1

6. Design of Portal Frames

(For class held on 20
th
, 26
th
and 27
th
March 07)
By Dr. G.S.Suresh, Professor, Civil Engineering Department, NIE, Mysore
(Ph:9342188467, email: gss_nie@ yahoo.com)
3.1 Introduction:
A portal frame consists of vertical member called Columns and top member which
may be horizontal, curved or pitched. The vertical and top members built
monolithically are considered as rigidly connected. They are used in the construction
of large sheds, bridges and viaducts.
The base of portal frame may be hinged or fixed. The portal frames are spaced at
suitable distance and it supports the slab above the top members. Various forms of
RCC portal frames used in practice is shown in Fig.6.1
d) A Two Storeyed Portal
c) A Mill Bend b) For a Viaduct a) For shed
Fig. 6.1
The portal frames have high stability against lateral forces such as wind and
earthquake and the moments in the top beam are also reduced. But at the same time,
large moments are induced in the columns which become more costly. A portal frame
is a statically indeterminate structure.
In the case of buildings, the portal frames are generally spaced at intervals of 3 to 4m
with a reinforced concrete slab cast monolithically between the frames. Frames used
for ware house sheds and workshop structures are provided with sloping of purlins
and asbestos sheet roofing between the portal frames. The base of the columns of the
portal frames are either fixed or hinged. Generally the columns having raft or piles
are considered as fixed for analysis purpose.
Analysis of frames can be done by any standard methods like i) Slope deflection
method, ii) Moment distribution method, iii) Strain energy method, iv) Kanis
method. Columns are designed for axial force and bending moment, whereas beam is
2
designed for bending moment and shear force. These forces are obtained from the
analysis carried out on the frame. Limit state method of design is used for design of
members. Tables given in SP16 may be used for design.
3.2 Procedure for Analysis and design of Portal frames:
Step1: Design of slabs
Slabs are supported on beams and are designed as continuous. Generally these slabs
are designed as one way slabs. Maximum bending moments and shear forces are
computed using the coefficients given in tables 12 and 13 respectively of IS456-2000.
For the assumed depth the required steel is computed from table 1 to4 or 5 to 44 of
SP16. Area of distribution steel are computed based on the minimum steel
requirement ie., 0.12% of gross area.
Step2: Preliminary design of beams and columns
Depth of the beam is generally decided on the basis of span to depth ratio. For lightly
loaded beams it is taken as 20 and 12 to 15 for heavily loaded beams. The width of
the beam depends on the architectural requirements. Generally the width of the beam
kept equal to the width of the wall or column. The size of the column is decided based
on axial load calculated as reaction of beam or by experience.
Step3: Analysis
The forces on beams and at joints if any are first calculated and then forces in
columns and beams are calculated using any standard methods of analysis like slope
deflection method, moment distribution method etc., or tables given in SP43 can also
be used for finding the shear force and bending moment.
Step4: Design of beams
Using the end moments and superposing simple support bending moment diagram,
the design moments at mid span and at ends are computed. The mid span section of
intermediate frame is designed as T-beam using the tables 57 to 59 of SP16. The
sections at ends of the beam are designed as rectangular beams. For the depth of the
beam used at mid span, the steel required is computed from finding steel percentage
using the tables 1 to 4 of SP16. These sections are also designed for shear using tables
61 to 63 of SP16. The beam is checked for deflection using span to effective depth
ratio.
Step5: Design of Columns
The columns are designed for uniaxial moment using the charts 24 to 85 of SP 16.
The tie reinforcement of the column is designed on the basis of recommendations
given in clause 26.5.3.2 of IS456-2000.
Step6: Design of footings
The footings are designed for flexure, single shear and punching shear. The
reinforcement is generally provided on the basis of flexural requirement. If the base
of the columns is analised as hinged base, then the hinge is also designed considering
the triaxial stresses.
3
PROBLEMS:
1. The roof of a 8m wide hall is supported on a portal frame spaced at 4m intervals.
The height of the portal frame is 4m. The continuous slab is 120 mm thick. Live
load on roof = 1.5 kN/m
2
, SBC of soil = 150 kN/m
2
. The columns are connected
with a plinth beam and the base of the column may be assumed as fixed. Design
the slab, column, beam members and suitable footing for the columns of the
portal frame. Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel. Also prepare the
detailed structural drawing.
Solution:
Data given:
Spacing of frames = 4m
Span of portal frame = 8m
Height of columns = 4m
Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m
2
Thickness of slab = 120mm
Concrete: M20 grade
Steel: Fe 415
Three dimensional view of the frame with and without the slab is shown in Fig 6.2
8.00m
4.00m
4.00m
4.00m
4.00m
X
Y
Z
Fig. 6.2
4
Step1:Design of slab
Self weight of slab = 0.12 x 24 = 2.88 kN/m
2
Weight of roof finish = 0.50 kN/m
2
(assumed)
Ceiling finish = 0.25 kN/m
2
(assumed)
Total dead load w
d
= 3.63 kN/m
2
Live load w
L
= 1.50 kN/m
2
(Given in the data)
Maximum service load moment at interior support =
9
L w
10
L w
2
L
2
d
+ = 8.5 kN-m
M
u
=1.5 x 8.5 = 12.75 kN-m/m
M
ulim
=Q
lim
bd
2
= 2.76 x 1000 x 100
2
/ 1 x 10
6
= 27.6 kN-m > 12.75 kN-m (Q
lim
=2.76)
275 . 1
100 x 1000
10 x 75 . 12
bd
M
2
6
2
u
= =
From table 2 of SP16 p
t
=0.384; A
st
=(0.384 x 1000 x 100)/100= 384 mm
2
Spacing of 10 mm dia bars = (78.54 x 1000)/384= 204.5 mm c/c
Provide #10 @ 200 c/c
Area of distribution steel A
dist
=0.12 x 1000 x 120 / 100 = 144 mm
2
Spacing of 8 mm dia bars = (50.26 x 1000)/144= 349 mm c/c
Provide #8 @ 340 c/c. Main and dist. reinforcement in the slab is shown in Fig.6.3
Step2: Preliminary design of beams and columns
Beam:
Effective span = 8m
Effective depth based on deflection criteria = 8000/12 = 666.67mm
Assume over all depth as 700 mm with effective depth = 650mm, breadth b = 400mm
and column section equal to 400 mm x 600 mm.
Step3: Analysis
Load on frame
i) Load from slab = (3.63+1.5) x 4 =20.52 kN/m
ii) Self weight of rib of beam = 0.4x0.58x24 = 5.56 kN/m
Total ~ 27.00 kN/m
The portal frame subjected to the udl considered for analysis is shown in Fig. 6.4
5
Fig. 6.4
The moments in the portal frame fixed at the base and loaded as shown in Fig. 6.4 are
analysed by moment distribution
I
AB
= 400 x 600
3
/12 = 72 x 10
8
mm
4
, I
BC
= 400 x 700
3
/12 = 114.33 x 10
8
mm
4
Stiffness Factor:
K
BA
= I
AB
/ L
AB
= 18 x 10
5
K
BC
= I
BC
/ L
BC
= 14.3 x 10
5
Distribution Factor:
55 . 0
10 3 . 14 10 18
10 18
K
K
D
5 5
5
BA
BA
BA
=
+

= =

45 . 0
10 3 . 14 10 18
10 3 . 14
K
K
D
5 5
5
BC
BC
BC
=
+

= =

Fixed End Moments:

M
F
AB
= M
F
BA
= M
F
CD
= M
F
DC
0
M
F
BC
= -
12
8 x 27
12
wL
2 2
= =-144 kN-m and M
F
CB
=
12
8 x 27
12
wL
2 2
= =144 kN-m
6
Moment Distribution Table
Joint A B C D
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF - 0.55 0.45 0.45 0.55 -
FEM 0 0 -144 144 0 0
Balance - 79.2 64.8 -64.8 -79.2 -
Carry
over
39.6 - -32.4 32.4 - -39.6
Balance - 17.82 14.58 -14.58 -17.82 -
Carry
over
8.91 - -7.29 7.29 - -8.91
Balance - 4 3.28 -3.28 -4 -
Carry
over
2 - -1.64 1.64 - -2
Balance - 0.90 0.74 -0.74 -0.9 -
Carry
over
0.45 - -0.37 0.37 - -0.45
Balance - 0.20 0.17 -0.17 -0.2 -
Total 50.96~51 102.11~102 -102.11~-
102
102.11~102 -102.11~-102 -50.96~-51
Bending Moment diagram
Fig. 6.5
7
Design moments:
Service load end moments: M
B
=102 kN-m, M
A
=51 kN-m
Design end moments M
uB
=1.5 x 102 = 153 kN-m, M
uA
=1.5 x 51=76.5 kN-m
Service load mid span moment in beam= 27x8
2
/8 102 =114 kN-m
Design mid span moment M
u
+
=1.5 x 114 = 171 kN-m
Maximum Working shear force (at B or C) in beam = 0.5 x 27 x 8 = 108kN
Design shear force V
u
= 1.5 x 108 = 162 kN
Step4:Design of beams:
The beam of an intermediate portal frame is designed. The mid span section of this beam
is designed as a T-beam and the beam section at the ends are designed as rectangular
section.
Design of T-section for Mid Span :
Design moment M
u
=171 kN-m
Flange width b
f
=
f w
o
D 6 b
6
L
+ + , Here L
o
=0.7 x L = 0.7 x 8 =5.6m
b
f
= 5.6/6+0.4+6x0.12=2m
b
f
/b
w
=5 and D
f
/d =0.2 Referring to table 58 of SP16, the moment resistance factor is
given by K
T
=0.459,
M
ulim
=K
T
b
w
d
2
f
ck =
0.459 x 400 x 600
2
x 20/1x10
6
= 1321.92 kN-m > M
u
Safe
The reinforcement is computed using table 2 of SP16
M
u
/bd
2
= 171 x 10
6
/(400x600
2
)~1.2 for this p
t
=0.359
A
st
=0.359 x 400x600/100 = 861.6 mm
2
No of 20 mm dia bar = 861.6/(tx20
2
/4) =2.74
Hence 3 Nos. of #20 at bottom in the mid span
Design of Rectangular-section for End Span :
Design moment M
uB
=153 kN-m
M
uB
/bd
2
= 153x10
6
/400x600
2
~1.1 From table 2 of SP16 p
t
=0.327
A
st
=0.327 x 400 x 600 / 100 = 784.8
No of 20 mm dia bar = 784.8/(tx20
2
/4) =2.5
Hence 3 Nos. of #20 at the top near the ends for a distance of o.25 L = 2m from face
of the column as shown in Fig 6.6
Check for Shear
Nominal shear stress = 675 . 0
600 400
10 x 162
bd
V
3
u
v
=

= = t
p
t
=100x 942/(400x600)=0.39~0.4
Permissible stress for p
t
=0.4 from table 19 t
c
=0.432 < t
v
Hence shear reinforcement
is required to be designed
Strength of concrete V
uc
=0.432 x 400 x 600/1000 = 103 kN
Shear to be carried by steel V
us
=162-103 = 59 kN
Spacing 2 legged 8 mm dia stirrup s
v
= 367
10 59
600 50 2 415 87 . 0
V
d A f 87 . 0
3
us
sv y
=

=
Two legged #8 stirrups are provided at 300 mm c/c (equal to maximum spacing)
8
Step5:Design of columns:
Cross-section of column = 400 mm x 600 mm
Ultimate axial load P
u
=1.5 x 108 = 162 kN (Axial load = shear force in beam)
Ultimate moment M
u
= 1.5 x 102 = 153 kN-m ( Maximum)
Assuming effective cover d = 50 mm; d/D ~0.1
053 . 0
600 400 20
10 153
bD f
M
2
6
2
ck
u
=


=
9
033 . 0
600 400 20
10 162
bD f
P
3
ck
u
=


=
Referring to chart 32 of SP16, p/f
ck
=0.03; p=20 x 0.03 = 0.6
Minimum steel in column should be 0.8 %, Hence min steel percentage shall be adopted
A
st
=0.8x400x600/100 = 1920 mm
2
No. of bars required = 1920/314 = 6.1
Provide 8 bars of #20
8mm diameter tie shall have pitch least of the following
i) Least lateral dimension = 400 mm
ii) 16 times diameter of main bar = 320 mm
iii) 48 times diameter of tie bar = 384
iv) 300mm
Provide 8 mm tie @ 300 mm c/c
Step6:Design of Footing:
Load:
Axial Working load on column = 108 kN
Self weight of footing @10% = 11 kN
Total load= 119~120 kN
Working load moment at base = 51 kN-m
Approximate area footing required = Load on column/SBC
= 108/150 =0.72 m
2
However the area provided shall be more than required to take care of effect of
moment. The footing size shall be assumed to be 2mx3m (Area=6 m
2
)
2m
1.2m
3m
0.6m
0.4m
X
X
600
Tie #8 @300 c/c
8-#20
400
10
Maximum pressure q
max
=P/A+M/Z = 108/6+6x51/2x3
2
= 35 kN/m
2
Minimum pressure q
min
=P/A-M/Z = 108/6-6x51/2x3
2
= 1 kN/m
2
Average pressure q = (35+1) = 18 kN/m
2
Bending moment at X-X = 18 x 2 x 1.2
2
/2 = 25.92 kN-m
Factored moment M
u
~39 kN-m
Over all depth shall be assumed as 300 mm and effective depth as 250 mm,
312 . 0
250 2000
10 39
bd
M
2
6
2
u
=

=
Corresponding percentage of steel from Table 2 of
SP16 is p
t
= 0.1%, Minimum p
t
=0.12%
Area of steel per meter width of footing is A
st
=0.12x1000x250/100=300 mm
2
Spacing of 12 mm diameter bar = 113x1000/300 = 376 mm c/c
Provide #12 @ 300 c/c both ways
Check for Punching Shear
Length of punching influence plane = a
o
= 600+250 = 850 mm
Width of punching influence plane = b
o
= 400+250 = 650 mm
Punching shear Force = V
punch
=108-18x(0.85x0.65)=98 kN
Punching shear stress t
punch
= V
punch
/ (2x(a
o
+b
o
)d =98x10
3
/(2x(850+650)250)
= 0.13 MPa
Permissible shear stress = 0.25\f
ck
=1.18 MPa > t
punch
Safe
Check for One Way Shear
Shear force at a distance d from face of column
V= 18x2x0.95 = 34.2 kN
Shear stress t
v
=34.2x10
3
/(2000x250)=0.064 MPa
Referring to table 19 of IS456 this stress is very small and hence safe
Details of reinforcement provided in footing is shown in Fig.6.7
Fig.6.7
11
LONGITUDINAL ELEVATION
Cross-Sections of Beam
Cross-Section of Column
12
2. A portal frame hinged at base has following data:
Spacing of portal frames = 4m
Height of columns = 4m
Distance between column centers = 10m
Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m
2
RCC slab continuous over portal frames. Safe bearing capacity of soil=200 kN/m
2
Adopt M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 steel. Design the slab, portal frame and
foundations and sketch the details of reinforcements.
Solution:
Data given:
Spacing of frames = 4m
Span of portal frame = 10m
Height of columns = 4m
Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m
2
Concrete: M20 grade
Steel: Fe 415
Three dimensional view of the frame with and without the slab is shown in Fig 6.8
Fig. 6.8
13
Step1:Design of slab
Assume over all depth of slab as 120mm and effective depth as 100mm
Self weight of slab = 0.12 x 24 = 2.88 kN/m
2
Weight of roof finish = 0.50 kN/m
2
(assumed)
Ceiling finish = 0.25 kN/m
2
(assumed)
Total dead load w
d
= 3.63 kN/m
2
Live load w
L
= 1.50 kN/m
2
(Given in the data)
Maximum service load moment at interior support =
9
L w
10
L w
2
L
2
d
+ = 8.5 kN-m
M
u
=1.5 x 8.5 = 12.75 kN-m/m
M
ulim
=Q
lim
bd
2
= 2.76 x 1000 x 100
2
/ 1 x 10
6
= 27.6 kN-m > 12.75 kN-m (Q
lim
=2.76)
275 . 1
100 x 1000
10 x 75 . 12
bd
M
2
6
2
u
= =
From table 2 of SP16 p
t
=0.384; A
st
=(0.384 x 1000 x 100)/100= 384 mm
2
Spacing of 10 mm dia bars = (78.54 x 1000)/384= 204.5 mm c/c
Provide #10 @ 200 c/c
Area of distribution steel A
dist
=0.12 x 1000 x 120 / 100 = 144 mm
2
Spacing of 8 mm dia bars = (50.26 x 1000)/144= 349 mm c/c
Provide #8 @ 340 c/c. Main and dist. reinforcement in the slab is shown in Fig.6.9
Step2: Preliminary design of beams and columns
Beam:
Effective span = 10m
Effective depth based on deflection criteria = 10000/13 = 769.23mm
Assume over all depth as 750 mm with effective depth = 700mm, breadth b = 450mm
and column section equal to 450 mm x 600 mm.
Step3: Analysis
Load on frame
i) Load from slab = (3.63+1.5) x 4 =20.52 kN/m
ii) Self weight of rib of beam = 0.45x0.63x24 = 6.80 kN/m
Total ~ 28.00 kN/m
Height of beam above hinge = 4+0.1-075/2 =3.72 m
14
The portal frame subjected to the udl considered for analysis is shown in Fig. 6.10
Fig. 6.10
The moments in the portal frame hinged at the base and loaded as shown in Fig. 6.10
are analysed by moment distribution
I
AB
= 450 x 600
3
/12 = 81 x 10
8
mm
4
, I
BC
= 450 x 750
3
/12 = 158.2 x 10
8
mm
4
Stiffness Factor:
K
BA
= I
AB
/ L
AB
= 21.77 x 10
5
K
BC
= I
BC
/ L
BC
= 15.8 x 10
5
Distribution Factor:
5 . 0
10 8 . 15 10 77 . 21
10 77 . 21
K
K
D D
5 5
5
BA
BA
BC BA
=
+

= =

Fixed End Moments:

M
F
AB
= M
F
BA
= M
F
CD
= M
F
DC
0
M
F
BC
= -
12
10 x 28
12
wL
2 2
= =-233 kN-m and M
F
CB
=
12
8 x 27
12
wL
2 2
= =233 kN-m
15
Moment Distribution Table
Joint A B C D
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF - 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 -
FEM 0 0 -233 233 0 0
Balance - 116.5 116.5 -116.5 -116.5 -
Carry
over
- - -58.25 58.25 - -
Balance - 29.13 29.13 -29.13 -29.13 -
Carry
over
- - -14.57 14.57 - -
Balance - 7.29 7.29 -7.29 -7.29 -
Carry
over
- -3.65 3.65 - -
Balance - 1.83 1.83 -1.83 -1.83 -
Carry
over
- - -0.92 0.92 - -
Balance - 0.46 0.46 -0.46 -0.46 -
Total - 155.21~156 -155.21~-
156
155.21~156 -155.21~-156 -
Bending Moment diagram
Fig. 6.11
16
Design moments:
Service load end moments: M
B
=156 kN-m,
Design end moments M
uB
=1.5 x 156 = 234 kN-m,
Service load mid span moment in beam= 28x10
2
/8 102 =194 kN-m
Design mid span moment M
u
+
=1.5 x 194 = 291 kN-m
Maximum Working shear force (at B or C) in beam = 0.5 x 28 x 10 = 140kN
Design shear force V
u
= 1.5 x 140 = 210 kN
Step4:Design of beams:
The beam of an intermediate portal frame is designed. The mid span section of this beam
is designed as a T-beam and the beam section at the ends are designed as rectangular
section.
Design of T-section for Mid Span :
Design moment M
u
=291 kN-m
Flange width b
f
=
f w
o
D 6 b
6
L
+ + , Here L
o
=0.7 x L = 0.7 x 10 =7m
b
f
= 7/6+0.45+6x0.12=2.33m
b
f
/b
w
=5.2 and D
f
/d =0.17 Referring to table 58 of SP16, the moment resistance factor
is given by K
T
=0.43,
M
ulim
=K
T
b
w
d
2
f
ck =
0.43 x 450 x 700
2
x 20/1x10
6
= 1896.3 kN-m > M
u
Safe
The reinforcement is computed using table 2 of SP16
M
u
/bd
2
= 291 x 10
6
/(450x700
2
)~1.3 for this p
t
=0.392
A
st
=0.392 x 450x700/100 = 1234.8 mm
2
No of 20 mm dia bar = 1234.8/(tx20
2
/4) =3.93
Hence 4 Nos. of #20 at bottom in the mid span
Design of Rectangular-section for End Span :
Design moment M
uB
=234 kN-m
M
uB
/bd
2
= 234x10
6
/450x700
2
~1.1 From table 2 of SP16 p
t
=0.327
A
st
=0.327 x 450 x 700 / 100 = 1030
No of 20 mm dia bar = 1030/(tx20
2
/4) =3.2
Hence 4 Nos. of #20 at the top near the ends for a distance of o.25 L = 2.5m from
face of the column as shown in Fig 6.12
Check for Shear
Nominal shear stress = 67 . 0
700 450
10 x 210
bd
V
3
u
v
=

= = t
p
t
=100x 1256/(450x700)=0.39~0.4
Permissible stress for p
t
=0.4 from table 19 t
c
=0.432 < t
v
Hence shear reinforcement
is required to be designed
Strength of concrete V
uc
=0.432 x 450 x 700/1000 = 136 kN
Shear to be carried by steel V
us
=210-136 = 74 kN
Spacing 2 legged 8 mm dia stirrup
s
v
= 53 . 341
10 74
700 50 2 415 87 . 0
V
d A f 87 . 0
3
us
sv y
=

=
Two legged #8 stirrups are provided at 300 mm c/c (equal to maximum spacing)
17
18
Step5:Design of columns:
Cross-section of column = 450 mm x 600 mm
Ultimate axial load P
u
=1.5 x 140 = 210 kN (Axial load = shear force in beam)
Ultimate moment M
u
= 1.5 x 156 = 234 kN-m ( Maximum)
Assuming effective cover d = 50 mm; d/D ~0.1
07 . 0
600 450 20
10 234
bD f
M
2
6
2
ck
u
=


=
04 . 0
600 450 20
10 210
bD f
P
3
ck
u
=


=
Referring to chart 32 of SP16, p/f
ck
=0.04; p=20 x 0.04 = 0.8 %
Equal to Minimum percentage stipulated by IS456-2000 (0.8 % )
A
st
=0.8x450x600/100 = 2160 mm
2
No. of bars required = 2160/314 = 6.8
Provide 8 bars of #20
8mm diameter tie shall have pitch least of the following
v) Least lateral dimension = 450 mm
vi) 16 times diameter of main bar = 320 mm
vii) 48 times diameter of tie bar = 384
viii) 300mm
Provide 8 mm tie @ 300 mm c/c
Step6:Design of Hinge:
At the hinge portion, concrete is under triaxial stress and can withstand higher
permissible stress.
Permissible compressive stress in concrete at hinge= 2x0.4f
ck
=16 MPa
Factored thrust =P
u
=210kN
Cross sectional area of hinge required = 210x10
3
/16=13125 mm
2
Provide concrete area of 200 x100 (Area =20000mm
2
) for the hinge
Shear force at hinge = Total moment in column/height = 156/3.72=42
Ultimate shear force = 1.5x42=63 kN
Inclination of bar with vertical = u= tan
-1
(30/50) =31
o
Ultimate shear force = 0.87 f
y
A
st
sinu
2
o
3
st
mm 339
31 sin 415 87 . 0
10 63
A =


=
Provide 4-#16 (Area=804 mm
2
)
600
Tie #8 @300 c/c
8-#20
450
19
Step7:Design of Foundations:
Load:
Axial Working load on column = 140 kN
Self weight of column=0.45 x 0.6 x3.72x 24 = 24
Self weight of footing @10% = 16 kN
Total load= 180 kN
Working moment at base = 42 x 1 =42 kN-m
Approximate area footing required = Load on column/SBC
= 180/200 =0.9 m
2
However the area provided shall be more than required to take care of effect of
moment. The footing size shall be assumed to be 1mx2m (Area=2 m
2
)
Maximum pressure q
max
=P/A+M/Z = 180/2+6x42/1x2
2
= 153 kN/m
2
Minimum pressure q
min
=P/A-M/Z = 180/2-6x42/1x2
2
= 27 kN/m
2
Average pressure q = (153+27)/2 = 90 kN/m
2
Bending moment at X-X = 90 x 1 x 0.7
2
/2 = 22 kN-m
Factored moment M
u
~33 kN-m
Over all depth shall be assumed as 300 mm and effective depth as 250 mm,
528 . 0
250 1000
10 33
bd
M
2
6
2
u
=

=
Corresponding percentage of steel from Table 2 of
SP16 is p
t
= 0.15% > Minimum p
t
=0.12%
Area of steel per meter width of footing is A
st
=0.15x1000x250/100=301 mm
2
Spacing of 12 mm diameter bar = 113x1000/375 = 376 mm c/c
Provide #12 @ 300 c/c both ways
Check for Punching Shear
Length of punching influence plane = a
o
= 600+250 = 850 mm
Width of punching influence plane = b
o
= 450+250 = 700 mm
Punching shear Force = V
punch
=180-90x(0.85x0.7)=126.5 kN
Punching shear stress t
punch
= V
punch
/ (2x(a
o
+b
o
)d =126.5x10
3
/(2x(850+700)250)
= 0.16 MPa
Permissible shear stress = 0.25\f
ck
=1.18 MPa > t
punch
Safe
Check for One Way Shear
Shear force at a distance d from face of column
V= 90x1x0.45 = 40.5 kN
Shear stress t
v
=40.5x10
3
/(1000x250)=0.162 MPa
For p
t
=0.15 , the permissible stress t
c
= 0.28 (From table 19 of IS456-2000)
2m X
1m
0.7m
0.6m
X
0.45m
20
Details of reinforcement provided in footing is shown in Fig.6.13
Fig.6.13
21
Cross-Sections of Beam
Cross-Section of Column
LONGITUDINAL ELEVATION
22
Reference Books
N.Krishna Raju Advanced Reinforced concrete Design
Jaikrishna and O.P.Jain Plain and reinforced concrete Vol2
B.C.Punmia Reinforced Concrete Structures Vol2
Problems for Practice
1. A portal frame ABCD has fixed supports at A and D. The columns AB and
CD are 5m in height while the beam BC is 10 m in length. The frames are
spaced at 3.5m intervals. The live load on the roof slab which is 100 mm thick
may be taken as 1.5 kN/m
2
. Design the beam, column and footing and sketch
the details of reinforcements. Adopt M-20 concrete, Fe-415 steel and
SBC=200 kN/m
2
2. The roof of an assembly hall 30m long and 12 m wide between centres of
columns, consists of a continuous reinforced concrete slab over rectangular
portal frames spaced 3m apart. The columns are provided with independent
footings and hinged at the bottom. The ceiling height is 3.5m above the hinge
level. Adopting M-20 concrete and Fe-415 for steel, design the continuous
roof slab and the portal frame and foundation footing for the columns assume
safe bearing capacity of the soil as 150 kN/m
2
. Sketch the details of
reinforcements in the portal frame.
**************