Profesiunea de Arhitect in Europa

3rd December 2010
Architects Council of Europe (ACE/CAE) 2010 www.ace-cae.eu Mirza & Nacey Research Ltd Southdown House Ford, Arundel West Sussex BN18 0DE Tel: +44 1243 551302 www.mirza-nacey.com
Mirza & Nacey Research
The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 Contents

Executive Summary page: 2
Section 1: Research Results Survey Background 6 Summary of findings 10 1: Architects in Europe The Number of Architects in Europe 12 Profile of the Profession 16 The Professions Reputation 23 2: Architecture the Market The Construction Market in Europe The Architectural Market in Europe Future Prospects 3: Architecture the Practice Profile of Architectural Practices Practice Revenue Practice Costs and Profits Associations and branch offices 4: Architects the Individual Earnings Retirement Hours Worked Career Satisfaction Section 2: Country Factsheets 32 36 42 44 48 52 56 58 64 66 67 72
Final Report 23 December 2010 Architects Council of Europe

(ACE/CAE) 2010
Mirza & Nacey Research Ltd Southdown House Ford, Arundel West Sussex BN18 0DE United Kingdom Tel: +44 1243 551302 www.mirza-nacey.com
Appendix I - Methodological notes 120 Appendix II - Survey questionnaire 122
The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10
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Executive Summary
Architects in Europe remain a heterogeneous profession. Earnings, gender, and age vary hugely between countries. The common link is the large proportion of architects who work independently about half the profession are Sole Principals or freelance architects. And most of the rest work in small practices a profession in which individualism and small teams dominate. This years survey builds on the findings of the first, 2008 pan-European study of the profession. This year, about 25 per cent more architects participated and another eight countries joined the survey. Whilst there are some notable omissions, the survey now covers 85 per cent of the architectural population in Europe. Very nearly 10,000 individual architects provided a wealth of data and opinions which are discussed in detail in this report. We are grateful to every participant for taking the time to complete the questionnaire and to share their data. The quantity of data and wider breadth of participation has enabled us to refine some of the estimates produced for the 2008 report. Here are the main findings, including the changes noted since 2008: Architect numbers and demography The total number of architects in Europe-33 is now estimated to be 524,000. This is a higher figure than the 2008 estimate, but the increase is at least partly due to revisions in the calculations. Some countries have higher proportions of young architects and these are coming through Turkey, Italy, Greece. The data does point to a profession whose numbers are continuing to grow across Europe. The proportion of architects who are women was 37 per cent in 2008 and is 31 per cent now. This change is mainly due to changes in the composition of the respondent base. Men dominate the profession, but there is substantial variation between countries, broadly the countries with the lowest proportion of women are towards the centre of Europe with the proportion of women rising outwards, particularly to the north and east. The profession is out of balance between men and women. But this position has the potential to change, as women have higher representation amongst the younger age groups. So in countries where the architectural population is young, a higher proportion are women and this cohort has the potential, over time, to filter through and balance the profession. Regular monitoring would confirm the trend. The age profile of architects shows no significant change over the two years, but it is worth noting that there are high proportions of young architects in the new countries which have participated in the 2010 survey. The profession is very likely to continue to grow as young new entrants out600000
500000
number of architects
400000
300000
200000
00000
2008
200
CHART S-1 Above: changes in the estimated number of architects in Europe. The change is partly due to refining the methodology. CHART S-2 Below: the age profile of architects shows a higher proportion of younger architects are women.
00
women
80
per cent of architects
women
60
men
40
men
20
aged under 45
aged 45 +
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number older retiring architects. The highest proportions of younger architects - and hence the greatest potential for growth - appears to be in southern and eastern Europe. Field of employment The largest single employment group is Sole Principals over one third of architects practice in this way. Another 12 per cent are Partners and Directors in private practice, plus 22 per cent as salaried architects (about a quarter of them Associates) within private practices. The public sector accounts for 9 per cent.
Market Context The environment in which architects work has changed hugely between 2008 and 2010. Construction output has fallen back by an estimated 7 per cent in 2009, and is expected to have fallen by a further 8 per cent in 2010 as a result of the continuing economic crisis right across Europe. The countries which have seen the largest falls in the 12 months to Quarter 3, 2010 are Ireland, Spain and Denmark.
2000
market size, 000 million
500
sole principal
other private sole principal freelance
000
other private freelance private practice salaried
partner/ director
private practice salaried
500
partner/ director
2008
200
2008
number of architects
public
public
200 (est)
CHART S-3 Profile of architects shows a higher proportion of Sole Principals in 2010
CHART S-4 Above: Construction output has fallen by an estimated 15 per cent between 2008 and 2010. CHART S-5 Below: The architectural market has fallen by an estimated 22 per cent between 2007/8 and 2009/10.
25000
The proportion of architects employed as salaried architects in private practice has fallen back since 2008 from 22 per cent to 16 per cent (excluding Associates which are unchanged), while the proportion of Sole Principals has increased, from 24 per cent to 39 per cent. There is probably a link between these two moves; as a result of the recession, architects who have been made redundant may have set themselves up as independent architects. The twin effects of a decline in private practice salaried and rise in Sole Principals are particularly noticeable in Ireland, the UK, Germany, Greece, Romania and Turkey. Cross-border working There has been a marked decline in crossborder working between 2008 and 2010. Now, 3.4 per cent of the profession works in a different country from the one in which they are registered. In 2008, the proportion was 7 per cent. Architects have been coming home right across Europe; only in Denmark, Finland and Slovenia are more architects working abroad this year than in 2008.
20000
market size, millions
5000
0000
5000
2007/8
2009/0
Architectural Market The architectural market in Europe is estimated to be worth 17 billion. This is lower than the 22 billion estimated in 2008. Of those countries participating in the survey, the largest market is estimated to be in Germany, followed by Italy, the UK and France. Highest market size per architect is recorded in the Netherlands. Here, Page
number of architectural practices
the market is worth nearly 100,000 per architect. This is almost identical to the figure recorded in 2008, but two other countries - Ireland and the UK - recording similar figures to this in 2008 have seen their averages fall sharply. Unexpectedly, the break-down of the market by building sector in 2010 is virtually identical to the 2008 break-down. Individual housing accounts for 30 per cent in 2010 (31 per cent in 2008), other private housing is unchanged at 14 per cent. Offices are down, from 10 per cent to 8 per cent as is industrial (8 per cent to 6 per cent). But all other sectors are unchanged. This suggests that the pain of a contracting market has been shared almost equally across every sector. It also shows that the public sector has not been used to compensate for less private sector work. This is confirmed in the analysis of the market by client type which shows that total spending by public clients is 23 per cent in 2010, unchanged from 2008. Spending by private individuals is down from 47 per cent to 41 per cent, compensated by greater spending by developers and PLCs. Easier access to finance may explain the higher level of involvement of PLC clients. Building design continues to dominate the services provided. In fact, building design has become slightly more dominant, increasing its share of architectural services from 66 to 69 per cent. Have architects retreated into their comfort zone during the economic crisis? The figures certainly do not suggest they have diversified. Architectural Practices The number of architectural practices is estimated to have increased from 130,000 in 2008 to 155,000 in 2010, largely due to new practices being established by newly redundant architects. This theory tallies with the increase in the number of Sole Principals in the profession. The rise is partly due to the increase in the estimated number of architects in Europe. While the proportion of practices which are independent architects remains around 50 per cent, more practices are limited companies in 2010 (31 per cent) than in 2008 (22 per cent), while fewer are partnerships. What we cannot tell is whether there has been a trend Page
200000
50000
00000
50000
2008
200
CHART S-6 Above: the estimated number of architectural practices has increased, largely as a result of more small practices being established CHART S-7 Below: pre-tax profits have fallen between 2007/8 and 2009/10. This illustration is for medium sized practices (with between 3 and 5 staff).
40 35
profits as per cent of revenue
30 25 20 5 0 5 0
2008
200
for partnerships to convert to limited companies, or whether the growth has come from newly established practices, who may have been more likely to set themselves up as limited companies. Revenue Average private practice revenue has fallen between 2008 and 2010. For one or two person practices the average revenue is lower by about 20 per cent. Falls for medium sized practices are smaller: 4 per cent for a practice with 3 to 5 staff, 7 per cent for a 6 to 10 person firm. The average revenue in a 1 or 2 person practice may have been diluted this year by a large number of start ups, who may have smaller initial workloads and incomes.
average earnings, s
Practice costs and profits Average profits both before and after tax have fallen, in all private practice size groups. For example, pre-tax profits for a 2 person practice have fallen from 44 per cent of turnover in 2008 to 34 per cent in 2010, or for a practice with between 3 and 5 staff the fall is from 40 per cent of turnover to 29 per cent. For a larger firm, with say 11 to 30 staff, average pre-tax profits are down from 26 per cent to 20 per cent whilst in the largest size group, with over 50 staff, the average pre-tax profits are down from 26 per cent to 15 per cent of turnover. Hourly rates Average hourly rates have increased since 2008; Principals rates are higher by 6 per cent, architects by 11 per cent and technologists are up by 10 per cent. Average rates for Principals have fallen by more than 20 per cent in Ireland, the UK, Slovenia and Greece. When adjusted for PPP, the three countries with the highest rates in 2008 (Ireland, the Netherlands and the UK) are each still in the top 4 in 2010.
average hourly rates, Principals, per hour
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 0
Male architects earn 50 per cent more than female architects, on average. The differential between male and female architects has grown since 2008; average full-time male earnings are lower by 13 per cent, while female earnings have dropped by 18 per cent.
35000
30000
25000
20000
5000
0000
5000
2008
200
CHART S-9 Average earnings (adjusted for PPP) have fallen between 2008 and 2010. This is partly due to changes in the sample.
Reputation Architects own perception of their reputations have changed very little between 2008 and 2010: the consistency of views and the response to each question is virtually identical in 2010 as in 2008. This is not a confident profession: only one third think they are viewed quite or very highly by the general public, others in the construction industry or by public authorities. Architects may need to consider what can be done to improve their perception amongst these groups. Satisfaction Average satisfaction ratings remain very similar to those recorded in 2008 with no significant differences. The figures show architects are most satisfied with their choice of career as an architect, and least satisfied with the amount they are paid. Satisfaction with the quality of life and the business environment lies between pay and career choice.
2008
200
CHART S-8 Average hourly charge-out rates (adjusted for PPP) have increased. The illustration shows average rates for Principals.
Earnings Average earnings have fallen. The Europe average in 2008, adjusted for PPP, was 34,000; now it is 29,500, 13 per cent lower. Falls in excess of 20 per cent are reported by architects in Ireland, Greece, Estonia and Romania.
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survey background
Introduction & Survey Methodology
This Sector Study was commissioned by the Architects Council of Europe (ACE), the representative body for the architectural profession at European level, whose Members are the national representative and regulatory bodies of the profession in all EU Member States, Accession States, Norway and Switzerland. It repeats and updates the 2008 Sector Study which was the first comprehensive Study of the architectural TABLE A-1 On-line survey response
respondents to architect survey Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Turkey United Kingdom EUROPE - 23 62 158 53 257 250 325 11 384 273 90 193 246 61 3 13 53 312 89 16 27 898 818 60 4652
profession carried out in Europe. All 33 countries from which the ACE drew its membership at the time of the study in 2010 were invited to participate and 23 countries fully participated. It was with the direct cooperation of the Member Organisations of the ACE that it was possible to carry out the Study and the results obtained belong to them and to the ACE. This years Sector Study builds upon the experience of the first, 2008, Sector Study.
respondents to principal survey 610 598 88 147 238 129 22 176 929 303 121 301 63 2 13 161 392 115 18 16 302 514 40 5298
total number of replies 672 756 141 404 488 454 33 560 1202 393 314 547 124 5 26 214 704 204 34 43 1200 1332 100 9950
total contacted by email 3653 10378 1215 2200 2434 1100 630 1637 21781 7300 2567 2243 n/a 141 n/a 2410 7523 547 1170 614 4277 20494 n/a 94314
response rate, % 18.4 7.3 11.6 18.4 20.0 41.3 5.2 34.2 5.5 5.4 12.2 24.4 n/a 3.5 n/a 8.9 9.4 37.3 2.9 7.0 28.1 6.5 n/a 10.5
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The research methodology remains a statistical survey of architects throughout Europe, the aim being to create national and Europe-wide statistics of the profession, sourced from original, primary research conducted directly amongst architects themselves. This approach is favoured due to the fact that, although several countries do have their own statistical data about the profession, many more do not. Further, whilst much of the data held by Member Organisations is excellent at a national level, when we attempt to look at the profession across Europe, there are many gaps and inconsistencies. For that reason the Sector Study seeks the same information directly from architects in all ACE member countries. As in 2008, the best way of obtaining this information is with the co-operation of Member Organisations. We are immensely grateful for the help they have provided. The research reported here is based on an online questionnaire survey, which was conducted amongst the architect members of 23 ACE member countries. At least one Member Organisation in each of the 33 ACE member countries was invited
to participate. One improvement this year was to offer more language choices for respondents; in 2008 five languages were offered. This time, respondents saw a choice of fourteen different languages into which the questionnaire had been translated: Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Dutch, Estonian, English, Finish, French, German, Greek, Italian, Polish, Romanian and Turkish. The survey methodology was as follows: 1. Member Organisations were asked to identify all their members for whom an email address was available. Member organisations then allocated identification numbers to each member - the purpose being to identify who responds, so they do not need to receive a reminder. 2. Member Organisations constructed and sent out an email which included a link to the on-line questionnaire. Two reminder emails were sent out to architects who did not respond.
CHART A-1 Countries participating in the on-line survey
Sweden
Finland
United Kingdom Denmark Ireland Netherlands
Estonia Latvia Lithuania Germany Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Austria Slovenia Croatia Romania Bulgaria participant non-participant
Belgium France
Turkey
Italy Greece
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3. Architects were guided to the on-line survey form which could be read and completed in any one of fourteen different languages. The information they provided was submitted electronically to the research team, no-one at either the Member Organisation or the ACE saw the personal reply. 4. All data was aggregated and analysed by the research team. There were two exceptions to this methodology. In the UK, architects were invited by their Member Organisation to participate, by way of an email newsletter which included several other topics and items. This email contact was not specifically about the survey. In Italy, only a very small number of architects are thought to have been contacted due to resource issues at the Member Organisation. In both cases, the response rate from those countries has been reduced. There were two key differences between the methodology used in 2010 and that used in 2008: 1. The survey was undertaken at the same time across Europe. All participating Member Organisations sent out their emails to architects over a two month period. In 2008, different countries participated in two distinct phases; some Member Organisations sent out emails to their members in June-July and others in the period September-November. 2. Rather than ask Member Organisations to sample one in five (or sometimes one in two) of their members before emailing them, Member Organisations were this time asked to send an email to all of their members. The aim here was to simplify the process for Member Organisations. Substantial work by the Member Organisations was undertaken in identifying the sample and subsequently organising the contact with their members; we are very grateful indeed for all the help and support these 23 Member Organisations have provided. A number of Member Organisations in other countries spent considerable time in attempting to participate, ultimately without success; we thank them too.
Responses to the survey were received electronically, a total of 9,950 architects replied. The overall response rate is 11 per cent. Compared with the 2008 survey, the number of countries fully participating grew from 17 to 23, and the total number of architects participating increased by 25 per cent. Highest response rates achieved this year were in Denmark, Romania, Finland and Sweden (each over 25 per cent). The largest number of replies were from architects in Turkey, France and Sweden (over 1,000 responses from each country). Response rates are generally lower than those achieved for the 2008 survey. This may be due to the fact that this years survey is the second, rather than the first such survey, and is therefore less novel. More likely though, the lower response rates may simply reflect the fact that this years survey was undertaken over a far shorter time period (2 months) than the 2008 survey (5 months) so fewer member organisations had time to send out all planned reminder mailings. The response is considered satisfactory for the level of analysis undertaken. The statistical validity of these results is tabulated on page 9; overall, the results are accurate to within + / - 1 per cent at the 95 per cent confidence level. The accuracy varies for each individual country and these + / - levels should be regarded very carefully when making comparisons between countries. Where the accuracy range is wider than +/- 7 we have identified with an asterisk on each table, indicating the data should be considered with caution. We are extremely grateful to the thousands of architects who participated in this survey. Most respondents completed all sections of the questionnaire, the huge number of respondents to this survey and the quality of the information provided ensures the results have statistical significance.
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TABLE A-2 Statistical validity: Accuracy of results, plus or minus xx per cent at the 95% confidence level
accuracy within range of plus or minus: (%) * Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Turkey United Kingdom EUROPE - 23 3.5 3.4 8.1 4.4 4.1 4.4 16.6 3.7 2.2 4.9 5.5 3.7 8.8 43.7 19.1 6.6 3.6 6.7 16.6 14.7 2.5 2.6 9.8 1.0
Architects Persons who are professionally and academically qualified and generally registered / licensed / certified to practice architecture in the jurisdiction in which he or she resides and who are responsible for advocating the fair and sustainable development, welfare, and cultural expression of societys habitat in terms of space, forms and historical context. Architectural students Full-time or part-time students following a recognised course of architectural studies leading to a qualification listed in Annexe V7 of the Qualifications Directive (2005/36/EC). Architectural Staff Comprises Principals, Partners & Directors; Associates: Architects; Technical staff. Architectural Practices The form of structure through which architects practice the architectural profession. It includes sole principals, partnerships, and limited companies. Sole Principal An Architect, working independently, who provides a full range of architectural services to clients. Revenue The total income earned, through the provision of services, by an architectural practice in a tax year. Not Economically Active Not engaged in the practice of architecture or any directly associated activity such as research or teaching. Include architects who are retired and who are unemployed. Freelance Architect An architect who contracts his/her services to an architectural practice or organisation and does not accept commissions directly from clients. Statistical Definitions Confidence Level The likelihood that the results are real and repeatable, and have not occurred randomly If the Confidence Level is 50% then the results would be random, We select a Confidence Level of 95% which suggests if you repeat this exercise there is a 95% chance you will achieve similar results. Accuracy of Results The range of accuracy of the findings, at a given Confidence Level. So table A-2 shows that the Europe 23 totals are accurate to within plus or minus 1 per cent, at the 95% Confidence Level. This means that, for example, the proportion of architects who are women is quoted as being 31 per cent, but we can be 95% certain that the true figure lies between 30 and 32 per cent. Accuracy of results for each country differs. Taking Austria as an example, its results are accurate to within +/- 4 %. The quoted figure (table 1-3) is 16 per cent of architects are women, so we can be 95 per cent certain that the true proportion of women architects in Austria lies between 12 and 20 per cent. Mean A type of average, where individual data are added together and then divided by the number of pieces of data, Median A type of average calculated by placing all individual data in order of magnitude and selecting the middle value. Quartile An indication of the bottom or top quarter of the sample, calculated by placing all individual data in order of magnitude. The Lower Quartile is the value one quarter the way up and the Upper Quartile is the value three quarters the way up this list of data.
Definitions
* this means we are 95 per cent confident that the results are accurate to within + or - 1 per cent overall, or within + or - xx per cent for each individual country
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Summary
number of countries in Sector Study: 33 = EUROPE - 33 number of countries participated in on-line survey: 23 = EUROPE - 23 total number of respondents to on-line survey: 9,950 response rate: 11 per cent estimated number of architects in EUROPE - 33: 524,000 estimated number of architects in EUROPE - 23: 440,000 estimated size of construction industry in EUROPE - 33 (2009): 1,730 billion estimated size of architectural market in EUROPE - 33 (2009/10): 17 billion number of architectural practices in EUROPE - 33: 155,000 average earnings of architects: 30,000 per cent women architects: 31 per cent per cent economically active (working full or part-time): 87 per cent of whom: per cent Freelance architects: 11 per cent per cent Sole Principals: 39 per cent
per cent architects aged under 40: 40 per cent per cent architects aged 40 to 54: 34 per cent per cent architects aged 55 and over: 24 per cent per cent working or resident in the same country as they are registered: 97 per cent per cent who think architects are viewed quite highly or very highly by the general public: 36 per cent by fellow professionals: 58 per cent
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Summary: Top Five Countries

Largest number of architects
Italy Germany Spain Turkey UK 145,000 100,500 50,000 37,000 33,000
Largest architectural market

Germany Italy UK France Netherlands
4.1 billion 2.7 billion 2.0 billion 1.3 billion 1.0 billion
Highest proportion male architects

Slovakia Austria Netherlands Germany Belgium 85% 84% 81% 79% 76%
Highest proportion female architects

Greece Croatia Bulgaria Slovenia Sweden 57% 56% 50% 50% 49%
Highest average earnings

Netherlands UK Ireland Germany Austria
Highest proportion of architects working outside own country

Ireland Slovenia UK Slovakia Italy 10% 7% 6% 6% 6%
51,000 46,000 40,000 40,000 39,000
Highest perception of reputation amongst the public

Sweden Denmark Poland Romania Netherlands
(% rated very/quite highly)
Highest level of satisfaction

Denmark Sweden Netherlands Finland Czech Republic
(Quality of Life rating, 0 to 10)
60% 52% 46% 44% 44%
7.7 7.6 7.6 7.6 6.5
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Architects in Europe
The Sector Study was aimed at 33 countries: Austria Belgium Bosnia Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France FYROM Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom In this report, when data refers to all of these countries it is labelled EUROPE - 33. Totals for countries that participated in the survey are labelled EUROPE - 23.
The number of Architects in Europe
EUROPE - 33 has an estimated 524,000 architects. Two countries stand out as having the largest number of architects: Italy with 145,000 architects and Germany with 100,500. Together, these two countries account for very nearly half (48 per cent) of all architects in Europe. Other countries with notably high numbers of architects are Spain (50,000), Turkey (37,000) and the UK (33,000). Analysed as a proportion of the population, the highest density of architects - measured as the number of architects per 1,000 population - are in Italy (2.4 architects per 1,000 population), Malta (1.6), FYROM (1.5), and Greece (1.4). The overall density of architects across Europe is 0.9 architects per 1,000 population. Lowest densities are recorded in Romania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, where the density is 0.3 architects per 1,000 population. The estimated number is higher than the 2008 figure of 483,000. This is in part down to further refining of individual country figures, but also partly due to growing numbers of young architects entering the profession at a faster rate than older architects leave.
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TABLE 1-1 Estimated number of architects in each country and number of architects per 1000 population
number of architects Austria Belgium Bosnia Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France FYROM Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom EUROPE - 33 4,500 13,000 3,000 2,900 2,200 600 3,300 7,000 600 3,050 29,700 3,000 100,500 15,800 4,000 2,600 145,000 900 1,500 600 650 9,900 3,400 13,500 13,000 5,500 1,600 1,400 50,000 5,600 5,300 37,200 32,900 523,700 population 8,375,290 10,827,000 2,337,660 7,563,710 4,425,747 798,045 10,506,813 5,534,738 1,340,127 5,351,427 64,713,762 2,052,738 81,802,257 11,295,002 10,013,000 4,455,780 60,340,328 2,248,374 3,329,039 502,066 412,966 16,577,612 4,858,199 38,167,329 10,637,713 21,462,186 5,424,925 2,046,976 45,989,016 9,340,682 7,783,026 72,561,312 62,008,048 595,082,893 architects per 1000 population 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.3 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.5 1.5 1.2 1.4 0.4 0.6 2.4 0.4 0.5 1.2 1.6 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.9
Population source: Eurostat, population as at 1 January 2010, copyright (c) Eurostat Architects source: Various sources. The starting point was data compiled for the 2008 Sector Study which itself was based on the research publication produced by COAC - Architectural Practice Around the World research by the ColClegi dArquitectes de Catalunya (COAC), based on information supplied by national institutes and associations of architects of the individual countries. For the 2008 ACE report this data from COAC was updated using a mixture of primary and secondary research. To update the figures this year, we first attempted to verify all figures by looking at key sources including COAC and ArchiEuro, but these have not been updated since the 2008 Sector Study. Further verification has been undertaken using a mixture of primary and secondary sources including Member Organisations websites and email contact with Member Organisations. Final figures are Mirza & Nacey best estimates based on these several different sources. All figures are latest available.
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CHART 1-1 Number of architects per 1000 population
number of architects per 1,000 population under 0.5 0.5 to 0.9 1.0 to 1.4 1.5 and over
CHART 1-2 Estimated number of architects in each European country

Italy Germany Spain Turkey United Kingdom France Greece Poland Portugal Belgium Netherlands Denmark Sweden Romania Switzerland Austria Hungary Norway Czech Republic Finland Bosnia Herzogovina FYROM Bulgaria Ireland Croatia Slovakia Lithuania Slovenia Latvia Malta Cyprus Estonia Luxembourg 0 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 number of architects, 000's 00 0 20 30 40 50
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Where architects work

The vast majority 97 per cent of architects work or reside in the same country as they are registered in. The highest proportions of architects working / resident outside their home country are in Ireland (10 per cent), Slovenia (7 per cent), the UK, Slovakia and Italy (each with 6 per cent of their architects working in a different country). The 2010 survey figures show considerably fewer architects are working in another country than was recorded in 2008, when the figure was 7 per cent of architects. The 2010 figure is half that level. Proportions are lower everywhere except in Denmark, Finland and Slovenia. TABLE 1-2 Proportion of architects working / resident in a different country from the one in which they are registered
per cent Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey architects working / resident in different country from the one in which registered (%) 0.3 1.6 1.4 1.3 0.9 4.9 0.0 4.6 2.3 0.3 3.5 9.5 5.8 n/a 0.0 1.5 4.3 2.2 6.1 7.3 0.5 3.4 6.2 3.4 7.0
CHART 1-3 Proportion of architects working in another country
United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23** 2008 EUROPE-17**
* caution - small sample ** EUROPE - 23 figure is a weighted average and takes account of the number of architects in each participating country proportion of architects working in another country under 1% 1% to 2.4% 2.5% to 4.9% over 5% no response or n/a
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Profile of Architects
TABLE 1-3 Gender of architects analysed by country
per cent Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 ** 2008 EUR-17** gender of architects male 84 76 50 44 70 56 67 56 73 79 43 70 70 n/a 68 81 54 53 85 50 51 55 70 69 63 female 16 24 50 56 30 44 33 44 27 21 57 30 30 n/a 32 19 46 47 15 50 49 45 30 31 37
CHART 1-4 Male / female split, all responding architects
female male
The male / female split across Europe is 69 per cent male, and 31 per cent female. More than three quarters of the profession in Slovakia, Austria, the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium is male. The spilt is about 50-50 in Bulgaria, Slovenia, Sweden, Romania and Poland. Women form the majority of the profession in Croatia and Greece. The figures suggest the proportion of women architects is lower in 2010 than in 2008, but this is due to the inclusion of new countries participating in the survey in 2010, with lower proportions of women than the 2008 average. In most countries the changes have been small and within the statistical confidence limits. Only in France has there been a significant fall, which is we believe more to do with over-representation of women architects in the relatively small number of French respondents in 2008.
proportion of women architects under 20% 20% to 34% 35% to 49% 50% and over no response or n/a
* caution - small sample ** weighted to reflect the total architectural population in all 23 countries. The weighting process is described in Appendix I.
CHART 1-5 Proportion of women architects
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Employment Status
TABLE 1-4 Employment status of architects analysed by country
per cent Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 ** working full-time 60 90 71 84 77 76 74 69 86 70 64 67 74 n/a 64 78 79 74 75 89 79 76 74 79 working part-time 7 7 12 2 9 8 11 4 6 11 13 20 11 n/a 18 13 8 10 11 5 9 6 8 8 not working 2 1 5 2 3 4 3 1 2 2 11 10 3 n/a 7 4 1 4 3 0 1 6 6 3 retired 31 2 12 12 12 12 12 25 6 17 12 3 12 n/a 12 6 12 12 12 6 12 12 12 9
2008 EUROPE-17** 77 8 16 * caution - small sample ** weighted to reflect the total architectural population in all 23 countries. The weighting process is explained in the Appendix.
CHART 1-6 Employment status of architects

retired not working working part-time
Seventy nine per cent of architects are working full-time, 8 per cent working part-time. The highest level of part-time working is in Ireland (20 per cent). Twelve per cent of all architects in Europe are not economically active - retired, unemployed, or not working for other reasons. Highest levels of reported unemployment or not working for other reasons are in Ireland and Greece.
working full-time
The original survey results have been amended to take account of a perceived under-reporting of retired and not economically active respondents. See Appendix I for a further explanation.
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Field of Employment
CHART 1-7 Field of Employment
other public education local authority / government other private freelance in house / agency
TABLE 1-5 Field of Employment of Architects

per cent architects working sole principal partner / director associate private practice salaried in - house agency freelance other private local authority - municipal local authority - regional central government education health other public 39 12 6 16 1 4 11 4 3 1 1 2 0 2 100
sole principal
salaried private practice associate
EUROPE - 23 **
partner / director
** weighted to reflect the total architectural population in all 23 countries.
A very considerable proportion of architects describe themselves as Sole Principals: 39 per cent. Another 11 per cent are Freelance architects, thus half of the profession could be considered to be independent architects, working predominantly on their own. Another 12 per cent are Partners and Directors, while 22 per cent are salaried employees in a private practice (including Associates). The proportion of architects working in the public sector is 9 per cent, half of those work for local government at either municipal or regional level. Clearly, private practice dominates the profession, being the largest employment field in most countries. The public sector is largest in Denmark, Finland and Sweden, where it accounts for more than 25 per cent of the profession.
The highest proportion of Sole Principals is to be found in Austria (65 per cent) and Germany (62 per cent). More than a quarter of the profession are Partners and Directors in Ireland and Lithuania. The highest proportion of architects working as salaried staff in private practice are in Turkey (39 per cent), Sweden (35 per cent) and Croatia (34 per cent). The number of Agency staff in most countries is very small, with three exceptions - the Netherlands (39 per cent), Belgium (25 per cent) and France (20 per cent). Likewise, Freelance is a significant employment field only in a minority of countries, notably the Czech Republic (31 per cent), Belgium (25 per cent), Slovakia (22 per cent) and France (21 per cent). In 2008 Sole Principals accounted for 24 per cent of the profession: this has now grown to 39 per cent. This is partly at the expense of private practice salaried, which has fallen from 22 per cent in 2008 to 16 per cent now.
Page 18
TABLE 1-6 Architects field of employment by country

central govt partner director per cent other public 1 3 0 3 1 6 0 5 3 2 4 3 1 n/a 0 2 1 4 0 2 4 7 1 2 3 00 education 1 1 1 2 2 6 3 5 0 0 3 3 1 n/a 0 0 0 2 6 0 4 6 3 2 2 associate freelance local authority 0 2 1 4 3 20 9 24 2 2 9 6 3 n/a 4 0 4 2 3 5 19 4 4 3 6 80 in-house sole principal private practice salaried
agency
Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 ** 2008 EUROPE-17** * caution - small sample
65 21 33 24 32 12 28 15 28 62 49 26 39 n/a 28 20 45 28 31 21 9 19 23 39 24
22 11 9 19 9 16 9 14 5 10 5 28 10 n/a 28 21 13 12 13 24 14 10 16 12 16
1 5 12 5 9 5 22 1 13 1 12 9 6 n/a 12 2 4 17 6 5 6 1 13 6 5
4 2 25 34 12 21 19 28 3 13 5 17 14 n/a 8 6 23 20 16 31 35 39 30 16 22
1 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 n/a 4 0 1 2 0 0 2 1 1 1 3
0 25 1 1 0 1 0 1 20 1 2 0 2 n/a 4 39 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 4 6
2 25 15 5 31 3 6 2 21 3 9 3 16 n/a 8 7 5 10 22 10 3 10 2 11 9
other private 2 3 2 2 1 6 3 3 3 2 1 1 7 n/a 4 1 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 4
0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 3 0 n/a 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 3 1 1
CHART 1-8 Main employment fields by country

sole principal private practice salaried partner / director freelance other private local & central government other public
Austria Germany Greece Poland Italy Bulgaria Czech Republic Slovakia France Lithuania Estonia Romania Ireland Croatia United Kingdom Belgium Slovenia Netherlands Turkey Finland Denmark Sweden Latvia 0
n/a 20 40 60 per cent respondents
Page 19
Years Qualified as an Architect

TABLE 1-7 Number of years qualified as an Architect, analysed by country
per cent 1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 ** 2008 EUR-17** 3 0 1 4 1 3 0 1 2 2 4 0 4 n/a 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 8 4 3 4 2 3 0 1 5 0 5 0 2 3 2 7 1 10 n/a 4 0 1 2 0 2 3 10 3 5 3 number of years qualified as an architect 3 to 5 9 13 16 16 3 10 3 6 11 5 23 3 27 n/a 4 12 11 17 0 12 14 18 14 16 11 6 to 9 14 15 15 18 12 14 6 9 12 6 13 15 20 n/a 16 12 24 22 6 31 11 13 9 14 17 10 to 14 19 16 15 25 12 16 19 20 15 13 10 24 8 n/a 12 19 19 11 18 17 16 13 15 12 17 15 to 19 15 11 10 10 10 9 3 13 10 17 6 16 6 n/a 8 15 10 4 9 7 10 10 3 9 12 20 to 24 14 14 7 9 10 13 9 13 14 19 11 14 10 n/a 12 19 10 6 18 7 9 8 8 12 13 25 + 23 30 34 12 51 31 59 35 32 36 26 27 17 n/a 44 22 24 36 48 21 35 21 44 28 23
* caution - small sample
More than one quarter of architects (28 per cent) have been fully qualified as an Architect for 25 years or more. Another 21 per cent have been qualified for between 15 and 24 years; so half the profession has been qualified for 15 years or more. One quarter (24 per cent) has been qualified for 5 years or less. The highest levels of the most experienced architects are recorded in Estonia (59 per cent qualified for 25 years or more), Czech Republic (51 per cent) and Slovakia (48 per cent). The highest proportion of architects qualified for five years or less are recorded in Italy (41 per cent), Turkey (36 per cent) and Greece (34 per cent).
CHART 1-9 Number of years architects have been qualified

25+ 2 3-5
20-24
6-9
5-9
0-4
Page 20
Age of Architect
Forty per cent of the profession is aged under 40, 34 per cent is aged between 40 and 54, while 24 per cent is aged 55 and over. There is a skew towards the younger age groups, with peak values recorded in the 30-34 and 35-39 age groups. Highest levels of younger architects (aged under 40) are recorded in Turkey, Poland, CHART 1-10 Age profile of architects
20
Italy and Greece, where more than 50 per cent of architects are aged under 40. The age profile is younger for women than it is for men: 48 per cent of women are aged under 40, compared with 32 per cent of men.
per cent architects
5
0
<30
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65+
age
CHART 1-11 Population pyramid - analysis of architects by age and gender

65+ 65+ 60-64 60-64 55-59 55-59 50-54 50-54 45-49 45-49 40-44 40-44 35-39 35-39 30-34 30-34 25-29 25-29 30 25 20 5 0 5 0 0 5 per cent males 0 5 20 25 30 per cent females
Page 21
TABLE 1-8 Age of Architects analysed by country

per cent <30 Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 ** 2008 EUR-17** 0 11 17 2 2 4 3 3 4 2 20 2 13 n/a 12 2 7 14 0 0 5 35 5 10 9 30-34 5 17 17 11 10 13 13 8 10 4 19 15 23 n/a 12 14 26 26 6 19 13 17 16 15 14 35-39 12 17 11 18 13 16 13 15 15 8 13 25 22 n/a 12 16 20 8 21 24 13 12 14 15 19 40-44 21 11 11 15 9 12 3 16 12 13 8 14 9 n/a 8 18 8 5 9 21 12 8 9 10 13 age of architects 45-49 18 11 9 20 10 12 9 13 14 18 8 15 10 n/a 20 12 9 5 12 7 13 8 6 12 13 50-54 16 16 14 13 19 13 9 14 16 15 10 12 9 n/a 36 14 12 11 18 12 12 7 11 12 14 55-59 10 9 11 12 17 13 16 20 14 19 15 9 8 n/a 0 11 10 20 9 5 14 6 20 12 10 60-64 8 6 6 8 10 12 13 11 10 11 5 7 6 n/a 0 10 4 4 15 7 16 4 12 8 5 65+ 11 3 4 2 10 6 22 1 5 9 2 2 1 n/a 0 3 4 5 9 5 2 2 7 4 2
CHART 1-12 Proportion of architects aged under 45

proportion of architects aged under 45 less than 40% 40% to 49% 50% to 59% 60% and over no response or n/a
Page 22
The Professions Reputation

Architects reputation is measured here by how architects themselves feel they are perceived by others - a form of secondary reporting. So for example in Table 1-9, 31 per cent of architects responding to this survey say they think the public regard them quite highly. This is of course different from saying 31 per cent of the public view architects quite highly - the survey was not conducted amongst members of the public, nor indeed amongst any of the other groups for which architects perception of their image is examined. More than 50 per cent of architects feel they are regarded very or quite highly by fellow professionals and clients. This falls to 36 per cent amongst the general public, 32 per cent amongst others in the construction industry and 31 per cent amongst public authorities. More architects in Sweden and Denmark than elsewhere feel they are very or quite highly regarded by the general public. While architects in the Netherlands, Finland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Austria are the most likely to feel very or highly regarded by clients. The perception ratings are very similar indeed to those recorded in 2008, with no significant difference in how architects feel they are regarded over the two years.
CHART 1-13 How well architects think they are regarded - summary chart, in order of very and quite highly
very poorly quite poorly neutral quite highly very highly
fellow professionals clients
the public
others in construction industry public authorities
20
40 60 per cent respondents
80
00
Page 23
CHART 1-14 How well architects think they are regarded by the general public
per cent respondent architects who think they are viewed quite or very highly by the general public below 30% 30% to 49% 50% to 69% 70% and over no response
Page 24
TABLE 1-9 How well Architects think they are regarded by the general public - country analysis
per cent very poorly Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 * caution - small sample 6 7 6 8 6 2 9 3 6 3 5 12 11 0 8 3 3 2 3 7 1 8 9 5 5 quite poorly 28 35 22 34 27 10 18 28 36 21 22 36 27 100 40 19 15 25 39 38 13 21 28 25 24 perception of architects neutral 31 38 42 40 36 36 39 29 31 36 42 35 40 0 28 34 37 29 33 38 27 40 31 34 33 quite highly 30 19 24 17 28 45 33 37 24 36 26 17 18 0 24 38 40 38 24 14 50 27 30 31 32 very highly 5 2 7 1 2 7 0 3 3 4 6 1 4 0 0 6 6 6 0 2 10 5 2 5 5
CHART 1-15 How well Architects think they are regarded by the general public - ranked, highest first
very poorly Sweden Denmark Poland Romania Netherlands Germany Finland Austria Estonia United Kingdom Turkey Greece Czech Republic Bulgaria France Slovakia Lithuania Italy Belgium Croatia Ireland Slovenia Latvia 0 20 40 60 per cent respondents 80 00 quite poorly neutral quite highly very highly
Page 25
TABLE 1-10 How well Architects think they are regarded by fellow professionals - country analysis
CHART 1-16 How well Architects think they are regarded by fellow professionals - ranked, highest first
very poorly Estonia Denmark Sweden Slovakia Czech Republic Poland Ireland Netherlands Finland United Kingdom Lithuania France Austria Germany Belgium Romania Croatia Latvia Bulgaria Slovenia Italy Greece Turkey 0 20 40 60 per cent respondents 80 00 quite poorly neutral quite highly very highly
Page 26
CHART 1-17 How well architects think they are regarded by fellow professionals
per cent respondent architects who think they are viewed quite or very highly by fellow professionals below 30% 30% to 49% 50% to 69% 70% and over no response
CHART 1-18 How well architects think they are regarded by others in the construction industry
per cent respondent architects who think they are viewed quite or very highly by others in construction below 30% 30% to 49% 50% to 69% 70% and over no response
Page 27
TABLE 1-11 How well Architects think they are regarded by others in the construction industry - country analysis
CHART 1-19 How well Architects think they are regarded by others in the construction industry - ranked, highest first
very poorly Latvia Denmark Ireland Poland Romania Belgium Estonia Netherlands Finland France Germany Austria Czech Republic Lithuania Greece Slovakia Sweden Bulgaria United Kingdom Italy Turkey Croatia Slovenia 0 20 40 60 per cent respondents 80 00 quite poorly neutral quite highly very highly
Page 28
TABLE 1-12 How well Architects think they are regarded by clients - country analysis
CHART 1-20 How well Architects think they are regarded by clients - ranked, highest first
very poorly Netherlands Finland Czech Republic Slovakia Austria Denmark Sweden Poland France Romania Germany Lithuania Ireland Greece Bulgaria Italy Belgium Latvia Estonia United Kingdom Croatia Slovenia Turkey 0 20 40 60 per cent respondents 80 00 quite poorly neutral quite highly very highly
Page 29
CHART 1-21 How well architects think they are regarded by clients
per cent respondent architects who think they are viewed quite or very highly by clients below 30% 30% to 49% 50% to 69% 70% and over no response
CHART 1-22 How well architects think they are regarded by public authorities
per cent respondent architects who think they are viewed quite or very highly by public authorities below 30% 30% to 49% 50% to 69% 70% and over no response
Page 30
TABLE 1-13 How well Architects think they are regarded by public authorities - country analysis
CHART 1-23 How well Architects think they are regarded by public authorities - ranked, highest first
very poorly Denmark Netherlands Austria Sweden Finland Germany Ireland France Slovakia Poland Italy Belgium Latvia Czech Republic Lithuania Romania Slovenia United Kingdom Bulgaria Greece Turkey Estonia Croatia 0 20 40 60 per cent respondents 80 00 quite poorly neutral quite highly very highly
Page 31
Architecture the Market

The Construction Market in Europe
The total value of the European construction market (EUROPE - 33) is estimated to be worth 1,730 billion in 2009. This includes civil engineering and infrastructure work. Five countries between them account for two thirds of all European construction output: Spain, France, the UK, Germany and Italy, This is based on latest available data from Eurostat; construction output in all of these countries declined in 2009. Indeed, total European construction output has fallen by 7 per cent in
2
Construction Output, per cent annual change to end Q3, 2010 decline by more than 15% decline by 5% to 14.9% change by +5% to -5% increase by more than 5% no data available
2009 and is estimated to have fallen by another 8 per cent in 2010. Latest data for the year to Quarter 3, 2010 suggest construction output has increased by more than 10 per cent in Finland and Malta, but fallen by more than 20 per cent in Denmark, Ireland, and Spain. Construction output for 2009 measured per head of the general population averages 2,900 per person. The highest output per head in 2009 is in Luxembourg and Norway - each is over 7,000 per person.
CHART 2-1 Changes in Construction Output, annual change to end Quarter 3, 2010
Page 32
TABLE 2-1 Size of construction market

millions Austria Belgium Bosnia Herzegovina(1) Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France FYROM Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey (2) United Kingdom EUROPE - 33 ( 000 millions)
1998 27,085 30,691 n/a 1,205 n/a 1,149 12,426 18,997 933 15,323 506 n/a 4,141 n/a 869 1,484 2,311 271 49,839 16,251 25,513 20,848 n/a 3,969 3,378 88,001 20,058 25,689 14,428 1999
Millions of Euros (or ECU in 1998) Current Prices

2000 28,609 35,862 n/a 1,507 n/a 1,234 12,880 20,550 938 19,248 666 21,213 5,421 n/a 1,224 1,348 2,810 339 60,287 18,154 31,790 24,376 4,568 3,939 3,978 23,676 28,585 14,658 2001 28,097 36,688 n/a 1,727 n/a 1,324 14,255 21,408 1,058 19,822 562 23,011 6,586 n/a 1,426 1,465 3,067 328 64,656 19,291 34,928 26,226 5,489 4,012 3,859 23,556 29,730 11,430 2002 28,569 36,394 n/a 1,813 n/a 1,453 17,011 21,550 1,252 19,770 575 22,739 8,172 28,825 1,627 1,713 3,511 399 64,880 21,625 31,244 26,912 6,159 4,605 4,151 24,655 31,912 10,940 2003 30,428 37,595 n/a 2,088 n/a 1,599 17,904 22,492 1,352 20,196 626 24,869 8,004 31,594 1,841 2,131 3,700 361 63,650 20,663 26,164 25,708 6,717 4,774 4,597 24,987 31,181 10,922 2004 32,004 40,175 n/a 2,866 n/a 1,834 18,686 23,311 1,600 21,879 710 25,850 8,879 37,723 2,575 2,434 3,787 362 63,675 21,921 27,280 27,167 8,114 5,482 4,966 27,447 32,289 13,349 2005 32,667 42,716 288 3,999 n/a 2,117 21,004 25,075 2,064 24,128 723 24,939 9,762 44,087 3,167 2,916 4,010 376 66,646 25,847 35,680 27,940 11,429 7,014 5,537 28,759 33,944 17,296 2006 34,973 48,553 270 5,321 n/a 2,385 25,640 28,856 2,780 25,911 799 29,409 9,924 51,504 4,607 3,873 4,281 408 71,561 29,595 43,232 29,691 15,882 8,943 6,604 32,265 34,534 18,184 2007 37,544 51,453 348 6,800* n/a 2,788 29,087 30,943 3,613 29,863 878 30,168 10,306 44,190* 6,592 5,347 4,803 416 78,210 35,866 55,045 29,900 24,291 10,558 8,397 36,073 34,280 23,316 2008 37,131* 56,278 484 6,562* n/a 3,085 34,510 30,510 3,322 32,229 937 26,689 10,625 30,889* 7,241 5,904 5,131 425 85,665 38,814 68,672 29,186* 31,814 14,149 9,428 38,237* 37,304 23,572 2009 37,168* 54,078 n/a 3,819* n/a 2,632* 30,321 26,271 2,218 27,629 n/a 23,957 9,074 21,269* 4,300 3,002 4,921 417 82,777 37096 57,284 26,734* 24,329 13,621 7,867 36,516* n/a 16,944
27,805 33,761 n/a 1,396 n/a 1,192 12,182 19,553 795 16,952 589 n/a 4,563 n/a 1,047 1,396 2,559 273 55,027 17,220 27,084 22,019 3,829 3,127 4,002 21,332 26,649 13,447
n/a 141,002 157,605 165,636 170,250 177,465 190,175 205,435 227,059 249,307 262,849 250,495* 224,543 229,880 225,270 214,460 199,390 195,730 189,570 184,740 197,350 206,640 217,350 217,910
123,471 129,065 138,840 148,197 156,842 163,900 173,908 184,823 192,576 201,392 204,401 192,348
98,696 127,335 146,380 185,434 212,041 232,266 277,803 321,664 307,832* 257,656* 244,000*
161,920 177,002 201,818 214,421 230,849 227,986 250,884 245,458 248,894* 254,619* 251,309* 232,712*
895
1,093
1,219
1,273
1,365
1,403
1,493
1,602
1,758
1,851
1,862
1,730
Source of all data except Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina: Eurostat, National Accounts by 31 branches - aggregates at current prices. Copyright Eurostat. All Rights Reserved. * Where data is asterisked, these figures are marked n/a in the Eurostat National Accounts statistics and the figure above is a Mirza & Nacey estimate based on data from the latest Eurostat Construction Output Production Indices (1) Source: Derived from raw data sourced from Federal Office of Statistics, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Statistical Year Book. Raw data converted from Bosnia KM to Euros using conversion rates as at 30.06 each year. (2) Source: Derived from raw data sourced from TurkStat, the Turkish Statistical Institute. Raw data (not reproduced here) is Copyright TURKSTAT. Raw data converted from New Turkish Lira to Euros using conversion rates as at 30.06 each year. NB, conversion rates changed significantly over the period 1997 to 2001, more stable since 2002. Construction output includes civil engineering and infrastructure work.
Page 33
CHART 2-2 Size of Construction Market, Europe, 2009

France Spain United Kingdom Germany Italy Netherlands Poland Belgium Switzerland (2008) Austria Norway Sweden Czech Republic Finland Portugal Denmark Romania Greece Ireland Turkey Slovakia Hungary Slovenia Luxembourg Latvia Bulgaria Lithuania Cyprus Estonia FYROM (2008) Bosnia Herzegovina (2008) Malta Croatia n/a
0 50 00 50 200 250 000 million, current prices
Base: all 33 European countries Source: compiled from Eurostat, Turkstat and Bosnia Herzegovina Federal Office of Statistics data. Mirza & Nacey estimates where latest data is not available.
CHART 2-3 Trends in European Construction Output, 1998 to 2010

2000 000 million, current prices
500
000
500
998
999
2000
200
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
200
Base: all 33 European countries Source: compiled from Eurostat, Turkstat and Bosnia Herzegovina Federal Office of Statistics data. Mirza & Nacey estimates where latest data is not available. The 2010 figure is an estimate based on the annual change between Quarter 3 2009 and Quarter 3, 2010 (sourced from Output Production Indices, Eurostat)
Page 34
TABLE 2-2 Estimated size of construction market, 2009 by country, and comparative values
construction output (ms) Austria Belgium Bosnia Herzegovina (2008) Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France FYROM (2008) Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland (2008) Turkey United Kingdom EUROPE - 33 37,168* 54,078 484 3,819* n/a 2,632* 30,321 26,271 2,218 27,629 250,495* 937 217,910 23,957 9,074 21,269* 192,348 4,300 3,002 4,921 417 82,777 37,096 57,284 26,734* 24,329 13,621 7,867 244,000* 36,516* 37,304 16,944 232,712* 1,730,435
population (number as at 01.01.2010) 8,375,290 10,827,000 2,337,660 7,563,710 4,425,747 798,045 10,506,813 5,534,738 1,340,127 5,351,427 64,713,762 2,052,738 81,802,257 11,295,002 10,013,000 4,455,780 60,340,328 2,248,374 3,329,039 502,066 412,966 16,577,612 4,858,199 38,167,329 10,637,713 21,462,186 5,424,925 2,046,976 45,989,016 9,340,682 7,783,026 72,561,312 62,008,048 595,082,893
construction output per head of population (s) 4,438 4,995 207 505 n/a 3,298 2,886 4,747 1,655 5,163 3,871 456 2,664 2,121 906 4,773 3,188 1,912 902 9,802 1,010 4,993 7,636 1,501 2,513 1,134 2,511 3,843 5,306 3,909 4,793 234 3,753 2,908
architects (estimated number) 4,500 13,000 3,000 2,900 2,200 600 3,300 7,000 600 3,050 29,700 3,000 100,500 15,800 4,000 2,600 145,000 900 1,500 600 650 9,900 3,400 13,500 13,000 5,500 1,600 1,400 50,000 5,600 5,300 37,200 32,900 523,700
source: Construction output and population data - Eurostat Copyright Eurostat. All Rights Reserved. Where marked by an asterisk, the 2009 data has been derived from Eurostat construction output index rather than absolute figures. The total for EUROPE-33 is therefore a Mirza & Nacey estimate. Construction output includes civil engineering and infrastructure work.
Page 35
The Architectural Market in Europe

The total value of the architectural market in the 23 surveyed countries is estimated to be 14.6 billion in 2009/10. This relates to the total value of the revenue generated by the profession. This figure is very much of an estimate and should be considered with caution. Likewise the 2007/8 estimates were provisional and both sets of data will need to be refined as more data is amassed. The estimate relies on survey data from which it has been grossed up (see Appendix I for methodology). If we were to gross up this figure to reflect all 33 European countries, the total estimated value of the architectural market in Europe is 17 billion. This figure is 22 per cent down on the 22 bn estimated value in 2007/8. Germany has the largest market size, followed by Italy, the UK and France. Compared with CHART 2-4 Value of Architectural Market, average per Architect
Size of Architectural Market per architect under 20,000 20,000 to 39,999 40,000 to 59,999 60,000 and over no data available
2007/8, the size of the German and French markets are estimated to have increased very slightly, while that of the UK is estimated to have fallen quite substantially. Analysed per architect, the highest values are recorded by architects in the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, the UK and Austria. The average market size per architect in these five countries is over 50,000. The Netherlands stands out with the highest value per architect, nearly 100,000, a similar level to that recorded in 2007/8. Then, Ireland and the UK also recorded average levels per architect similar to that of the Netherlands; both have fallen back in the last two years.
Page 36
TABLE 2-3 Estimated size of architectural market 2009/10, by country, and comparative values
market size (000s) Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 256,292 556,280 46,116 64,290 73,045 308,697 12,667 117,456 1,301,699 4,094,601 289,623 172,362 2,708,910 n/a 11,455 976,106 258,803 63,551 41,497 10,359 356,300 960,371 1,955,929 14,636,411 11,616,874 value per architect (s) 56,954 42,791 15,902 29,223 22,135 44,100 21,111 38,510 43,828 40,742 18,331 66,293 18,682 n/a 7,637 98,597 19,171 11,555 25,936 7,399 63,625 25,816 59,451 33,253 45,405 value per 1000 population (s) 30,601 51,379 6,097 14,526 6,952 55,774 9,452 21,948 20,115 50,055 25,642 38,683 44,894 n/a 3,441 58,881 6,781 2,961 7,649 5,061 38,145 13,235 31,543 28,716 31,017 architectural market as per cent construction 0.7 1.0 1.2 n/a 0.2 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.5 1.9 1.2 0.8 1.4 n/a 0.4 1.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 1.0 5.7 0.8 1.1 1.1 2008 market size (000s) 296,789 327,108 n/a n/a n/a 356,228 27,524 42,580 1,103,778 3,988,103 294,149 408,855 n/a n/a n/a 901,558 n/a 112,659 n/a 40,501 145,073 726,778 2,800,042 11,616,874
Market size refers to the architectural market as measured as the sum of the revenues earned by private architectural practices in each country. Data refers to 2009/10. The market size has been estimated, see Appendix I for an explanation of the methodology. * caution - small sample
CHART 2-5 Estimated value of Architectural Market

Germany Italy United Kingdom France Netherlands Turkey Belgium Sweden Denmark Greece Poland Austria Ireland Finland Czech Republic Croatia Romania Bulgaria Slovakia Estonia Lithuania Slovenia Latvia 0
n/a 500 000 500 2000 2500 millions 3000 3500 4000 4500
Page 37
The Architectural Market analysed by building sector

Private housing dominates the architectural market, whether this is work to individual homes - the largest sector with a 30 per cent share - or other private housing, including flats and housing developments; another 14 per cent of work. So in total 44 per cent of architects work is from private sector housing. Commercial work - offices, retail, industrial, leisure and other - accounts for 30 per cent of all work. The public sector accounts for 26 per cent. Public housing and education have equal shares (6 per cent each). The highest shares of individual housing are to be found in Greece (56 per cent of all work), Slovenia (51 per cent), Belgium (48 per cent) and Italy (45 per cent). Whilst other private housing is highest in Turkey and Bulgaria. The highest levels of public housing are to be found in Sweden and Austria, where they account for 12 per cent of the market. The break-down of the market remains very similar to that calculated in 2007/8. The only changes are falls in the proportion of office and industrial work. Public sector work - as a proportion of the whole - remains unchanged.
CHART 2-6 Proportion of market by building sector

other public public housing education health other private industrial leisure retail offices private housing individual houses
TABLE 2-4 Comparison of proportion of the market accounted for different building sectors, and the proportion of practices involved in those building sectors
per cent individual houses other private housing offices retail leisure and the arts industrial health education public housing other private other public per cent of market 30 14 8 5 4 6 4 6 6 7 10 per cent of practices involved 78 50 40 26 18 28 18 27 23 31 33
Page 38
TABLE 2-5 Proportion of work undertaken by building sector, analysed by country

private housing public housing other private other public
industrial
Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 * caution - small sample
20 48 31 33 33 17 39 16 28 33 56 36 45 n/a 23 26 22 36 22 51 16 31 34 30 31
10 16 28 17 14 7 4 11 17 14 7 12 12 n/a 7 13 16 8 14 4 10 22 16 14 14
9 5 7 7 7 11 3 8 6 9 8 6 5 n/a 8 5 10 8 17 6 14 7 6 8 10
4 4 3 3 4 3 3 8 5 4 0 7 5 n/a 7 3 4 3 8 0 7 10 2 5 5
4 2 2 4 5 4 5 5 4 2 5 5 5 n/a 0 3 3 8 5 0 5 2 5 4 3
6 5 7 6 6 6 3 5 4 9 3 3 4 n/a 20 7 10 12 10 10 5 9 5 6 8
6 3 1 2 4 5 4 6 4 3 0 6 1 n/a 0 13 5 1 0 1 6 2 5 4 4
9 3 3 6 5 11 8 9 7 8 3 9 3 n/a 1 8 5 4 2 6 9 4 3 6 6
12 6 6 2 2 10 3 10 8 1 1 3 1 n/a 11 9 4 6 7 9 12 2 7 6 4
9 3 6 8 7 9 11 6 6 9 5 7 9 n/a 5 5 8 8 8 7 4 7 11 7 7
10 4 5 12 12 18 18 16 11 9 11 6 10 n/a 18 8 13 4 6 6 14 5 6 10 10
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 n/a 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CHART 2-7 Proportion of work undertaken in each main building sector, ranked in order of highest private housing work private commercial & public
housing other private
Belgium Greece Bulgaria Italy Slovenia Turkey Croatia United Kingdom Czech Republic Ireland Germany France Romania Estonia Netherlands Poland Slovakia Austria Lithuania Finland Sweden Denmark Latvia 0
n/a
20
40 60 per cent total market
80
TOTAL
leisure
offices
health
per cent
education
individual houses
retail
00
Page 39
The Architectural Market analysed by type of client

One client group stands out as dominant: private individuals. Forty one per cent of the work undertaken by architects is for individuals. In Greece, Slovenia and Germany it exceeds 50 per cent. Almost equal amounts of work (around 12 per cent) are undertaken for developers and for limited companies, while 23 per cent of work is for the public sector. Compared with 2007/8, the proportion of work from private individuals has fallen back (47 per cent down to 41 per cent) while the relative importance of PLC clients has increased. The proportion of work derived from public bodies remains unchanged. CHART 2-8 Proportion of market by client type
others other public local authority government PLC limited company private individuals
developer
TABLE 2-6 Proportion of work undertaken for different clients, analysed by country
PLC (public limited company) other private
central government
local government
Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom* EUROPE - 23 2008 EUR-17
39 57 38 39 42 24 38 20 40 53 60 47 47 n/a 28 28 33 44 27 55 19 42 45 41 47
10 12 20 5 10 10 18 14 12 7 8 13 18 n/a 9 14 17 11 24 6 22 5 17 12 10
13 9 18 28 12 8 11 19 10 8 3 10 9 n/a 42 8 13 20 13 20 17 21 12 13 14
2 1 7 3 8 8 4 2 1 2 11 2 6 n/a 9 15 6 5 18 1 8 16 1 5 0
16 1 2 1 1 13 5 3 1 5 4 6 0 n/a 0 2 1 3 1 0 4 2 4 4 6
9 6 8 11 20 16 11 15 12 11 6 7 7 n/a 9 9 14 7 10 6 14 4 6 10 9
4 10 2 8 5 11 11 22 16 4 5 9 7 n/a 2 9 10 6 4 7 11 5 5 9 7
7 4 4 3 3 10 4 4 8 8 2 7 5 n/a 1 15 5 5 3 5 3 5 9 6 7
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 n/a 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Page 40
TOTAL
per cent
other public
individuals
developer
limited company
The Architectural Market analysed by type of service

Building design is the activity which generates more fee earnings than any other service activity, accounting for 69 per cent of the market. Building design accounts consistently for the largest market share in each country surveyed. Only in Denmark does it account for (just) less than 50 per cent of all fee earnings. Interior design accounts for 8 per cent of total architectural revenue, planning 7 per cent and project management 6 per cent. The relative importance of building design work has strengthened slightly in 2009/10 compared with 2007/8. The importance of planning as a service type is also slightly higher than in 2007/8. CHART 2-9 Proportion of market by type of service
planning project management feasibility studies interior design landscape design others
building design
TABLE 2-7 Proportion of work undertaken by each service type

building design interior design project management other service
feasibility studies
planning
Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom* EUROPE - 23 2008 EUR-17 * caution - small sample
74 76 65 65 61 49 78 71 72 69 66 74 50 n/a 53 64 74 61 65 63 59 58 62 69 66
1 1 6 3 5 6 2 1 1 3 6 1 4 n/a 4 1 1 1 3 6 3 2 1 2 3
5 6 7 9 12 10 8 7 6 7 11 5 15 n/a 11 10 9 6 10 8 12 14 4 8 9
6 3 7 1 1 2 0 3 7 2 1 5 6 n/a 2 8 1 9 0 7 4 3 9 4 3
4 7 2 7 4 11 5 4 5 5 6 6 6 n/a 3 6 5 5 14 7 5 12 7 6 5
9 5 3 10 6 17 1 6 5 12 7 7 13 n/a 1 6 5 5 6 1 6 10 13 7 4
2 2 9 5 11 6 6 8 4 2 4 3 7 n/a 27 4 4 13 3 8 11 2 3 4 9
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 n/a 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Page 41
TOTAL
per cent
landscape design
Future Prospects
The question how do you anticipate your workloads will change in the next 12 months reveals more architects in Europe think workloads will remain stable (44 per cent) than think they will fall (32 per cent) or rise (24 per cent). Highest levels of optimism are recorded in Ireland, Greece and Croatia; where 45 per cent or more of architects think workloads will rise in 2011. The highest levels of pessimism are recorded in Sweden, Turkey, Slovenia, Denmark and Poland, where more than 40 per cent of architects think workloads will fall. In 14 out of the 23 countries, more respondents anticipate no change than a rise or fall. But the balance figure - which reports on the difference between optimists and pessimists - is negative in 13 out of 23 countries. The analysis by size group suggests little variation in the view on future prospects across all but one organisation size (the exception being the 31 to 50 staff size, which is more pessimistic).
CHART 2-10 Workload predictions for 2011
architects workload predictions, 2011 balance figure over +20% balance between +5% and +19.9% no change (-5% to +%5) balance between -5% and -19.9% balance figure below -20% no response
Page 42
CHART 2-11 Future workload prospects for 2011, analysed by size of respondents organisation
staff 2 staff 3 to 5 staff 6 to 0 staff to 30 staff 3 to 50 staff over 50 staff
0 20 40 60 per cent respondents 80 00
increase
no change
decrease
TABLE 2-8 Future workload prospects for 2011, analysed by country

per cent per cent of Principals who expect their practice workloads to change over the coming 12 months up Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 * caution - small sample ** The balance statistic is calculated by subtracting the per cent of respondents who predict workloads will fall, from those who predict a rise 28 18 35 47 21 11 14 10 25 24 59 45 32 0 33 24 16 37 18 6 7 18 28 24 no change 45 49 31 37 61 45 59 56 45 51 30 33 43 0 42 38 42 41 71 50 37 38 40 44 down 27 33 34 16 18 44 27 34 30 26 11 22 25 100 25 38 42 23 12 44 55 44 33 32 +1 -15 +1 +31 +3 -33 -14 -24 -5 -2 +47 +23 +7 -100 +8 -14 -26 +14 +6 -38 -48 -25 -5 -8 balance**
Page 43
Architecture the Practice

Profile of Architectural Practices
The number of private architectural practices in Europe-23 is estimated to be 133,000. This figure has been estimated by creating a model and then inserting data from the survey. The model is described in Appendix I. Grossing-up this figure to reflect all 33 European countries produces an estimate of 155,000 private architectural practices in Europe, 19 per cent higher than the 2008 estimate of 130,000 practices. Two thirds (65 per cent) of these practices are one person firms. A further 29 per cent have between 2 and 5 architectural staff. Four CHART 3-1 Average size of architectural practices
3
average size of architectural practices under 2 staff 2 to 2.9 staff 3 to 3.9 staff 4 and more staff no response or n/a
per cent of practices have between 6 and 10 architectural staff. Practices with more than ten staff account for a tiny proportion of the total. Thus the profile of architectural practices is skewed very heavily towards small firms. The two per cent of practices who have more than ten staff between them employ 17 per cent of all architects in private practice. Similarly, the 4 per cent of practices with 6 to 10 staff employ 14 per cent of all private practice architects. By contrast, the 65 per cent of one person firms employ 32 per cent of private practice workforce.
Page 44
TABLE 3-1 Estimated number and size of architectural practices

number (estimate) Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 per cent of practices 2008 EUR-17 size of architectural practice (number of architectural staff) 1 staff 896 2,641 387 254 442 384 75 159 5,386 22,793 1,985 448 39,352 n/a 103 2,058 2,221 1,026 136 75 646 1,488 3,094 86,049 65 37,369 2 staff 279 682 113 144 144 122 25 72 1,149 6,696 793 186 5,093 n/a 57 448 885 190 30 24 155 1,332 858 19,477 15 13,489 3 to 5 staff 222 576 189 156 113 119 23 61 1,026 3,609 810 133 6,901 n/a 48 404 902 370 76 35 132 2,101 957 18,963 14 10,868 6 to 10 staff 60 192 36 34 45 70 14 38 261 1,400 167 32 1,466 n/a 66 213 266 82 39 25 77 596 635 5,814 4 5,318 11 to 30 staff 16 68 37 16 10 53 6 31 67 443 53 23 219 n/a 9 108 40 29 11 21 48 278 387 1,973 1 2,014 31 to 50 staff 1 7 0 1 1 10 0 2 2 60 7 1 42 n/a 0 21 13 0 1 4 6 29 71 279 <1 449 over 50 staff 1 1 0 1 1 4 0 1 1 20 3 1 8 n/a 0 2 2 0 0 1 3 11 22 83 <1 344 1,476 4,167 763 605 756 762 145 363 7,891 35,021 3,818 824 53,081 n/a 282 3,255 4,330 1,697 294 186 1,067 5,836 6,024 132,643 100 69,851 TOTAL
architectural staff includes principals, partners & directors; associates; salaried architects; technical staff * caution - small sample
CHART 3-2 Practices analysed by size
CHART 3-3 Proportion of architects employed in practices of different sizes

staff 2 staff 3 to 5 staff 6 to 0 staff to 30 staff 3 to 50 staff over 50 staff
staff 2 staff 3 to 5 staff 6 to 0 staff to 30 staff 3 to 50 staff over 50 staff 0 0
per cent architectural practices
20
30
40
50
60
70
per cent architects employed
0
5
20
25
30
35
Page 45
Legal Formation of Practices

The information in this section is based on the questionnaires completed by Principals. These include Sole Principals, Freelancers, and Partners & Directors in Private Practice. Half of all Principals consider their business formation to be an independent architect. This may include Sole Principals and Freelancers. Thirty one per cent of businesses are limited companies, another 5 per cent are PLCs. Partnership are more popular in Denmark, Lithuania, Sweden, Estonia and the Netherlands - over 25 per cent of businesses in each country. The highest proportion of limited company architectural businesses are to be found in Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey (each with over 50 per cent). PLCs are common in Finland (56 per cent) and Sweden (22 per cent) only. Compared with 2008, the proportion of independent architects is stable but there has been an increase in limited companies (from 22 per cent of practices in 2008 to 31 per cent now) and a decrease in the proportion of practices which are partnerships (down from 18 per cent to 10 per cent).
CHART 3-4 Type of architectural businesses

Economic Interest Grouping Public Limited Company
Independent Architect Limited Liability Company
Partnership
Page 46
TABLE 3-2 Legal formation of architectural practices - based on type of practice in which Principals work
per cent Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom* EUROPE - 23 2008 EUR-17 * caution - small sample independent architect 65 50 28 22 40 32 48 33 59 84 81 40 73 n/a 25 45 72 36 24 75 20 34 53 51 52 partnership 7 5 5 5 21 35 29 5 2 9 9 10 15 n/a 33 27 11 4 24 6 30 4 3 10 18 limited company 25 39 54 71 30 18 14 3 36 5 4 46 2 n/a 33 23 13 58 47 13 20 54 38 31 22 PLC (public limited company) 1 3 1 1 1 10 0 56 2 0 4 3 0 n/a 0 3 1 1 0 0 22 7 3 5 4 corporation 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n/a 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 economic interest group 1 3 13 1 6 5 10 3 0 1 3 1 10 n/a 8 3 2 1 6 6 8 1 5 2 3
CHART 3-5 Proportion of architectural practices which are limited companies / PLCs / corporations
proportion of practices which are companies under 20% 20% to 34% 35% to 49% 50% or more no response or n/a
Page 47
Practice Revenue
The survey asked Principals to provide details of their revenue in the calendar year 2009, or the most recent 12 month accounting period. Average revenue rises in line with practice size. The relationship between practice size and fee income is linear for the smaller size groups. The averages for larger sizes of firm are only indicative as the staff intervals are large and there can be a very high variation in revenues reported. Geographically, highest average revenues per practice (measured for practices up to 10 staff, for which there is least variation) are recorded in France, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden. Lowest average revenues are recorded in Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland and Lithuania. Averages are lower for all except the larger practice size groups (which are subject to greater variation so comparisons are more problematic). The average practice revenue for a one person practice has fallen by 19 per cent since 2007/8, and by 20 per cent for 2 person practice. But average revenue is only lower by 4 per cent for a 3 to 5 size practice and down by 7 per cent for 6 to 10 size group.
TABLE 3-3 Average revenue per practice analysed by country and practice size
s 1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUR-17 * caution - small sample Figures are averages (means) and refer to the year 2009/10 The minimum number of responses to give a reliable answer is 10. But for smaller countries we have extended this to 5 and in very exceptional cases to 4. Where there are fewer than four responses, or where the figure varies excessively from the mean, we mark the data as n/a 98,259 54,156 18,374 23,387 56,377 64,016 22,737 77,856 75,509 59,542 32,010 46,662 29,561 n/a 10,306 76,968 24,821 13,287 99,450 28,750 69,783 48,625 32,061 48,295 59,389 2 148,967 116,434 52,452 66,379 48,487 129,768 n/a 164,423 196,787 86,449 50,720 116,390 52,108 n/a 29,148 228,532 35,645 29,227 n/a n/a 170,469 40,837 n/a 93,826 117,827 size of practice (number of architectural staff) 3 to 5 257,110 207,099 51,519 130,033 135,916 466,915 n/a 274,547 314,205 254,514 123,696 306,141 23,644 n/a 69,509 479,574 73,864 90,715 50,754 132,000 432,797 121,273 234,627 192,685 201,693 6 to 10 614,141 613,153 92,183 218,190 380,286 1,138,352 n/a 501,783 774,945 633,444 190,067 718,106 470,573 n/a 82,324 835,500 208,280 68,073 n/a n/a 640,615 388,736 542,955 463,320 498,563 11 to 30 1,798,822 1,012,514 535,226 921,328 817,898 1,363,704 649,767 1,410,588 1,623,783 503,750 537,500 19,553,359 1,500,000 n/a n/a 1,977,220 464,757 182,083 n/a n/a 1,824,915 1,594,754 n/a 1,167,050 1,282,563 31 to 50 1,838,426 2,968,813 n/a n/a 283,324 2,225,403 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 7,774,619 n/a n/a n/a 5,291,642 n/a n/a n/a n/a 3,294,267 895,920 n/a 3,471,360 3,156,907 51+ n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 9,761,102 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 10,000,000 n/a n/a n/a 7,341,829 455,997 n/a n/a n/a 21,558,975 10,016,098 n/a 10,613,801 4,563,556
Page 48
CHART 3-6 Average revenue per practice for small and medium-sized practice, size 1 to 10 staff
average revenue per small and medium sized practice below 100,000 100,000 to 199,999 200,000 to 299,999 300,000 or more no response or n/a
How Practices Charge for their Services

Almost half (49 per cent) of current jobs are charged on the basis of a percentage of the contract value. This is the most common method of calculating charges. Next most popular (29 per cent) is a lump-sum charge agreed after an estimate of time required; while 18 per cent TABLE 3-4 How charges are calculated
per cent current jobs per cent of contract value Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 57 58 33 51 46 30 33 10 73 57 47 38 50 n/a 52 25 32 39 57 46 4 51 27 49 56
base their charge on an hourly rate. Five per cent of jobs appear to be undertaken at risk where there has been no agreement on charges. Calculating charges as a percentage of the value is the most popular method in thirteen out of the 23 countries.
method of calculating charge lump sum 22 23 43 26 33 39 53 42 19 17 36 47 28 n/a 23 48 26 47 34 29 42 29 41 29 23 hourly charge 19 17 18 12 17 25 5 46 6 22 8 9 9 n/a 12 22 34 7 7 20 51 6 29 18 16 no charge agreed (effectively at risk) 2 2 7 12 4 6 9 2 2 5 10 7 12 n/a 13 4 8 7 2 6 3 13 4 5 6
Page 49
Hourly charge-out rates

Average hourly charge-out rates vary considerably between the 23 surveyed countries. We have attempted to adjust this data to take account of different price levels between the countries, using a Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) index. The Europe-23 average hourly charge-out rate for Principals, adjusted for PPP, is 66 per hour; for Architects it is 56 while Technologists average 43 per hour. These figures are the averages charged to clients for an hour of their work, before tax. The PPP hourly charge-out rates (table 3-5) are highest for Principals in the Netherlands. Lowest hourly rates are recorded in Romania and Turkey. The pattern is very similar for architects and for technical staff. The unadjusted, as reported, figures are presented in table 3-6. Average hourly rates adjusted for PPP have increased, from 62 in 2008 for Principals to 66 in 2010. Architects rates have increased from 50 to 56 on average, while technologists rates have increased from an average of 39 to 43 an hour. Average rates have increased in several countries, but the largest changes are falls, notably in Ireland (Principals down from an average PPP of 116 to 80), the UK (103 for Principals down to 78), Slovenia (48 to 35) and Greece (39 to 28).
TABLE 3-5 Average hourly charge-out rates ADJUSTED to take account of Purchasing Power Parity
s average hourly charge-out rates ADJUSTED to take account of Purchasing Power Parities (PPP), Euros principals Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 * caution - small sample Data is expressed in Euros but each countrys figure has been adjusted using an index of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). This index takes account of price level differences across countries. We have used an index sourced from Eurostat, whose Comparative Price Level Indices assess the price level of each country in the comparison with all 27 EU member countries. Each countrys average hourly rates figure is divided by one hundredth of the countrys index value to create the PPP adjusted figure. 74 57 49 27 26 78 51 55 74 61 28 80 47 n/a n/a 97 26 17 41 35 85 19 78 66 62 architects 65 44 29 32 20 70 40 51 66 52 15 61 24 n/a n/a 83 13 11 20 23 75 11 85 56 50 technologists 52 35 24 18 11 56 32 40 44 42 10 44 28 n/a n/a 65 8 8 14 13 65 8 59 43 39
Page 50
CHART 3-7 Average hourly charge-out rates for Principals, adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity
Netherlands Sweden Ireland Denmark United Kingdom Austria France Germany Belgium Finland Estonia Bulgaria Italy Slovakia Slovenia Greece Croatia Czech Republic Poland Turkey Romania Latvia Lithuania
0
n/a n/a 20 40 60 80 00 20 40 60
TABLE 3-6 Average hourly charge-out rates, unadjusted

s principals Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 * caution - small sample 80 65 26 21 18 114 38 70 85 65 28 100 50 n/a n/a 105 15 10 30 30 91 13 72 75 63
average rates, 's, adjusted for PPP

average hourly charge-out rates, Euros architects 70 50 15 25 14 101 30 65 75 55 15 77 26 n/a n/a 90 8 6 15 20 81 8 78 63 50 technologists 56 40 13 14 8 81 24 50 50 45 10 55 30 n/a n/a 70 5 4 10 11 70 5 54 50 40
Page 51
Practice Costs & Profits

Profits expressed as a percentage of revenue broadly decline in line with the size of an architectural practice. For example, in a one person practice, pre-tax profits average 45 per cent of turnover This falls to 29 per cent in a 3 to 5 person practice, and further to 20 per cent in a practice with 11 to 30 staff. For larger practices, there is no significant difference in pre-tax profits expressed as a percentage of turnover (13 per cent for the 31 to 50 size group and 15 per cent for practices with 50 or more staff. But there are some negative figures reported this year, implying some practices have made a loss. In total, 4 per cent of practices report losses. There may be variations in the definition of profits so inter-country comparisons should be considered with caution. Pre-tax and after-tax profits are lower in 2010 compared with 2008 in every size group. Similarly, costs as a proportion of revenue are higher in every size group.
TABLE 3-7 Proportion of revenue which is costs, pre-tax and post-tax profits, analysed by practice size
per cent costs 1 staff 2 staff 3 to 5 staff 6 to 10 staff 11 to 30 staff 31 to 50 staff over 50 staff 55 67 71 78 80 87 85 per cent of practice revenue pre-tax profits 45 34 29 22 20 13 15 profits after tax 34 24 20 17 14 10 9 2008 EUROPE-17 pre-tax profits 52 44 40 31 26 17 26
CHART 3-8 Costs, profits (after tax) and tax paid on profits
profits taxation costs
staff 2 staff 3 to 5 staff 6 to 0 staff to 30 staff 3 to 50 staff over 50 staff 0 20 40 60 80 00
per cent practice revenue
Page 52
TABLE 3-8 Average pre-tax profits as a per cent of total revenue, analysed by country and practice size
per cent 1 staff Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * * caution - small sample 39 44 51 42 43 59 75 42 34 58 59 50 69 n/a 48 53 48 27 49 43 53 26 45 2 staff 36 33 41 13 35 38 n/a 25 23 52 64 24 91 n/a -6 46 36 65 n/a n/a 49 35 n/a
size of architectural practice (number of architectural staff) 3 to 5 staff 31 23 37 19 27 19 n/a 17 21 41 43 -11 81 n/a 23 51 38 32 33 22 49 32 29 6 to 10 staff 20 15 39 17 23 12 n/a 13 12 31 67 11 58 n/a 17 45 32 14 n/a n/a 35 15 22 11 to 30 staff 27 11 27 20 37 12 -4 27 13 36 25 4 n/a n/a n/a 31 38 n/a n/a n/a 45 n/a n/a 31 to 50 staff 30 17 n/a n/a 5 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 26 23 n/a over 50 staff n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 6 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 8 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 25 n/a n/a
Page 53
TABLE 3-9 Break-down of costs analysed by practice size

per cent 1 rent utilities staff travel & motor bank insurance legal & financial promotion other costs TOTAL costs 10 4 32 11 4 9 7 7 15 100 2 8 3 48 6 3 5 5 5 19 100 size of architectural practice (number of architectural staff) 3 to 5 7 2 58 4 2 4 6 6 11 100 6 to 10 6 2 66 4 2 3 4 4 11 100 11 to 30 6 1 68 3 1 2 2 2 16 100 31 to 50 6 2 67 2 1 8 2 2 11 100 51+ 8 2 68 5 1 2 1 1 12 100
Costs and profits are expressed as a percentage of practice revenue. The largest single cost element in all practices is staff. Rent and utilities account for between 7 and 14 per cent, travel is between 2 and 6 per cent for all but one person practices. Professional Indemnity Insurance averages at between 2 and 9 per cent of total costs across all practice sizes. Other costs (bank, legal,
promotion) decline in line with a practices size. The figures show remarkably little difference in the break-down of costs elements for practices with more than 5 staff. The break-down of costs varies hardly at all, with for example staff costs accounting for between 66 and 68 per cent of total costs.
CHART 3-9 Main cost elements analysed by practice size

staff costs rent & utilities other costs
staff 2 staff 3 to 5 staff 6 to 0 staff to 30 staff 3 to 50 staff over 50 staff 0 20 40 60 per cent practice costs 80 00
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Revenue from outside own country

Approximately 8 per cent of practice revenues are generated by work undertaken outside the country in which the architectural practice is based. This proportion is highest in Croatia (31 per cent), Estonia (28 per cent), Turkey (28 per cent), Ireland (26 per cent), Denmark (25 per cent) and Italy (25 per cent). But in other countries, less than 10 per cent of revenue is generated from work undertaken outside their country. The proportion is higher than in 2008, when 6 per cent of practice revenue originated outside the country in which the practice is based. Compared with 2008, non-domestic revenue is higher in all countries except Romania, Slovenia, Sweden and the UK. TABLE 3-10 Proportion of practice revenue derived from outside the country, analysed by country
per cent Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 * caution - small sample turnover derived from outside the country 5.1 8.2 4.5 30.6 1.6 25.1 28.4 8.8 9.3 7.8 6.3 26.2 24.5 n/a 3.4 3.3 7.7 3.0 6.3 1.2 4.1 27.7 1.1 7.7 6.0
CHART 3-10 Source of revenue

work outside country
domestic work
Page 55
Associations
TABLE 3-11 Proportion of practices who have a formal association with another practice
per cent no formal association 94 85 76 33 88 71 80 49 89 94 68 87 70 n/a 50 90 54 82 88 50 82 90 97 82 85 have a formal association with architect / practice in same country 5 12 19 54 10 20 20 43 9 4 26 6 25 n/a 33 7 43 17 0 44 13 7 0 15 12 with architect / practice in another country 1 2 1 2 1 7 0 3 1 2 3 4 3 n/a 8 1 0 0 13 0 4 2 0 2 3 both 1 1 4 10 1 2 0 6 1 0 4 2 2 n/a 8 1 2 1 0 6 1 1 3 2 n/a
Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 * caution - small sample
CHART 3-11
Croatia Finland Slovenia Lithuania Poland Greece Italy Denmark Bulgaria Estonia Romania Sweden Belgium Slovakia Ireland Czech Republic France Turkey Netherlands Austria Germany United Kingdom Latvia 0
Proportion of practices who have a formal association with another practice
practice has an association with another in ...

same country other country both same & other
n/a 0 20 30 40 per cent practices 50 60 70 80
Page 56
Associations
Eighty two per cent of practices have no formal association with another practice. Of the 18 per cent who do have a formal association, most associate with another architect or practice in the same country. Just 4 per cent of all practices have a formal association in another country. Despite the Europe-23 low level of formal association, such associations are widespread in a handful of countries. At least 50 per cent of practices have a formal association with another in Croatia, Finland, Slovenia and Lithuania and more than 40 per cent in Poland.
Branch Offices
The question do you work in a branch or subsidiary office provides a clue as to how many offices an architectural practice might have. So in Turkey and Denmark, where about one in five architects works in a branch office, the implication is that practices are more likely to have multiple offices. Data relating to the number of offices was not explicitly collected. The head office of those practices which operate branch offices is usually (in 89 per cent of cases) located in the same country. Only in Ireland, and to a lesser extent Sweden, are head offices in most cases located in a different country.
TABLE 3-12 Proportion of architects working in branch office and location of branch offices Head Office
per cent work in branch office head office is located in... same country as where branch office is located Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 * caution - small sample 9 6 12 13 16 19 9 9 8 9 12 8 11 n/a 13 11 13 7 13 10 12 20 12 12 9 92 94 94 92 93 92 100 86 96 98 100 36 94 n/a 100 88 91 88 80 82 60 93 100 89 71 same country as where architect is registered 100 98 99 99 99 97 100 96 98 100 98 92 94 n/a 100 99 96 98 94 93 100 99 95 98 93
Page 57
Architects the Individual

Earnings
Architects in Europe earn an average (adjusted for PPP) of 29,493 before tax. We have attempted to adjust the average earnings to take account of differing price levels in the 23 surveyed countries, adjusting each countrys average earnings figure by its purchasing power parity (PPP) index. These adjusted figures show average earnings are highest in the Netherlands
and the UK, followed by Ireland, Germany and Austria. Average adjusted earnings are lowest in Bulgaria and Romania. Compared with 2008 average earnings (adjusted for PPP) are lower by more than 20 per cent in Ireland, Greece, Romania and Estonia.
4
50000
CHART 4-1 Average earnings, all full-time architects, ADJUSTED for Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
Netherlands United Kingdom Ireland Germany Austria Denmark Sweden Finland Slovenia France Belgium Poland Slovakia Turkey Czech Republic Greece Croatia Italy Estonia Bulgaria Lithuania Romania Latvia
0
n/a
0000
20000
30000
40000
60000
average earnings, 's, adjusted for PPP
Page 58
TABLE 4-1 Average earnings of full-time Architects analysed by country

s Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23** (EUROPE-17 in 2008) * caution - small sample ** EUROPE - 23 unadjusted figure is a weighted average and takes account of the number of architects in each participating country. The PPP figure is not weighted. average earnings 2010 adjusted for PPP 38,925 28,384 14,555 18,892 21,268 37,843 15,318 35,601 28,871 39,932 20,534 40,200 18,779 n/a 10,252 50,691 24,935 8,172 22,222 29,240 36,612 21,432 45,922 29,493 unadjusted 42,000 32,330 7,671 14,433 15,015 54,721 11,504 45,000 33,000 42,488 20,000 50,250 20,000 n/a 6,951 55,000 14,612 4,699 16,378 25,000 39,174 14,424 42,569 30,000 average earnings 2008 adjusted for PPP 47,337 28,222 n/a n/a n/a 39,012 36,084 32,327 33,241 38,797 26,846 52,209 n/a n/a n/a 52,224 n/a 22,748 n/a 31,491 29,990 20,486 45,014 34,003 unadjusted 48,000 30,000 n/a n/a n/a 53,720 25,800 39,600 36,000 40,000 24,000 65,000 n/a n/a n/a 54,000 n/a 13,990 n/a 24,500 35,178 14,648 49,650 36,686
CHART 4-2 Range of average earnings (all full-time architects), unadjusted

average (median) annual earnings, unadjusted below 15,000 15,000 to 29,999 40,000 to 44,999 45,000 or more no response or n/a
Page 59
Earnings by Field of Employment

TABLE 4-2 Average earnings analysed by country and field of employment (adjusted for PPP)
sole principal 37,071 26,339 14,555 17,992 20,637 41,804 n/a 35,601 26,247 40,883 30,801 32,000 18,779 n/a 12,815 41,475 23,216 8,172 20,353 28,070 36,130 45,927 13,027 30,144 37,895 partner/ director 38,925 39,508 38,814 18,442 27,516 46,449 n/a 41,139 28,871 46,992 43,634 44,000 26,197 n/a n/a 65,438 38,693 9,194 51,560 19,883 50,180 27,556 52,110 40,000 43,605 ALL Principals 38,925 30,729 19,407 17,992 22,930 44,771 12,765 38,291 28,871 42,293 30,801 36,000 18,779 n/a 15,378 58,065 25,795 8,172 24,423 25,146 43,356 38,272 39,082 33,364 38,952 private practice salaried 37,071 35,119 11,772 21,141 21,630 33,443 15,318 33,623 34,121 32,227 15,092 36,000 14,789 n/a 8,543 55,300 21,668 9,194 18,521 35,088 36,040 18,371 45,922 27,556 30,182 other private 48,656 26,339 n/a 19,791 39,555 9,290 21,020 34,810 28,215 46,992 n/a 53,200 20,657 n/a n/a n/a 36,543 10,215 n/a n/a 34,785 22,619 n/a 32,517 43,605 ALL private 38,925 26,339 14,555 18,712 21,268 37,159 15,318 35,601 27,997 37,594 21,561 36,000 16,195 n/a 11,747 50,691 25,064 8,172 20,353 28,070 36,622 22,963 43,772 29,852 34,597 local / central govt n/a 36,778 n/a 20,871 24,077 37,716 n/a 37,184 36,220 40,391 20,534 57,600 28,169 n/a n/a n/a 23,431 19,905 n/a n/a 35,628 18,371 50,351 34,223 33,915 other public n/a 39,508 n/a 20,511 20,637 39,017 n/a 36,590 32,021 45,207 20,534 59,200 n/a n/a n/a 76,498 15,047 6,129 n/a n/a 43,376 18,371 61,229 27,556 26,964 ALL public 58,387 38,630 8,927 20,871 21,669 38,227 28,509 37,184 34,558 42,293 20,534 57,600 28,169 n/a 6,408 76,498 23,216 11,324 29,851 49,123 36,612 18,371 52,761 31,957 32,131
s Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUR-17
freelance 37,071 26,339 11,159 20,241 n/a 13,470 n/a 19,778 24,497 23,496 13,450 18,800 14,085 n/a n/a 46,083 25,365 6,178 17,639 8,830 33,119 26,255 46,899 25,416 29,070
* caution - small sample Earnings data converted from local currencies to Euros, exchange rate as at 01.09.10 and then adjusted for PPP
CHART 4-3 Earnings by field of employment (adjusted for PPP)

average earnings, 's, adjusted for PPP 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 5000 0000 5000 0
e pr s iv al at ar e ie pr d ac tic e lo c go al a ve uth rn o m rity en / t ire in el he rp fre ot he r pu bl ic pa l an c ct riv ot ci at e or pa rtn er /d
Page 60
so le
pr
The highest earning group of architects is Partners / Directors. Their average earnings are 40,000 (all figures in this section are adjusted for PPP). Sole Principals average earnings are 30,144, 25 per cent less than Partners and Directors. Freelance architects report average earnings of 25,416. Architects employed in private practice on salaries receive an average of 27,556. In the public sector, the average earnings for local and central government architects is 34,223. In most countries, average earnings are higher in the public sector than the private. The differential between public and private sectors is highest in the Netherlands, Ireland, Austria and Slovenia.
Partners and Directors record the highest earnings (when adjusted for PPP) in the Netherlands, Sweden, Slovakia and the UK while highest average for Sole Principals are recorded in Turkey, the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. Average earnings have fallen between 2008 and 2010 in all fields of employment except agency staff and architects working in local or central government. The largest falls are recorded by Sole Principals (lower by 20 per cent) and by private other (down by 25 per cent since 2008). Avearge earnings for Private practice salaried architects are lower by 9 per cent. All figures quantify changes in the PPP values between 2008 and 2010.
all public
CHART 4-4 Comparisons of average earnings of all Principals and all Public Architects (adjusted for PPP)
Netherlands Denmark Sweden Germany United Kingdom Austria Finland Turkey Ireland Greece Belgium France Poland Slovenia Slovakia Czech Republic Bulgaria Italy Croatia Lithuania Estonia Romania Latvia 0 n/a 0000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 all principals all private all public
average earnings, 's, adjusted for PPP
Page 61
Earnings by Age
Average earnings rise in line with an architects age up to age 40. From ages 40 to 59, earnings continue to rise but at a very gradual rate. The age group 60 to 64 stands out as a peak. This pattern is repeated for the lower quartile figures only up to age 44, after which the quartile values are broadly flat; while the upper quartile figures record a consistent rise in line with age, in each case the peak is reached at age 60 to 64. Largest falls since 2008 are recorded by architects aged in their fifties; average earnings here have fallen by 19 per cent. Falls of 16 per cent are recorded by architects aged 30 to 34 and 45 to 49. These changes are derived from data which has been adjusted for PPP.
TABLE 4-3 Average earnings analysed by age (adjusted for PPP)

s lower quartile <30 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65+ 2,887 10,777 15,978 17,992 16,278 17,498 15,805 17,550 16,943 2010 MEDIAN 15,615 24,550 30,075 33,364 33,364 34,317 35,119 40,875 36,095 upper quartile 26,872 35,988 42,928 46,563 50,374 52,678 55,335 60,216 55,607 2008 EUROPE-17 MEDIAN 17,041 29,214 34,677 38,760 39,729 42,391 43,647 41,890 n/a
CHART 4-5 Average earnings by age (adjusted for PPP)

average earnings, 's, adjusted for PPP 50000 40000 30000 20000 0000 0
45 -4 9 39 30 40 -4 4 50 -5 4 30 -3 -5 64 35 de r 60 55 un an d 65 ov er 4 9
Page 62
Earnings by Gender
The survey results suggest there is a significant differential between the earnings of men and women in the profession. Average full-time earnings of men (adjusted for PPP) is 47 per cent higher than that of full-time women architects. The differential in the lower quartile figure is greater - in excess of 100 per cent - while the upper quartile figure records a 37 per cent differential. The average earnings of architects working part-time also records a 47 per cent differential, the same as full-time. Compared with 2008 there has been no significant change to the full-time differential. Average full-time male earnings, adjusted for PPP, are lower by 17 per cent while average female earnings are down by 18 per cent. The differential for part-time earnings has grown since 2008, however, when it was 26 per cent and is now 47 per cent. CHART 4-6 Average earnings of male and female Architects, working full-time (adjusted for PPP)
average earnings, 's, adjusted for PPP 35000 30000 25000 20000 5000 0000 5000 0
al e al e fe
MEDIAN 32,149 21,866 37,936 25,862 upper quartile 50,973 37,159 60,000 39,515 2008 EUROPE-17 MEDIAN 38,760 26,620 30,431 24,225
TABLE 4-4 Average earnings analysed by gender and full-time or part-time working (adjusted for PPP)
s lower quartile Full time Part time FTE male female male female 16,623 7,369 17,500 10,770 2010
full-time equivalent (FTE) based on converting part-time earnings to an average working week of 37.5 hours
Page 63
Retirement
TABLE 4-5 At what age Architects expect to retire, analysed by country
per cent Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUR-17 * caution - small sample under 50 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 9 1 2 3 50-54 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 17 0 3 4 55-59 1 7 13 7 2 0 0 2 3 1 2 3 1 0 0 3 4 10 3 7 2 17 6 5 7 60-64 7 26 30 26 20 23 16 38 23 16 26 15 11 25 21 21 17 23 30 33 17 17 17 20 20 65-69 33 37 27 30 30 52 34 45 39 48 39 39 26 25 29 42 27 22 18 26 67 13 33 37 39 70-74 31 13 9 11 15 11 13 7 13 17 14 15 18 25 17 16 14 12 21 10 8 4 14 13 11 75-79 9 3 0 2 7 4 9 0 6 6 3 7 9 0 4 3 6 3 0 5 2 1 9 4 3 80-84 3 1 2 1 2 2 3 0 1 3 1 1 4 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 85 or over 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 4 25 4 2 3 1 3 5 1 1 2 1 1 never 11 10 15 17 23 6 22 7 12 7 13 16 24 0 25 12 23 24 24 14 4 21 17 14 12
CHART 4-7 Age at which Architects expect to retire

40 35 per cent respondents 30 25 20 5 0 5 0
69 er 50 54 64 -7 4 79 80 -8 4 -5 ve 50 60 65 75 or o 55 70 un d N ev er 9 r 85
Page 64
TABLE 4-6 Whether Architects will continue to work as an Architect until they retire
per cent Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 * caution - small sample definitely yes 48 25 48 36 53 43 45 39 32 45 45 28 34 50 39 43 52 55 38 38 41 46 30 41 39 probably yes 40 46 26 44 38 42 38 50 48 39 38 48 38 25 43 44 38 35 50 50 47 38 52 43 42 not sure 8 20 15 14 8 9 14 7 16 12 15 15 19 25 9 7 6 5 6 7 9 12 11 12 13 probably no 2 6 3 3 1 4 0 3 3 3 1 7 7 0 9 4 2 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 4 definitely no 1 3 8 2 0 1 3 1 1 2 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 4 1 2
CHART 4-8 Likelihood of continuing to work as an Architect until retirement

definitely no probably no not sure definitely yes
The most common age at which architects expect to retire is 65 to 69; 37 per cent say they expect to retire then. Another 20 per cent expect to retire at age 60 to 64. So more than half plan to retire in their sixties. Ten per cent say they expect to retire at an age under 60, while 6 per cent expect to retire when they are 75 or older. As many as 14 per cent say they will never retire. The majority of architects say they will definitely or probably continue to work as an architect until they retire. Although they are split almost evenly between definitely and probably. Twelve per cent are not sure, while 4 per cent will probably or definitely continue to work as an architect until retirement age. Belgium has the highest proportion of architects who are not sure; Bulgaria and Belgium have the highest number who say probably or definitely not. Page 65
probably yes
Hours Worked
TABLE 4-7 Average number of hours worked per week, analysed by country and field of employment
hours / week Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 * caution - small sample sole principal 49.0 47.7 43.3 44.1 45.8 43.6 42.5 43.1 46.7 49.2 42.1 41.4 40.8 n/a 41.3 48.4 46.0 43.6 43.7 43.9 41.8 47.4 40.5 46.2 51.0 partner / director 47.3 49.7 47.7 45.0 45.6 44.9 30.7 42.7 44.3 47.1 51.4 44.6 43.3 n/a 42.5 45.9 50.0 43.4 35.5 40.6 43.8 47.3 47.5 45.8 50.1 private practice salaried 45.8 48.5 48.3 36.9 46.2 36.5 40.3 40.3 47.5 36.7 39.1 37.8 45.0 n/a 47.0 48.0 44.6 42.2 38.8 42.5 40.3 44.9 37.1 41.2 46.0 freelance 39.6 41.4 38.6 40.0 40.4 36.9 41.7 37.1 36.7 39.9 41.2 38.0 40.2 n/a 20.0 40.0 39.9 40.2 40.0 40.2 39.6 44.1 37.8 43.9 47.0 other private 42.6 45.4 39.4 44.3 45.7 38.3 45.0 38.5 46.9 43.2 38.0 38.1 40.4 n/a 40.0 44.7 41.0 44.1 46.3 33.3 40.3 43.3 36.5 44.8 46.6 local / central government n/a 33.2 41.3 40.0 40.3 36.4 40.0 36.2 37.5 39.3 37.0 36.1 36.0 n/a 40.0 n/a 41.2 n/a 40.0 34.0 39.8 39.7 36.0 38.3 42.2 other public 46.7 38.3 n/a 37.6 40.7 37.3 n/a 36.6 42.8 39.9 30.3 35.9 28.5 n/a n/a 40.0 44.6 46.5 26.3 40.0 39.9 38.0 36.9 38.4 43.3
The number of hours worked by architects appears to be higher in the private sector than the public sector. Sole Principals and Partners and Directors work on average around 46 hours per week, higher than other employment fields. Freelance architects record an average 44 hours, compared with 41 hours amongst private practice salaried. Public sector architects average approximately 38 hours per week. The longest average working hours recorded for Sole Principals are in Austria and Germany, while Partners and Directors record highest averages in Greece, Poland and Belgium. Belgium, Bulgaria, the Netherlands and France record highest averages for private practice salaried architects. In the public sector, highest average hours worked are in Austria, Romania, Poland and France. The average number of hours worked have declined compared with the 2008 figures. Page 66
TABLE 4-8 Difference between average hours contracted to work and average hours worked, by field of employment
number of hours difference between contracted and worked hours per week 4.4 6.8 3.2 6.5 4.1 2.6 4.0 3.5
sole principal partner / director private practice salaried freelance other private local / central government other public EUROPE - 23
Career Satisfaction
Architects were invited to rate their satisfaction with four professional areas: career; pay; business environment and quality of life. Respondents selected their satisfaction level on a scale of 0 (totally dissatisfied) to 10 (totally satisfied). Architects are most satisfied with their choice of architecture as a career; the average score here is 7.6 out of 10. Two factors receive equal satisfaction scores: the quality of life and the business environment (colleagues, fellow professionals, public planning bodies and so on). Both score an average of 6.1 out of 10. Lowest satisfaction of the criteria measured is the amount architects are paid: this receives a satisfaction score of 4.8. Architects in Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands generally have the highest satisfaction scores; while the lowest scores appear to be found most often in Italy. Architects in the public sector record higher satisfaction scores for quality of life, business environment and pay than those in the private sector. Average satisfaction scores are very similar to those recorded in 2008.
CHART 4-9 Professional satisfaction, ranked, highest first

satisfaction with ...
choice of career as an architect
quality of life
business environment
amount of pay
0 <<<
less satisfied
4 5 6 respondents' average rating
9 >>>
0
more satisfied
Page 67
TABLE 4-9 Satisfaction with choice of career as an Architect, analysed by country and field of employment
score, 0 to 10 principal / director Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 * caution - small sample 7.8 7.1 8.0 8.1 7.3 8.6 8.8 8.3 7.3 7.5 7.0 7.4 6.7 8.0 8.2 8.0 7.4 8.6 7.8 8.5 8.3 8.2 7.1 7.7 7.8 field of employment other private 7.7 6.6 7.0 7.8 7.2 8.0 7.9 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.3 6.7 6.3 5.5 7.4 7.9 7.2 8.0 6.9 7.9 8.0 7.4 6.6 7.4 7.6 public 7.5 7.1 9.3 8.1 7.0 7.9 6.8 8.1 7.4 7.7 7.5 7.1 7.4 10.0 7.0 5.8 6.9 8.5 8.7 8.3 7.8 7.8 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.8 6.8 7.5 8.0 7.3 8.1 8.1 8.0 7.3 7.5 7.2 7.2 6.6 7.3 7.8 7.9 7.3 8.3 7.5 8.2 8.0 7.7 6.9 7.6 7.7 ALL
CHART 4-10 Satisfaction with choice of architecture as a career

satisfaction with choice of career - score out of 10 below 7.0 7.0 to 7.4 7.5 to 7.9 8.0 and over no response
Page 68
TABLE 4-10 Satisfaction with the amount you are paid analysed by country and field of employment
CHART 4-11 Satisfaction with amount paid

satisfaction with pay - score out of 10 below 4.0 4.0 to 4.9 5.0 to 5.9 6.0 and over no response
Page 69
TABLE 4-11 Satisfaction with your quality of life analysed by country and field of employment
score, 0 to 10 principal / director Austria Belgium Bulgaria * Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia * Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy * Latvia * Lithuania * Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia * Slovenia * Sweden Turkey United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17 * caution - small sample 5.8 5.7 5.1 5.6 6.4 7.7 6.0 7.4 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.7 4.9 5.0 6.4 7.7 5.3 6.2 6.6 7.3 7.8 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.8
field of employment other private 6.1 5.2 4.1 5.8 6.5 7.7 5.8 7.4 5.8 5.5 5.7 5.4 4.5 3.5 5.2 7.5 5.5 5.7 5.3 5.3 7.5 5.1 5.1 6.0 5.9 public 6.5 6.9 4.8 5.7 6.3 7.7 5.8 7.8 6.8 6.8 5.3 6.5 6.6 10.0 4.0 7.2 5.2 7.1 6.7 3.7 7.6 5.3 6.9 6.9 6.4
ALL 5.9 5.5 4.5 5.7 6.5 7.7 5.8 7.6 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.7 4.8 5.5 5.8 7.6 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.1 7.6 5.3 5.7 6.1 5.9
CHART 4-12 Satisfaction with quality of life

satisfaction with quality of life - score out of 10 below 5.0 5.0 to 5.9 6.0 to 6.9 7.0 and over no response
Page 70
TABLE 4-12 Satisfaction with the business environment in which you work - including your colleagues, your fellow professionals, public planning bodies etc. - analysed by country and field of employment
CHART 4-13 Satisfaction with the business environment

satisfaction with business environment - score out of 10 below 5.0 5.0 to 6.9 6.0 to 6.9 7.0 and over no response
Page 71
Section 2: Country Factsheets
Page 72
Section 2 Contents
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Turkey United Kingdom
page: 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118
Page 73
Austria
Social & Economic

2008 Population GDP, millions GDP per head Construction output, millions Construction output as a per cent of GDP 8,331,930 283,085 33,976 37,131 13 2010 8,375,290 279,607 33,385 35,830 13
Architectural Profession
2008 Number of architects * Number of architects per 1000 population Number male architects Number female architects Number architects aged under 40 3,800 0.5 3,230 570 912 2010 4,500 0.5 3,783 717 760
Number of Architects 2010

Italy Germany Spain Turkey United Kingdom France Greece Poland Portugal Belgium Netherlands Denmark Sweden Romania Switzerland Austria Hungary Norway Czech Republic Finland Bosnia Herzogovina FYROM Bulgaria Ireland Croatia Slovakia Lithuania Slovenia Latvia Malta Cyprus Estonia Luxembourg 0 5 10 15
145,000 100,000 50,000
* Estimate. The 2010 figure may be based on different sources or the estimation methodology refined so this accounts for some or all of the difference between the 2008 and 2010 figures.
Architectural Market
s 2008 2010 256,292 148,967 614,141
4,500 architects
Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice
296,789 198,915 457,591
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff 985 679 109 0 1,773
2010 1,476 896 501 76 2
Architects Field of Employment 2010

Public Sector Others Freelance Private Practice Salaried Partner/Director
Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public 1,721 779 97 0 0 16 0 0 1,913 647 147 29 59 59 0 59 2,614 2010 2,943
Sole Principal
Page 74
Architects Satisfaction
average rating, 0 (lowest) to 10 (highest): 2008 Choice of architecture as career: Pay: Quality of life: Business environment: 8.2 4.2 6.0 6.1 2010 7.8 4.2 5.9 5.9
GDP & Construction Output

140
Austria
construction output GDP
130
index, 2000=100
120
Architects Reputation
how architects believe they are regarded: by the general public by fellow professionals by others in construction industry by clients by public authorities per cent quite or very highly: 2008 33 61 33 66 48 2010 35 57 33 69 48
110
100
90
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: Eurostat. The 2010 construction output figure is an estimate based on year to Quarter 3, 2010. The 2010 GDP figure is a forecast.
Cross-border Working
working or resident in: 2008 Home country Another country Per cent practices where head office is in home country 87.5 12.5 88 per cent 2010 99.7 0.3 92
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing
Private Housing
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL 50,000 40,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 48,000 2010 40,000 42,000 40,000 40,000 52,500 n/a n/a 42,000
Public Housing Private Other Commercial
Working Hours
average number hours worked per week 2008 Sole Principal Partner / director Private practice salaried Freelance Local / central govt 54.0 51.3 48.8 n/a n/a 2010 49.0 47.3 45.8 39.6 n/a
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level 526 160 30% +/-8% 2010 3,653 672 18% +/-4%
Page 75
Belgium
Social & Economic

2008 Number of architects * Number of architects per 1000 population Number male architects Number female architects Number architects aged under 40 11,500 1.1 8,740 2,760 6,210 2010 13,000 1.2 9,918 3,082 5,775
145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 2010 556,280 116,434 613,153 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice 88,979 171,167 327,108
13,000 architects
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff 2,403 1,288 187 16 3,894
2010 4,167 2,641 1,258 260 8

Others
Public Sector
Field of Employment
Sole Principal
Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house Freelance / Agency Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public 2008 11,305 2,404 1,364 825 0 5,074 560 754 323 2010 12,570 2,639 1,382 879 0 6,285 378 251 503
Partner/Director Private Practice Salaried
Freelance / Agency
Page 76

150
Belgium
140
index, 2000=100
130
120
110
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing Public Housing Private Other Private Housing
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL 30,600 24,000 24,000 30,000 31,000 28,500 n/a 30,000 2010 30,000 45,000 40,000 30,000 30,000 41,891 45,000 32,330
Commercial
Working Hours
average number hours worked per week 2008 Sole Principal Partner / director Private practice salaried Freelance Local / central govt 53.5 58.3 49.8 45.1 43.0 2010 47.7 49.7 48.5 41.4 33.2
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level 2,101 318 15% +/-5% 2010 10,378 756 7% +/-3%
Page 77
Bulgaria
Social & Economic

2008 Number of architects * Number of architects per 1000 population Number male architects Number female architects Number architects aged under 40 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 2,900 0.4 1,440 1,460 1,305

Italy Germany Spain Turkey United Kingdom France Greece Poland Portugal Belgium Netherlands Denmark Sweden Romania Switzerland Austria Hungary Norway Czech Republic Finland Bosnia Herzogovina FYROM Bulgaria Ireland Croatia Slovakia Lithuania Slovenia Latvia Malta Cyprus Estonia Luxembourg
0 5 10 15
145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 2010 46,116 52,452 92,183
2,900 architects
n/a n/a n/a
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Private Practice
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff n/a n/a n/a n/a 387 302 73 0 n/a 2010 763

Others Public Sector Freelance Sole Principal
Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 784 214 879 0 380 48 24 24 n/a 2010 2,375
Private in-house Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public
Page 78
average rating, 0 (lowest) to 10 (highest): 2008 Choice of architecture as career: Pay: Quality of life: Business environment: n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 7.5 4.1 4.7

300
Bulgaria
250
index, 2000=100
4.5
how architects believe they are regarded: by the general public by fellow professionals by others in construction industry by clients by public authorities per cent quite or very highly: 2008 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 31 48 28 53 17
200
150
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
working or resident in: 2008 Home country Another country Per cent practices where head office is in home country n/a n/a n/a per cent 2010 98.6 1.4 94
Workloads 2010
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 7,671 20,455 6,204 5,881 n/a n/a n/a 7,671
Commercial
Working Hours
average number hours worked per week 2008 Sole Principal Partner / director Private practice salaried Freelance Local / central govt n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 43.3 47.7 48.3 38.6 41.3
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 1,215 141 12% +/-8%
Page 79
Croatia
Social & Economic

2008 Population GDP, millions GDP per head Construction output, millions Construction output as a per cent of GDP 4,435,383 47,365 10,679 n/a n/a 2010 4,425,747 45,779 10,344 n/a n/a
2008 Number of architects * Number of architects per 1000 population Number male architects Number female architects Number architects aged under 40 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 2,200 0.5 965 1,235 658

145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: n/a n/a n/a 2010 64,290 66,379 218,190
2,200 architects
2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Private Practice

Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 454 359 737 38 113 38 76 95 n/a 2010 1,890
Partner/Director
Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house
Private Practice Salaried
Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public
Page 80
average rating, 0 (lowest) to 10 (highest): 2008 Choice of architecture as career: Pay: Quality of life: Business environment: n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 8.0 4.8 5.7 4.7

200
Croatia
construction output n/a GDP
180
index, 2000=100
160
140
120
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing Private Housing
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 13,746 14,090 16,152 15,464 15,121 15,945 15,670 14,433
Working Hours
Response
Page 81
Czech Republic
Social & Economic

2008 Number of architects * Number of architects per 1000 population Number male architects Number female architects Number architects aged under 40 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 3,300 0.3 2,313 987 832

145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 2010 73,045 48,487 380,286 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice n/a n/a n/a
3,300 architects
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Private Practice

Others Sole Principal
Public Sector
Field of Employment
2008 Economically active n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public 832 234 546 0 806 26 78 78 2010 2,599
Freelance
Page 82

220 200 180 160 140 120 100
Czech Republic
index, 2000=100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 14,570 19,427 15,271 14,165 n/a 16,998 14,570 15,015
Working Hours
Response
Page 83
Denmark
Social & Economic


145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice 291,700 566,330 129,768 1,138,352 356,228 2010 308,697
7,000 architects
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff 393 167 121 46 727
2010 762 384 241 123 14

Others
Sole Principal Partner/Director
Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals 644 417 1,893 227 114 644 1,401 606 687 916 1,488 114 229 343 1,316 687 Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public 5,946 2010 5,723
Public Sector
Freelance
Page 84

160 150 140 130 120 110 100
Denmark
index, 2000=100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing
Private Housing
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL 67,150 53,720 53,720 n/a 46,736 53,720 30,218 53,720 2010 60,449 67,165 48,359 19,478 13,433 54,538 56,419 54,721
Public Housing
Commercial Private Other
Working Hours
Response
Page 85
Estonia
Social & Economic

2008 Number of architects * Number of architects per 1000 population Number male architects Number female architects Number architects aged under 40 700 0.5 588 112 252 2010 600 0.4 400 200 169

145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice n/a 322,500 n/a n/a 27,524 2010 12,667
600 architects
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Private Practice
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff 81 66 42 1 75 48 20 0 190 2010 145

Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public 108 376 134 0 27 27 0 0 135 43 197 0 29 14 43 14 672 2010 482
Freelance Public Sector
Partner/Director
Page 86
average rating, 0 (lowest) to 10 (highest): 2008 Choice of architecture as career: Pay: Quality of life: Business environment: 8.3 6.0 6.6 6.7 2010 8.1 4.2 7.0

300
Estonia
250
index, 2000=100
5.8
200
150
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
working or resident in: 2008 Home country Another country Per cent practices where head office is in home country 100 0 100 per cent 2010 100 0 100
Workloads 2010
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL 41,280 25,800 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 25,800 2010 n/a n/a 11,504 n/a 15,786 n/a n/a 11,504
Working Hours
average number hours worked per week 2008 Sole Principal Partner / director Private practice salaried Freelance Local / central govt 56.0 45.3 43.8 n/a n/a 2010 42.5 30.7 40.3 41.7 40.0
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level 70 25 36% +/-19% 2010 630 33 5% +/-17%
Page 87
Finland
Social & Economic

2008 Number of architects * Number of architects per 1000 population Number male architects Number female architects Number architects aged under 40 3,600 0.7 1,800 1,800 1,152 2010 3,050 0.6 1,705 1,345 779

145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) 42,580 70,000 350,000 2010 117,456 164,423 501,783
3,050 architects
Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2010 363 159 133 69 3

Others
Sole Principal
Field of Employment
2008 2010 2,224 334 311 645 22 67 67 578 222 Economically active 2,710 324 337 836 40 54 216 674 229
Public Sector
Partner/Director
of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public
Freelance
Page 88

170 160 150
index, 2000=100
Finland
140 130 120 110 100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
working or resident in: 2008 Home country Another country Per cent practices where head office is in home country 100 0 78 per cent 2010 95.4 4.6 86
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing
Private Housing
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL 35,000 49,250 36,000 n/a 36,500 45,000 42,500 39,600 2010 45,000 52,000 42,500 25,000 44,000 47,000 46,250 45,000
Public Housing Private Other
Commercial
Working Hours
Response
Page 89
France
Social & Economic

2008 Population GDP, millions GDP per head Construction output, millions Construction output as a per cent of GDP 63,753,140 1,948,511 30,563 262,849 13 2010 64,713,762 1,946,564 30,080 245,485 13

145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 2010 1,301,699 196,787 774,945
29,700 architects
1,103,778 138,158 698,573
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2010 7,891 5,386 2,175 328 3

Public Sector
Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house Freelance / Agency Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public 27,333 6,221 1,320 4,901 189 13,085 297 377 943 2010 27,083 7,583 1,354 4,333 0 11,104 812 542 812
Partner/Director
Freelance / Agency
Page 90

160 150 140 130 120 110 100
France
index, 2000=100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing Private Housing Public Housing
average earnings s 2008 2010 30,000 33,000 39,000 28,000 32,250 41,400 36,600 33,000
Earnings
Private Other Commercial
Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL
29,000 42,000 46,800 35,000 37,200 n/a n/a 36,000
Working Hours
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level 1,500 142 9% +/-8% 2010 21,781 1,202 6% +/-2%
Page 91
Germany
Social & Economic


145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice 88,458 406,027 86,449 633,444 3,988,103 2010 4,094,601
100,500 architects
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff 18,970 10,753 2,460 128 32,311
2010 35,021 22,793 10,305 1,843 80

Others
Public Sector Freelance
Field of Employment
2008 Economically active 78,690 30,267 11,987 16,726 3,837 2,006 5,692 5,341 2,834 of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried 49,551 7,992 11,189 2,398 3,197 1,598 2,398 1,598 2010 79,921
Partner/Director
Sole Principal
Page 92

130 120 110 100 90 80 70
Germany
index, 2000=100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing Public Housing Private Housing
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL 40,000 46,300 36,000 35,000 48,000 45,000 50,500 40,000 2010 43,500 50,000 34,290 25,000 50,000 42,976 48,100 42,488
Working Hours
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level 12,000 3,460 29% +/-2% 2010 7,300 393 5% +/-5%
Page 93
Greece
Social & Economic

2008 Population GDP, millions GDP per head Construction output, millions Construction output as a per cent of GDP 11,214,992 235,679 21,015 26,689 11 2010 11, 295,002 232,767 20,608 19,573 8

145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice 33,612 284,625 50,720 190,067 294,149 2010 289,623
15,800 architects
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2010 3,818 1,985 1,603 220 10

Others Sole Principal Freelance
Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried 1,757 1,854 2,407 98 2,863 911 1,009 1,692 5,815 593 2,018 0 1,305 119 1,187 831 12,591 2010 11,868
Public Sector
Private in-house
Partner/Director
Page 94

160 150 140
index, 2000=100
Greece
130 120 110 100 90

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing Public Housing Private Other Commercial
average earnings s 2008 2010 30,000 42,500 14,700 13,100 n/a 20,000 20,000 20,000
Private Housing
Earnings
30,000 30,000 18,000 20,000 22,500 21,500 30,083 24,000
Working Hours
Response
Page 95
Ireland
Social & Economic

2008 Number of architects * Number of architects per 1000 population Number male architects Number female architects Number architects aged under 40 3,500 0.8 2,695 805 1,960 2010 2,600 0.6 1,811 789 1,088

145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice 408,855 146,294 498,453 2010 172,362 116,390 718,106
2,600 architects
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2010 824 448 319 55 2

Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried 537 794 1,354 47 70 163 280 163 577 625 594 17 69 30 200 130 3,409 2010 2,243
Partner/Director
Page 96

220 200 180
index, 2000=100
Ireland
160 140 120 100 80

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing Public Housing Private Other
average earnings s 2008 2010 40,000 55,000 45,000 23,500 66,500 72,000 74,000 50,250
Private Housing
Earnings
75,000 80,000 60,000 n/a 72,500 70,000 60,000 65,000
Commercial
Working Hours
Response
Page 97
Italy
Social & Economic


Italy Germany Spain Turkey United Kingdom France Portugal Greece Poland Belgium Netherlands Denmark Romania Sweden Switzerland Hungary Austria Finland Norway Bulgaria Ireland Croatia Czech Republic FYROM Lithuania Slovenia Slovakia Estonia Latvia Luxembourg Malta* Cyprus 0 5 10 15
145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice n/a n/a 52,108 470,573 n/a 2010 2,708,910
145,000 architects
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Private Practice
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff n/a n/a n/a n/a 39,352 11,994 1,685 50 n/a 2010 53,081

Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 48,552 11,842 24,868 1,184 22,500 8,289 3,553 2,368 n/a 2010 123,157
Partner/Director
Page 98

150 140 130 120 110 100 90
Italy
index, 2000=100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 20,000 27,900 15,750 15,000 22,000 30,000 n/a 20,000
Commercial
Working Hours
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 n/a 124 n/a +/-9%
Page 99
Latvia
Social & Economic

2008 Number of architects * Number of architects per 1000 population Number male architects Number female architects Number architects aged under 40 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 900 0.4 225 675 225

145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice n/a n/a n/a n/a 6 to 10 person practice n/a 2010 n/a
900 architects
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Private Practice
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Architects Field of Employment 2010 data not available
Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Page 100

350
Latvia
300
index, 2000=100
250
200
150
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
working or resident in: 2008 Home country Another country Per cent practices where head office is in home country n/a n/a n/a per cent 2010 n/a n/a n/a
Workloads 2010 data not available
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Working Hours
average number hours worked per week 2008 Sole Principal Partner / director Private practice salaried Freelance Local / central govt n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 141 5 4% +/-44%
Page 101
Lithuania
Social & Economic


145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice n/a n/a n/a 2010 11,455 29,148 82,324
1,500 architects
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Private Practice

Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 341 341 244 49 146 49 49 0 n/a 2010 1,219
Partner/Director
Page 102
average rating, 0 (lowest) to 10 (highest): 2008 Choice of architecture as career: Pay: Quality of life: Business environment: n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 7.8 4.0 6.0

300
Lithuania
250
index, 2000=100
5.8
200
150
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
working or resident in: 2008 Home country Another country Per cent practices where head office is in home country n/a n/a n/a per cent 2010 100 0 100
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing
Private Housing
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 8,689 n/a 5,792 n/a n/a n/a n/a 6,951
Public Housing
Private Other
Commercial
Working Hours
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 n/a 26 n/a +/-19%
Page 103
Netherlands
Social & Economic


145,000 100,000 50,000
9,900 architects
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff 1,896 863 469 76 3,304
2010 3,255 2,058 852 321 23

Others Public Sector
Field of Employment
Sole Principal
Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house Freelance / Agency Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public 2,658 3,839 1,255 221 221 0 148 221 1,779 1,906 720 0 4,151 127 0 254 2008 8,565 2010 8,937
Partner/Director Freelance / Agency Private Practice Salaried
Page 104

150
Netherlands
140
index, 2000=100
130
120
110
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing
Private Housing
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL 45,144 103,500 42,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a 54,000 2010 45,000 71,000 60,000 50,000 64,500 n/a 83,000 55,000
Working Hours
average number hours worked per week 2008 Sole Principal Partner / director Private practice salaried Freelance Local / central govt 48.0 47.3 46.2 42.0 50.0 2010 48.4 45.9 48.0 40.0 n/a
Response
Page 105
Poland
Social & Economic


145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice n/a n/a 35,645 208,280 n/a 2010 258,803
13,500 architects
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Private Practice
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff n/a n/a n/a n/a 2,221 1,787 306 15 n/a 2010 4,330

Others
Field of Employment
2008 2010 11,368 5,076 1,495 3,006 99 706 427 444 115
Sole Principal
Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Private in-house
Partner/Director
Page 106

200 180 160 140 120 100 80
Poland
index, 2000=100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing Private Housing Public Housing Private Other
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 13,604 22,674 12,697 14,864 21,414 13,730 8,818 14,612
Commercial
Working Hours
Response
Page 107
Romania
Social & Economic


145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 2010 63,551 29,227 68,073
5,500 architects
112,659 39,680 129,915
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff 478 557 225 15 1,275
2010 1,697 1,026 560 111 0

Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals 629 1,031 1,698 61 432 379 129 189 1,244 533 1,643 67 466 133 89 222 Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public 4,548 2010 4,397
Page 108

350
Romania
300
index, 2000=100
250
200
150
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing Public Housing Private Housing
Earnings
Private Other
Commercial
Working Hours
average number hours worked per week 2008 Sole Principal Partner / director Private practice salaried Freelance Local / central govt 51.5 50.5 45.6 50.8 45.8 2010 43.6 43.4 42.2 40.2 n/a
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level 3,070 607 20% +/-4% 2010 547 204 37% +/-7%
Page 109
Slovakia
Social & Economic


145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice n/a n/a n/a 2010 41,497 n/a n/a
1,600 architects
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
2010 294 136 106 50 1

Others Public Sector Sole Principal
Field of Employment
2008 Economically active n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried 428 171 299 0 299 43 43 86 2010 1,369
Freelance
Page 110

250
Slovakia
220
index, 2000=100
190
160
130
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Housing
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2010 15,000 38,000 13,650 13,000 n/a n/a n/a 16,378
Private Other
Commercial
Working Hours
Response
Page 111
Slovenia
Social & Economic

2008 Number of architects * Number of architects per 1000 population Number male architects Number female architects Number architects aged under 40 1,350 0.7 729 621 702 2010 1,400 0.7 700 700 600

145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice 40,501 51,220 342,832 2010 10,359 n/a n/a
1,400 architects
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Private Practice
2008 Number of practices estimated number practices with 1 architectural staff 2-5 architectural staff 6-30 architectural staff More than 30 architectural staff 137 100 49 3 75 59 46 5 288 2010 186

Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public 231 163 408 27 231 95 68 41 274 305 457 0 122 30 61 30 1,265 2010 1,281
Page 112

200 180 160 140 120 100 80
Slovenia
index, 2000=100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing Public Housing
Private Housing
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL 33,000 26,000 16,500 12,000 15,600 17,000 n/a 24,500 2010 24,000 17,000 30,000 7,550 n/a n/a n/a 25,000
Working Hours
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level 688 96 14% +/-10% 2010 614 43 7% +/-15%
Page 113
Sweden
Social & Economic


145,000 100,000 50,000
5,600 architects
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2010 1,067 646 287 125 9

Others Sole Principal Partner/Director Public Sector
Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried 356 458 1,627 51 254 267 1,118 419 436 691 2,040 107 144 119 995 362 4,550 2010 4,893
Freelance Private Practice Salaried
Page 114

160 150 140
index, 2000=100
Sweden
130 120 110 100 90

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing
Private Housing
Earnings
Working Hours
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level 363 1,188 31% +/-5% 2010 4,277 1,200 28% +/-3%
Page 115
Turkey
Social & Economic

2008 Population GDP, millions GDP per head Construction output, millions Construction output as a per cent of GDP 70,586,256 498,602 7,064 23,572 5 n/a n/a 2010 72,561,312 533,121 7,347

145,000 100,000 50,000
37,200 architects
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2010 5,836 1,488 3,433 874 40

Others Public Sector
Sole Principal
Field of Employment
2008 2010 29,631 5,652 2,885 12,037 189 3,263 520 1,395 3,689 Economically active of whom Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house 2,224 4,251 7,431 211 2,716 859 1,464 2,336 21,492
Partner/Director Freelance
Page 116

180 160 140 120 100 80 60
Turkey
index, 2000=100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Earnings
Commercial
Working Hours
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level 15,981 1,594 10% +/-2% 2010 20,494 1,332 7% +/-3%
Page 117
United Kingdom
Social & Economic


145,000 100,000 50,000
s 2008 Total market size (estimate) (m) Average revenue per: 2 person practice 6 to 10 person practice 130,164 893,258 n/a 542,955 2,800,042 2010 1,955,929
32,900 architects
Private Practice
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2010 6,024 3,094 1,815 1,022 93

Field of Employment
2008 Economically active of whom Sole Principals 2,241 4,931 15,913 1,121 224 2,017 1,569 672 6,198 4,312 11,588 269 808 539 1,886 1,078 Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Private in-house Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public 28,688 2010 26,679
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average rating, 0 (lowest) to 10 (highest): 2008 Choice of architecture as career: Pay: Quality of life: Business environment: 7.2 5.0 6.1 6.2 2010 6.9 4.0 5.7

140
United Kingdom
130
index, 2000=100
5.7
120
110
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Workloads 2010
Public Non-Housing Public Housing Private Other
Private Housing
Earnings
average earnings s 2008 Sole Principals Partners / Directors Private Practice Salaried Freelance Other Private Local authority/Government Other Public ALL 50,992 58,373 46,966 n/a 67,095 n/a n/a 49,650 2010 12,076 48,306 42,569 43,475 n/a 46,675 56,759 42,569
Commercial
Working Hours
average number hours worked per week 2008 Sole Principal Partner / director Private practice salaried Freelance Local / central govt 47.5 45.3 42.3 n/a 37.0 2010 40.5 47.5 37.1 37.8 36.0
Response
2008 Number contacted Number of participants Response rate Accuracy of results at 95% confidence level 1,450 127 9% +/-9% 2010 n/a 100 n/a +/-10%
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Appendix I - Statistical & Methodological Notes

1. Method for weighting the All figure The Europe-23 figure in several profiling tables in chapter 1 is weighted to reflect the total architectural population in all countries surveyed. For each country individually, we take the percentage breakdown from the on-line survey (e.g. per cent male and per cent female) and apply those proportions to the total number of architects in each country. This gives us the number of male architects and female architects in each country. These individual country male and female figures are then summed to provide the weighted total number (All) of male architects and total number of female architects. Finally, the total number of males and females is expressed as a percentage of the total number of Architects. 2. Cautionary note: employment status It is possible there has been an under-reporting of retired architects. The raw survey data suggests 2 per cent of the profession is retired. Experience in undertaking a regular survey of architects in the UK suggests retired architects are less likely to participate in on-line surveys. Whilst the survey was conducted amongst all Members of participating institutes, including retired people, it is likely that retired people may not have felt the survey was relevant to them and declined to participate. It is also conceivable that the demographics of email addressees held are such that fewer retired architects may have provided their email address to their institute in the first place, so any mailing based on email address alone may not have picked up sufficient numbers of retired architects. For these reasons we have increased the not economically active figure when used elsewhere in this report. 3. Description of method used to revise the calculation not economically active figures This methodology was devised for the 2008 Sector Study and is repeated this year. Certain demographic data was collected as part of Phase I of the 2008 Sector Study. This Phase I data includes an estimate, by Member Organisations, of the numbers of inactive architects. We have compared the proportion of retired, unemployed and not working for other reasons figures derived from the on-line survey and compared these with the inactive architects figure provided by Member Organisations as part of Phase I of this research. The table below shows how these figures compare.
per cent Architects who are not active Phase I Phase II (2008 Sector Study) 0.0 2.4 4.2 1.5 5.7 1.4 0.9 4.3 2.1
Austria Belgium Finland France Germany Ireland Netherlands Slovenia UK
31.3 1.7 25.4 5.9 17.2 2.6 6.1 6.3 9.2
Where Phase I data exists, we have used that and re-worked the figures. For countries where there is no Phase I data, we have up-lifted the country by the average percentage from Phase I. The table below shows the calculations undertaken to arrive at this average.
2008 data: % number archts Austria Belgium Finland France Germany Ireland Netherlands Slovenia UK all countries 3,805 9,914 3,633 29,417 95,036 6,900 9,121 1,350 31,595 190,771 Phase I 31.3 1.7 25.4 5.9 17.2 2.6 6.1 6.3 9.2 11.7 % Phase II 0 2.4 4.2 1.5 5.7 1.4 0.9 4.3 2.1 2.5 number Phase I 1,191 169 923 1736 16,346 179 556 85 2,907 24,092 number Phase II 0 238 153 441 5,417 97 82 58 663 7,149
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4. Description of the Model created to estimate the number of architectural practices. (i) identify the number of economically active architects in each country see item 2 (ii) estimate the number of economically active architects who are in private practice: source - survey results (iii) estimate the number of architects working in each private practice size group and country: source - survey results (iv) calculate the average number of architects per practice by size group for each country: source - survey results (v) estimate the number of practices that each number of architects represents in each size group and country: source - survey results e.g. if we have 300 architects working in the 3-5 size group for a given country and, from survey data, we know that, on average, 4 architects work in those practices we can estimate that there are 75 practices in this size group ie 300 architects working in practices comprising 4 architects gives us 75 practices. (vi) adding the number of practices in each size group gives the total number of practices per country 5. Description of method used to calculate size of architectural market (i) use the estimates of the number of practices in each size group (see note 4 above) (ii) multiply the number of practices by the average turnover for practices in that size group - repeat separately for each size group and each country (iii) each countrys market size is calculated by adding together the values for each size group (iv) 2010 data was occasionally refined with reference to the 2008 data 6. Minimum cell sizes The minimum number of responses used in each cell (a segment of a statistical table) is generally 10. For the smaller countries a minimum cell size of 5 is applied, and in exceptional cases this is extended to 4 where the variance is low.
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Appendix II - On-line Survey Questionnaires
The Architectural Profession in Europe
The information you provide will be recorded anonymously; no individual is traced back to their reply. The survey should take 10-15 minutes to complete. Partially completed forms can be submitted at any time but cannot be saved for completion later.
Principals' Survey
YOURSELF 1 2 3 4 Gender Age For how many years have you been working as an Architect Employment Status Please describe yourself at 01.09.2010
Please select from the follow ing options Please select from the follow ing options Please select from the follow ing options Please select from the follow ing options
YOUR WORK 5 Working Hours
Please describe your work at 01.09.2010 How many hours do you work per week? hours per week
Your Main Field of Employment
Please select from the follow ing options
If you have selected 'Other Private' or 'Other Public' then you may give details below
YOUR WORKPLACE 7 Location of Your Office
Please describe your workplace at 01.09.2010

Is this a branch or subsidiary office?
Yes
No
If yes where is the head (main) office located

YOUR INCOME 8 Your currency Please specify the currency which you use.
please use this currency for the rest of your answers in this survey 9 Annual Salaried Earnings If you were receiving a salary on 01.09.2010, please tell us your gross (pre-tax) salaried income in the box below (currency as stated above)
ie this was my annual remuneration (ie salary, bonuses, dividends, profit share), excluding benefits, at 01.09.2010 (currency stated as above)
10
Annual Non-Salaried Earnings
If you were a Sole Principal or Partner in Private Practice on 01.09.2010, please tell us your gross (pre-tax) non-salaried income in the box below
ie this was my share from your business profit (ie its total Revenue less employee salaries and overheads) for the year ending 01.09.2010 (currency as stated above)
YOUR CAREER 11 Your career How satisfied are you with the following aspects of being an architect? Please select from the scale below where 0 shows complete dissatisfaction with your career and 10 shows complete satisfaction. Less satisfied Your choice of career as an Architect 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 More satisfied
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The amount you are paid 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Your quality of life 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The business environment in which you work including your colleagues, your fellow professionals, public planning bodies etc 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
12
Retirement
At what age do you expect to retire?

Do you expect to work as an Architect until your retire?

13
Professional Reputation
In your opinion, how well are Architects regarded in your country by the following groups? very poorly your fellow professionals others in the construction industry your clients public authorities the general public quite poorly neutral quite highly very highly
14
Future Workloads
How do you anticipate your practice's workloads will change in the next 12 months? decrease no change increase
YOUR MAIN BUSINESS 15 Your main business What percentage of your business do you own? %
Under what type of formation is your business organised?

16
Associations
Do you have a formal association with another architectural practice?

17
Your staff
Please state the number and type of staff, including yourself full time equivalent working in your practice on 01.09.2010. Please include staff in ALL offices. Principals, Partners, Directors Associates Salaried Architects Other professional staff - who are not architects Technical Staff Support / admin staff
18
Charging for your services
What number of your ongoing jobs have fees calculated using the following methods? Percentage of construction contract value Fee agreed after an estimate of time required Hourly charge No fee agreed yet % % % %
19
Hourly rates
What is the typical rate at which you charge-out the following types of staff: Please enter as at 01.09.2010 (currency as stated above)
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Principals, Partners, Directors (not associates) Architects Technical Staff 20 Your Revenue
per hour per hour per hour
What was the total Revenue earned by your business before tax in your latest accounting year or the calendar year 2009? (currency as stated above) Total Revenue What percentage, if any, of your total Revenue came from work on projects based outside your country? % of revenue outside your country Please estimate the percentage of the total Revenue received from each of the following: sector of work individual houses other private housing offices retail leisure and the arts industrial health education public housing other private other public TOTAL type of client individual (eg house owner) property developer limited company (Ltd) corporation (PLC) central government local government other public body other TOTAL type of service building design landscape design interior design feasibility studies project management urban design / spatial planning other service TOTAL
100 100
% % % % % % % % % % %
100
% % % % % % % % %
% % % % % % % %
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21 Costs & Profits Please estimate the following (Please use the currency you specified previously) Total Revenue Total expenditure (costs) Profit before tax Profit after tax Please give an estimated breakdown of your expenditure/costs as follows: rent utilities (gas, electric etc) staffing costs travel & motor bank & interest charges insurance legal and accounting promotional activities other costs as stated in question 20
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR HELP WITH THIS SURVEY.
2010 Mirza & Nacey Research Ltd.
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The Architectural Profession in Europe
The information you provide will be recorded anonymously; no individual is traced back to their reply. The survey should take 10 minutes to complete. Partially completed forms can be submitted at any time but cannot be saved for completion later.
Architects' Survey
YOURSELF 1 2 3 4 Gender Age For how many years have you been working as an Architect Employment Status Please describe yourself at 01.09.2010
Please select from the follow ing options Please select from the follow ing options Please select from the follow ing options Please select from the follow ing options
YOUR WORK 5 Working Hours
Please describe your work at 01.09.2010 How many hours per week does your contract state you should work? (Please exclude lunch, overtime, breaks) hours per week How many hours, on average, do you actually work per week? hours per week
Your Main Field of Employment
If you have selected 'Other Private' or 'Other Public' you may give details below
YOUR WORKPLACE 7 Location of Your Office
Please describe your workplace at 01.09.2010

Is this a branch or subsidiary office?
Yes
No
If yes where is the head (main) office located

Number of Technical Staff in your Organisation
Please indicate the number of technical staff - full time equivalent - including yourself, working in your organisation on 01.09.2010
YOUR INCOME 9 Your currency Please specify the currency which you use.
please use this currency for the rest of your answers in this survey 10 Annual Salaried Earnings If you were receiving a salary on 01.09.2010, please tell us your gross (pre-tax) salaried income in the box below (currency as stated above)
ie this was my annual remuneration (ie salary, bonuses, dividends, profit share), excluding benefits, at 01.09.2010 (currency stated as above)
YOUR CAREER 11 Your career How satisfied are you with the following aspects of being an architect? Please select from the scale below where 0 shows complete dissatisfaction with your career and 10 shows complete satisfaction? Less satisfied Your choice of career as an Architect 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 More satisfied
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The amount you are paid 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Your quality of life 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The business environment in which you work including your colleagues, your fellow professionals, public planning bodies etc 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
12
Retirement
At what age do you expect to retire?

Do you expect to work as an Architect until your retire?

13
Professional Reputation
In your opinion, how well are Architects regarded in your country by the following groups? very poorly your fellow professionals others in the construction industry your clients public authorities the general public quite poorly neutral quite highly very highly
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR HELP WITH THIS SURVEY.
2010 Mirza & Nacey Research Ltd.
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Profesiunea de Arhitect in Europa

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3rd December 2010

Mirza & Nacey Research

Mirza & Nacey Research

The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 Contents

Final Report 23 December 2010 Architects Council of Europe

Appendix I - Methodological notes 120 Appendix II - Survey questionnaire 122

The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10

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per cent of architects

The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10

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market size, 000 million

other private sole principal freelance

other private freelance private practice salaried

private practice salaried

market size, millions

The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10

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number of architectural practices

profits as per cent of revenue

The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10

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The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10

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The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10

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CHART A-1 Countries participating in the on-line survey

United Kingdom Denmark Ireland Netherlands

The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10

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The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10

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The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10

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Summary: Top Five Countries

Largest architectural market

Highest proportion male architects

Highest proportion female architects

Highest average earnings

Highest proportion of architects working outside own country

51,000 46,000 40,000 40,000 39,000

Highest perception of reputation amongst the public

Highest level of satisfaction

60% 52% 46% 44% 44%

7.7 7.6 7.6 7.6 6.5

The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10

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The number of Architects in Europe

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CHART 1-1 Number of architects per 1000 population

CHART 1-2 Estimated number of architects in each European country

The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10

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Where architects work

CHART 1-3 Proportion of architects working in another country

United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23** 2008 EUROPE-17**

The Architectural Profession in Europe 2010 - Final, 23/12/10

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United Kingdom * EUROPE - 23 2008 EUROPE-17