
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+ = sin 4 C cos
d
t ) b 25 . 0 m (
3 C
d I
L I
1000
2 C
W 1 C P
2
x
xy
p i
i
( )
sys
N
1 j
j , i
eff total
K K K
a
i
+ =

=
2
2
p sys
d
ELt
N
1000
5 C
K =
1
p
p
a
eff
E LA 6 C
d
K
1
K
j , i
j i,

(
(

+ =
Effective lateral stiffness of all elements resisting P
i
Lateral stiffness of roof system, neglecting anchorage
device (purlin to rafter & panel to purlin connections)
Effective lateral stiffness of anchorage device
Anchorage force at each purlin
when every purlin is anchored
by a rigid anchor
SYSTEM BRACING AND ANCHORAGE
(Section D6.3.1)
References:
Sears and Murray, Proceedings of the Annual Stability
Conference, Structural Stability Research Council, April 2007
AISI design guide
Sears J., Seek, M, and Murray, T.M. (2008), Design Guide for
7 - 25
Sears J., Seek, M, and Murray, T.M. (2008), Design Guide for
Cold-Formed Steel Roof Framing Systems, AISI D111,
American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C.
MEMBER BRACING
(Section D6.1.1)
Member flexural strength is a function
of:
C- or Z- purlins
Roof and wall systems
Wind uplift or suction load
Top flange connected to sheathing
7 - 26
Top flange connected to sheathing
Simple or continuous span
M
n
= RS
e
F
y
For structural systems not
covered, test per Section F1
MEMBER BRACING
(Section D6.1.1)
R = 0.60 for continuous span C-sections.
R = 0.70 for continuous span Z-sections.
If adjacent spans vary by more than 20%
R shall be taken from Table D6.1.1-1
7 - 27
TABLE D6.1.1-1
Simple Span C- or Z-Section R Values
Depth Range, in. (mm) Profile R
d 6.5 (165) C or Z 0.70
6.5 (165) < d 8.5 (216) C or Z 0.65
8.5 (216) < d 11.5 (292) Z 0.50
8.5 (216) < d 11.5 (292) C 0.40
MEMBER BRACING
(Section D6.1.2)
Member Flexural Strength
C- or Z- Purlins
Gravity Load and Uplift Load

7 - 28
Top Flange Supporting Standing Seam Roof Panel
M
n
= RS
e
F
y
MEMBER BRACING
(Section D6.1.3)
Member Axial Strength
C- and Z- Sections
Concentric Axial Load
One Flange Attached to Deck or Sheathing
7 - 29
One Flange Attached to Deck or Sheathing
Attachment with Through Fasteners
P
n
= C
1
C
2
C
3
AE/29500 Eq.D6.1.3-1
C
1
C
2
C
3
reflect influence of fastener location, material thickness
and cross-section geometry.
QUESTIONS?
7 - 30
DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURES
USING THE 2007 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIFICATION
CONNECTIONS
8 - 1
TYPES OF CONNECTORS
Welds
Bolts
Screws
Other
8 - 2
Other
CONNECTIONS AND JOINTS
(Section E)
Thickness Limits:
Welds:
Sheet thickness 3/16 in., Section E2
Bolts:
Sheet thickness 3/16 in., Section E3
8 - 3
Sheet thickness 3/16 in., Section E3
Screws:
No explicit thickness limitations
WELDED CONNECTIONS
(Section E2)
Arc Welds
Groove Welds
Arc Spot Welds
Arc Seam Welds
8 - 4
Arc Seam Welds
Fillet Welds
Flare Groove Welds
Resistance Welds
(a) Tension or compression normal to weld
P
n =
L t
e
F
y
Eq. E2.1-1
where,
F
y
= Yield stress of lowest strength of base steel
t
e
= effective throat dimension
DESIGN STRENGTH OF GROOVE WELDS IN BUTT JOINTS
(Section E2.1)
8 - 5
t
e
= effective throat dimension
L = Length of weld
= 0.90
= 1.70
(b) Shear on effective weld area
P
n
= L t
e
(0.6F
xx
) or P
n
=
= 0.80, = 1.90 = 0.90, = 1.90
where,
DESIGN STRENGTH OF GROOVE WELDS IN BUTT JOINTS
(Section E2.1)
( )
L t F
e y
/ 3
8 - 6
F
y
= Yield stress of lowest strength of base steel
F
xx
= Tensile strength of electrode
t
e
= effective throat dimension
L = Length of weld
DESIGN STRENGTH OF ARC SPOT WELDS
(Section E2.2)
Limitations
Maximum thickness of single sheet or combination of sheets
is 0.15 in.
Weld washers required for sheets less than 0.028 in.
Minimum effective diameter, d = 3/8 in.
8 - 7
Minimum effective diameter, d
e
= 3/8 in.
DESIGN STRENGTH OF ARC SPOT WELDS
(Section E2.2)
Definitions
8 - 8
DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH OF ARC SPOT WELDS
(Section E2.2.1.1)
Minimum Edge Distance
e
min
= P/(F
u
t) for ASD
8 - 9
e
min
= P
u
/(F
u
t) for LRFD
and vary with the F
u
/F
y
of the sheet
DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH OF ARC SPOT WELDS
(Section E2.2.1.2)
Shear Strength - Sheets Welded to Thicker Member:
Shear strength of weld
Tearing of connected part
xx
2
e
n
F 75 . 0
4
d
P

=
u a n
F td ) C ( = P
8 - 10

where the coefficient, C, varies from 1.40 to 2.20 depending on

the ratio (d
a
/t)
u a n
DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH OF ARC SPOT WELDS
(Section E2.2.1.3)
Shear Strength - Sheet-to-Sheet Connections:
P
n
= 1.65 td
a
F
u
8 - 11
= 2.20
= 0.70
DESIGN STRENGTH OF ARC SPOT WELDS
(Section E2.2.2)
Tension
Tensile strength of weld:
Tearing of connected part:
xx
2
e
n
F
4
d
P

=
u a
2
y u n
F td ) F / F ( 8 . 0 P =
8 - 12
DESIGN STRENGTH OF ARC SEAM WELDS
(Section E2.3)
Limit States
(a) Shear strength of weld: P
n
= (d
e
2
/4 + Ld
e
) 0.75F
xx
(b) Strength of connected part: Pn = 2.5tF
u
(0.25L + 0.96d
a
)
8 - 13
DESIGN STRENGTH OF FILLET WELDS
(Section E2.4)
(a) Shear strength of weld
8 - 14
(b) Tearing of connected part
1. Longitudinal Loading
2. Transverse Loading
DESIGN STRENGTH OF FLARE-BEVEL GROOVE WELDS
(Section E2.5)
Transverse loading
P
n
= 0.833tLF
u
= 0.60
= 2.55
8 - 15
= 2.55
DESIGN STRENGTH OF FLARE GROOVE WELDS
(Section E2.5)
Longitudinal loading
Tensile strength of weld (t > 0.10):
P
n
= 0.75t
w
LF
xx
= 0.60
= 2.55
8 - 16
Tearing of connected part:
P
n
= 0.75tLF
u
, for t t
w
< 2t
P
n
= 1.50tLF
u
, for t
w
2t
= 0.55
= 2.80
RESISTANCE WELDS
(Section E2.6)
Nominal Shear Strength of a Spot Weld
(a) For 0.01 in. t < 0.12 in.
P
n
= 144 t
1.47
(b) For 0.14 in. t 0.18 in.
8 - 17
(b) For 0.14 in. t 0.18 in.
P
n
= 43.4 t + 1.93
= 0.65
= 2.35
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
(Section E3)
A307
A325
A354
8 - 18
A449
A490
TYPES OF FAILURE OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS
(a) Longitudinal shear failure of sheet
8 - 19
(b) Bearing failure of sheet
TYPES OF FAILURE OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS
(c) Tensile failure of sheet
8 - 20
(d) Shear failure of bolt
SPACING AND EDGE DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS
(Section E3.1)
Minimum center-to-center distance: 3d
Minimum distance from bolt center to edge or end: 1.5d
Strength of connection:
8 - 21
Strength of connection:
P
n
= t e F
u
When F
u
/F
y
1.08, = 2.0; = 0.70
When F
u
/F
y
< 1.08, = 2.22; = 0.60
DESIGN BEARING STRENGTH OF CONNECTED PART
(Section E3.3)
When deformation around the bolt holes is not a design
consideration:
P
n
= m
f
CdtF
u
Eq.E3.3.1-1
C = Bearing factor
8 - 22
C = Bearing factor
m
f
= modification factor for type of bearing connection
= 0.60, = 2.50; Table E3.3.1-1
Thickness, t d/t C
0.024 t < 0.1875
d/t < 10 3.0
10 d/t 22 4 0.1(d/t)
d/t > 22 1.8
BEARING MODIFICATION FACTOR, m
f
(Table E3.3.1-2)
Type of Bearing Connection m
f
Single shear and outside sheets of
double shear connection with washers
under both bolt head and nut
1.00
8 - 23
Single shear and outside sheets of
double shear connection without
washers under both bolt head and nut,
or only one washer
0.75
Inside sheet of double shear
connection with or without washers 1.33
BOLTED CONNECTIONS IN BEARING
Without Washer With Washer
8 - 24
DESIGN BEARING STRENGTH OF CONNECTED PART
(Section E3.3.2)
When deformation around the bolt holes is a design
consideration
P
n
= (4.64t +1.53)dtF
u
Eq.E3.3.2-1
= unit conversion factor
8 - 25
= unit conversion factor
= 1 for imperial units
= 0.0394 for metric units
= 0.65
= 2.22
DESIGN TENSILE AND SHEAR STRENGTH OF BOLTS
(Section E3.4)
P
n
= A
b
(F
nt
or F
nv
given in Table E3.4-1)
Type of Bolts Tensile Strength Shear Strength
F
nt
F
nv
A307 Bolts, Gr. A 0.75 2.25 40.5 0.65 2.40 24.0
8 - 26
A307 Bolts, Gr. A 0.75 2.25 40.5 0.65 2.40 24.0
( in. d < in.)
A307 Bolts, Gr. A 0.75 2.25 45.0 0.65 2.40 27.0
(d in.)
A325-N Bolts 0.75 2.0 90.0 0.65 2.40 54.0
A325-X Bolts 0.75 2.0 90.0 0.65 2.40 72.0
BOLTS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION
(Section E3.4)
P
n
= A
b
F
nt
Where the nominal tensile strength of a bolt subjected to a
combination of tension and shear is:
F = 110 2.8 f 90 Table E3.4-2 (ASD)
8 - 27
F
nt
= 110 2.8 f
v
90 Table E3.4-2 (ASD)
f
v
= Computed shear stress in bolt
A
b
= Cross sectional area of bolt
and are given in the specification
EXAMPLE 8.2 BOLTED CONNECTION
Given:
ASTM A307 bolts w/o washers
d = 1/2 in.
ASTM A653 Gr. 33; F
y
= 33 ksi; F
u
= 45 ksi
Determine:
The design capacity of the angle and bolt connecting element.
8 - 28
EXAMPLE 8.2 (Continued)
1) Angle - Yielding of gross section
T
n
= A
g
F
y
; A
g
= (6 0.068)0.068 = 0.40 in.
2
Eq.C2-1
= (0.40)33 = 13.2 kips
T
a
= T
n
/ = 13.2/1.67 = 7.90 kips
2) Angle Fracture at connection
8 - 29
P
n
= A
e
F
u
Eq.E3.2-8
P
a
= P
n
/ ; = 2.22
A
e
= UA
n
U = 1.0 - 1.2 /L < 0.9, but shall not be less than 0.4 Eq.E3.2-9
U = 1.0 1.2(0.783/3) = 0.687 > 0.4 OK
A
n
= A
g
nA
h
= 0.40 1(0.5625)0.068 = 0.362 in.
2
_
x
EXAMPLE 8.2 (Continued)
A
e
= 0.687(0.362) = 0.249 in.
2
T
a
= 0.249(45)/2.22 = 5.04 kips
3) Angle Block shear rupture E5.3
8 - 30
A
nt
= [1 (0.5625)]0.068 = 0.0489 in.
2
A
nv
= [4.5 - 1(0.5625)]0.068 = 0.249 in.
2
A
gt
= 1(0.068) = 0.068 in.
2
A
gv
= 4.5(0.068) = 0.306 in.
2
EXAMPLE 8.2 (Continued)
F
u
A
nt
= 0.0489(45) = 2.20 kips
R
n
= 0.6F
y
A
gv
+ F
u
A
nt
= 0.6(33)(0.306)+2.20=8.26 kips -governs
R
n
= 0.6F
u
A
nv
+ F
u
A
nt
= 0.6(45)(0.249)+2.20=8.92 kips
R / = 8.26/2.22 = 3.72 kips
8 - 31
R
n
/ = 8.26/2.22 = 3.72 kips
Angle controlled by block shear.
4) Bolts Shear E3.4
P
n
= A
b
F; A
b
= d
2
/4 = (1/2)
2
/4 = 0.196 in.
2
Eq.E3.4-1
F = F
nv
= 27 ksi Table E3.4-1
P
n
= 0.196(27) = 5.29 kips/bolt
P
n
/ = 5.29/2.4 = 2.20 kips/bolt
EXAMPLE 8.2 (Continued)
Connection strength = 2(2.20) = 4.40 kips
5) Bolts Bearing E3.3
P
n
= m
f
C F
u
dt
d/t = (1/2)/0.068 = 7.4, C = 3.0 Table E3.3.1-1
m
f
= 0.75 Table E3.3.1-2
P
n
= 0.75 (3)(45)(1/2)(0.068) = 3.44 kips/bolt

8 - 32
P
n
/ = 3.44/2.50 = 1.38 kips/bolt
Connection strength = 2(1.38) = 2.75 kips
6) Shear end distance in plate material E3.1
P
n
= teF
u
= 0.068(1.5)45 = 4.59 kips/bolt Eq.E3.1-1
P
n
/ = 4.59/2.0 = 2.30 kips/bolt
Connection strength = 2(2.30) = 4.60 kips
Connection strength controlled by bearing = 2.75 kips
SCREW CONNECTIONS
8 - 33
SCREW CONNECTIONS
Limitations
0.08 in. screw diameter 0.25 in.
Thread forming or thread cutting
With or without a self-drilling point
Diaphragm applications, Section D5
Tests per Section F permitted
8 - 34
Tests per Section F permitted
Spacing
Minimum center-to-center distance: 3d
Minimum distance from screw center to edge or end: 1.5d
ENDLAP SPLICE AND INTERMEDIATE FASTENING
8 - 35
LIGHT WEIGHT STEEL FRAMING
8 - 36
COMMON SCREW TYPES
Type A:
Type AB:
8 - 37
Type B:
Self-Drilling:
SELF-DRILLING SCREWS
8 - 38
SCREW SIZES AND THICKNESS LIMITS
8 - 39
LIMIT STATES OF SCREW CONNECTIONS
1. Longitudinal shear of sheet
2. Bearing failure of the sheet
3. Tilting of screw and subsequent tearing of sheet
4. Shear failure of screw
8 - 40
5. Tension pull-out of screw
6. Tension pull-over of sheet
7. Tension failure of screw
CONNECTION SHEAR LIMITED BY END DISTANCE
(Section E4.3.2)
P
ns
= t e F
u
Eq.E4.3.2-1
8 - 41
= 3.0
= 0.50
CONNECTION SHEAR LIMITED BY TILTING AND BEARING
(Section E4.3.1)
Tilting:
P
ns
= 4.2(t
2
3
d)
1/2
F
u2
Bearing:
P
ns
= 2.7tdF
u
8 - 42
P
ns
= 2.7tdF
u
If t
2
/t
1
2.5, bearing
failure alone governs
DESIGN FOR SHEAR OR TENSION IN SCREW
(Sections E4.3.3 and E4.4.3)
The design strength of the screw is determined as follows:
Shear: P
ns
= P
ss
Tension: P
ns
= P
ts
where,
= 0.50, = 3.0
8 - 43
= 0.50, = 3.0
P
ss
= Nominal shear strength of the screw as reported by
manufacturer or determined by an independent
laboratory testing
P
ts
= Nominal tensile strength of the screw as reported by
manufacturer or determined by an independent
laboratory testing
DESIGN FOR TENSION PULL-OUT OF SCREW
(Section E4.4.1)
P
not
= 0.85 t
c
dF
u2
Eq.E4.4.1-1
where,
= 0.50, = 3.0
t
c
= lesser of depth of penetration or t
2
8 - 44
DESIGN OF TENSION PULL-OVER OF SHEET
(Section E4.4.2)
P
nov
= 1.5 t
1
d
w
F
u1
Eq.E4.4.2-1
where,
= 0.50, = 3.0
d
w
= Effective pull-over diameter (Figure E4.4.2).
8 - 45
COMBINED SHEAR AND PULL-OVER
(Section E4.3.2)
ASD Method:
Q/P
ns
+ 0.71 T/P
nov
1.10/ Eq.E4.5.1-1
8 - 46
LRFD Method:
Q
U
/P
ns
+ 0.71 T
u
/P
nov
1.10 Eq.E4.5.2-1
P
ns
= 2.7 t
1
dF
u1
P
nov
= 1.5 t
1
d
w
F
u1
Note the limitations on the equations
QUESTIONS?
8 - 47
Standards for Cold-Formed
Steel Light-Frame
Construction
AISI S100 Section D4 AISI S100 Section D4
1-1
Member versus System Design
1-2
Requirements for
Specification Specification
General Provisions General Provisions
AISI Standards Hierarchy
Design Standards Design Standards
Prescriptive Methods Prescriptive Methods
Requirements for
engineered or
prescriptive design
Specification Specification
1-3
2007 Standards
Update Existing Standards:
AISI S200-07: General Provisions *
AISI S211-07: Wall Stud Design *
AISI S212-07: Header Design *
AISI S213-07: Lateral Design * AISI S213-07: Lateral Design *
AISI S214-07: Truss Design *
AISI S230-07: Prescriptive Method for One and
Two Family Dwellings
New Standards:
AISI S201-07: Product Standard *
AISI S210-07: Floor and Roof System Design *
1-4
AISI Framing Standards
General:
AISI S200-07: General Provisions
AISI S201-07: Product Standard
Code of Standard Practice, 2006 Edition
Design Standards:
AISI S210-07: Floor and Roof System Design AISI S210-07: Floor and Roof System Design
AISI S211-07: Wall Stud Design
AISI S212-07: Header Design
AISI S213-07: Lateral Design
AISI S214-07: Truss Design
Prescriptive Methods:
AISI S230-07: Prescriptive Method for One and Two Family
Dwellings
1-5
AISI S200: General Provisions
A. GENERAL
B. MEMBER DESIGN
C. INSTALLATION

C. INSTALLATION
D. CONNECTIONS
E. MISCELLANEOUS
1-6
Installation Tolerances
Floor joist web must not be in contact with
rim joist web to prevent squeaks
1-7
Installation Tolerances
Wall stud must be seated in track with
maximum gap of 1/8
1-8
Screw Connections
Installation:
Minimum of 3 exposed threads
No permanent separation between plies
1-9
Minimum 3 exposed
threads shall protrude
through steel
Screw Connections
Stripped Screws:
Stripped screw fasteners in direct tension are
considered ineffective
Stripped screw fasteners in shear may be Stripped screw fasteners in shear may be
considered effective (not more than 25% of
the total number considered effective)
1-10
Screw Connections
Spacing:
Provides for an allowance if the spacing is
less than 3 times screw diameter, as
specified by AISI S100: Specification specified by AISI S100: Specification
If spacing is greater than 2 times screw
diameter, screws can be considered
80% effective
1-11
Corrosion Protection
Additional corrosion protection is not required
on edges of metallic-coated steel framing
members, shop or field cut, punched or drilled.
Recognizes zinc's ability to galvanically
protect steel, and protect steel, and
Exposure of the underlying steel at a cut edge
will not result in corrosion of the steel away from
the cut edge
1-12
In-Line Framing
No restriction
existed that
specifically
addresses the case addresses the case
where the bearing
stiffener is attached
to the back side of
the floor joist
1-13
In-Line Framing
1-14
AISI S201: Product Data
A. GENERAL
B. MATERIALS
C. PRODUCTS C. PRODUCTS
D. QUALITY
ASSURANCE
1-15
AISI S201: Product Data
Scope:
Materials, Coatings and Thickness
Shapes and Dimensions
Designators and Marking
Tolerances and Quality Assurance
1-16
Materials
Referenced Standard:
ASTM A1003: Standard Specification for Steel Sheet,
Carbon, Metallic- and Nonmetallic-Coated for Cold-
Formed Framing Members
Requirements:
Type H (high ductility), Structural Grade 33 or 50
Type L (low ductility), Structural Grade 33 or 50
Type NS, Nonstructural Grade 33
1-17
Shapes
S = C-shaped stud or joist
T = Track T = Track
U = Cold rolled channel
F = Furring (hat) channel
L = Angle or L-header
1-18
Shapes
1-19
Thickness
1-20
600 S 162 - 54
Product Designator
2 or 3 digit numeral indicating base metal
thickness in 1/1000 inch (mils) (0.054)
3 digit numeral indicating flange width in 1/100
inches (1-5/8), followed by a dash
Letter indicating the type of product (C-shape section)
3 or 4 digit numeral indicating web depth in 1/100 inches (6)
1-21
Code of Standard Practice
A. GENERAL
B. CLASSIFICATION OF
MATERIALS
C. CONTRACT
DOCUMENTS DOCUMENTS
D. INSTALLATION
DRAWINGS
E. MATERIALS
F. INSTALLATION
G. QUALITY CONTROL
H. CONTRACTUAL
RELATIONS
1-22
Summary
Question: Who is responsible for
what?
Answer: Good Communication
1-23
AISI S210: Floor and Roof
System Design
Load Combinations
Member Design:
Discretely Braced Design
Continuously Braced Design Continuously Braced Design
Connection Design:
Bearing Stiffeners
Bracing Design
1-24
Member Design
Discretely braced design:
Neglect attached sheathings
Discrete braces provided along member
length
Continuously braced design:
Sheathing or deck attached to compression
side
Continuous or discrete bracing attached to
tension side
1-25
Bracing Design
Provides a prescriptive approach for
compression side bracing:
3/8 inch wood structural sheathing or 9/16 x 0.0269
thickness steel deck
attached with No. 8 screws at 12 inches o.c. attached with No. 8 screws at 12 inches o.c.
Adapts requirements for tension side bracing
from AISI S100 (Specification) requirements for
members where neither flange is attached to
sheathing
1-26
AISI S211: Wall Stud Design
Load Combinations
Sheathing Braced Design
Stud-to-Track Connection
Deflection Track Connection Deflection Track Connection
1-27
Stud-to-Track Connection
1-28
Deflection Track
Deflection Track Connection
w
dt
Track
D
e
1-30
b
stud
Stud
Figure C4.3-1 Deflection Track Connection
AISI S212: Header Design
A. GENERAL
B. DESIGN
C. INSTALLATION C. INSTALLATION
1-31
Back-to-Back Headers
1-32
Box Headers
1-33
Box Headers
1-34
AISI S213: Lateral Design
Type 1 Shear Walls
Type 2 Shear Walls
Diagonal Strap Bracing
Wall Anchorage Wall Anchorage
Diaphragms
1-35
Shear Walls
IBC and NFPA Model Codes
Additional Design Values:
Framing thicknesses 68 mils
Nominal shear strengths > 3000 plf Nominal shear strengths > 3000 plf
Design values for # 10 screws
Single and Double-Sided Assemblies
Design Deflections
1-36
Type 1 Shear Walls
1-37
Type 1 Shear Walls
1-38
Type 1 Shear Walls
1-39
Type 1 Shear Walls
1-40
a
sheathing c s
v
Gt
vh
b A E
vh

+ + =
2
4 3 2
4 / 5
1 2 1
3
8
Type 2 Shear Walls
1-41
Diaphragms
Design Values for Wood Structural Panel
Sheathing
Design Deflections
1-42
Diagonal Strap Bracing
1-43
Diagonal Strap Bracing
Special seismic provisions
provide for ductile
performance:
Use capacity design
approach based on
expected strength of expected strength of
diagonal strap
Use welded connections
or use screw connections
with R
t
F
u
/R
y
F
y
>1.2
Avoid bending of track
Design track for horizontal
shear force or connect
diagonal brace directly to
support
1-44
AISI S214: Truss Design
A. GENERAL
B. DESIGN
RESPONSIBILITIES
C. LOADING C. LOADING
D. TRUSS DESIGN
E. QUALITY CRITERIA
F. TRUSS
INSTALLATION AND
BRACING
G. TEST METHODS
1-45
Analysis
Simplified Analysis:
Chord members - continuous between pitch
breaks; i.e., pinned at heel, ridge, other pitch
breaks, intermediate splices
Web members - pinned at each end Web members - pinned at each end
Rigorous Analysis:
Incorporating joint flexibility is permitted
Connections must be designed for resulting
forces
1-46
Complex Shapes
1-47
Chord Shapes
cg
cg
X-axis X-axis
X
-
a
x
i
s
1-48
C-Shape
cg
sc
Z-Shape
sc
cg
sc
Hat-Shape
X-axis X-axis
Combined Axial, Bending and Web
Crippling
1-49
Not addressed by the AISI Specification
1-50
1-51
Combined Axial, Bending and
Web Crippling
P/P
no
+ M/M
nxo
+ R/R
n
1.49/ P/P
no
+ M/M
nxo
+ R/R
n
1.49/
1-52
Design Strength
Within the Connection
1-53
Coped C-Section Connections
ridge
1-54
heel
Coped C-Section Connections
Coping permitted at the heel and
ridge
Reduction factor is given in the Reduction factor is given in the
Standard for both shear strength
and web crippling strength
1-55
Gusset Plate Design
Plate buckling model
1-56
Confirmatory Truss Test
1-57
Top Chord Supported
QUESTIONS?
1-58
Standard for Seismic Design of
Cold-Formed Steel Structural
SystemsSpecial Bolted Moment
Frames
AISI S110-07 w/supplement No.1
Applicability
(A1.2)
Cold-formed steel special bolted moment
frames
When R > 3 is used, less than 3 use S100
Not applicable when design is per: Not applicable when design is per:
ANSI/AISC 341, Seismic Provisions for Structural
Steel Buildings
RMI, specification for storage rack design
AISI S213, steel framing lateral standard
Seismic Design Requirements
(A2)
Required Strength, in accordance with
applicable building code
Story Drift, as specified in the applicable
building code building code
Loads and Load Combinations
(A3)
Design coefficient for amplified seismic loads:
TABLE 1.2-1
Design Coefficients and Factors for Basic Seismic
Force Resisting Systems
Height Limit (ft)
Basic Seismic
Force Resisting
System
Response
Modification
Coefficient
R
System
Overstrength
Factor
o
Deflection
Amplification
Factor
Cd
Seismic Design Category
B & C D E F
Building Frame Systems
Cold-formed steel
special bolted
moment framesc
3.5
3.0a
3.5 b 35 35 35 35
Nominal Strength of System
(A4)
Members and connections shall be designed
per AISI S100
Materials
(B1)
15 approved ASTM steels.
A500 used for HSS sections
A653 used for beams A653 used for beams
Material Properties for Required Strength
(B1.1)
Use expected yield stress: R
re
R
cf
R
y
F
y
R
re
= Inelastic reserve capacity (Eq. B1.1-1)
R
cf
= Cold-work of forming (1.10)
R
y
= Expected yield to specified yield (Table B1.1)
F = Minimum specified yield stress
y
F
y
= Minimum specified yield stress
Use expected tensile stress: R
t
F
u
R
t
= Expected to specified tensile (Table B1.1)
F
u
= Minimum tensile strength
Table B1.1
Steel Ry Rt
Plates and bars:
A36/A36M, A283/A283M
A242/A242M, A529/A529M, A572/A572M,
A588/A588M
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
Hollow Structural Sections:
A500 and A847 1.4 1.3
Sheet and strip (A606, A653/A653M,
A792/A792M, A875, A1003/A1003M,
A1008/A1008M, A1011/A1011M):
Fy< 37 ksi (255 MPa) 1.5 1.2
37ksi (255MPa) Fy< 40 ksi (275 MPa) 1.4 1.1
40ksi (275MPa) Fy<50 ksi (340 MPa) 1.3 1.1
Fy 50 ksi(340 MPa) 1.1 1.1
Connections, Joints & Fasteners
(C)
Design per AISI S100, except:
Connection configured to achieve ductile limit
state in the member or at the joint controls
the design. the design.
Bolts shall be high-strength
Bolted joints not designed to share load with
welds
Holes: standard or short-slotted perpendicular
to line of force
Cold-Formed Steel Special Bolted
Moment Frames (CFSSBMF)
(D1)
Limited to one-story structures
No greater than 35 ft. in height
No column splices No column splices
Satisfy the following requirements of Section D1
Beam-to-Column Connections
(D1.1)
Snug-tight high-strength bolts
Bolt spacing and edge distance per AISI S100,
Section E3
Bolt bearing plates are permitted when Bolt bearing plates are permitted when
welded to the beam web
Typical Bolted Connection
Channel Beam
VIEW A-A
L
C
HSS Column
For double-channel
beam only
HSS Column
h
a
a
b
Channel Beam
Bolt Bearing Plate
(Optional)
Channel Beam
Bolt Bearing Plate
(Optional)
A
A
B
B
ELEVATION VIEW B-B
c
L
C
L
C
L
C
L
C
HSS Column
Beams and Columns
(D1.2)
Beam design per D1.2.3 and
ASTM A653 Grade 55 galvanized cold-formed steel C-
section members with lips, designed in accordance
with Chapter C of AISI S100.
The beams minimum design thickness of 0.105 in.
(2.67 mm).
The beams minimum design thickness of 0.105 in.
(2.67 mm).
The beam depth not less than 12 in. (305 mm) or
greater than 20 in. (508 mm).
h/t shall not exceed 6.18
When single C-section beams are used, torsional
effects shall be accounted for in the design.
y
F / E
Beams and Columns
(D1.2)
Column design per D1.2.3 and
ASTM A500 Grade B cold-formed steel hollow
structural section (HSS) members painted with a
standard industrial finished surface, and designed standard industrial finished surface, and designed
in accordance with Chapter C of AISI S100.
Column depth not less than 8 in. (203 mm) or
greater than 12 in. (305 mm).
The flat depth-to-thickness ratio not to exceed
1.40
y
F / E
Required Strength: Beams & Columns
(D1.2.3)
Required Strength = Expected Moment, M
e
h = story height
) V R h(V M
B t S e
+ =
h = story height
R
t
= Table B1.1
V
S
= Column shear corresponding to slip strength
of the bolt group
V
V
= Column shear corresponding to bearing
strength of bolt group
Slip Component of Column Shear, V
S
C
S
= See Table D1-1
k = Slip coefficient, 0.33
kNT/h C V
S S
=
k = Slip coefficient, 0.33
N = 1 for single-channel beams
= 2 for double-channel beams
T = 10 kips for 1-in. diameter bolts
Bearing Component of Column Shear, V
B
V
B,max
= Column shear producing maximum
bearing strength of bolt group,
1 1
V
V
43 . 1
max , B
B
2
max , B
B
=

/h NR C
0 B
bearing strength of bolt group,
= Story drift

B
= story drift causing bearing deformation in
bolt group,

B,max
= Story drift deformation of bolt group at
maximum bearing strength,
/h NR C
0 B
0
hK
nM
e
S

h C C
DB B,0
Bearing Component of Column Shear, V
B

S
= Story drift bolt slip deformation,
C
B
, C
DS
, C
B,0
= See Table D1-1
C
DB
= See Table D1-2
d = Bolt diameter
F
u
= Tensile strength of connected part
h h C
os DS
F
u
= Tensile strength of connected part
h
os
= Hole oversize
K = Structural lateral stiffness
n = Number of columns in a frame line
R
0
= Governing dtF
u
of connected components
t = Thickness of connected component
Table D1-1
Table D1-2
Bolt Bearing Plates
(D1.2.3.2)
M = Required strength of plate

+
=
p w
p
e
bp
t t
t
N
M
M
M
bp
= Required strength of plate
M
e
= Expected moment at a bolt group
t
p
= Thickness of bolt bearing plate
t
w
= Thickness of beam web
N = Number of channels
Design Story Drift
(D1.3)
Design Coefficient, C
d
TABLE 1.2-1
Design Coefficients and Factors for Basic Seismic
Force Resisting Systems
Deflection
Height Limit (ft)
Basic Seismic
Force Resisting
System
Response
Modification
Coefficient
R
System
Overstrength
Factor
o
Deflection
Amplificatio
n
Factor
Cd
Seismic Design Category
B & C D E F
Building Frame Systems
Cold-formed steel
special bolted
moment framesc
3.5 3.0 a
3.5b
35 35 35 35
Wei-Wen Yu
Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structure Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structure
laboube@mst.edu, 573-341-4481
Questions?