R

CURRICULA AND SYLLABI FOR MASTER'S DEGREE PROGRAMS

IN

FORESTRY
SILVICULTURE AND FOREST MANAGEMENT AGROFORESTRY AND ECOLOGY GENETIC RESOURCES, TREE BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY FOREST UTILIZATION FOREST PROTECTION

wis? 3551
ICAR

ACCREDITATION BOARD SECRETARIAT EDUCATION DIVISION INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH KRISHI ANUSANDHAN BHAVAN-II, PUSA, NEW DELHI-110 012

Publication No. ICAR/ED(A) Pub-23/5-2002 PRINTED: JUNE, 2002

Compiled and Edited by R. K. Khosla, Former Vice Chancellor and Sr. Scientific Advisor (Biotechnology), H. P. Govt. Shimla. O. P.Toky, Professor, Deptt. of Forestry, CCSHAU, Hisar, N. L. Maurya, ADG (Acdn), ICAR, New Delhi. G. D. Diwakar, Principal Scientist (Acdn), ICAR, New Delhi.

Director (DIPA) : Chief Production Officer : Technical Officer :

A. CHAKRAVARTY VIRENDER KUMAR BHARTI GORAKHA NATH SINGH

Published by Shri A. Chakravarty, Director (DIPA), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, Laser typeset by M/s Vee Kay Printers, 37-A, Kundan Nagar, Near Bank Enclave. Laxmi Nagar, Delhi-110092 and printed at M/sVinayak Press, B-177/1, Okhla, Phase-l, New Delhi-110020
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PREFACE
The revised curricula and syllabi for U.G. Programs based on the ICAR model curricula have been implemented by all agricultural university from the academic year 1998-99 and the new courses at the under-graduate level have now been running for more than three years. It is but natural that the curricula ought to be revised at the Master's level too, to bring about the desired uniformity at the national level for easy student movements and maintaining uniformly high standards of P.G. education. For this purpose, the ICAR constituted 16 Broad Subject Matter (BSM) Committees in different areas of Agriculture and Allied Sciences including one in Forestry through the ICAR Office Order No. 1-3/98Acdn/Edn dated 30th November, 1998. The BSM Committee on forestry consisted of Dr. P.K. Khosla, ViceChancellor, HPKV, Palmpur as its Coordinator, and Dr. A.M. Chandrashekharaih of University of Agricultural Sciences, Sirsi Campus (Karnatka); Prof. O.P. Toky of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar; Prof. Sunil Puri of Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur; Prof. R.S. Dhanda of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhian; Prof. R.N. Sehgal of Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan and Prof. B.S. Nadagouda of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad as members. . The BSM Committee organized a total of 5 meetings/meeting-cumworkshops to develop the curricula and syllabi (see Annexure-II). The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) developed a National Model for M.Sc. Forestry curriculum for general universities, which was also discussed in a meeting held on 24-02-2001 at ICFRE, Dehradun under the aegis of Education Division of ICFRE. The main suggestions which came up during this meeting were: (1) there should be provision of field visits and practical classes; (2) topics like global environment, climatic changes, biodiversity conservation, habitat conservation and ecosystem dynamics are very important and need to be taught to forestry students. (3) Supporting courses such as statistics, computer education, remote sensing, geographic system and inventory preparation must find place in the curricula. All these suggestions have been incorporated adequately at appropriate places in the present curricula. We are thankful to all the members of the BSM Committee and invitees of the meeting-cum-workshops for their active participation and contribution in finalizing the curricula. This was a gigantic task because a lot of variation existed in the curricula of different universities. The assistance provided by Mr. Sushil Kumar, Research Associate at CCS HAU, Hisar in preparation of the final document is duly acknowledged. We are also thankful to NAAS, New Delhi; HPKV, Palampur; UAS, Dharwad; PAU, Ludhiana and ICFRE, Dehradun for providing facilities for organizing meetings/workshops of the BSM Committee.

We are particularly thankful to Dr. S.L. Mehta, Dr. P.L. Gautam, and Dr. Kirti Singh who set the ball rolling by participating in the first meeting at NAAS, New Delhi and highlighting the concept behind the revision of the curricula. Thanks are also due to Dr. M. Mahadevappa former Vice-Chancellor, UAS, Dharwad for actively participating in the meeting at Dharwad. We gratefully acknowledge the guidance and encouragement received from Dr R.S. Paroda, former Secretary (DARE) and DG, ICAR and Chairman of Accreditation Board in restructuring PG course curricula and syllabi for Forestry. We are grateful to Dr. S.L. Mehta and Dr. (Mrs.) Tej Verma, former DDGfEdn.) for providing help in restructuring the curricula. Our thanks are also due to Dr. Panjab Singh, Secretary, DARE , D.G., ICAR and Chairman of the Accreditation Board and Dr. J. C. Katyal, DDG(Edn) for their support in bringing out this document. We hope that this document will serve as a guide in achieving uniformly high standards of postgraduate education in Forestry. The Accreditation Board Secretariat will appreciate comments and suggestions for improving and updating this publication in future.

New Delhi-12 May, 2002 .

P.K. Khosla O. P. Toky N.L.- Maurya G.D. Diwakar

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CONTENTS
Page No.

Preface Introduction Silviculture and Forest Management Agroforestry and Ecology Genetic Resources, Tree Breeding and Biotechnology Forest Utilization Forest Protection Annexure I. Broad Subject Matter Committee Members in Forestry II. List of particulars in meetings/Workshops III. Common academic regulations for Post-graduate Education in SAUs, DUs and CAU.

(iii) 1 6 32 41 52 61

69 70 73

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INTRODUCTION
Background information Teaching of forestry, research and extension in India had been a preserve of the Federal and State Forest Services till 1985 when the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi stepped in to introduce undergraduate program in forestry in six Indian Agricultural Universities. The starting of Forestry Degree Program in the universities was more or less a consequence of the general awareness to the environmental and forestry related problems. The media played a very active role in highlighting the problems of deforestation, wasteland formation, developmental activities to the detriment of the forests and the environment in general. The highest circle in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India (GOI) realized that the country did not have suitable manpower educated in forest science to organize the field jobs, to check the increasing degradation of green cover through scientific management. This was the transitional period when the traditional forestry was going into the background and being replaced by new emerging programs like agroforestry, social forestry, community forestry, farm forestry, etc. The forest trees were now being looked upon as a resource for the farmer and the rural poor, which was earlier, treated as merely a source of revenue for the governments. The Government of India (GOI) directed the ICAR to start degree program in Forestry to generate trained manpower to achieve the target of the GOI to afforestate 5 m ha of wastelands every year through social forestry programs. Forestry was thought to be more akin to agriculture; hence, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) took the initiative to start forestry education in the universities. History of forestry education in the world The first systematic program of forestry education was started in 1763 at 'Master Schools' in Germany at Harting and Cotta where the pupils lived and worked in close association with the teachers to attain professional proficiency. "Master Schools' spread widely from these two places and the German foresters were invited to Russia to take charge of forest management and to educate foresters. As the dependence upon renewable raw material increased after the industrial revolution in Europe, the birth of local and federal forestry schools took place. The first forestry school was established in Austria by Prince Schwarzenberg and Prince Liechtenstein, the two largest owners of forest land. This was followed by the State owned forestry schools more or less on the pattern of military academics in various countries. These date back to 1790 at Munich (Bovaria), 1803 at St. Petersburg (Russia), 1813 at Mariabrunn (Austria), 1825 at Nancy (France), 1828 at Stockholm (Sweden), 1848 at Turin (Italy), 1878 in Russia, and later on in Poland, and the Scandinavian countries.

This was an era of forest exploitation and these managerial schools produced foresters to man Federal Forestry Services. In due course, it was realized that the management of forests4s an intric^fe process involving biological principles. As a result, forestry education like agriculture, engineering, medicine, etc. made inroads into university curriculum. The practitioner-oriented schools gave way to the university schools. The Austrian school at Mariabrunn was the first to be transferred to the University of Agriculture in Vienna in 1875. In 1898, the first forestry school was established at Yale University. The Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford, now called "Oxford Forestry Institute' was started as an 'Imperial School of Forestry' in 1905 to produce superior foresters for the Indian Empire and by 1919 it started awarding degree in forestry. In the later years, several of the previously independent schools developed university connections so much so that Shirley listed only six forestry schools out of a total of 137 (excluding Russia and China) which were partially independent of a university affiliation. Forest Research Institute and College, Dehradun, India, a part of which is now known as 'Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy', was the only Centre of Forestry Education in the world, without affiliation to any university. Now, of course, the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun has been given the status of a 'Deemed University' by the University Grants Commission and it functions as an institute of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), at Dehradun. Forestry education and training in India The Indian Forest Service was established in 1867 with initial arrangement for training with forestry schools of Europe. In 1885, the Forestry College at Cooper Hill, England was established to impart forestry education to Indian forest officials. Later in 1905, the training of Indian Forest Probationers was transferred to the British Universities; first at Oxford and later at Cambridge and Edinburgh. The higher training in forestry was imparted in England, for lower ranks and for research purposes, the Forest Research Institute was started in 1878 at Dehradun. The first batch of six Rangers passed out in 1881. From 1926, the arrangement to train Indian Forest Service probationers was developed at Dehradun itself. The present Indian Forest College was opened in 1938 and continues to enjoy the same status till today with a change only in its nomenclature as given above. The present forestry training system is not very relevant to the needs of modern India. It follows the same style and form viz. (an in-service training) and it is of the same duration (2 years) as in the 1860's. All over the world, except India, forestry at the professional level is taught in the universities or technological institutions for 4-5 years followed by an in-service training of short duration ranging from six months to one year. The status of this academy is

equivalent to other similar academies established in the country for imparting administrative training to the Indian Administrative Services (IAS) and Indian Police Services (IPS)) probationers. At the thirteenth session of the FAO Advisory Committee on Forestry Education in Mexico City during June, 1985 while discussing the influence of the Advisory Committee since its inception in 1964 on Forestry Education in the developing countries, attention was drawn to the imbalance between university education and technical and vocational training and to the need to train foresters at all levels and, more generally, to the necessity to adjust forestry training to the real needs of the world. The need was also felt for forestry education to come out of isolation brought about by its institutional structures. The introduction of forestry education in the Indian universities is very recent and Forest Research Institute and Colleges enjoyed the singular status for imparting forestry education in India. The Forest Research Institute and Colleges, before becoming an academy was comprised of four directorates namely: i) Directorate of Forest Education, ii) Directorate of Forest Research, iii) Directorate of Biological Research and iv) Directorate of Forest Products. Of these, the Directorate of Forest Education was solely responsible for forestry education in the country. Forestry education in universities was envisaged as a means to remove some of the deficiencies in training and imparting academic complexion to the professional knowledge. There are also some specialized institutions in India, which provide only specialized forestry education. Notable amongst these are : 1. Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, India, established in 1982 providing training in forestry management. 2. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, a part of the FRI till 1986 when it became an autonomous institute, which trains staff for wildlife research and management. 3. Indian Plywood Industries Research Institute, Bangalore, responsible for developing new technologies and training people in plywood manufacturing and mechanical wood processing. 4. Institute of Paper Technology, Saharanpur, which imparts degree program in pulp and paper technology. In India, most of the forestry colleges at university level are oriented towards the biological and to some extent silvicultural aspects of forestry, with a little attention being given to socio-economic aspects, to harvesting and utilization, and to wood science and technology. There is a great need to mobilize resources to set-up programs in deficit subject matter areas of technical and vocational training, besides strengthening library, laboratory and workshops for practical work.

Forestry V* agroforestry education

Agroforestry looks at the relationship among different land use components such as forestry, horticulture, crops and livestock. It differs from social forestry management model, which includes the managerial and political mechanisms used to implement forestry projects focused on the needs of the local people. The concept and practice of social, community or participatory forestry is traditional in most of the countries of Asia, but India has pioneered many new approaches in recent years. With a focus on the rural poor, social forestry projects were designed and implemented on revenue lands and other common lands to produce the needed products. Almost all social forestry schemes use agroforestry technologies. The clients, generally resource poor families, need food, fodder, fuelwood, small poles, and minor forest products. Because of subsistence needs, they seldom can survive by growing forest trees alone for cash income. Consequently, improved agroforestry systems lead to better performance by social forestry programs, including equity or distributional criteria. Although, Indian leaders recognized the advantages of agroforestry, but available information was meager and poorly organized. Virtually no research capacity on forest trees existed. The forest trees were not under the purview of the ICAR and foresters with outstanding achievements were few to fill the research requirements. Consequently, the country had to rebuild its forestry research capacity, including defining new dimensions of excellence, while building new capacity in agroforestry. All this activity in the build-up of forestry research capability brought into focus the need for starting forestry education in some of the agricultural universities. The College of Agriculture of the HP University (which now enjoys the status as Dr.Y.S.Parmar University) was the first in the country to start M.Sc. (Forestry) program during 1976-77. This university also started elective courses in Forestry for the B.Sc. (Agriculture) programs. In 1985, the then Prime Minister held a meeting of the Ministry of Environment and Forests to discuss the lack of trained manpower for executing various programs of forestry. The manpower requirement projections clearly showed the dearth of trained manpower in forestry which would continue in the seventh as well as the eighth plans also. It was hence, decided that it would be necessary to step up the forestry education program and the then Inspector General of Forests wrote a letter in this regard to the Director General, ICAR, at the end of January 1985. Subsequently, President, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun had a meeting in February, 1985 with Deputy Director General (Education), ICAR and desired that the ICAR may assist in meeting the manpower needs for forestry programs. After detailed discussions, it was finally agreed that the State Agricultural

Universities might be requested to establish Departments of Forestry for training and research programs in silviculture, tree improvement and management of forest estates. Accordingly, several SAUs started forestry degree programs. At present, there are 9 Forestry Colleges under ICAR-SAU System offering UG and PG programs in forestry. In addition, there are several general universities offering P.G. Programmes in forestry

Silviculture and Forest Management

A. Major Course* A 1. Core Courses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Silviculture Forest Mensuration and Inventory Preparation Agroforestry Tree Breeding Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Forest Based Industries Seminar 12 Credits 1+1 1+1 2+0 2+1 1+1 1+0 0+1 1 Credit 12 Credits 2+0 1+11+1 2+0 2+0 2+0 2+0 2+1 10 Credits 0+1 1+0 1+0 1+0 2+1 1+1 2+1 2+1 2+1

A.2 Optional Courses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Silvicultural Systems Forest Nursery and Afforestation Techniques Forest Regeneration Forest Productivity Forest Management Watershed Management Range Management Remote Sensing Techniques in Forestry

B. Supporting Courses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Computer Applications and Information Technology Remote Sensing and CIS Forest Policy and Law Working Plans Statistical Methods, Design of Experiments and Research Methodology Forestry Extension, Technology Transfer and Linkage Wildlife Management Joint Forest Management Forest Microbiology Any other course(s) as recommended by the student Advisory Committee Total

35 Credits

A. MAJOR
A. 1 CORE COURSES 1. SILVICULTURE 1+1

Silviculture and its place in forestry. Stand establishment, intermediate operations and their effects on growth and yield. Control of understorey and overstorey vegetation. Silviculture of pure and mixed stands. Silviculture of economically important species such as: Tropical-. Acacia nilotica, A. catechu, A. auriculaeformis, A. mangium, Albizzia lebbek, A. procera, Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach, Prosopis juliflora, P. cineraria, Pithecelobium dulce, Bombax ceiba, Ceiba pentandra, Casuarina equisetifolia, Santalum album, Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis, Tamarindus indica, Embelica ofScinalis, Terminalia arjuna, T. belerica, T. chebula, Dalbergia sissoo, D. latifolia, Eucalyptus tereticomis, Populus deltoides, Gmelina arborea and bamboos. Sub-tropical and temperate: Pinus roxburghii, P. kesiya, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow, Picea smithiana, Quercus spp, Rhododendron spp, and Alnus nepalensis. Practical Study of stand composition and stand structure. Regeneration of species in forests. Silvicultural techniques of important tree species listed above. Suggested Readings Anonymous. 1982. Troop's - Silviculture of Indian trees. Vol.1 to VI. FRI, Govt. of India, Controller of Publications, New Delhi. Champion, H.G. and Trevor, G. 1987. Handbook of silviculture. Cosmo Publication, New Delhi. 374 p. Daniel, T.W., Helms, J.A. and Baker, F.S. 1979. Principles of silviculture. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York. 500 p. Dwivedi, A.P. 1993. A text book of silviculture. International Book Distributors, Dehradun 975 p. Khanna, L. 1996. Principle and practice of silviculture. International Book Distributor, Dehra Dun. 473 p. Kumar, V. 1999. Nursery and plantation practices in forestry. Scientific publication. Jodhpur. 531 p. Luna, R. K. 1996. Plantation trees. International Book Distributors, Dehradun 975p.

Smith, D.M., Larson, B.C., Ketty, M.J. and Ashton, P.M.S. 1997. The Practices of silviculture - applied forest ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 537 p. Willan, R.L. 1985. A guide to forest seed handling. FAO Rome. 379 p.
2. FOREST MENSURATION AND INVENTORY PREPARATION 1+1

Forest mensuration - scope, importance and units of measurement. Measuring instruments and procedures for tree and stand measurement. Stem form factor and form quotient. Tree and log volume estimation with empirical formulae, tables and forest inventory. Grading of forest products. Stump and stem analysis. Inventory planning, sampling size, frequency and probability proportional to area. Computer analysis of inventory data. Volume tables - local, regional and standard. Yield and stand tables. Stand structure, growth and growing stock enumeration. Increment and volume of trees and woods.
Practical

Measurement of trees for DBH, GBH, tree height, crown height, crown spread and basal area. Age determination. Volume estimation of trees, logs and sleepers. Compartment description and collection of field data. Stock mapping and enumeration of growing stock.
Suggested Readings

Avery, T.E. and Barkhart, H.E.1983. Forest measurements. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York. 331 p. Chaturvedi, A.N. and Khanna, L.S. 1994. Forest mensuration. International Book Distributor, Dehradun. 403 p. FAO. 1981. Manual of forest inventory with special reference to mixed tropical forests, FAO. Forestry Paper 27. Jerram, M.R.K. and Bourne, R. 1980. Elementary forest mensuration. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. 126 p. Philip, M.S. 1998. Measuring trees and forests. CAB Publication, New York. 310 p. Ram Parkash. 1983. Forest surveying. International Book Distributors, Dehradun. 368 p. Simmons, C.E. 1980. A manual of forest mensuration. Bishen Singh Mohinder Pal Singh, Dehradun. 96 p.
3. AGROFORESTRY 2+0

Farming systems - monoculture, multiple cropping, agro-and farm-forestry. Agroforestry systems - perspectives, classification, national and global

importance, benefits and limitations. Land use systems in shifting cultivation, taungya and plantations. Choice of species and management practices for live fences, hedgerows, protein "banks", alley cropping, windbreaks and shelterbelts, hill-slope and terrace cultivation, watersheds and woodlots. Diagnosis and design of agroforestry systems. Tree and land tenure issues. Tree-crop interface and resource utilization. Agroforestry under different productivity levels. Measurement procedures and yield optimization in agroforestry models. Field visits to agroforestry trials. Suggested Readings Dhuruva Narayana, V.V. 1993. Soil and water conservation research in India, ICAR, New Delhi. F.A.O. Forestry and rural development. Sl.No.26, F.A.O. Publication, Rome, Italy. Huxley, P. 1999. Tropical agroforestry. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 371 p. Nair, P.K.R. 1993. An introduction to agroforestry, Kluwer Acaemic Publishers. 499 p. Pokhriyal, T.C., Kumar, A., Nautiyal, S. and Naithani, H.B. 1992. Fodder from forests, ICFRE Publication, Dehradun. 426 p. Ramakrishnan P.S. 1992. Shifting agriculture and sustainable development. Man and Biospheres series. The Parthenon Publishing Group. 424 p. Shankaranarayan and Kumar, V. 1984. Grasses and legumes for forage and soil conservation. ICAR Publication, New Delhi. Tejwani, K.G. 1994. Agroforestry in India, Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. 233 p. Vyas, G.P.D. 1999. Community forestry. Agrobios Jodhpur 206 p. Wojtkowski, P. 1998. The theory and practice of agroforestry design. Oxford and IBH Publication Co., New Delhi. 282 p. 4. TREE BREEDING 2+1

Variation in trees, importance and its causes. Natural variation as a basis for tree improvement. Geographic variations - Ecotypes, clines, races and land races. Species and provenance testing. Exotic forestry and tree breeding - gains and risks. Selection, migration rates and population sizes. Selective breeding: methods - mass, family, within family, family plus within family. Plus tree selection for wood quality, disease resistance and agroforestry objectives. Selection strategies and choice of breeding methods and progress in selective breeding in forest trees. Indirect selection for biotic and abiotic stresses. Progeny and clone testing. Seed orchards - type, functions and importance. Estimating genetic parameters and genetic gain. Heteroris breeding: inbreeding and hybrid vigour. Manifestation and fixation of heterosis. Species and racial hybridization. Indian examples - teak, sal, Q,albergia, eucalypts, acacias, pines and poplars.

Pollination mechanisms. Polyploidy, aneuploidy and haploidy in soft and hard wood species. Induction of polyploidy. Biochemical methods in tree breeding. In vitro and marker assisted selection. Economics of tree breeding. Practical Identification ofecotypes, races, and land-races in natural forest. Visit to species, provenance and progeny trials. Selection of superior phenotypes. Marking of candidate-, plus- and elite- trees. Visit to seed orchards. Estimating pollen viability. Comparison of parents and their putative hybrids. Induction of polyploidy through colchicines treatment. Estimation of phenolics/terpenes for indirect selection. Controlled pollination and pollen handling. Manipulation of flowering through hormones. Suggested Readings F.A.O. 1985. Forest tree improvement: FAO Publication, Rome, Italy. 270 p. Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed orchard. Forestry Commission Bulletin No.54. 149 p. Fins, L. Friedman S.T. and Brotschol, J.V. 1992. Handbook of quantitative forest genetics, Klumer Academy, Dordrach, London. Khosla, P.K. 1981. Advances in forest genetics. Ambika Publisher, New Delhi. 375 p. Khosla, P.K. 1982. Improvement of forest biomass. Pragati Press, Delhi. 472 p. Mandal, A.K. and Gibson, G.L. (eds) 1997. Forest genetics and tree breeding. CBS Publi. & Distr., New Delhi 268 p. Wright, J.W. 1976. Introduction to forest genetics. Academic press New York 463 p. Zobel, B. J., Talbert, J. 1984. Applied forest tree improvement. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 505 p. Zobel, B. J., Wyh, G.V. and Stahl, P. 1987. Growing exotic forests. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 508 p.
5. FOREST ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 1+1

Concepts of ecology and ecosystem. Ecosystem energetic. Forest geography. Habitat fragmentation. Forest succession and climax. Production and decomposition of organic matter. Nutrient cycling. Pollution, acid rains and water logging related to tree mortality. Survival strategies (rooting behaviour, crown architecture, growth patterns, N2 fixing ability, stress-tolerance, allelopathy). Factors of forests degradation. Conservation of natural resources (hotspot areas, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves). Global warming and forests. Green House Effect and its consequences. Ozone depletion. Conservations laws and acts. Forest genetic resources of India: timber and non-

"uf-

timber species. Survey-exploration and sampling strategies. Documentation and evaluation of forest genetical resources (FGR). Conservation, in situ and ex situ of genetic resources. Biological diversity and its significance to sustainable use. Handling and storage of FGR. Intellectual property rights. Quarantine laws and FGR exchange. Practical Methods of vegetation analysis. Measurement of biomass and productivity. Quantification of litter production and decomposition. Visit to national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, botanical gardens and arboreta. Suggested Readings Dhyani, S.N. 1994. Wildlife management. Rawat Publication, Jaipur. 258 p. Hosetti, B.B. 1997. Concepts in wildlife management. Daya Publishing House, Delhi- 110035. Khan, T.I. & Al-Ajmi, D.N. 1999. Global biodiversity conservation measures, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur. 468 p. Nautiyal, S. and Kaul, A.K. 1999. Forest biodiversity and its conservation practices in India. Oriental enterprise Dehradun, 337 p. Ramakrishnan, P.S. 1992. Shifting agriculture and sustainable development. Man and Biosphere series. The Parthenon Publishing Group. 424 p. Saharia, V.B. 1989. Wildlife law in India. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. Sinha, P.C. 1998. Wildlife and forest conservation. Anmol Publishing Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. The World Resources Institute, 1990-91. Possible effects on global wanning on forests and range Iandsf World Resources; 1990-91. Oxford University Press, 1990. New York. The World Resources Institute, 1994-95. Biodiversity, world resources, 1994-95, Oxford University Press, 1990. New York. 6. FOREST BASED INDUSTRIES l+O

Industrial raw materials, processing and marketing of paper and pulp, rayon, spices, non-drying and essential oils, fibers and flosses, tans, dyes, gums, resins and other minor forests produce. Suggested Readings Anonymous. 1961. Wealth of India - raw materials. C.S.I.R., New Delhi. Dwivedi, A.P. 1993. Forests - the non-wood resources. International Book

Distributor, Dehradun. 352 p. Mehta, T. 1981. A handbook of forest utilization. Periodical Expert Book Agency, Delhi. 298 p. Negi, S.S.1992. Minor forest products. Periodical experts book agency, Delhi 168 p. Patrick, B., Durst, Ward Verich, M. Kashio. 1993. Non-wood forest products in Asia, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. Sharma, L.C. 1977. Development of forests and forest based industries, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. Shiva, M.P. and Mathur, R.B. 1996. Management of minor forest produce for sustainability. Oxford & IBH Publication Co. New Delhi, 573 p. Trotter, H. 1940. Manual of Indian forest utilization. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
A.2. OPTIONAL COURSES 1. SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS 2+0

Classification, formulation and objectives of silvicultural systems. High forests and coppice systems. Changing concepts in silvicultural systems. Clear felling system and its modifications. Shelter wood system - uniform system, regeneration period, periodic blocks, and group system. Irregular shelter wood system. Selection system - characteristics, rotation, felling cycle. Application in India. Coppice system: simple coppice system, coppice with standards, pollard system. Change of systems, types of conversions, conversion from coppice system to high forest.
Suggested Readings

Anonymous. 1982. Troop's - Silviculture of Indian trees. Vol.1 to VI. FRI, Govt. of India, Controller of Publications, New Delhi. Champion, H.G. and Trevor, G. 1987. Handbook of silviculture. Cosmo Publication, New Delhi. 374 p. Dwivedi, A.P. 1993. A text book of silviculture. International Book Distributors, Dehradun 975 p. Khanna, L. 1996. Principle and practice of silviculture. International Book Distributor, Dehra Dun. 473 p. Ram Parkash and Khanna, L.S. 1991. Theory and practice of silvicultural system. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun. 298 p.

2. FOREST NURSERY AND AFFORESTATION TECHNIQUES

1+1

Review of regional nursery practices. Nursery site selection, types, design and layout. Nursery soil and water management. Production schedule. Seed source, collection, processing, storage, testing and pre-sowing treatments. Seed bed preparation and sowing. Early tending - watering, weeding, and shading. Container and bare-root seedlings. Pricking out, transplanting, lifting, packing and transportation. Media arid mixtures. Macro- and micro- propagation. Propagation structures: shade house, poly house, rnist chambers and growth chambers. Nursery soil fertility management. Rhizobial and mycorrhizal associations. Protection and pest control. Plantation techniques in arid, coastal and hilly-areas, water-logged and salt affected sites. Plantation layout and designs. After care for seedling establishment.
Practical

Preparation of seedling schedule for economic tree species. Seed treatment and sowing. Preparation of media for tissue culture. Poly bag nursery exercise. Nursery raising, lifting, grading and packing of nursery stock. Planting technique demonstration for arid, water logged salt affected and sloping lands. Tending operations and vigour of seeding. Assessment of quality of seedings.
Suggested Readings

Chaturvedi, A.N. 1994. Technology of forest nurseries, Khanna Bandhu, Dehradun. Duryea, M. L. and Landis, T.D. 1984. Forest nursery manual: Production of bare root seedlings. Martinus Nijhoff. The Hague. 385 p. F.A.O.1978. Establishment techniques for plantations, F.A. O. Publication, Rome, Italy. Jackson, M.B. 1980. New root formation in plant and cuttings, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherlands. Kumar, V. 1999. Nursery and plantation practices in Forestry. Scientific Publication. Jodhpur. 53 Ip. Ram Prakash, Chaudhari, D.C. and Negi, S.S. 1998. Plantation and nursery techniques of forest trees. International book Distributors, Dehradun. 452p. Willan, R.L. 1985. A guide to forest seed handling. F.A.O Rome, 379p.
3. FOREST REGENERATION 1+1

Principles and methodologies of forest regeneration. Ecological basis of natural regeneration. Regeneration sampling pattern and intensity. Factors affecting natural and artificial regeneration. Kinds, extent and quality of sites.

Site manipulation by physical, chemical and biological methods. Regeneration in relation to silvicultural systems. Problems regeneration of important conifers (fir, spruce, deodar, chir) and broad leaved species (sandal, sal, teak, terminalias, Alnus, etc.).

Practical
Assessment of regeneration. Sampling methods. Preparation of regeneration plans. Studies on phenology and seasonally. Fruit/seed crop rating. Estimating full seed content by cutting test. Secondary succession. Seedling demography.

Suggested Readings
Bormann, F.H. 1979. Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem, Springer Verlang. 249 p. Daniel, T.W., Helms, J.A. and Baker, F.S. 1979. Principles of silviculture. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.500 p. Dwivedi, A.P. 1993. Forestry in India. Surya Publication Dehradun, 414 p. Ram Parsad and Kandya A.K. 1992. Handling of forestry seeds in India. Associated Publication Co., New Delhi. 420 p. Smith, D.M., Larson, B.C., Ketty, M.J. and Ashton, P.M.S. 1997. The Practices of silviculture - Applied Forest Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 537 p. 4. FOREST PRODUCTIVITY 2+0

Concepts of productivity. Production and accumulation of organic matter. Organic balance sheets. Nutrient input and budget. Energy flow, accumulation and budgeting. Forest productivity and succession. Productivity and community structure. Influence of canopy architecture on stand productivity and production efficiency. Natural ecosystem versus plantations. Effect of perturbation on productivity. Methods of assessing site quality.

Suggested Readings
Bormann, F.H. 1979. Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem, Springer Verlang. 249 p. Luna, R. K. 1989. Plantation forestry in India. International Book Distributors, Dehradun 509 p. Luna, R. K. 1996. Plantation trees. International Book Distributors, Dehradun 975p. Gupta, R. K. 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wastelands. Oxford & IBM Publ. New Delhi 562 p.

5. FOREST MANAGEMENT

2+0

Forest management - scope, objectives and principles. Normal forest characteristics. Principle of sustained yield. Increment and rotation. Growth, yield and stand structure of even - and uneven - aged stands. Development of forest management/working plan. Regulation of yield by area, reduced areas, volume and increment, Von Mantel's formula, Hufnagel's modification and others. Site quality and its assessment. Stocking, density and spacing. Multiple use forest management. Management of farm plantations. Valuation of tree, timber stand, the land and the forest. Suggested Readings Assmann. 1970. Principles of forest yield study, International Book Distributor, Dehradun. Avery, T.E. and Barkhart, H.E.1983. Forest measurements. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York. 331 p. Chaturvedi, A.N. and Khanna, L.S. 1994. Forest mensuration. International Book Distributor, Dehradun. 403 p. Davis, L.S. and K.N. Johnson. 1987. Forest management. Third Edition. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York. 790 p. Desai, V. 1994. Forest management in India - Issues and problems. Himalayan Publi. House. Bombay. 358 p. Jerram, M.R.K. 1982. A textbook of forest management, International Book Distributor, Dehradun. Jerram, M.R.K. and Bourne, R. 1980. Elementary forest mensuration. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. 126 p. Osmaston, F.C. 1984. Management of forests, International Book Distributor, Dehradun. Philip, M.S. 1998. Measuring trees and forests. CAB Publication, New York. 310 p. Ram Prakash. 1986. Forest management, International Book Distributor, Dehradun. Simmons, C.E. 1980. A manual of forest mensuration. Bishen Singh Mohinder Pal Singh, Dehradun. 96 p. 6. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 2+0

Watershed management concept. Ideotypes of watershed development plans and activities. Criteria for watershed size determination. Agroclimatological factors governing watershed behaviour. Hydrological cycle, measurement of rainfall, intensity, duration, frequency and run-off measurements. Watershed

characteristics and their role in watershed management. Soil and water conservation measure, storage and recycling of water. Development of vegetation, optimum land use in cropping system. Development of livestock, poultry and fishery. Quantification of benefits. Biological and engineering approach in management of degraded and denuded habitats for integrated and multiple approach. Suggested Readings Baumer. 1989. Agroforestry for watershed management, ICRAF, Kenya. Chopra. 1985. Approved practices of soil conservation. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. Dhuruva Narayana, V.V. 1993. Soil and water conservation research in India, ICAR, New Delhi. Dhuruva Narayana, V.V., Sastry, G. and Patnaik, V.S. 1990. Watershed management. ICAR Publication, New Delhi. 176 p. Morgan. 1984. Soil conservation. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. Murty, J.V.S. 1995. Watershed management in India. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi. 198 p. Verma. 1985. Development of hill Area. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. 7. RANGE MANAGEMENT 2+0

Grass lands and ranges of India and of the State. Sources gap between optimal requirement and present availability. Principles and practices of range land management. Improvement of range productivity by vegetation manipulation - control of undesirable vegetation, burning, fertilization, soil and water conservation and protection. Grazing system and rotational, nomadic, trans-humans, pad locks, closure cycle, cut and carry cycle, and carrying capacity. Range improvement and livestock management. Role of joint forest management in range management. Feeding habits and grazing behaviour of range live-stock. Optimal livestock and range use. Resources - input - output flows and system sustainability. Fodder from trees/shrubs and their nutritive values. Fodder banks - community lands, private holdings supply of cut fodder and legumes. Bioenergetics and production dynamics. Suggested Readings Breymeryer, A.I. 1980. Grassland systems analysis and man. Suman Book House, Delhi. Chatterjee. 1989. Forage crop production, Suman Book House, Delhi. Pokhriyal, T.C., Kumar, A., Nautiyal, S. and Naithani, H.B. 1992. Fodder from

forests, ICFRE Publication, Dehradun. 426 p. Shankaranarayan 85 Kumar, V. 1984. Grasses and legumes for forage and soil conservation. ICAR Publication, New Delhi. Singh, R.V. 1978. Fodder trees of India, Natraj Publisher, Dehradun. 8. REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES IN FORESTRY 2+1

Aerial photography - historical background. Types and quality of aerial photographs. Specification, procurement of aerial photographs and storage. Elementary photogrammetry. Geometry of aerial photographs and basic measurement. Principles and techniques of photo - interpretation and mapping. Application of photo-interpretation in forestry. Types of maps. Map projection and map numbering. Satellite imageries - techniques, uses and limitations. Practical Use of various photogrammetry instruments, basic exercises in orientation, transfer, construction of principle points, recognition and identification of objects on photographs. Compilation of maps and their interpretation. Suggested Readings Burrough, P.A. 1990. Principles of CIS for land resource assessment - Oxford Publication. Lillsend, T.M. 1989. Remote sensing and image interpretation. John Wiley Publishers. Narayan, L.R.A. 1999. Remote sensing and its applications. Universities Press (India) Ltd. Orient Longman Ltd. Patel, A.N. Remote sensing: principles and applications. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur. Sharma, M.K. 1986. Remote sensing and forest survey. International Book Distributor, Dehradun. 210 p.

B. SUPPORTING COURSES
1. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 0+1

Hardware: History and development of computers - Organisation and component parts of computer system - input/output devices - Keyboard, mouse, digitiser, soundcard, videocard - Monitor - Printers - Modem - Scanner. Memory systems - Main, Auxiliary memory - RAM, ROM - Secondary storage - hard disks - floppy disk drive - CD ROM. Operating System: DOS - Internal and external commands, Windows, Windows NT, UNIX and LINUX - Navigating the desktop - Working with Windows - Windows Explorer - Creating and deleting files and folders - Copying and moving - Printing with Windows - Control panel features - Working with multimedia. Software Applications Word Processing: MS word basics - Formatting text and documents Headers, footers and tabs - Tables - Sorting, Spelling and grammar checks Mail merge features - Print controls. Spreadsheet facilities: Excel basics - Cell concepts - Building up worksheets - Functions and formulae - Statistical operations using Excel Creating charts and graphs - Working with database - Playing, what if. SPSS Statistical Package: Features of SPSS - Data handling and Data management - Statistical functions - Distribution function, File handling and transformation - discriminant analysis - Valuability analysis - Regression and variate analysis - statistical graphics - Forestry related applications. Features of Information Technology: Introduction to information Technology - Basics of computer networking - LAN, WAN - Bus - Tokening -star - internet, intranet - Basics of E-mail - Exposure to Web browsing - Structure of URL - Types of web sites - internet Service Provider - Using internet news - Scope of IT in forestry." Computer Hands on Practice: Suggested Readings CRAW FORD, ABCs of Windows 98, BPB Publications. JOHNSON, Learning Guide to internet, BPB Publications. MOSELEY, Mastering MS Office, BPB Publications. Working with Windows, A hands on Tutorial, Tata McGraw Hill.

18

2.

REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

1+0

Introduction to Remote Sensing - electromagnetic spectrum - Physics of remote sensing - Effects of atmosphere - Spectral reflections of earth objects. Various platforms for data acquisitions - Aerial photography - Satellite sensors - Optical, Thermal and Microwave - Different types of data products and their characteristics - Satellite data - Acquisition, storage and retrieval - Visual interpretations - Digital image processing. GPS : introduction - Basic principles - Definition of map - Computer Assisted Cartography - Hardware requirements - Types of data - Spatial and nonspatial data - Raster and Vector data Conversion - GIS analysis and modeling - Digital contour modeling - Errors and elimination of them. Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS applications - Management of natural resources - Land use/vegetation cover mapping - Agricultural use - Forestry Environmental impact analysis - Ocean studies - Human settlement studies Case Studies. Introduction of GIS software packages - Capabilities - Creating base mapsRaster vector conversion - Digitising - Linking data files - Tools for mapping and GIS - Carrying out GIS analysis - Selection of a suitable real life problem related to the field of forestry - Developing GIS data with relevant information - Decision making using GIS -Hands on practice.
Suggested Readings

BURROUGH, P.A. (1990), Principles of GIS for Land Resources Assessment, Oxford Publications. LILLSEND, T.M. et.at. (1989), Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiely Publishers. NARAYAN, L.R.A. (1999), Remote Sensing and its Application, Universities Press (India) Ltd, Orient Longman Ltd. NICHOLAS CHRISMAN, Exploring Geographical information Systems. PATEL, A.N. et.al., Remote Sensing Principles and Applications, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur. 3. FOREST PLICY AND LAW Forest Policy Evaluation of Forestry Policies - National Forest Policy Statements of 1894, 1952 and 1988 - salient features - comparison and analysis - implication for forest development and utilization. Report of National Commission on Agriculture, 1976. 1+0

Forest Law

Study of the salient feature of the following acts: The Indian Forest Act. 1927 (Act No1. 16 of 1927). The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as amended from time to time. The Forest (Conservation) Act. 1980 as amended from time to time. Suggested Readings FERNANDES, W. & KULKARNI (1986), - Towards a new Forest Policy. Natral Publishers, Dehra Dun. Forest Policy (1988), Government of India Publication, Delhi. Indian Forest Acts with short Notes (1975), Allahabad Law Agency, Allahabad. JHA, L.K. (1994), Analysis and Appraisal of India's Forest Policy , Ashish Publishing House, Delhi. KHANNA, L.S., Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as amended upto date with commentary, Khanna Bandu, Dehra Dun. NEGI, S.S. (1985), Forest Law, Natraj Publication, Dehra Dun. PATIL, H.M. (1986), Policy for National Conservations, Natraj Publication, Dehra Dun. SAHARIA, V.B (1989), Wildlife Law in India, Natraj Publication, Dehra Dun. Handbook of Environment, Forest Wildlife Protection Laws in India, Natraj Publishers, Dehra Dun.
4. WORKING PLANS Definition l+O

Reconnaissance survey and preparation of Reconnaissance Report

Field Work

Enumeration Growth measurements Yield regulation Field work, Stock mapping Contents of a Working Plan Part - I Summary of facts on which proposals are made Chapter I to VIII - the tract dealt with - the forests - utilization of the produce - staff and labour - past systems of management - statistics of growth and yield - wildlife, roads, buildings, wells and other facilities.

Part - II

Future management and prescriptions Chapter - I Basics of proposals Chapter - II One chapter each for every main working circle Chapter - III One chapter each for every overlapping working circle Chapter - IV Miscellaneous regulations/wildlife Chapter - V Establishment and labour Chapter - VI Control and records Chapter - VII Financial forecasts Chapter - VIII Summary of prescriptions Chapter - IX Marking rules Chapter - X Expenditure on working plan

Appendices Maps Glossary of common local terms Glossary of local and scientific names of plants and animals. Suggested Reading NEGI (1998), Forest Working Plan, Bishen Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
5. STATISTICAL METHODS, DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Basic Statistical Methods in Experimentation 2+1

Need for statistics in forestry experimentation and planning - population and sample presentation of data - tabulation. Frequency distribution - Measure of control tendency - arithmatic mean, median and mode. Measure of dispersion - Standard deviation - Variance and coefficient variation - Skewness etc: correlation and regression; correlation coefficient/coefficient of determination, simple regression analysis; examples of multiple regression. Normal distribution and its application in forestry - properties of normal distribution - Distribution of errors, Confidence limits - Types of abnormality. Expected value of mean and standard error - Tests of significance - Test for means in one sample and two sample cases (Z and t tests). Z-test for proportion, Chi square test of variance in one sample case. F test of variance in two sample cases. Test of equality of K - means (one way and two way classification), Application of experiments. Test of equality of K variance. Examples of linear regression and its fitting by least square method. Examples of multiple regression. Random variable, probability, basic laws of probability. Cumulative distribution function - density function, expectation - special invariable distribution - discrete and continuous, joint and conditional distribution function, independence. Sampling distribution - sample and composite hypothesis. Test of significance - single sample mean, two sample means: single sample variance and two sample variances.

Sampling Techniques in Forestry Need for sampling in forestry. Complete enumeration Vs partial enumeration. Principal steps in sample surveys, population, sampling unit, size of sample, (sample intensity) bias, accuracy and precision. Sampling, variation. and estimation of sampling error. Determination of sample size for a given level. Classified sampling design used in forest surveys. Simple random sampling stratified random sampling. Systematic sampling - Point sampling and use of wedge prism. Planning of Experiments Principles of experimental design. Randomization. Layout and analysis of data of Completely Randomized Design (CRD), Randomized Block Design (RBD), Latin Square Design (LSD), Split Plot and Strip-plot Designs. Research Methodology Selection of research problem considering National Forestry Policy - Writing project proposal. Generation of research questions - Stating objectives of research study - Proposing hypothesis - Planning for literature survey - Use of computer - based literature - Planning for field work - Data collection- Statistical Analysis. Interpretation and deriving inference and conclusions - Preparation of thesis/dissertation/research project report - Development of scientific articles for publication. Practical Laying out of designs in the filed i) ABBA, ii) Latin Square, iii) Replicated and Randomized design, iv) Split plot design v) Scattered block. Analysis of results of the above design, Sampling and Enumeration exercises in the field and recording of the data. Suggested Readings CHADDA (1989), Agricultural Statistics in India, Suman Book House, Delhi. DEAR, K.B.G MEAD, R. & RILAY, J. (1987), Statistical Tools for Agroforestry Research - Bivariate Analysis for Intercropping Experiments, ICRAF, KENYA.

DOS PE KHOV, C.A. (1984), Field Experimentation Statistical Procedures, M.I.R. Publishers, Moscow. MATIN, J. (1976), Principles of Database Management, Prentice Hall, New York.
6. FOREST EXTENSION, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND LINKAGES Forest Extension in India 1+1

Framework for forestry extension - Organisational setting, extension models -Research - Development - Diffusion - Adoption model (RDDA) - Problem solving model - Linkage model - Social interaction model - Strategies for extension Empirical - Rational Strategies - Power - Coercive strategies - Normative - Reeducative strategies. Problems in extension - Successful strategies in Indian Agriculture - Framework for Forestry Extension in various states. Technology assessment - Technology selection for extension. Evaluating the user agencies - Enumerating the obstacles for technology transfer - preparing people for adoption - Knowledge transfer- identification of leaders - Formation of local association - Introducing technology - Transfer problems - Extension communication process - Mass media - Television - Radio - Posters - Group discussions - Tree farmers excursion - hand books - Reference books - Linkage mechanism. Personnel for village extension - Training methods - Demonstration. Innovating Forestry Extension Programs Extension strategies for updating technology - Planning and implementing extension campaigns - Technology transfer centers - Solving individual and group extension methods - Open for a - Tree Farmers Day. Developing Forestry Extension Developments at district level - Organisational design and extension administration - Evaluating extension programs - Inservice training of extension personnel - Planned staff development and demonstration plots in forestry. Followup of extension - Consultancy - Evaluation of quality and assessment of returns - Marketing the products - Case studies in extension. Practical Visit to project tribal village, meeting the villagers for a specific task, practicing the use of Black boards, Flip Charts, O.K.P., Slide Projectors, and VCR. Preparing skits for A.I.R. broadcast/TV broadcast on specific issues, Organising field demonstration on Nursery, Plantation, Harvesting, Processing, Problem solving through question and answer sessions, laying filed trials

for technology transfer, analysing the reasons for success/failure stories. Suggested Readings BELD, J.A. (1987), Guidelines for Training in Rapid Appraisal for Agro-forestry Research and Extension, Common Wealth Science Council, London, U.K. DESAI, R.C. (1989), Farmers Societies and Agricultural Development. Natraj Publication, Dehra Dun. FAO (1986), Forestry Extension Organisation, Sl.No.68, FAO Publication, Rome, Italy. FAO (1987), Forestry Extension Methods, SLNo. 80, FAO Publication, Caracall, Rome, Italy. FAO, Planning Forestry Extension Programs, FAO, Bangkok, Thailand. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Agro forestry Technology Information Kit, International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Silong, Philippines. JHA, L.K. & SEN SARMA, P.K. (Eds)(1996), A manual of Forestry Extension Education, APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. HAL PERN, J.M. (1967), The Changing village community, Prentice Hall, New Delhi. Ministry of Food and Agriculture, (1961), Extension Education in Community Development MFA, Government of India, New Delhi. RAINTREE, J.B. & HESKINS, M.W. (1988), Approved R & D Support for Forestry Extension, FAO Planning Forestry Extension Program Report of Regional Expert Consultation, Bangkok, IR-65. RANA, M.S. (1990), Forest Extension, Bishen Singh and Mehand Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. ROY, F.G. KIVLIN, J.E. and SEN, L.K. (1968), Agricultural Innovation Among Indian Farmers, National Institute of Community Development, Hyderabad. 7. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 2+1

Introduction
Definition and concept of wildlife in India - Distribution of wildlife in India - Status of wildlife conservation in India - Essentials of wildlife environment Need for wildlife protection - Development and Management - Faunal zones in India - Survey of important fauna and flora in India.

Wildlife as a Natural Resource and Land Use Multiple land use concept. Classification of area used for wildlife purpose Biosphere reserve - National Parks - Sanctuaries - Gene reserve and closed areas - Classification of wildlife values - Consumptive and non-consumptive uses of wildlife. Wildlife as productive reserve - Wildlife as landed capital - As gene pool. Wildlife Values Classification of economic values of wildlife, positive values - Useful products, useful activities, Income from wildlife - Wildlife as tourist attraction. Biological Base of Wildlife Management : Quantity, quality, food chain, niches, size of food, pinch, period, carrying Capacity, predation. Shelter : Basic requirements, territory, home range. Animal Population : Biological surplus, breeding potential, internal adjustment factors, gregariousness and flocking, density and saturation point, population dynamics. Wildlife Management Concept - Practice - Habitat relationship - Selection Factors - The niche concept - Influence of fire on wildlife and its habitat - Predation theory Management of predator/prey relationship - Predation on domestic livestock Population biology. Ecology of Wildlife Distribution and behavior of animals, birds, raptiles as affected by various environmental and instinctive factors. Zoo - geographical regions of India. Important animals of India, their distribution and important characteristics, Rare, threatened and endangered species. Wildlife Studies Census and estimates, Track and trails, Recognizing kill evidence and Marking National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves explained Safari management - Jungle lodges and tourism - Safety management Food

Principles of animal behavior - Endangered flora and fauna - Management of sanctuaries during severe drought - Vaccination of the domestic cattle in the human settlement of the sanctuary against diseases - Water supply during drought - Resettlement of families living inside the sanctuaries. Special Protection and Development Projects for Endangered Species Project Tiger - Gir lion sanctuary project - Crocodile breeding project Project Hangal, ecology and conservation of Himalayan musk deer - Manipuri brown antlered deer - Wildlife protection Act - Wildlife Education through specific television channels available - The role of animals on forest decomposition processes - Influence of animals on productivity of ecosystem. Major Wildlife Management Problems in India Major wildlife management problems in India and their probable solutions. Habitat evaluation and mapping - Objectives of captive breeding and rehabilitation - Problems and appropriate solutions. Practical Enumeration of wildlife, Study of pug marks of wild animals, Preparation of plaster casts of pug marks, Census of herbivores, Observing feeding pattern, food preference of selected herbivores, Visit one National Park or Wildlife Sanctuary in the region and study the wildlife management, Case studies of major wildlife projects in India, and their impact on wildlife, impact of project tiger, and Status of major Zoological Parks in India. Suggested Readings HOSETTI, B.B. (1997), Concepts in Wildlife Management, Daya Publishing House, Delhi. MAHESH RANGARAJAN (1999), Hunting and Shooting, Vol.1., The Oxford Anthology of Indian Wildlife. Watching and Conserving, Vol.11., Oxford Anthology of Indian Wildlife; Oxford University Press, New Delhi. SAMAR SINGH (1987), Conserving India's Natural Heritage, Natraj Publication, Dehra Dun. SHARMA, B.D. (1999), Indian Wildlife Resources Ecology and Development, Daya Publishing House, Delhi SINHA, P.C. (1998), Wildlife and Forest Conservation, Anmol Publishing Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. SINH, P.C. (1998), Wildlife, Anmol Publishing Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

8. JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT

2+1

Concept of Joint Forest Management Forests as common property resource - Relationship between abutting communities and forests - Abutting communities as stake holders - Involvement of local communities in upgradation, protection and management of R.Fs. Sharing of benefit flows.
Evolution of Joint Forest Management in India

Community rights and responsibilities as delineated in Indian Forest Act. 1927 - access to forests, nistar, usufruct rights, community obligation to report thefts and help suppress fires - Fire reward system Arabari (West Bengal) experiment - Sukomajri (Punjab) experiment Interface forestry of Tamil Nadu. People's participation as envisaged in National Forest Policy, 1988 Guidelines on joint forest management issues by Government of India.
Comparison of Traditional and Joint Forest Management Systems

Strategy, planning and management - Participation of local communities in "knowledge sharing, products emphasis, institution, approach, transparency, species, central concepts and results.
Creating Stakes for Communities Local level user groups State level user groups Factors Favorable for Initiating Joint Forest Management

Homogeneity of user community - Dependence on forests - Stakes in protection and upgradation - Presence of adequate root - Stock - Forestland/ man ratio - Attitude of forest staff and local leadership - Presence of NGO Tenurial and settlement relationship.
People's Participation Organising local villagers around forest resources - Need for group efforts Phases in organizing joint forest management groups preparatory phase, group formation phase and stablisation phase. Organising village forest councils and Joint Forest Management groups. Planning Process

Baseline survey - Rural social analysis - Natural resources analysis Planning process - Drafting the micro - plan.

Implementation Diagnostic reconnaissance - Initiating dialogues - Participatory learning and action exercises - Formation of village forest councils - Preparation of participatory micro - plan for the watershed - Memorandum of understanding Liaison with line departments/ organizations - Involving NGOs - Village development activities - Providing alternate sources of employment - Training of staff and local leaders. Anticipated Impediments Conflicts among different groups - Conflicts among different villages Conflicts between VFC and Panchayats - Political interference - Apathy of implementing officials and local leaders - Conflicts in benefits sharing Government rules and regulations - Paucity of funds. Contributory Factors for the Success of Joint Forest Management Sustained efforts - Sustainable employment opportunities - Adequate benefit flows - Empowerment of VFCs - Augmenting water resources - Fire control - Augmenting fuel and fodder supplies - Organising self help groups. Human Resource Development Concept as applicable to forestry programs - Social and human relationship model - Leadership - Organisational behaviour - Motivation - Communication Training, development of training programs, planning, implementation and evaluation. Human Resources Development in forestry sector - Strategic planning - job and job description - Job and Task analysis. Grievances and conflicts and solving them - Settlement of disputes. Labour management in plantations. Practical Visit to a target village in a proposed JFM Watershed and carryout PRA/ RDA/PLA Exercises. Study of the activities of JFM watershed under implementation. Study the obligation of the forest department and villagers. Study of benefit sharing mechanism. Study the formation and composition and functions of village forest council. Evaluate the JFM practices. Study the motivational methods adopted for forest staff and village forest council leaders.

Suggested Readings ANNAMALAI, R. (1999), Participatory Learning and Action and Micro Planning for JFM, Dean, SFRC, Coimbatore - 641002, Tamil Nadu. Joint Forest Management : Concept and Opportunities (1992), Society for promotion of Wasteland Development, Copernicus Marg, New Delhi 110001. THINAGARAN, M. (1999), Joint Forest Management in Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Chiennai - 600015.
9. FOREST MICROBIOLOGY 2+1

Litterfall - greatest loss of net primary production - greatest in moist, warm. Fertile, high productivity sites - accounts for bulk of N, Cs, Mg. and P. an important parameter of energy flow to microfauna and flora and influence net primary production - greater turnover of organic matter below ground due to mortality of fine roots, mycorrhial fungi than above ground. Decomposition of litter and release of nutrients slow or fast - thicker litter and undesirable soil properties - fast decomposition 6 to 10 times faster in tropical than in temperate forests - decomposition and release of nutrients critical link in biogeochemical cycle. Decomposition and combined action of soil fauna, flora and microbes soil mesofauna reducing leaves into tiny bits and improving it as a good substitute for bacteria and fungi - chemical composition of litter, acidity, alkalinity and C/N ratio effect on rate of decomposition - soil microclimate and fertility status of soil effect on litter decomposition- end products CO2., water, inorganic ions and organic materials. Soil organic matter - Litter layer (L), intermediate layer (F) and humus layer (M) horizontal layer of forest floor - mor, moder and mull.
Soil Biology

Microflora: bacteria (autotropic, heterotropic and symbiotic), actinomycetes, fungi, Mycorrhizae - ectropic and endotropic, algae, Macroflora plant roots rhizosphere. Factors affecting depth of root penetration: physical properties of soil, soil moisture and aeration, soil temperature, nutrition, root competition with other roots, soil chemistry. Soil fauna: Diverse group from large burrowing animals to microscopic mites, nematodes, protozos.

Macrofauna (soil vertebrates, mollusks, earthworms, larger arthropods) influences soil aeration and structure, soil drainage and soil development. Mesofauna (ants, mites, springtalls, potworms, nematodes) influence bulk density, predation on bacteria and fungi and parasitism of nematodes. Microfauna (small mites, nematodes) major role in promoting friable crumb structure. In the final stage, the black amorphous humus as mixture of faecal pellets in all stages of disintegration, fragments of leaf tissue, hyphae, exoskeletons and <other chitinized remains of soil animals. Importance of organic matter: storehouse of nutrients, energy sources to micro-organisms, increases infiltration, stabilizes structure against erosion, increases CEC. Practical Operation of microscope, micrometry sterilization, growth media preparation, Isolation of micro organisms from rhizosphere and non-rhisosphere soil: Enumeration of microbial population in forest soils, Isolation of symbioticN2, fixing bacteria, Acetylene reduction assy, Organisms involved in nitrification and denitrification, Phosphors solubilization, Phosphobacteric - Mycorrhiza, Ectomycorrhiza, Endomycorrhiza, Enumeration of micro-organisms in phyllosphere, Relationship of forest soil organisms - Associative relationship of forest soil organisms, Antagonism - gust mocroflora of termite, insect pests and earthworms Microcontrol of forest tree pests - Microbia insecticides. Suggested Readings Brock, T.D. and Modigan, M.T. (1991), Biology of Micro-organisms, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Burne, R.G. and Howard, J. (1981), Experimental Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific Publishers, London.

Pelear, M.J., Chan, E.C.S., and Krieg, N.R. (1993), Microbiology, Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi Subba Rao, N.S. (1989), Soil Micro Organisms and Plant Growth, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. Suba Rao, N.S. (1997), Bio-fertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi. Tauro, P., Kapoor, K.K. and Yadav, K.S. (1989), An Introduction to Micro-biology, Wiley Eastern Pub., New Delhi.

31

Agro forestry and Ecology

A. Major Courses A 1. Cora Courses 1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. Silviculture Forest Mensuration and Inventory Preparation Agroforestry Tree Breeding Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Forest Based Industries 1+1 1+1 2+0 2+1 1+1 1+0 12 Credits

Seminar A 2. Optional Courses

1. Social Forestry 2. Plantation Forestry 3. Productivity of Agroforestry Systems 4. Agroforestry for Animal Production 5. Designing and Modeling in Agroforestry 6. Forest Ecosystem Dynamics 7. Watershed Ecology 8. Forest Fire Ecology 9. Wildlife Ecology 10. Ecology of Forest Farming B. Supporting Courses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Computer Applications and Information Technology Remote Sensing and CIS Forest Policy and Law Working Plans Statistical Methods, Design of Experiments and Research Methodology Forestry Extension, Technology Transfer and Linkage Wildlife Management Joint Forest Management Forest Microbiology Any other course(s) as recommended by the student Advisory Committee Total

0+1 1 Credit 12 Credits

2+1 2+0 2+1 2+0 2+0 2+1 2+1 2+1 2+1 2+1 10 Credits 0+1 1+0 1+0 1+0 2+1 1+1 2+1 2+1 2+1

35 credits

A. MAJOR
A.1 CORE COURSES

Details as given in section on Silviculture and Forest A. 2 OPTIONAL COURSES 1. SOCIAL FORESTRY 2+1

Social and community forestry - concepts, variations, and their role in rural, tribal and urban development. National forest policy : strategy and objectives of social forestry. Fuel, fodder and timber crisis in developing countries. Choice of species and management of social forestry plantations : energy blocks, wood lots, green belts, sound barriers, smoke and smog reducers, silvi-pastoral, parks and recreational sites. Management of community lands, wastelands and marginal lands. People nurseries-village forest/community forest development (VFD/CFD) nurseries. Tree and land tenure issue conflicts. Ecological and land use constraints. Employment potential and distribution of benefits. Joint forest management - principles and application. Rural development projects - D&D exercise, preparation and operation, peoples' participation, role of voluntary organizations and N.G.Os, and national and international agencies.
Practical

Methods of plantation on wastelands. D & D exercises. Visit to social forestry plantations. Visit to forest nurseries.
Suggested Readings

Annamalai, R. 1999. Participatory learning and action and micro planning for JFM. Dean, SFRC, Coimbatore - 641 002. Tamil Nadu. F.A.O. 1978. Forestry for local community development, FAO Publication, Rome, Italy. F.A.O. Forestry and Rural Development. Sl.No.26, F.A.O. Publication, Rome, Italy. Prasad, V.N. 1985. Principle and practice of social-cum-community forestry. International Book Distributor, Dehradun. Shah, S.A. 1988. Forestry for people ICAR Publication, New Delhi. 147 p. Singh, M.P., Chinnamani, S. and Trivedi, R.N. 1993. Social forestry and environment. Iternational Suggested Readings and periodicals, Delhi. 313 p. Tiwari, K.M. 1985. Social forestry in India. Natraj Publication, Dehradun.

Tiwari, K.M. 1988. Social forestry and rural development. International Book Distributor, Dehradun. 108 p. Vyas, G.P.D. 1999. Community forestry. Agrobios Jodhpur 206 p. 2. PLANTATION FORESTRY 2+0

Need for man made forests in the tropics. Plantation silviculture-native vs exotics. Single species plantations vs mixed plantations Vs multiple purpose JMPTJ^Dlantations- Selection onlaDisp .stack. Pnx&jjqp -JO/ZFJ}. Jiaai^r JJ^SJKJSJ^ and economics. Rotations and regeneration. Failure of plantations - reasons, unsuitable species, non-application of standard techniques. Impact assessment and integration of plantation forestry. Ecological factors and long term productivity - case studies of Eucalyptus, Casuarina, poplar, acacias, pine, silver oak, Gmelina, teak, bamboo, etc. Suggested Readings F.A.O. 1978. Establishment techniques for plantations, F.A.O. Publications, Rome, Italy. Kumar, V. 1999. Nursery and plantation practices in Forestry. Scientific publication. Jodhpur. 531 p. Luna, R. K. 1989. Plantation forestry in India. International Book Distributors, Luna, R. K. 1996. Plantation trees. International Book Distributors, Dehradun 975p. Ram Prakash, Chaudhari, D.C. and Negi, S.S. 1998. Plantation and nursery techniques of forest trees. International Book Distributors, Dehradun 452 p. Ram Prakash. 1986. Nursery plantation techniques in forestry in India, Suman Book House, Delhi. Willan, R.L. 1985. A guide to forest seed handling. FAO Rome. 379 p. 3. PRODUCTIVITY OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 2+1

Concept of crop productivity. Productivity potential in relation to light, water and nutrients. System complementarily, supplementary, competitiveness, sustainability and management techniques. Tree root architecture, reallocation of resources within the plant system. Biological yield and harvest index. Growth and yield functions. Land equivalent ratio. Water use efficiency, photosynthetic efficiency, radiation balance, canopy management, plant geometry and crop yield. Allelopathic effects. Strategies to improve the efficiency and productivity of different land use systems.

Practical Methods to estimate productivity of herbs, shrubs and trees. To study the architecture of roots of trees. To measure the canopy of trees and leaf area index. To find out the allelopathic effect of trees. Suggested Readings Abrol, I.P. and Dhuruva Narayana, V.V. 1990. Technologies for wasteland development, ICAR, New Delhi. Dwivedi, A.P. 1992. Agroforestry principles and practices. Oxford & IBH Publication Co., New Delhi. Huxley, P. 1999. Tropical agroforestry. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 371 p. Khosla, P.K. and Khurana, D.K. 1987. Agroforestry for rural needs. Vol. 1. and II, ISTS, Solan, H.P. Nair, P.K.R. 1993. An introduction .to agroforestry, Kluwer Acaemic Publishers. 499 p.
Ong, C.K. and Huxley, P.K. 1996. Tree crop interactions - A physiological approach. ICRAF Kenya. 386 p.

Ramakrishnan P.S. 1992. Shifting agriculture and sustainable development. Man and Biospheres series. The Parthenon Publishing Group. 424 p. Sen Sarma, P.K., Jha, L.K. 1993. Agroforestry, Indian perspectives. Ashish Publishers, Delhi. Singh, R.V. 1978. Fodder trees of India. Natraj Publishers, Dehradun. Tejwani, K.G. 1994. Agroforestry in India, Oxford & IBH Publ. Co. 233 p. Wojtkowski, P. 1998. The theory and practice of agroforestry design. Oxford and IBH Publication Co., New Delhi. 282 p. Young, A. 1997. Agroforestry for soil management. CAB International Wellingford. 320 p.
4. AGROFORESTRY FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION 2+0

Importance of silvi - pastoral system vis-a-vis cattle, sheep and goats. Feed and fodder resources in agroforestry systems. Nutrient analysis of forages derived from fodder trees/shrubs. Nutrient requirement for various livestock and their ration computation with agroforestry forages and trees leaves. Forage and tree leaves preservation. Calendar for forage crop production in different agroforesty systems including lopping schedules. Optimization of animal production. Animal products technology and marketing.

Suggested Readings Breymeryer, A.I. 1980. Grassland systems analysis and man. Suman Book House, Delhi. Chatter] ee. 1989. Forage crop production, Suman Book House, Delhi. Pokhriyal, T.C., Kumar, A., Nautiyal, S. and Naithani, H.B. 1992. Fodder from forests, ICFRE publication, Dehradun. 426 p. Shankaranarayan and Kumar, V. 1984. Grasses and legumes for forage and soil conservation. ICAR Publication, New Delhi. Singh, R.V. 1978. Fodder trees of India, Natraj Publisher, Dehradun. 5. DESIGNING AND MODELING IN AGROFORESTRY 2+O

Designing of agroforestry systems experiments on hedgerow, live fences, mixed intercropping, and alley cropping. Elements of modeling, model building, modeling philosophy, validation, sensitivity analysis, statistical decision theory, statistical hypotheses. Introduction to various mathematical techniques for modeling, renewable resources and making management decisions, difference an differential equation models, Leslis matrix model of population growth and simulation. Suggested Readings Hau, C.A.S. Ecosystem modelling in theory and practice, Wiley, New York. Huxley, P. 1999. Tropical agroforestry. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 371 p. Jeffers, J.N.R. 1978. An introduction to system analysis with ecological application - Edward Arnold, London. Nair, P.K.R. 1993. An introduction to agroforestry, Kluwer Acaemic Publishers. 499 p. Ramakrishnan P.S. 1992. Shifting agriculture and sustainable development. Man and Biospheres series. The Parthenon Publishing Group. 424 p. Tejwani, K.G. 1994. Agroforestry in India, Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. 233 p. Wojtkowski, P. 1998. The theory and practice of agroforestry design. Oxford and IBH Publication Co., New Delhi. 282 p.

6. FOREST ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS

2+1

Nutrient sources and cation exchange. Nutrient requirements. Role of mycorrhizae and Rhizobium. Fertilization of forests/plantations. Nutrient inputs, accumulation and return. Rainfall and dryfall. Factors affecting nutrient uptake. Decomposition of organic matter. Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Output of minerals. Mineral cycling and state of equilibrium.

Practical To estimate litter on the forest floor. To analyze the litter for nitrogen. To study decomposition of organic matter by litter bag method.

Hau, C.A.S. Ecosystem modelling in theory and practice, Wiley, New York. Jeffers, J.N.R. 1978. An introduction to system analysis with ecological application - Edward Arnold, London. Kimmins, J.P.1987. Forest ecology, Macmillan Publishing Company. Koop, H. 1989. Forest dynamics. Springer-Verlag, New York 229 p. Lai, J.B. 1992. Forest ecology. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. 322 p. Puri, G.S. 1960. Indian forest ecology. Vol. I and II. Oxford Book and Stationery Co., New Delhi. Spur, S.H. and Bams, B.V.1980. Forest ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 687 p. Spur, S.H. 1964. forest ecology. Ronald Press Co., New York. 352 p. Waring, R.H. and Schlesinger, W.H. 1985. Forest egosystem - concepts and management. Academic Press, New York. 340 p.
7. WATERSHED ECOLOGY 2+1

Concept of watershed. Natural basis of resource development. Ecological criteria for integrated watershed. Aspects of hydrological cycle. Deforestation and hydrologic changes. Role of forests/trees in watershed ecology. Livestock in watershed. Watershed management techniques. Worked out case studies in context with ecology of the area. Practical
Visit to an important watershed project. To study watershed development and management techniques.

Suggested Readings
Baumer. 1989. Agroforestry for watershed management, ICRAF, Kenya. Chopra. 1985. Approved practices of soil conservation. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. Dhuruva Narayana, V.V. 1993. Soil and water conservation research in India, ICAR, New Delhi.
(I?"

Suggested Readings Breymeryer, A.I. 1980. Grassland systems analysis and man. Suman Book House, Delhi. Chatterjee. 1989. Forage crop production, Suman Book House, Delhi. Pokhriyal, T.C., Kumar, A., Nautiyal, S. and Naithani, H.B. 1992. Fodder from forests, ICFRE publication, Dehradun. 426 p. Shankaranarayan and Kumar, V. 1984. Grasses and legumes for forage and soil conservation. ICAR Publication, New Delhi. Singh, R.V. 1978. Fodder trees of India, Natraj Publisher, Dehradun.
5. DESIGNING AND MODELING IN AGROFORESTRY 2+O

Designing of agroforestry systems experiments on hedgerow, live fences, mixed intercropping, and alley cropping. Elements of modeling, model building, modeling philosophy, validation, sensitivity analysis, statistical decision theory, statistical hypotheses. Introduction to various mathematical techniques for modeling, renewable resources and making management decisions, difference an differential equation models, Leslis matrix model of population growth and simulation. Suggested Readings Hau, C.A.S. Ecosystem modelling in theory and practice, Wiley, New York. Huxley, P. 1999. Tropical agroforestry. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 371 p. Jeffers, J.N.R. 1978. An introduction to system analysis with ecological application - Edward Arnold, London. Nair, P.K.R. 1993. An introduction to agroforestry, Kluwer Acaemic Publishers. 499 p. Ramakrishnan P.S. 1992. Shifting agriculture and sustainable development. Man and Biospheres series. The Parthenon Publishing Group. 424 p. Tejwani, K.G. 1994. Agroforestry in India, Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. 233 p. Wojtkowski, P. 1998. The theory and practice of agroforestry design. Oxford and IBH Publication Co., New Delhi. 282 p. 6. FOREST ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS 2+1

Nutrient sources and cation exchange. Nutrient requirements. Role of mycorrhizae and Rhizobium. Fertilization of forests/plantations. Nutrient inputs, accumulation and return. Rainfall and dryfall. Factors affecting nutrient uptake. Decomposition of organic matter. Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Output of minerals. Mineral cycling and state of equilibrium.

Practical To estimate litter on the forest floor. To analyze the litter for nitrogen. To study decomposition of organic matter by litter bag method.

Hau, C.A.S. Ecosystem modelling in theory and practice, Wiley, New York. Jeffers, J.N.R. 1978. An introduction to system anaJysis with ecological application - Edward Arnold, London. Kimmins, J.P.I 987. Forest ecology, Macmillan Publishing Company. Koop, H. 1989. Forest dynamics. Springer-Verlag, New York 229 p. Lai, J.B. 1992. Forest ecology. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. 322 p. Puri, G.S. 1960. Indian forest ecology. Vol. I and II. Oxford Book and Stationery Co., New Delhi. Spur, S.H. and Barns, B.V.1980. Forest ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 687 p. Spur, S.H. 1964. Forest ecology. Ronald Press Co., New York. 352 p.

Waring, R.H. and Schlesinger, W.H. 1985. Forest egosystem - concepts and management. Academic Press, New York. 340 p.
7. WATERSHED ECOLOGY 2+1

Concept of watershed. Natural basis of resource development. Ecological criteria for integrated watershed. Aspects of hydrological cycle. Deforestation and hydrologic changes. Role of forests/trees in watershed ecology. Livestock in watershed. Watershed management techniques. Worked out case studies in context with ecology of the area. Practical Visit to an important watershed project. To study watershed development and management techniques. Suggested Readings
Baumer. 1989. Agroforestry for watershed management, ICRAF, Kenya. Chopra. 1985. Approved practices of soil conservation. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. Dhuruva Narayana, V.V. 1993. Soil and water conservation research in India, ICAR, New Delhi.

Dhuruva Narayana, V.V., Sastry, G. and Patnaik, V.S. 1990. Watershed management. ICAR Publication, New Delhi. 176 p. Morgan. 1984. Soil conservation. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. Murty, J.V.S. 1995. Watershed management in India. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi. 198 p. Verma. 1985. Development of hill area. Natraj Publication, Dehradun.
8. FOREST FIRE ECOLOGY 2+1

Fire related ecology of dominant species on forest range and habitats. Impact of fire on regeneration and vegetation succession. Effects of fire on soil, nutrient cycling, soil organisms, forest development and wildlife in forests and grasslands. Prescribed burning. Development of fire danger rating systems. Fire detection system. Fire control and suppression procedures in India and developed nations.
Practical

Effect of fire on regeneration of vegetation. Effect of fire on nutrient release. Methods of prescribed burning. Fire control methods. Suggested Readings Artsybashev, E.S. 1983. Forest fire and their control. Oxonian Press Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 160 p. Brown, A.A. and Davis K.P. 1973. Forest fire control and uses. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York 686 p. Garner, W.Y. and Harvey, J. 1984. Chemical and biological controls in forestry. American Chemical Society Washingon 406 p. Negi, S.S. 1995. Hand book of forest protection. International Book Distributor Dehradun, 274p. Ramakrishnan P.S. 1992. Shifting agriculture and sustainable development. Man and Biospheres series. The Parthenon Publishing Group. 424 p.
9. WILDLIFE ECOLOGY 2+1

Food chain, food webs and tropic system. Ecological nitche of wildlife. Animal habitat interactions and patterns of habitat utilization. Energy flow of herbivores and carnivores. Structure of animal population. Depletion of wildlife (inherent factors, environmental degradation, commercial exploitation). Ecological factors and influences (shelter, nourishment, procreation and fostering, self protection). Special projects for conservation of rare and threatened species.

Practical Visit to wildlife parks and study the methods of animal counts, and their habitat. Suggested Readings Dhyani, S.N. 1994. Wildlife management. Rawat Publication, Jaipur. 258 p. Hosetti, B.B. 1997. Concepts in wildlife management. Daya Publishing House, Delhi-110 035. Khanna, L.S. Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as amended up to date with commentary. Khanna Bandhu, Dehradun. Krishnamurthy, A.V.R.G. 1983. Forests and wildlife in India. IIT Madras. 375p. Rangarajan, M. 1999. Hunting and shooting. Vol.1., The Oxford Anthology of Indian Wildlife. Saharia, V.B. 1989. Wildlife laws in India. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. Sharrna, B.D. 1999. Indian wildlife resources ecology and development. Daya Publishing House, Delhi-110 035. Singh, S. 1987. Conserving India's natural heritage. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. Sinha, P.C. 1998. Wildlife and forest conservation. Anmol Publishing Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. 10. ECOLOGY OF FOREST FARMING 2+1

Objectives and background of forest farming. Ecological cultivation. Designing of forest farms. Site characteristics, choice and selection of species. Fast growth and energy potential in context with system sustainability. Ecology of planting and cropping. Use of fertilizers (selection, method and timing). Energy flow (accumulation and budget). Ecology of different farm forestry models (agrisilvi - silvi-horti - and silvi-pastoral system, shifting agriculture, taungya, homestead, etc.). Monoculture versus mixed culture. Biofencing. Practical To visit important agroforestry systems. To estimate biomass of trees, shrubs and crops. To study ordination of trees in farm forest. Suggested Readings Hau, C.A.S. Ecosystem modelling in theory and practice, Wiley, New York. Huxley, P. 1999. Tropical agroforestry. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 371 p.

Jeffers, J.N.R. 1978. An introduction to system analysis with ecological application - Edward Arnold, London. Nair, P.K.R. 1993. An introduction to agroforestry, Kluwer Acaemic Publishers. 499 p. Ramakrishnan P.S. 1992. Shifting agriculture and sustainable development. Man and Biospheres series. The Parthenon Publishing Group. 424 p. Tejwani, K.G. 1994. Agroforestry in India, Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. 233 p. Wojtkowski, P. 1998. The theory and practice of agroforestry design. Oxford and IBH Publication Co., New Delhi. 282 p.
B. SUPPOTING COURSES

Details as given in section on Silviculture and Forest Management

Genetic Resources, Tree Breeding and Biotechnology

A. Major Courses A.I. Core Courses 1. Silviculture 2. Forest Mensuration and Inventory Preparation 3. Agroforestry 4. Tree Breeding 5. Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation 6. Forest Based Industries Seminar A.2. Optional Courses 1. Reproductive Systems in Forest Trees 2. Breeding Methods in Forest Trees 3. Tree Seed Orchards 4. Quantitative Genetics in Forest Tree Breeding 5. Plant Genetic Diversity and Conservation 6. Tree Physiology . 7. Plant Tissue Culture I 8. Plant Tissue Culture II 9. Molecular Biology " 10. Plant Genetic Engineering B. Supporting Courses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Computer Applications and Information Technology Remote Sensing and CIS Forest Policy and Law Working Plans Statistical Methods, Design of Experiments and Research Methodology Forestry Extension, Technology Transfer and Linkage Wildlife Management Joint Forest Management Forest Microbiology Any other course(s) as recommended by the student Advisory Committee Total 0+1 1+0 1+0 1+0 2+1 1+1 2+1 2+1 2+1 1+1 2+0 1+1 2+0 2+0 2+1 2+1 1+1 1+1 2+1 10 Credits 12 Credits 1+1 1+1 2+0 2+1 1+1 1+0 0+1 1 Credit 12 Credits

35 Credits

A. MAJOR
A.1 CORE COURSES Details as given in section on Silviculture and Forest Management A. 2 OPTIONAL COURSES 1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS IN FOREST TREES 1+1 Importance and application of reproductive systems research in tree breeding. Modes of reproduction: sexual, asexual and vegetative and their breeding systems and sex expression. Out-crossing mechanisms in forest trees. Environmental effects on sex expression. Floral biology. Initiation and development. Modes of pollination: self and out-crossing. Fertilization in hardwood and softwood species. Seed dispersal and gene flow. Practical Sex expression in forest trees. Out-crossing mechanisms in forest trees. Measurement of pollen flow in wind-pollinated and insect-pollinated species. Pollen viability and fertility. Seed dispersal mechanisms. Suggested Readings Burley, J. and Styles, B.T. 1976. Tropical trees: variation breeding and conservation. Academic Press, London F.A.O. 1985. Forest tree improvement: FAO Publication, Rome, Italy. 270 p. Hayer, H. and Smith D. 1975. Methods of plant breeding, McGraw Hill Book Company, London. Khosla, P.K. 1982. Improvement of forest biomass. Pragati Press, Delhi. 472 p. Mandal, A.K. and Gibson, G.L. (eds) 1997. Forest genetics and tree breeding. CBS Publi. & Distr., New Delhi 268 p. Poehlman, J.M 2002. Breeding field crops, AVI Publishing Company, New York. Richards, A.J. 1986. Plant breeding systems. George Allen and Urwin, London. Roy, Darbeshwar, 2000. Plant breeding: Analysis and exploitation of variation. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. P 701. White, T.M. and Hodges, G.R. 1989. Predicting breeding values with application in forest improvement. Kluwer Publishing, Netherlands. Wright, J.W. 1976. Introduction to forest genetics. Academic press New york 463 p. Zobel, B. J., Talbert, J. 1984. Applied forest tree improvement. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 505 p.

2. BREEDING METHODS IN FOREST TREES

2+O

Genetic constitution of tree populations, half-sib, full-sib family in trees. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, changes in gene frequency through selection, migration, mutation and population sizes. Long-term and short-term breeding populations. Tree response to selection. Selective breeding methods - mass, family, with-in family, family plus with-in family. Grading system of plus trees in natural stands and plantations regression systems, mother tree selection, subjective evaluation. Selection for different traits. Genetic testing programs mating designs: complete designs - nested designs, factorial, single pair mating, full dialer, half dialer and partial dialer, incomplete-pedigree designs-open pollinated mating and polypro mating. Experimental designs in genetic testing. In vitro selection: principles. Selection for disease resistance, tolerance toherbicide, salt, metals, high and low temperature, water stress. Marker assisted selection, Suzie, Fraps, Rapids, and Micro-satellites. Breeding methods for wood quality, agroforestry, disease and pest resistance, drought and salt resistance. Tree improvement case histories. Calculating gene and genotype frequencies. Flow chart for different breeding methods. Suggested Readings Burley, J. and Styles, B.T. 1976. Tropical trees: variation breeding and conservation. Academic Press, London F.A.O. 1985. Forest tree improvement: FAO Publication, Rome, Italy. 270 p. Hayer, H. and Smith D. 1975. Methods of plant breeding, McGraw Hill Book Company, London. Khosla, P.K. 1981. Advances in forest genetics. Ambika Publisher, New Delhi. 375 p. Mandal, A.K. and Gibson, G.L. (eds) 1997. Forest genetics and tree breeding. CBS Publi. & Distr., New Delhi 268 p. National Research Council 1991. Managing Global Genetic Resources. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. Poehlman, J.M 2002. Breeding field crops, AVI Publishing Company, New York. Richards, A.J. 1986. Plant breeding systems. George Allen and Urwin, London. Roy, Darbeshwar, 2000. Plant breeding: Analysis and exploitation of variation. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. P 701. Singh, B.D. 1990. Fundamentals of genetics, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana. White, T.M. and Hodges, G.R. 1989. Predicting breeding values with application in forest improvement. Kluwer Publishing, Netherlands. Wright, J.W. 1976. Introduction to forest genetics. Academic press New york 463 p.

Young, A. , Boshie, B and Boyle, T. 2002. Forest conservation genetics principles and practices (Ed.) CABI, Australia. Zobel, B. J., Talbert, J. 1984. Applied forest tree improvement. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 505 p. Zobel, B.J. and van Buijtenen, J.P. 1989. Wood variation - its causes and control. Springer-Verlag New York, 363 p.
3. TREE SEED ORCHARDS 1+1

Importance of genetically improved seed in plantation forestry. Status of seed production among major plantation species. Short term supply of superior seed: Selection and delineation of seed stands, seed production areas, seed zones, seed ecological zones. Seed orchards: need, functions and purpose. Types of seed orchards: clonal seed, seedling seed, evolving seed, containerized seed, hybrid and research seed, first, second and advanced generation seed. Seed orchard genetics: random mating, gamete exchange and parental balance. Estimation of genetic parameters from seed orchard data. Ortet age and its effect on seed production. Importance of progeny testing. Establishment of seed orchards Selection and preparation of orchard site, isolation, orchard size, and designs. Seed orchard management: rouging Silvicultural practices to increase seed yield. Pest and disease management. Seed collection and record keeping. Seed orchard registration and documentation. Importance of seed orchards in gene conservation. Practical Visit and study of seed orchard designs. Estimation of overlap in flowering among genotypes. Study of inter- and intra-clonal variation in floral, seed characters. Effect of girdling on flowering. Plant growth regulator application on flower induction. Pollen viability/fertility. Assess pollen dispersal. Supplemental mass-pollination. Foliar application of fertilizers on seed set. Estimation of genetic parameters for few traits. Estimation of parental balance.
Suggested Readings

Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed orchard. Forestry Commission Bulletin No.54. 149 p. Fins, L., Friedman, S.T. and Brotschol (Eds.) Handbook of quantitative Forest Genetics. Kluwer Academic Press, The Netherlands. Khosla, P.K. 1981. Advances in forest genetics. Ambika Publisher, New Delhi. 375 p. Lars Schmidt 2000. Guide to Handling of tropical and sub-tropical forest seeds. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Denmark. Mandal, A.K. and Gibson, G.L. (eds) 1997. Forest genetics and tree breeding. CBS Publi. & Distr., New Delhi 268 p.

Poehlman, J.M 2002. Breeding field crops, AVI Publishing Company, New York. Richards, A. J. 1986. Plant breeding systems. George Allen and Urwin, London. Roy, Darbeshwar, 2000. Plant breeding: Analysis and exploitation of variation. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. P 701. White, T.M. and Hodges, G.R. 1989. Predicting breeding values with application in forest improvement. Kluwer Publishing, Netherlands. Wright, J.W. 1976. Introduction to forest genetics. Academic press New york. 463 p. Young, A. , Boshie, B and Boyle, T. 2002. Forest conservation genetics principles and practices (Ed.) CABI, Australia. Zobel, B. J., Talbert, J. 1984. Applied forest tree improvement. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 505 p.
4. QUANTITATIVE GENETICS IN FOREST TREE BREEDING 2+0

Historical aspects of quantitative genetics; multiple-factor-hypothesis. Population structure, mating systems. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium : properties and implications of equilibrium, influence of mutation, migration and selection. Random mating consequences in small populations. Random drift, inbreeding coefficient, rate of inbreeding. Inbreeding in pedigreed population and inbreeding coefficient under regular systems of inbreeding. Statistical parameters used in studying polygenic traits. Testing and estimating : population mean and components of phenotypic value, breeding value, dominance, interaction and environment deviations. Models of gene action, significance of different genetic components and G x E component of variance. Estimation of genetic components of variance through resemblance of relatives. Fisher's fundamental theorem on natural selection and its implications. Heritability - its estimation and significance. Selection theory for aquantitative character. Prediction of selection response : patterns, asymmetry, and causes. Selection criteria and use of information from relatives. Correlation among characters, correlated response and indirect selection. Effect of inbreeding on mean and variance. Heterosis and causes for heterosis in Fl and later generations. Combining ability effects, variances and selection for combining ability. Threshold characters.
Suggested Readings

Agarwal, C. and Varma. 1976. Genetics : Oxford & IBH Publication, New Delhi. Burley, J. and Styles, B.T. 1976. Tropical trees: variation breeding and conservation. Academic Press, London Fins, L. Friedman S.T. and Brotschol, J.V. 1992. Handbook of quantitative forest genetics, Klumer Academy, Dordrach, London.

Khosla, P.K. 1981. Advances in forest genetics. Ambika Publisher, New Delhi. 375 p. Mandal, A.K. and Gibson, G.L. (eds) 1997. Forest genetics and tree breeding. CBS Publi. & Distr., New Delhi 268 p. Richards, A.J. 1986. Plant breeding systems. George Allen and Urwin, London. Roy, Darbeshwar, 2000. Plant breeding: Analysis and exploitation of variation. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. P 701. Singh, B.D. 1990. Fundamentals of genetics, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana. Wright, J.W. 1976. Introduction to forest genetics. Academic press Newyork 463 PYoung, A. , Boshie, B and Boyle, T. 2002. Forest conservation genetics principles and practices (Ed.) CABI, Australia. Zobel, B. J., Talbert, J. 1984. Applied forest tree improvement. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 505 p. Zobel, B.J. and van Buijtenen, J.P. 1989. Wood variation - its causes and control. Springer-Verlag New York, 363 p.
5. PLANT GENETIC DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 2+0

Biological diversity - concept, levels ecosystem. Genetic diversity and differentiation - definition, characteristics and importance for tree breeding. Genetic erosion. Techniques to assess genetic diversity. Analysis of karyotypic variation. Molecular approaches for assessing genetic diversity. Inventory and monitoring biodiversity: sampling strategies for genetic diversity assessments sufficiency of sampling procedures, neutral allele model and optimal allocation of sampling efforts. Effects of sampling on genetic diversity. Factors influencing levels of genetic diversity in woody plant species. Conservation of genetic diversity. Global and local initiations for bio chemistry conservation. Laws and Policies. Methods for maintenance of conservation: Gene banks, arboreta, gardens, breeding populations as repositories of gene conservation. Rare, endangered and endemise plants (IUCN). Techniques for survey and assessment of endangered plants. Rarity patterns and endemism. Concept of island biogeography. Managing corridors and natural habitat fragments. Monitoring and recovery plans for endangered plants. Plant community reserves. Managing wild flora tourism impacts and urbanization of rare plants. Implications of rarity.
Suggested Readings

Khan, T.I. & Al-Ajmi, D.N. 1999. Global biodiversity conservation measures, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur. 468 p. Nautiyal, S. and Kaul, A.K. 1999. Forest biodiversity and its conservation practices in India. Oriental enterprise Dehradun, 337 p.

The World Resources Institute, 1990-91. Possible effects on global warming on forests and range lands, World Resources, 1990-91, Oxford University Press, 1990. New York. The World Resources Institute, 1992-93. Conserving biodiversity, World Resources, 1992-93, Oxford University Press, 1992. New York. The World Resources Institute, 1994-95. Biodiversity, World resources, 1994-95, Oxford University Press, 1990. New York. Vandana Shiva. 1994. Biodiversity Conservation, Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, New Delhi. Zobel, B. J., Talbert, J. 1984. Applied forest tree improvement. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 505 p. Zobel, B. J., Wyh, G.V. and Stahl, P. 1987. Growing exotic forests. John Wiley & Sons, New York; 508 p. 6. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2+1

Factors affecting growth of trees. Photosynthesis, respiration, stomatal conductance, transpiration and osmo regulation in relation to stress physiology. Salt and drought tolerance physiology in relation to production of biomass. Role of nutrients in plant metabolism. Role of growth harmones in vegetative propagation. Vernalisation, seed dormancy and photoperiodism in trees relating the growth and regeneration.
Practical

Related to the topics described above depending upon the facilities available.
Suggested Readings

Aspinall, D. and Papleg, L.G. (eds.) 1981. Physiology and biochemistry of drought resistance in plants. Academic Press, Sydney. Pp. 243-259. Paul, J. Kumar - Plant and soil water relationships: A modern synthesis. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi. Levitt, J. 1972. Response of plants to environmental stress. First ed. Academic Press, New York. 7. PLANT TISSUE CULTURE - I 2+1

Plant tissue culture-principles, history, development, fields of application, progress and prospects with special reference to tree crops. Components and preparation of culture medium. Collection, handling and surface sterilisation of explants. Inoculation and incubation. Culture conditions. Stages of

micropropagation. In vitro propagation via enhanced release of axillary buds, somatic organogenesis and somatic embryo genesis. Problems and .Progress in in vitro propagation of tree crops. Essential features of tissue culture laboratories. Low cost techniques for micropropagation. Commercial micropropagation. Production of virus free plants. Embryo, ovule and ovary preand post-zygotic fertilization barriers culture. In vitro pollination and fertilization for distant hybridization. Somaclonal variation- factors influencing- exploitation for crop improvement. Haploid culture and production of homodiploids, protoplast isolation, culture and regeneration; Protoplast fusion for somatic hybridization and its application. Techniques for direct gene transfer to protoplasts. Practical Preparation and storage of stock solutions, preparation of culture media. Collection, handling and pre-treatment of explants. In vitro propagation of crops via different routs. Ex vitro establishment of plantlets. Production of synthetic seeds. In vitro pollination and fertilization. Protoplast isolation and culture. Haploid culture. Suggested Readings Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.) 1988. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 2. Crops 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo. P.608. Gupta, P.K. 2000. Elements of biotechnology. Meerut University. Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut-250002, India, p.602. Punia, M.S. 1998. Plant biotechnology and molecular biology. A laboratory manual. Scientific Publishers, PO Box 91, Jodhpur, p. 229. Rehm, H.J. and Reed, G. (Eds.) 1993. Biotechnology, (Vol.2) - Vol Editor A. Puhler: Genetic Fundamentals and Genetic Engineering, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft msH, D-6940 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany) p. 880.
8. PLANT TISSUE CULTURE - II 1+1

Significance and techniques of conserving the germplasm in vitro and field gene banks Short and medium term conservation. Manipulation of culture media and conditions for prolonging the culture period. Long term storage, cryopreservation, freeze preservation, significance of liquid nitrogen, pre-freezing treatments - use of cryoprotectants, dry freezing, incubation. Alterations/ modifications in cell components during cryopreservation. Recalcitrant species Thawing and reculture. Survival of freeze preserved cells/tissues. Clonal fidelity and karyotype stability of cryopreserved cultures and regenerates. Use of biochemical and molecular markers for testing the stability. Protocols developed.

Practical Preparation of in vitro cultures for short, medium and long term preservation. Practicing different protocols for conservation. Thawing and reculture. Assessing the stability of regenerates. RFLP, RAPD and other techniques. Suggested Readings Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.) 1988. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 2. Crops 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo. P.608. Gupta, P.K. 2000. Elements of biotechnology. Meerut University. Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut-250002, India, p. 602. Punia, M.S. 1998. Plant biotechnology and molecular biology. A laboratory manual. Scientific Publishers, PO Box 91, Jodhpur, p. 229. Rehm, H.J. and Reed, G. (Eds.) 1993. Biotechnology, (Vol.2) - Vol Editor A. Puhler,: Genetic Fundamentals and Genetic Engineering, VCH
9. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1+1

History and development of Molecular Biology. Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA as genetic materials. Nucleosides and nucleotides, DNA double helix-properties of DNA-absorbance, ionic interaction, denaturation and renaturation, sedimentation. Secondary structure of single stranded DNA - inverted repeat sequences, alternative structures of duplex DNA C value and concept of selfish DNA, cell organelle DNA Chloroplast and mitochondria! DNA. DNA replication semi-conservative replication. Organisation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA polymerases, replicon, eyes, rolling circle and D-loops, nick translation, okazaki fragments, DNA ligase. Replication of bacteriophage T4, OZ 174 and RNA viruses. Reverse transcriptase, primase, helicase, topoisomerases, gyrases, methylases and nucleases. DNA sequencing. Practical Estimation of DNA and RNA. Isolation of total nucleic acids from bacteria. Large-scale preparation of total plant DNA. Isolation of total RNA. Agarose gel electrophoresis. Denaturation of DNA. Ethidium fluorescent assay of nucleic acids. Estimation of C value. Binding of polyamines to DNA. Assy of DNA polymerase. DNA sequencing. Suggested Readings Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.) 1988. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 2. Crops 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo. P.608.

Gupta, P.K. 2000. Elements of biotechnology. Meerut University. Rastpgi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut-250002, India, p. 602.

Punia, M.S. 1998. Plant biotechnology and molecular biology. A laboratory manual. Scientific Publishers, PO Box 91, Jodkpur, p. 229. Rehm, H.J. and Reed, G. (Eds.) 1993. Biotechnology, second completely revised (Vol. 2) - Vol Editor A. Puhler,: Genetic Fundamentals and Genetic Engineering, VCH
10. PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING 2+1

Genetic engineering - principles and methods. Identification and isolation of genes. DNA cloning strategies. Characteristics of vectors. Plasmids, phages and cosmids as cloning vehicles. PCR techniques for cloning. Separation and isolation of nucleic acids and proteins - their sequencing. Enzymes for molecular cloning - ligases, nucleases, DNA polymerases. Restrictions and DNA methylation. Preparation and screening of genomic and cDNA libraries. cDNA cloning. Structural and regulatory genes. Antisense RNA, ribozymes. Molecular biology of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance - biotic and abiotic stress-pests, diseases, chilling, herbicides, wounding, salt level, other environmental factors. Defense mechanisms in plants. Plant genes induced in the defence reaction. Plant-pathogen interaction. Elicitors. Pathogenesis related proteins. Passive and active defence mechanisms. Genetic engineering for insect/disease resistanceuse of plant proteinase inhibitor gene, Bt gene etc. Engineering of insect resistant plants with Bt crystal protein genes-potential for plant derived genes. Genetic engineering for herbicide tolerance-modification of chloroplast genometransformation of cpDNA-direct and indirect methods; genetic engineering of forest trees for improved wood quality, high biomass production, adaptation to harsh sites and for incorporating male sterility - achievements, problems and prospects. Genetic engineering techniques for enhancing rooting of tree cuttings. Practical Isolation of nucleic acids, their sequencing. Experiments with cloning vector - pUC 18, pUC 19, pBR 322, phase etc. Extraction and purification of plasmid DNA - restriction, methylation and ligation reactions; preparation and transformation of competent E. coli. Identification of recombinants, use of markers, antibiotic resistance, insertional inactivation. Estimation of proteins and enzymes involved in the defense mechanisms-glucanase and chitinase activity, mRNA isolation after exposing the plant to stress conditions. Evaluation of gene expression. Suggested Readings Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.) 1988. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 2. Crops 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo. P.608.

Gupta, P.K. 2000. Elements of biotechnology. Meerut University. Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut-250002, India, p.602. Punia, M.S. 1998. Plant biotechnology and molecular biology. A laboratory manual. Scientific Publishers, PO Box 91, Jodhpur, p. 229. Rehm, H.J. and Reed, G. (Eds.) 1993. Biotechnology, second completely revised (Vol.2) - Vol Editor A. Puhler,: Genetic Fundamentals and Genetic Engineering, VCH R SUPPOTING COURSES Details as given in section on Silviculture and Forest Management

Forest Utilization
A. Major Courses A 1. Core Courses 1. Silviculture 2. Forest Mensuration and Inventory Preparation 3. Agroforestry 4. Tree Breeding 5. Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation 6. Forest Based Industries Seminar A.2 Optional Courses 1. 2. 3. 4: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Wood Anatomy and Identification Wood Processing Tiber Engineering Tiber Harvesting Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Forest Economics Project Planning arid Evaluation Marketing of Forest Products Resource Economics 1+1 2+0 2+1 1+1 1+1 2+0 2+1 2+1 2+0 10 Credits 0+1 1+0 1+0 1+0 2+1 1+1 2+1 2+1 2+1 12 Credits 1+1 1+1 2+0 2+1 1+1 1+0 0+11 Credit 12 Credits

B. Supporting Courses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Computer Applications and Information Technology Remote Sensing and GIS Forest Policy and Law Working Plans Statistical Methods, Design of Experiments and Research Methodology Forestry Extension, Technology Transfer and Linkage Linkage Wildlife Management Joint Forest Management Forest Microbiology Any other course(s) as recommended by the student Advisory Committee Total

35 credits

52 '

A. MAJOR
A. 1 CORE COURSES Details as given in section on Silviculture and Forest Management A.2 OPTIONAL COURSES 1. WOOD ANATOMY AND IDENTIFICATION 1+1

Growth and development of wood science. Formation of wood and bark in trees - meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, secondary growth and anamalous growth. Gross features of wood - pith, alburnum, duramen, early wood, latewood, annual rings, compression wood, tension wood. Double and multiple rings. Cell types and their arrangement in softwood and hardwoods. Tracheids, ray tracheids, parenchyma, vessels, fibres and inter-cellular canals, resin ducts of conifers. Identification of wood - scientific basis, fingerprints of wood. Equipment and procedure. Keys for identification of timbers. Practical Microscopic structure of wood. Identification of sapwood, heartwood, early wood, late wood, compression wood and tension wood. Study of cambial cells and anamalous secondary growth. Identification of timbers. Suggested Readings Anonymous. 1976. Indian forest utilization. Volume I and II ICFRE Publication, Dehradun. Mehta, T. 1981. A handbook of forest utilization. Periodical Expert Book Agency, Delhi. 298 p. Rao, K.R. and Juneja, K.B.S. 1992. Field identification of 50 important timbers of India. ICFRE Publi. Dehradun 123 p. Sharma, L.C. 1977. Development of forests and forest based industries, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. Trotter, H. 1940. Manual of Indian forest utilization. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Trotter, H. 1982. Indian forest utilisation, Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dehradun. Wadoo, M.S. 1992. Utilization of forest resources. Idris Publi. Srinagar 252 p.
2. WOOD PROCESSING 2+0

Type of saw machinery. Design and layout of saw mill and wood workshops. Wood water relationship. Wood seasoning - principles, factors influencing drying

rate, air and kiln seasoning. Types of kilns:- steam-, electrical heated, solar, progressive and compartmental. Kiln seasoning schedules and classification of timber. Care of seasoned timber. Wood preservation and natural durability of timber. Wood degradation. Chemistry of wood decay. Agencies of wood deterioration of composite and manufactured wood products, decay test methods. Wood preservatives and their characteristics. Factors influencing effectiveness of preservative system. Treating processes and equipments. Strength improvement and stresses in glued joints. Solid modified wood. Principles of impregnation. Densified timber - by impregnation and compression. Plasticizing wood. Radiation techniques to improve physical and mechanical properties. Manufacture of plywood and sandwich composites, particle boards. Fiber boards and metalized timber. Economic aspects of preservative treatment. Properties of treated wood. Fire retarding treatment. Pollution control. Visit to a saw mill or wood technology. Suggested Readings Anonymous. 1976. Indian forest utilization. Volume I and IIICFRE Publication, Dehradun. Mehta, T. 1981. A handbook of forest utilization. Periodical Expert Book Agency, Delhi. 298 p. Rao, K.R. and Juneja, K.B.S. 1992. Field identification of 50 important timbers of India. ICFRE Publi. Dehradun 123 p. Trotter, H. 1982. Indian forest utilisation, Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dehradun. Wadoo, M.S. 1992. Utilization of forest resources. Idris Publi. Srinagar 252 p. 3. TIMBER ENGINEERING 2+1

Natural sources of timber - softwoods hardwoodS trees, palms and bamboos. Physical and mechanical properties of wood. Non-destructive evaluation techniques of electrical, physical and mechanical. Methods of cutting logs. Determination of texture, grain, figure, odour and hardness of timber. Density of timber and its measurement. Wood shrinkage and types of distortion. Wood strength - compression tests, factors affecting strength, safety factor and beam testing methods. Natural defects of timber, durability and decay. Destruction of timber by pests and prevention methods. Design of solar timber kiln. Practical Measurement of hardness, bending strength, density, electric resistance, shrinkage, moisture content of various timbers. Seasoning of timber in a solar kiln. Design of solar driers. Visit to timber seasoning plants.

Suggested Readings Anonymous. 1976. Indian forest utilization. Volume I and IIICFRE Publication, Dehradun. Mehta, T. 1981. A handbook of forest utilization. Periodical Expert Book Agency, Delhi. 298 p. Rao, K.R. and Juneja, K.B.S. 1992. Field identification of 50 important timbers of India. ICFRE Publi. Dehradun 123 p. Trotter, H. 1982. Indian forest utilisation, Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dehradun. Wadoo, M.S. 1992. Utilization of forest resources. Idris Publi. Srinagar 252 p. 4. TIMBER HARVESTING 1+1

Objectives : logging variables, stumpage appraisal, accessibility of forest terrains and terrains classification. Stump puller. Principles and practices in felling trees, bucking for higher volume. Production and higher value assortments. Losses in bucking, grades. Principles and operation of skidding and fowarding timber loads on forest, terrains, density of forest roads and skidding distances. Road planning principles unloading and storage: - cost calculations. Power logging - logging systems, band saw, winches and machine mounted winches, high lead skidding, multi-span skyline systems, mobile tower yarders, wire rope principles and constructions. Log transportation: by roads, rails, rivers and dragline. Road and hauling carts vehicle, capacity, operating costs, distances, depreciations, limitations, water transportation floating calculations, work study and its application to forestry conditions - method study - work measurements - time study, work specifications. Material handling equipment such as Gibs, pulley blocks and crawlers. Economics: scope, loads design and control. Motion Economy. Practical Field experiments related to above topics depending upon the facilities available. Suggested Readings Anonymous. 1976. Indian forest utilization. Volume I and II ICFRE Publication, x Dehradun. Mehta, T. 1981. A handbook of forest utilization. Periodical Expert Book Agency, Delhi. 298 p. Rao, K.R. and Juneja, K.B.S. 1992. Field identification of 50 important timbers of India. ICFRE Publi. Dehradun 123 p.

Trotter, H. 1982. Indian forest utilisation, Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dehradun. Wadoo, M.S. 1992. Utilization of forest resources. Idris Publi. Srinagar 252 p.
5. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS 1+1

Botanical features of important species of Aconitum, Artemisia, Atropa, Papaver, Adhatoda, Berberis, Cannabis, Dioscorea, Digitalis, Ephedra, Fagopyrum, Hyoscyamus, Jurinea, Mentha, Ocimum, Podophyllum, Rauwolfia, Rheum, Salvia, Saussurea, Solanum, Viola and Withania. Physiological factors affecting action and toxicity of medicinal plants. Cultivation and marketing of important medicinal plants.
Practical

Identification of medicinal and aromatic plants and their seeds. Nursery technology. Planting methods and cultural practices of important medicinal and aromatic plants.
Suggested Readings

Anonymous. 1961. Wealth of India - Raw Materials. C.S.I.R., New Delhi. Dwivedi, A.P. 1993. Forests - the non-wood resources. International Book Distributor, Dehradun. 352 p. Gupta, T. and Guleria, A. 1982. Non-wood forest products in India : Economic potential. Oxford and IBH Publication, New Delhi. 147 p. Patrick B. Durst, Ward Ulrich, M. Kashio (ed.) - Non-wood forest products in Asia, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. Sharma, L.C. 1977. Development of forests and forest based industries, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. Tewari, D.N. 1981. State trading in forest produce in India, Jugal Kishore & Co., Dehradun. Trotter, H. 1940. Manual of Indian forest utilization. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. 6. FOREST ECONOMICS 2+0

Nature and scope of forest economics. Importance of forests in national economy. The concepts of demand, derived demand and supply with reference to timber and non-timber forestry outputs. Costs and returns analysis, basics of marginal analysis. Price and output determination under different market situations. Economic analysis of forest production systems. Economics of multiple use. Simulations to solve resource allocation problems, harvest
[56 '

scheduling and optimal economic rotations. Risk and uncertainty considerations in production and marketing Deforest produce. Introduction to welfare economics. Suggested Readings Busby, R.J.N. 1981. Investment appraisal in forestry. Forestry Commission Research Station, Surveys. Duerr, W.A. 1956. Financial Maturity : A guide to profitable timber growing USDA Tech. Prvil 1146. Duerr, W.A. 1960. Fundamentals of forestry economcis. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. 579 p. FAO. 1979. Economic analysis of forestry projects, FAO Forestry Paper 17, Rome. 60 p. FAO. 1985. Monitoring and evaluation of participatory forestry projects (1985) SI.No.60 - FAO, Publication, Rome, Italy. FAO. 1986. An operational guide to monitoring and evaluation of social forestry in India, F.A.O. Publication, Rome, Italy. FAO. 1986. Guideline to practical project appraisal (1980). Natraj Publisher, Dehradun. FAO. 1986. Guideline to project evaluation (1982). Natraj Publisher, Dehradun. Nautiyal, J.C. 1988. Forest economics-principles and application. Natraj Publi. Dehradun 580 p. O.E.C.D. 1986. The public management of forestry Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Robinson Gregory, G. Resource economics for foresters, John Wiley & Sons, New York. Sharma, L.C. 1978. Development of forests and forest based industries. Bishen Singh and M.P. Singh, Dehradun. 234 p. Sharma, L.C. 1980. Forest economics, planning and management. International Book Distributor, Dehradun.
7. PROJECT PLANNING AND EVALUATION 2+1

Concept and components of a project. Need for project planning and project preparation process. Investment decisions, rationale and foundations of benefitcost analysis. The concept and determinants of time preference. Rationale for discounting and the concept of social discount rate. Project evaluation/appraisal methods. Consideration of risk, uncertainty in benefit-cost analysis and sensitivity analysis.

Practical Exercises based on above and case studies. Suggested Readings Busby, R.J.N. 1981. Investment appraisal in forestry. Forestry Commission Research Station, Surveys. Duerr, W.A. 1956. Financial Maturity : A guide to profitable timber growing USDA Tech. Prvil 1146. Duerr, W.A. 1960. Fundamentals of forestry economcis. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. 579 p. FAO. 1979. Economic analysis of forestry projects, FAO Forestry Paper 17, Rome. 60 p. FAO. 1985. Monitoring and evaluation of participatory forestry projects (1985) Sl.No.60 - FAO, Publication, Rome, Italy. FAO. 1986. An operational guide to monitoring and evaluation of social forestry in India, F.A.O. Publication, Rome, Italy. FAO. 1986. Guideline to practical project appraisal (1980). Natraj Publisher, Dehradun. FAO. 1986. Guideline to project evaluation (1982). Natraj Publisher, Dehradun. Nautiyal, J.C. 1988. Forest economics-principles and application. Natraj Publi. Dehradun 580 p. O.E.C.D. 1986. The public management of forestry Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Robinson Gregory, G. Resource economics for foresters, John Wiley & Sons, New York. Sharma, L.C. 1978. Development of forests and forest based industries. Bishen Singh and M.P. Singh, Dehradun. 234 p.
8. MARKETING OP FOREST PRODUCTS 2+1

Introduction to marketing. Review of the concept of demand, derived demand and supply. Approaches to the marketing. The concepts of marketing channels, marketing costs, margins and price spread. Price determination under different market situations. Market intelligence and quality control measures. Market structure, and conduct analysis for timber and non-timber forest produce markets. Demand forecasting for important forestry products. Market failures, government interventions, market regulation. Practical Appropriate exercises from the above and case studies.

[si"-

Suggested Readings

Busby, R.J.N. 1981. Investment appraisal in forestry. Forestry Commission Research Station, Surveys. Duerr, W.A. 1956. Financial Maturity : A guide to profitable timber growing USDA Tech. Prvil 1146. Duerr, W.A. 1960. Fundamentals of forestry economcis. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. 579 p. FAO. 1979. Economic analysis of forestry projects, FAO Forestry Paper 17, Rome. 60 p. FAO. 1985. Monitoring and evaluation of participatory forestry projects (1985) Sl.No.60 - FAO, Publication, Rome, Italy. FAO. 1986. An operational guide to monitoring and evaluation of social forestry in India, F.A.O. Publication, Rome, Italy. FAO. 1986. Guideline to practical project appraisal (1980). Natraj Publisher, Dehradun. FAO. 1986. Guideline to project evaluation (1982). Natraj Publisher, Dehradun. Nautiyal, J.C. 1988. Forest economics-principles and application. Natraj Publi. Dehradun 580 p. O.E.C.D. 1986. The public management of forestry Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Robinson Gregory, G. Resource economics for foresters, John Wiley & Sons, New York. Sharma, L.C. 1978. Development of forests and forest based industries. Bishen Singh and M.P. Singh, Dehradun. 234 p.
9. RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2+0

Elements of resource economics - renewable and exhaustible resources. Causes and cost of natural resources degradation. Theory of resource depletion and discovery. Property rights, externalities, risk and uncertainties in resource allocation. Basic optimal control theory. Inter-temporal resource allocation of exhaustible and renewable resources. Models of renewable resource harvesting, growth functions and production and yield functions. Theory of resource regulation and optimal forest rotation. Methods of measuring environmental damages. Analysis of economic growth and natural resource use policy issues.
Suggested Readings

Busby, R.J.N. 1981. Investment appraisal in forestry. Forestry Commission Research Station, Surveys.

Duerr, W.A. 1956. Financial Maturity : A guide to profitable timber growing USDA Tech. Prvil 1146. Duerr, W.A. 1960. Fundamentals of forestry economcis. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. 579 p. FAO. 1979. Economic analysis of forestry projects, FAO Forestry Paper 17, Rome. 60 p. FAO. 1985. Monitoring and evaluation of participatory forestry projects (1985) Sl.No.60 - FAO, Publication, Rome, Italy. FAO. 1986. An operational guide to monitoring and evaluation of social forestry in India, F.A.O. Publication, Rome, Italy. FAO. 1986. Guideline to practical project appraisal (1980). Natraj Publisher, Dehradun. FAO. 1986. Guideline to project evaluation (1982). Natraj Publisher, Dehradun. Nautiyal, J.C. 1988. Forest economics-principles and application. Natraj Publi. Dehradun 580 p. O.E.C.D. 1986. The public management of forestry Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Robinson Gregory, G. Resource economics for foresters, John Wiley & Sons, New York. Sharma, L.C. 1978. Development of forests and forest based industries. Bishen Singh and M.P. Singh, Dehradun. 234 p.
R SUPPOTING COURSES Details as given in section on Silviculture and Forest Management

60

Forest Protection
A. Major Courses A. 1. Core Courses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Silviculture Forest Mensuration and Inventory Preparation Agroforestry Tree Breeding Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Forest Based Industries Seminar A. 2. Optional Courses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Pests of Forest Crops Insect Systematic Pests of Forest Seeds Pests of Felled Trees and Stored Timbers Research Techniques in Forest Entomology Fungal and Bacterial Diseases of Trees Forest Tree Diseases caused by Viruses, Mycoplasma and Nematodes 8. Bio-degeneration of Wood and Wood Preservation 9. Research Techniques in Forest Pathology B. Supporting Courses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Computer Applications and Information Technology Remote Sensing and CIS Forest Policy and Law Working Plans Statistical Methods, Design of Experiments and Research Methodology 6. Forestry Extension, Technology Transfer and Linkage 7. . Wildlife Management 8. Joint Forest Management 9. Forest Microbiology Any other course(s) as recommended by the student Advisory Committee Total 0+1 1+0 1+0 1+0 2+1 1+1 2+1 2+1 2+1 2+1 2+2 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 10 Credits 1+1 1+1 2+0 2+1 1+1 1+0 0+1 1 Credit 12 Credits 12 Credits

35 Credits

A. MAJOR
A. 1 CORE COURSES Details as given in section on Silviculture and Forest Management A. 2 OPTIONAL COURSES 1. PESTS OF FOREST CROPS 2+1 Status, distribution, bio-ecology, economic threshold level and management strategies of important insect and mite pests in economically important stands like teak, sandal, Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Terminalia, mohagany, sal, tamarind, bamboos, Acacia, Cassia, Dalbergia, canes, Ailanthus, Gmelina, neem, tropical pines, Pinus ssp., Grewia ssp. and deodar. Insect pests of seeds, seedlings, freshly felled trees, dry wood and finished timbers. Practical Collection of major insect pests of forest trees, assessment of economic losses due to pests of seeds, seedlings, natural forests and plantations through analytical methods. Study of damage symptoms and nature of damage on economically important trees. Rearing of five major pests and preserving their developmental stages. Visits to different forest nurseries, natural and artificial plantations. Suggested Readings Jha, L.K. and Sen Sarna, P.K. 1994. Forest entomology. Ashish Publi. House New Delhi 387 p. Stebbings, E.P. 1977. Indian forest insects. JK Jain Brothers Bhopal 648 p. 2. INSECT SYSTEMATIC 2+2

Importance of study of insect systematic and study of immature insects. Definition of systematic and taxonomy, zoological nomenclature; binomial and trinomial nomenclature, Linnaeus contribution. Important rules, homonyms and synonyms, international code of zoological nomenclature. Taxonomic hierarchy. Importance of taxa and its categories, keys in identifying taxa. Diagnostic characters of class Hexapoda. Systems of classification, phylogeny of insects and interrelationships, immature and adult diagnostic characters of Protura, Collembola, Diplura, Thysanura, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Grylloblattodia, Phasmida, Orthoptera. Different families of Orthoptera, their economic importance, habits and habitats. Diagnostic characters of Isopetra, Dermaptera, Embioptera, Plecoptera, Zoraptera, Psocoptera, Anaplura, Mallophaga, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Thysanoptera, Neuroptera. Detailed studies on

Neuropteran larvae with families occurring in India. Coleptera, upto family level. Strepsiptera and Mecoptera, Trichoptera, Siphanoptera, Diptra, Lepidoptera. Classification of Lepidoptera upto 'family level, including larval lepdoptera, Hymenoptera. Characters usedin classification of Hymenoptera upto family level. Practical Techniques of collection, pinning, setting, etc. Visit to various habitats for collection and study of insect eggs, Identification of different nymphs by using keys. Types of larvae and pupae and their identification of different insect adult forms of class covering all orders. Collections of insects belonging to representative families. Visit to nearby ecosystems for collection of Insects. Suggested Readings Jha, L.K. and Sen Sarna, P.K. 1994. Forest entomology. Ashish Publi. House New Delhi 387 p. Stebbings, E.P. 1977. Indian forest insects. JK Jain Brothers Bhopal 648 p. 3. PESTS OF FOREST SEEDS 1+1

Importance of seed pests. Origin of infestation, nature of damage on seeds before collection and during storage by insects, mites and rodents. Pests associated with forest seeds. Factors influencing pest infestation. Nature and extent of damage, life history of important insect pests of Pinus ssp., Quercus ssp., Deodar, Grewia ssp., Albizia, Acacia, bamboo, Casuarina, Cassia, Eucalyptus, Dalbergia, neem, Prosopis, tamiaind, teak and Terminalia. Methods of protection of forest seeds under storage-cleansing method, sterilization, and seed treatments. Practical Identification of damage to seeds by insects. Collection and study of infested seeds and estimation of damage. Study of insect pests of seeds of tree species. Effect of seed pests on germination and seedling growth. Suggested Readings Jha, L.K. and Sen Sarna, P.K. 1994. Forest entomology. Ashish Publi. House New Delhi 387 p. Stebbings, E.P. 1977. Indian forest insects. JK Jain Brothers Bhopal 648 p. 4. PESTS OF FELLED TREES AND STORED TIMBERS 1+1

Introduction, pest status, nature and extent of damage by insects on felled

trees and stored timbers. Important insect pests of felled trees and stored timbers. Favourable conditions for attack of insect pests on felled trees and stored timbers. Bio-ecology of bark borers, pin hole borers, sap and heart-wood borers, powder-post beetles, nature of damage and bio-ecology of insect pests of forest products. Management strategies for insect pests of felled trees and storage timbers. Practical Study of damage symptoms, nature of damage by bark borers and wood borers. Study of different species of insect pests of felled and stored timbers. Visits to natural forests, plantations, wood timber depots and saw mills. Suggested Readings Jha, L.K. and Sen Sarna, P.K. 1994. Forest entomology. Ashish Publi. House New Delhi 387 p. Stebbings, E.P. 1977. Indian forest insects. JK Jain Brothers Bhopal 648 p. 5. RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN FOREST ENTOMOLOGY 1+1

Insect collection devices and collection methods. Techniques of collection, pinning, preserving, fixing, staining, slide mounting, drawing and measuring of forest insects and mites. Packing and shipping of insects for identification. Rearing techniques for forest insect pests. Assessment of insect population, estimation of damage in forest nurseries and plantations. Pest surveillance and forecasting forest insect pest outbreaks. Collection of literature, abstracting journal, scientific articles and review. Practical Collection of insects by different methods. Study of techniques of fixing, staining and slide mounting, drawing of insect by using camera lucida and measuring. Assessment of insect population and estimation of loss in forest. Collection of literature in the library. Suggested Readings Jha, L.K. and Sen Sarna, P.K. 1994. Forest entomology. Ashish Publi. House New Delhi 387 p. Stebbings, E.P. 1977. Indian forest insects. JK Jain Brothers Bhopal 648 p. 6. FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL DISEASES OF TREES 1+1

Importance of fungal diseases in forest nurseries and plantations, and

64~ '

extent of losses caused due to diseases in different tree species. Brief classification of fungi with special reference to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. Symptoms and etiology of important fungal diseases of teak, Dalbergia ssp., Pterocapus spp., Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Albizzia ssp., Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus ssp., rubber, Shorea robusta, Acacia ssp., Terminalia ssp., neem, Bauhinia, bamboo, poplars, and oaks, conifers and species yielding non-timber forest produce. Important diseases of agroforestry trees. Practices employed to manage important diseases with special emphasis on integrated disease management. Importance of bacterial diseases in forests plants. Symptoms and etiology of important bacterial diseases of common tree species and their management. Association of mycorrhizal fungi with tree species. Practical Symptoms of important diseases, isolation of fungi and bacteria and proving Koch's postulates. Preparation of mass culture for soil borne pathogens. Screening techniques to identify resistant sources against important diseases. Multiplication of biocontrol agents and their application. In-vitro evaluation of bio-control agents against fungal and bacterial pathogens. Spore trap studies to estimate pathogen population. Epidemiology of important tree diseases. Fungicides and their formulations used in disease control. Visit to nurseries and plantations to acquaint with diseases and collection of disease specimens. Screening, characterization and multiplication of important mycorrhizal fungi. Suggested Readings Bakshi, B.K. 1976. Forest pathology. Controller of Publications, Govt. of India, Delhi. 400 p. Boyce, J.S. Forest pathology. 1961. McGraw Hill Book Co., London. 572 p. Gupta, V.K. and Sharma, N.K. 1988. Tree protection. Indian Society of Tree Scientists, Soln. 439 p. Manion P.D. 1991. Tree disease concept. Printice Hall New Jersey 402 p. Tattar, T.A. 1978. Diseases of shade trees. Academic Press, New York, London. 361 p.
7. FOREST TREE DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES, MYCOPLASMA AND NEMATODES 1+1

Historical background, transmission and multiplication of plant viruses. Symptoms of viral infections, effects of plant viruses on host physiology, epidemiology of tree virus diseases, important virus diseases of trees and their management. Historical background of Phytoplasma, Spiro plasma, Ricketisia like organism, flagellated Protozoa and Bacteria like organisms causing tree diseases, morphological and biochemical characteristics of these organisms.

Symptoms, transmission, multiplication and epidemiology of these diseases. Effects on host physiology. Important diseases caused by them and their management. Historical background of plant parasitic nematodes, morphological characteristics and symptoms produced by them. Important diseases caused by them and their management. Practical Symptoms of diseases caused by viruses, transmission of plant viruses, purification, detection of plant viruses, symptoms of diseases caused by phytoplasma, Spiro plasma, rickettsia like organisms, bacteria like organisms and flagellated protozoans, their detection, their transmission, symptoms of diseases caused by plant parasitic nematodes, their extraction methods from soil and infected plant tissues. Visit to plantations and natural forests to acquaint with diseases and collection of diseased specimens. Suggested Reading* Heybrook, H.N., Stephen, B.R. and K.Bon Wressenbery. 1980 (eds). Resistance to diseases and pests in forest trees. International Book Distributors, Dehradun. Karl Maramorsch and Raychaudhary, S.P. 1981. Mycoplasma diseases of trees and shrubs. Academic Press, London. Manion P.O. 1991. Tree disease concept. Printice Hall New Jersey 402 p. Smith, W.H. 1970. Tree pathology. Academic Press, New York, London. 309 p. Tattar, T.A. 1978. Diseases of shade trees. Academic Press, New York, London. 361 p.
8. BIODEGRADATION OF WOOD AND WOOD PRESERVATION 1+1

Susceptibility of wood to biodegradation. Types of wood decay and organisms pathogens associated with them. Factors influencing wood decay. Effects of wood decay induced by different organisms on physical and chemical properties of wood. Microscopic characteristics of decayed wood. Methods to overcome degradation of wood. Wood preservatives and their application. Testing for resistance against wood decay-grave yard test. Practical Types of wood decay. Isolation of pathogens associated with wood decay. Characterization of brown and white rotters. Microscopic characters of decayed wood. Biochemical changes brought about in decayed wood. Preparation and use of wood preservative. Residual effect of wood preservatives. Laboratory screening of wood against some important decay pathogens. Visit to saw mills and timber

depots to acquaint with different types of decay and to collect fungi associated with decay. Suggested Readings Bakshi, O.K. 1976. Forest pathology. Controller of Publications, Govt. of India, Delhi. 400 p. Boyce, J.S. Forest pathology. 1961. McGraw Hill Book Co., London. 572 p. Negi, S.S. 1996 An introduction to forest pathology. International Book Distributor, Dehradun 239 p.
9. RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN FOREST PATHOLOGY 1+1

Importance of Forest Pathology. Important equipments/instruments used in Forest Pathology and their working principles. Methodology of screening progenies of tree species against pathogens and specific toxins. In vitro screening of fungicides, plant extracts and bio-agents against important pathogens. Practical applications of fungicides in diseases control. Use of aerial photography, satellite imagery knowledge to record the data on disease incidence of trees. Collection of literature, methodology adopted, recording data and interpretation of results. Important periodicals available in the world and India on Forestry and Forest Pathology. Procedures to refer these periodicals. Computer application in developing forecasting models for some important diseases using weather data. Practical Acquaintance with different equipments used in forest pathology. Collection and interpretation of data of Forest Pathology. Developing forecasting models for tree diseases using weather data. Developing disease rating scales and standard area diagrams for foliar diseases. Isozyme and toxin extraction from pathogens for biochemical estimations. Extraction of phytoalexins from resistant species. Herbaria and culture collections for important tree diseases. Preparation of semi-permanent slides of some important tree pathogens. Suggested Readings Blanchard, R.O. and Tattar, T.A. 1981. Field and laboratory guide to tree pathology. Academic Press, New York, London. 285 p. Karl Maramorsch and Raychaudhary, S.P. 1981. Mycoplasma diseases of trees and shrubs. Academic Press, London. Manion P.D. 1991. Tree disease concept. Printice Hall New Jersey 402 p. Smith, W.H. 1970. Tree pathology. Academic Press, New York, London. 309 p.

Tainter, F.H. and Baker, F.A. 1996. Principles of plant pathology, John Wiley & Sons New York, 805 p. B. SUPPOTING COURSES Details as given in section on Silviculture and Forest Management

Annexure - 1 BROAD SUBJECT MATTER AREA COMMITTEE MEMBERS FOR FORESTRY 1. Dr P.K.Khosla, Vice-Chancellor, HPKW, Palampur 2. Dr. R. S. Dhanda, Professor, Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, PAU, Ludhiana 3. Dr. R. N. Sehgal, Head, Department of Tree Improvement, UHF, Nauni, Solan. 4. Dr. A. M. Chandrashekhariah, Director Instruction, UAS, Sirsi Campus. 5. Dr. O. P. Toky, Professor, Department of Forestry, CCS HAU, Hisar 6. Dr. Sunil Puri, Head , Department of Forestry, IGAU, Raipur (M.P.) 7. Dr. B. S. Nadagoudar, Senior Scientist - Agroforestry, UAS, Dharwad Coordinator Member Member Member Member Member Member

Annexure - II LIST OF PARTICIPANTS IN DEFFERENT MEETIMG-CUM-WORKSHOPS FOR RESTRUCTURING THE COURSE CURRICULA AND SYLLABI IN MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM ON FORESTRY (1) Meeting held at NAAS office, New Delhi on 7-8, July 1999 1. Dr. P.K. Khosla, VC, HPKW, Palampur 2. Dr. S.L. Mehta, D.D.G. (Education) 3. Dr. N.L Maurya, A.D.G. (Acdn.) 4. Dr. Kirti Singh, Secretary, NAAS 5. Dr. P.L. Gautam, Director, NBPGR, New Delhi, Invite 6. Dr. P.S. Pathak, A.D.G. (agro forestry), Invitee 7. Dr. B.S. Nadagoudar, Member, B.S.M.A.Committee 8. Dr. R.S. Dhanda, Member, B.S.M.A.Committee 9. Dr. R.N. Sehgal, Member, B.S.M.A.Committee 10. Dr. H.K. Singh, Ex-Head, Agronomy Division, 11. Dr. Subhash Chander, Director, ICAR, (2) Meeting-cum-workshop held at UAS, Dharwad on 5th and 6th April, 2000 1. Dr. P.K. Khosla, Chairman, B.S.M.A.Committee 2. Dr. A.M. Chandrashekharaiah, Member, BSMAC, Director of Instruction (Forestry) University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - Sirsi Campus . 3. Dr. B.S. Nadagoudar, Member, BSMAC, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. 4. Dr. O.P. Toky, Member, BSMAC, Professor of Forestry, HAU, Hissar. 5. Dr. Sunil Puri, Member, BSMAC, Professor & Head, IGAU, Raipur, M.P. 6. Dr. R.S. Dhanda, Member, BSMAC, Professor of Forestry, PAU, Ludhiana. 7. Dr. R.N. Sehgal, Member, BSMAC, Professor 85 Head, Deptt. of Tree Improvement, University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, H.P. 8. Dr. V.K. Gupta, Dean, P.G.Studies, HPKW, Palampur. 9. Dr. A.C. Kapoor, Dean, College of Basic Sciences, HPKW, Palampur. 10. Dr. R.P. Singh, Professor & Head, Forestry Department, Kumaon University, Nainital. 11. Dr. S.K. Patil, Professor Forest Utilization, College of Forestry, Sirsi. 12. Dr. S.T. Naik, Professor & Head, Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Sirsi.

13. Dr. S.L. Madiwalan, Professor of Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Sirsi. 14. Dr. K.R. Devar, Professor & Head, College of Forestry 15. Dr. Prasad Kumar, Assistant Professor, College of Forestry, Sirsi, UAS, Dharwad. 16. Dr. R. Vasudeva, Assistant Professor (Forest Biology), CoF, Sirsi, UAS, Dharwad. 17. Dr. S. Mutanel, Scientist S-I, CoF, Sirsi, UAS, Dharwad. 18. Dr. S.T. Kajjidoni, Associate Professor, College of Forestry, Sirsi. 19. Dr. H. Shivana, Associate Professor, College of Forestry 20. Dr. S.J. Patil, Associate Professor Agro forestry, College of Forestry, Sirsi. (3) Meeting held at H.P.K.V.V., Palampur from 2- 4th June 2000. 1. Dr. P.K. Khosla, Chairman, B.S.M.A. Committee and Vice-Chancellor, HPKW, Palampur. 2. Dr. R.S. Dhanda, Member, B.S.M.A. Committee. 3. Dr. V f K. Gupta, Dean, PCS, HPKW, Palampur. Invitee 4. Dr.Atul, Head, Department of Agroforestry, HPKW, Palampur as Nodel Officer. 5. Dr. O.P. Toky. Professor, Department of Forestry, CCS, Hisar and Member, BSMA Committee (4) Meeting held at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana from 21- 23rd June, 2OOO 1. Dr. P.K. Khosla, Chairman, B.S.M.A.Committee 2. Dr. R.N. Sehgal, Member, B.S.M.A. Committee 3. Dr. R.S. Dhanda, Member, B.S.M.A. Committee (5) Meetiaf held at ICPRB, Dehradun on 24 February 2OO1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Pfof.P.K. Kfewla.Vice- Chancdtor, H.P.K.V.V., Palampur Sh. R.P.S. Katwal, Director General, ICFRE, Dehradun Dr. V.N. Sharda, Director, CSWCRT, Dehradun Dr. A.M. Chandrasekhriya, Director of Inst. (FOR), COF, SIRSI (Karnatka) Prof. O.P. Toky, Professor, HAU, Hisar Dr. Sunil Puri, Professor and Head, IGAU, Raipur Dr. P. Kaushal, Coordinator, NAEB, UHF, Solan

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Dr. R.N. Sehgal, Professor and Head, UHF, Nauni Dr. B.S. Nadagoudar, Director of Extension, UAS Dharwad, Dr. R.S. Dhanda, Professor of Forestry, PAU Ludhiana Dr. A.K. Wahal, Ex-D.D.G. (Edu)., ICFRE, Dehradun Dr. D. Kumar Singh, ADG, ICFRE, Dehradun Dr. Ajay Kumar Lai, Associate Professor, IGNFA Dehradun Dr. S.D. Arora, Registrar, FRI Dehradun Dr. Padu Bahl, Conservator of Forest, NWFP Dr. Mohinder Pal, Head, Botany Division, FRI Dehradun Dr. K.K. Sharma, Scientist SF and CTA( Agrof.) ,ICFRE, Dehradun Dr. Pratap Singh, ADG (Edu).ICFRE, Dehradun Dr. R.M. Singhal, DDG (Edu), ICRE Dehradun Dr. Gopa Pandey, Professor, IGNFA, Dehradun Dr. Atul, Head, Agroforestry Department, HPKW, Palampur

Annexure HI
Common Academic Regulations for Post Graduate Education in SAUs, DUs and CAU S.No. Particulars
(1) (2)

Master's Degree
(3)

Doctoral Degree
(4)

1. 2.

System of Education Semester duration

Semester 110 working days including examination days

Semester 110 working days including examination days

3.

Duration of the program (1) Minimum (2) Maximum

4 Semesters (2 Academic Years) 8 Semesters (4 Academic Years) (1) Bachelor's degree in respective/related subjects (2) 7.0/10 or equivalent OGPA/equivalent percentage of marks at Bachelor's degree

6 Semesters (6 Academic Years) 12 Semesters 6 Semesters (1) Master's degree in respective/related subjects (2) 7.0/10 or equivalent OGPA/equivalent percentage of marks at Master's subjects Entrance -cum-Academic performance (i) Entrance - 60% (ii) Master's degree - 30% (iii) Bachelor's degree- 10%

4.

Eligibility for admission

5.

Mode of Admission Weigh tage

Entrance -cum-Academic performance (i) Entrance - 60% (ii)Undergraduate - 20% (iii)12th standard- 10% (iv)10 standard - 10%

Minimum credit requirement (1) Course work Major* Supporting (outside discipline) Sub Total (2) Thesis Total

20-25 Credits 10-15 Credits 35 Credits 15 Credits 50 Credits

10-15 Credits 10-15 Credits 25 Credits 45 Credits 70 Credits

*1. Core courses to the extent of 9-12 credits for Masters and 3-5 credits for Doctoral programs have to be taken up out of major courses.

(1)
7. 8. 9.

(2)

(3)

(4)

Permissible work load

15 Credits /Semester

15 Credits /Semester
80%

Attendance requirement 80% Advisory Committee 3 Members (Minimum) (2 from major area including Chairman and one from supporting areas)

4 Members (Minimum) (3 from major area including Chairman and one from Supporting areas)

10.

Examination (1) Course Work (i) Core courses Final theory (ii) Remaining

External Internal

External Internal Written

(2) Comprehensive Written qualifying examination (after completion of 75% of Major and Supporting Courses separately, (i) Question paper External setting (ii) Evaluation Internal (iii) Viva-voce Internal (3) Research and Thesis ** (i) Evaluation (ii) Viva-Voce

External Internal Internal

External - 1 Examiner Internal - Advisory Committee

External External

2 Examiners Advisory Committee with one External Examiner

11.

Grading (1) Scale (2) Minimum Passing Grade in a course (3) Minimum OGPA to obtain degree

10 Points 6.0 Points 6.5 Points

10 Points 6.0 Points 6.5 Points

1. To be graded as Satisfactory (S) or Unsatisfactory (US) 2. Ph.D. students should write and submit two research papers on their research work in reputed journals before submitting the thesis.