Rise of Nationalism in Southeast Asia (1920s-1930s) I. Sources of Nationalism in SEA 1. Indigenous Religions 3. Western Education 2.

Contact with Social Radicals II. Nationalism in Indonesia 1. Colony of Netherlands Dutch East Indies 2. Prior to colonization: politically and culturally fragmented 3. Catalyst for nationalism: education and economic inequality 4. Beginning of nationalist movements a. Budi Otomo (High Endeavor) - by Wahidin Sudirobusodo in 1908 b. Sarekat Islam (Islamic Association) by Omar Said Cokroaminoto in 1912 c. Partai Komunis Indonesia in 1924 5. Rise of Nationalist leaders: Achmed Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta (Nationalist Party of Indonesia, 1926) 5.1. Achmed Sukarno a. An excellent poet who use his talent to win supporters b. Established the National Party of Indonesia (PNI) c. Introduced Pancasila (belief in God, humanitarianism, national unity, democracy, and social justice) d. Proclaimed independence on August 17, 1945 at Batavia (Jakarta) 6. Liberated by the Japanese after WW II; Dutch attempted to regain control 7. Struggled for independence until 1950s III. Nationalism in Vietnam 1. Under French control 1.1. Use as stepping stone for trade in China 1.2. Kingdom of Hue allowed to continue under French influence 1.3. Christian missionaries were antagonized leading to a war with France 2. Situation under French control: Positive economic changes but majority still poor and without rights and freedom

3. Ho Chi Minh a. Means Bearer of Light b. Born Nguyen That Thanh on May 19, 1890 c. Learned about communism while studying in France in 1919 d. Founded the Indochinese Communist Party and the League for Freedom of Vietnam (Viet Minh) e. Engaged in long, protracted war with France (1945-1975) IV. Nationalism in Burma 1. English colony like India 2. Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824, 1852 & 1866) 3. Oppressive colonial policies led to the rise of nationalist movements: YMBA and Thakin movement founded by U Nu 4. Thakin (Lord) organized the Burma Independence Army - helped the Japanese expel Britain during WWII 5. Aung San a. Father of Aung San Suu Kyi b. Head of the AFPFL (Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League) c. Negotiated with Britain for independence after the former returned to Burma d. Independence on January 4, 1948 V. Nationalism in the Philippines 1. Ilustrado class formed the Propaganda to seek reforms from Spain - failure led to Revolution of 1898 (Malolos Republic) 2. Defeat in the Fil-Am War in 1901 placed the country under the Americans Tydings-McDuffie Law in 1934 and the Philippine Commonwealth (1935) 3. Independence halted when Japan invaded in 1943 IV. Nationalism in Malaysia 1. Cultural influences from Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam 2. Multi-racial society: Chinese, Indians and Malays 3. Came under Portuguese, Dutch and British rules (1500-1800s)

because of its importance as trade center in SEA (Malacca) 4. Increasing communist influence led to strikes and boycotts; communist-guerilla groups clashed with Japanese forces when the country was colonized in 1940s 5. Rise of Pan-Malay Consciousness: birth of UMNO (United Malay National Organization) by Dato Onn Zafar clamoring for Malay independence 6. Dato Onn Zafar a. Played an important role in the Merdeka (independence) movement b. Organized an All-Malay Congress in March 1946 to oppose the Malayan Union VI. Summary and Conclusion 1. Nationalism is a long process, therefore it takes a lifetime. 2. Common political awareness among the people must take place first before they can be encourage to ACT FOR CHANGE. 3. National Unity takes a while to achieve. The key is tolerance and cooperation to achieve ONE GOAL independence 4. Independence is earned. Not granted.