( CIP )

/
: , 2001 9
I SBN 7-5609-2596-0/B301

:
:

:
:

:
: 430074 : (027) 87542624
:
:
:
: 7871092 1/ 16 : :
: 2001 9 1

: 2001 9 1

I SB N 7-5609-2596-0/B301
( , )

:
:


, 21
; ;
; ;
, ,
, , ,
,
,

1996 1 , 21

,
, : ,
, , ; , ,
, ; (
, , )

( )
, 1996

,
, ; ,
;
,
, 20
, , ,
,
,

 , 21

20 80 ,
, 1983 ,
,
1190 , 1982 4%
, ,
29 % ; , 24 % ,
,
, 21 ,
( )

,
, ;
; ; ;

;
;

,
,
, /
, ,

, 3240 ;

2001 4

( 1)
1 .1 ( 1)
1 .2 ( 4)
1 .3 ( 5)
1 .4 ( 7)
1 .5 (14)
(15)
(16)

(17)
2 .1 SN (17)
2 .2 (21)
2 .3 (25)
2 .4 (29)
2 .5 (32)
2 .6 (37)
(43)
(43)

(46)
3 .1 (46)
3 .2 (47)
1

3 .3 (55)
3 .4 (59)
3 .5 SN pSN

(67)

(69)
(70)

(71)
4 .1 (71)
4 .2 (74)
4 .3 (76)
4 .4 (80)
4 .5 (85)
(91)
(92)

(95)
5 .1 (95)
5 .2 (97)
5 .3 ( 103)
5 .4 K1 C ( 104)
5 .5 ( 109)
( 112)
( 113)

( 114)
6 .1 ( 115)
6 .2 ( 119)
6 .3 ( 127)
( 131)
( 132)
2

( 134)
7 .1 ( 134)
7 .2 ( 139)
7 .3 COD ( 141)
( 145)
( 146)

( 147)
8 .1 ( 147)
8 .2 ( 151)
8 .3 ( 158)
( 163)
( 165)

( 167)
9 .1 ( 167)
9 .2 ( 170)
9 .3 ( 174)
( 179)
( 179)

( 180)
10 .1 ( 180)
10 .2 ( 181)
10 .3 ( 186)
( 189)
( 189)

A ( 190)
3

B ( 193)
( 197)
( 198)

FATIGUE A ND FRACTU RE

( Fatigue) ( F ract ure )
21 , ( )
, ,
,

19 , ,

20 50 ,

, , ,
, ,
, , ,
,

1 .1 ?
, 150
,
? ( AST M )
( AST M E20672) :
,
,
:
1

1) ,
, , ,
1 .1 ,
, , ,
, ( ) ;
, ; ,

1 .1

, 1 .1
, ,
, ,
1 .2
, , , S m ax
S mi n
, ,
( ) S
S = Sm ax - Smi n

( 1 1)

( ) S a
S a = S/ 2 = ( S ma x - S mi n )/ 2 ( 1 2)
S m
S m = ( S m ax + Smi n )/ 2

( 1 3)

R
1 .2

R = S min/ Sm ax

( 1 4)

, R
, S m ax = - Smi n , R = - 1 , ; S min = 0 , R = 0 ,
; S ma x = Smi n , R = 1 , S a = 0 , 1 .3
2

1 .3

, ,
, , S m ax Smi n , ,
; , S m S a , ; ,
S a R ,
, ,
2)
, ;
, , ,
, , ,

,
3) ,
, , ,
( ) , , ,

,
4)
, ,
,
,
, , ,
, ,

,
( ) ,
3

, ,
,
N t ot al = Ni niti ati on + N prop ag a tio n

( 1 5)

, ,
; ,
,
, , ,
,
, , ,
, , ,
, N t = Ni
, ,
, , N t =
Np ,

1 .2
,
,
, 200 1952 , (
) 300 1954 1 4 ,
,
, 1967
12 15 , Point Pleasant , 46 ,

1980 3 27 6 , Ekofisk Alexander L . Kiel
land , 127 , 89 ,
325mm , ( )
, 100 ,
20 80 ,
1983 , ( In t .
J . Fracture , Vol .23 , No .3 , 1983 ., No .2 , 1985 )
, 1190 , 1982
4 % : ( 125
4

/ ) , ( 100 / ) , (67 / )
, ,
29 % (345 / ) , , 24 % (285 / )
, ,
1984 ( In t . J . Fatigue, Vol .6 , No .1)
( ICAO )
: 80 ,
, 100 20 10 ,
,
4857 1999 , 48 ,
730
1993 , ( PB94 143336 , 1993 .) 19731990
, 11

11 SDR

SDR

(19731990 )

SDR

Boeing 727

2364

36315

774

3294

737

1097

15437

257

2069

747

381

6936

134

543

DC9

1465

26128

493

1532

, 50 % 90 % ,
,

1 .3
1 .
, 19 40
A ugust W
ohler( 18191914 )

: ,
, ; ,
( SN ) , 1867
5

, , ,
( S f ) , , ( Infinitelife design )

S < Sf

( 1 6)

S f SN
7

( > 10 ) ,
,
20 60 ,
,
, , ,
2 .
,
, ,

1945 , M .A .Miner ,

, ,
( Safelife design) ,

SN Miner , ,
,
3 .
,
1957 , G .R .Ir win K
,
1963 , P .C .
Paris K

( Damage telerence design) ,

, 20 70
: (
) , ,
,

aC ,
, aC ,

4 .
20 80 , ( Durability design)

( )
, ,
, ,

, ,
,
,
; ,
; ,
;
, 21

, ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
, (
1/ 4 1/ 10 ) ,

1 .4

1 .4 .1
, 1 .4

1 .4 , ,
:
7

1 .

1 .4

, ,
; ,
; (
) ,
,
2 . , ,
,
, ,
( beach mark ) ,
, ,
, , ;
,
,
, ,

3 .
, ,
, ,

4 . , ,
,
; ,
8

5 . ,
1 .4 , , ,
, ,

, 1 2 :
;
,
; ,
, ;
,

12

S < Su

S > Su

, ,

1 .4 .2

, ,
, ,
? , :
1) , ,
, ;
2) , ( )
, ,
( ) , ,
9

, ,

, ,
,
, 1 .5

1 .5

, ,
, , 1 .6
,
4

1 .6 , 10 , ,
, , ,
, ( ) , ( ) , ( c)
4

27 10

1 .6

,
, ,
, ,
10

,

,
, 1 .7
,
45
, ,
,

45 1
, 2
1 2
,
0 .05mm , 1
, ,

1 .7

,
1 , 2 C . Laird( 1967 )
,
, 1 .8 1 .8( a)

1 .8

1 .9

; , ,

11

( ( b) ) ; , ,
, ( ( c ) ) ; ,
, ;
, , , a
, , , ,
, ( striation)
, (
) ; ,
; 1 .91 .10
1 .9
( 10 ) , 1 .1 0 Cr12 Ni2WMoV (
2 3 )

1 .10 Cr12Ni2 WMoV

1 .4 .3
1976 , Crooker ,

( microcleavage ) ( striation )
12

( microvoid coalescence)
1 .11 1984 Cr12Ni2WMoV
1 .11 ( a ) , ( 10
10

- 7

10

- 6

- 5

mm/ c ) ; 1 . 11 ( b ) ,
10

(10

- 4

- 3

mm/ c; 1 .11 ( c) ,

10

- 1

mm/ c) ,

,
, ,
3

; , (10 10 )
,

1 .11 Cr12Ni2WMoV

13
13

110

101000

1000

, ,

, ,

1 .4 .4
,
, ,

, ; ,
, ; ,
, ;

13

, ,
, ?
,
, ,

, ,
, , ,

1 .5
1 .1 , ,
, ,
, , ; ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
, ,
,
, , ;
;
, ,
, ,
, 1 .12

14

1 .12

1 . : ,

2 . : ; ;
;
3 . S ma x Smi n
: S = S ma x - S mi n
: S a = S/ 2 = ( Sm a x - Smi n )/ 2
: S m = ( Sm ax + Smi n )/ 2
: R = S min/ Sm ax
, ,
4 . : ; ,

5 . :
; , / ;
;
15

6 .
7 . ,
8 . ,

11 ? ?
12
13 , ?
14 , , ?
15 Sm ax = 200 MPa , Smi n = 50MPa, S
Sa S m R
16 Sa = 100MPa, R = 0 .2 , Sm ax Sm in S m S

16


,
S m ax S y , ; ,
4

( N f 10 ) ,
S m ax S y , ,
, , ;
, , N f 10 4

2 .1 SN
, S
N ,
, , R
S a , ,
R = - 1 , , ,
S aN ,
R = - 1 , S a = S ma x , SN
S S a , S ma x ,
N f
,

, :
1) ,
, ,
, ,
2) ( 1mm ) , 5 % 15 %
, ,
, ,
, ,
17

2 .1 .1 SN

, (3 10mm)
SN ,

( 7 10 ) ,
R , S a ,
, N ,
2 .1 SN
, ,
S( S a Sm ax ) , S
, ,

2 .1 SN

SN , N

, N (fatigue st reng th) , S N

N S Sf ,
( endurance limit ) , R = - 1 , S f (

R = - 1)

S - 1
, ,
, :
7

, 10 ; , 2 10 ; , 10
S < S f ,

2 .1 .2 SN

1 .
SN ,
m

S N = C

( 2 1)

m C ,
lg S = A + Blg N

( 2 2)

, A = lg C/ m , B = - 1/ m( 2 2 ) S N
, , S N

2 .
18

SN
e

mS

N = C

( 2 3)

( 2 4)

S = A + Blg N

, : A = lg C/ mlge, B = 1/ mlge ,
, S N ,
3 .
SN Sf ,
m

( S - Sf ) N = C

( 2 5)

(2 3) ( 24) , , S f , S
S f , N
, S N
3

SN , 10 10

2 .1 .3 SN

SN , R = - 1
, , S u
,
1 . S f S u
S f S u 2 .2 ,
0 A A B ,

19

R = - 1 ,
S f ( b e nd i n g) = 0 .5 S u S u < 1400MPa
= 700MPa S u > 1400MPa

( 2 6)

, S f ( b en d i n g) ( 0 .3 0 .6) S u

( 2 7)

Sf ( t e nsio n ) = 0 .7 Sf ( be n d in g ) = 0 .35 S u
, S f ( te nsi on ) ( 0 .3 0 .45 ) S u

( 2 8)

Sf ( t or sio n ) = 0 .577 S f ( b en d i ng ) = 0 .29 S u

, S f ( t orsi o n) ( 0 .25 0 .3 ) S u

, S u ; , S u

, SN

2 . SN
S f S u , SN

SN ( 2 1) ,
Sm N = C
N = 1 , S1 = S u , ,
3

SN , N < 10 ,
20

N = 10 ,
( 2 9)

S1 0 3 = 0 .9 S u
7

, Sf N = 10 ,
S f , :
6

N = 10 , S1 0 6 = S f = kS u

(2 10)

, k, , k 0 .
5; , k 0 .3 5; , k 0 .2 9
SN
m

C = (0 .9 S u ) 10 = ( kS u ) 10
:
m

m = 3/ lg (0 .9/ k) ; C = ( 0 .9 S u ) 10

(2 11)

SN , 103 10 6 ,

, SN ,

2 .2
SN , R R = - 1 ,
SN , SN
R
2 .3 , R ,
S m S a ,
S m = (1 + R) S a/ (1 - R)

( 2 12 )

R S m ,
R ,

2 .3

S m

2 .2 .1
S a , R , S m 2 .3 ,

, , N f
SN 2 .4 S m = 0
21

( R = - 1 ) SN , SN ; S m > 0 ,
, SN ,
, ,
; S m < 0 ,
, SN ,
,
,
, ,
2 .4

2 .2 .2 S aS m
N , S a S m ,

2 .5 , , S m ,
S a ; , S m
S u S u

2 .6 Haigh

2 .5 SaSm

N , S a S m 2 .6
7

, Haigh N = 10 S a S m ,
S - 1 S u , S m = 0 , S a R = - 1
S - 1 , S a/ S - 1 = 1 ; S a = 0 , , S u
, S m = S u S m/ S u = 1
, S a S m
2

( S a/ S - 1 ) + ( S m/ S u ) = 1
, Gerber ,
, ,
22

(2 13)

(2 14)

( S a/ S - 1 ) + ( S m/ S u ) = 1

Goodman ,
, , S a S m ,

N , S - 1 S a ( R =
SN ( R =

- 1)

- 1)

S a (

R = - 1)

, SN N

, S u SN ,

2 .1 , S ma x = 800MPa, Smi n = 80M Pa

S u = 1200MPa,
1)
S a = ( S ma x - S mi n )/ 2 = 360 M Pa
S m = ( Sm a x + Smi n )/ 2 = 440 MPa
2) SN
(2 7) , ,
S f ( t ens io n) = 0 .3 5 S u = 420 MPa
m

SN S N = C , (2 9 ) (2 10)
, ( 2 11)
m = 3/ lg (0 .9/ k ) = 7 .314
m

C = ( 0 .9 S u ) 10 = 1 .536 10

25

3)
SN ,
( R = - 1 , S m = 0 ) S a(

R = - 1)

Goodman

,
( S a/ S a(

R = - 1)

) + ( S m/ S u ) = 1

:
Sa ( R =

- 1)

= 568 .4 MPa

4)
( S a = 568 .4MPa, S m = 0 ) , SN
,
23

N = C/ S

25

7 .3 1 4

= 1 .5 36 10 / 568 .4

= 1 .0 9 10

( S a = 350MPa, S m = 420MPa )
( S a = 583M Pa , S m = 0) , N = 1 .09 10

2 .2 .3
2 .5 Goodman S a S m

2 .7
O B, k, ,
k = S a/ S m

24

R = Smi n/ S m ax = ( S m - S a )/ ( S m + S a )
= ( 1 - k )/ (1 + k )
k
, , k R
, R ,
k = 1 ( 45 ) , S m = S a , R = 0
k = (90 ) , S m = 0 , R = - 1
2 .7 SaS m R

k = 0 ( 0 ) ,

Sa = 0 , R = 1

B 45 O A CD ,
k = S a/ S m = ( O Asin45- hsin45)/ ( O Acos45+ hcos45)
= ( OA - h)/ ( O A + h )
:
R = (1 - k )/ (1 + k ) = h/ OA = h/ AC
, CD R , A R = 0 , C R = 1 ,
D R = - 1; R CD
2 .7 45, 2 .8 , S 1 S 2
?
A ,
sin = S a/ OA , cos = S m/ O A
A OC
S 1 = OC = OAsin( 45- )
= O A( sin45
cos - cos45sin)
= ( 2/ 2) OA ( ( S m - S a )/ OA )
= ( 2/ 2) S mi n
, S 1 Smi n ,

2 .8

2/ 2 ; , S2 Sm a x , 2/ 2

,
, 2 .9 7075 T6
, N S a S m Sm ax Smi n R
, R ,
25

, R SN ,

2 .9 7075 T6

2 .3
SN ,
,
,
, ,

2 .3 .1
2 .1 .3 SN ,

:
S f ( ) > Sf ( ) > S f ( )
,
, 2 .10 ;
( ) ( ) ,
Sm a x ,
,
26

, ,
; , ,

2 .10

, ,
,

2 .3 .2
,

2 .10 , , ,
, , ,
, N ,
; ,
Csize , 1 ,
, ,
Shigley Mitchell 1983 :
Csize = 1 .1 89 d

- 0 .0 9 7

8mm d 250mm

(2 15)

d < 8mm , Csize = 1

S f = Cs ize Sf
, ,
, SN ,

2 .3 .3
, ,
27

, SN

, ,
1
, 2 .11

, ,
, , ,
,
,

2 .3 .4
,

, ,

2 .11

( residual stress) ,
2 .1 2
2 .1 2 1 23 4 , S m ,
S r es , 12 34 - S res ,
12 34, S
m , 2 .2 ,
;
; ;
,
,
, ,
2 .12 ,

, ,
350C , 150C ,
, ,

, , ,
28

50 % :
, , , ,
, , 2 .13
SN

2 .13

, ,
,
, ,
,
, , ,
, 50 % ,
,

2 .3 .5
SN
,

,
,
, ,
, ,
, , ,

, :
1)
29

, ( 200Hz ) ,
SN , ,
, ,
2) ( ) , ( )

3) ( ) , ;
,
4)
,
,
, ,
, , ,
, ,

2 .4
SN ,
( ) ,

2 .4 .1
,

Kt S ,
K t = / S ( < ys )
S
, 2 .14

Kt ,
,

K f
K f = S f/ Sf

(2 16)

, Sf ; Sf
,
30

2 .14

, K f 1
, K f K t Kt ,
, , K f , K f
K t Kt , K f

, K f Kt
(2 17)

q = ( K f - 1)/ ( Kt - 1 )

q = 0 , K f = 1 , Sf = S f , ; q = 1 , K f = Kt ,
Sf = Sf/ K t , ; q ,
0 q 1
q ,
, ,
:
Peterson
: q =
Neuber
: q =

Kt - 1
1
Kf = 1 +
1 + p/ r
1 + p/ r
1
1 +

a/ r

Kf = 1 +

Kt - 1
1+

a/ r

(2 18)
(2 19)

, r , pa 2 1
p a , , pa ,
q ,
21

Su/ MPa

345

a/ mm
p/ mm

10

500

1000

0 .25

0 .08

1725

2000

150

300

600

0 .002

0 .6

0 .4

0 .03

2 .4 .2 SN
( p a ) ( Kt ) ,

r , 2 .1 5
r Kt ,
, , ( 0 .9 1m a x ) ,

31

K f ( q)
S
K f SN , , N = 10 3
f
,

32

K
f
3
3
K
f = S 1 0 / S
10

(2 20)

, K
f N = 10 ,
2 .16 ,

3

( N = 10 ) , , ( K
f 1)/ ( K f - 1 ) 0 .7 , K
f K f ;
, ( K
f - 1 )/ ( K f - 1 )
0 .2 , K
f

2 .15

K f ,
K f SN

2 .16 Kf K f

SN , 2 .1 .3 ,
3

N = 10 ,
3
S
= S 1 0 3/ K
10
f

(2 21)

N = 10 ,
S
f = S f/ K f

(2 22)

, SN , 2 .17
K
f , ( 2 21 ) N = 1 ,
S
1 = Su

(2 23)

SN , 2 .18 S u
, , SN
33

, SN ( ) ,
3

( N > 10 )

34

2 .17 SN

2 .18 Su SN

2 .5
SN ,
( S a R) , ; ,

2 .5 .1
,

, ,
, , ,
, ; ,
, , ,

2 .19
, ,
,
, 100
,

, ,
;
,
2 .19
; ,
35

2 .5 .2 Miner
, 2 .20 ( S ) ( n )
S , N ,

n
(2 24)

D = n/ N

, S , n = 0 , D = 0 , ;
n = N , D = 1 ,

2 .20

2 .21

Si , ni Di = n i/ N i k
S i , ni ,
k

D =

n/
i

Ni ( i = 1 , 2 , , k)

(2 25)

D =

n/
i

Ni = 1

(2 26)

Miner , ni
Si , ; N i Si ,
SN
2 .2 1 ( )
, Si Ni SN
, D n , (2 24)
, Miner , S 1
n1 D1 , S2 n 2 ,
36

D2 , D = D1 + D2 = 1 ,
(2 25 ) , Miner , Si

2 .5 .3 Miner
Miner :
1) ,
2) SN ( ,

SN )
3) SN , Di = ni/ N i , ( 2 25 ) D
4) D < 1 ,
; D > 1 , ,
2

10

2 .2 SN S N = 2 .5 10 ;

100 % P S = 200M Pa ,
S i

Pi

ni/ 10

Si/ MPa

Ni/ 10

0 .05

200

0 .625

0 .080

0 .8 P

0 .1

160

0 .976

0 .102

0 .6 P

0 .5

120

1 .736

0 .288

0 .4 P

5 .0

80

3 .306

1 .280

D =

n/
i

Di = ni/ N i

N i = 1 .75

SN Ni ,
, Di =

n/
i

Ni =

1 .75
, S = 200M Pa ,
D = 1 .75 > 1 , , ,

S = 150MPa, : D =

n/
i

N i = 0 .9 85 <
37

1 , S = 150MPa,

10

2 .3 SN S N = 2 .5 10 ;
,

Si/ MPa

ni/ 10

150

N i/ 10

ni/ N i

0 .01

1 .111

0 .009

120

0 .05

1 .736

0 .029

90

0 .10

3 .086

0 .033

60

0 .35

6 .944

0 .050

n/
i

N i = 0 .1 21

, ,
, ,
, ni/ Ni ; ,
D = ni/ Ni
, Miner ,
D = ni/ Ni = 1

(2 27)

(2 26) , ni
Si , ; ( 2 26) ni
S i ,
, ni/ N i = 0 .1 21 ,
(2 27 )
= 1/

n/
i

Ni = (1/ 0 .1 21 ) = 8 .27

, , Miner
, ,
1) ,
:
38

a) S( ni , ni/ Ni =
0 .8 0 .9)
b) SN S i N i
c) ni/ Ni , D =

n/
i

Ni

d) D > 1 , S , a ) c) ;
D < 1 , S , a ) c) ;
D = 1 , S
2) ,
:
a) ( ) ni/ Ni
b) ( , , ) , Miner
D = ni/ Ni = 1 , = 1/ ( ni/ Ni )
, Miner

D =

n/
i

Ni = Q

Q 1 , 1 ,
, Q 0 .3 3 .0
, ,
,
, , ,
, Q 0 .1 0 .5

2 .5 .4 Miner
, D = 1 Miner

,
D =

n/
i

Ni = Q

(2 28)

Q
, , Q
, Q ,
, ;
, Miner
, 1 Miner , Walter
39

Schu tz 1972
Miner : D = 1 ,
Q, : ,
; , ( ) ,
, ,
, B N B ,
N B ( ni/ Ni ) B = Q B
A N A ,
N A ( ni/ N i )

= QA

A B , Q A = Q B ,
N A = Q A/

( n/

N ) A = N B ( n/ N ) B/

, N A A ; ( n/

( n/ N )
N ) ( n/

(2 29)
N ) B

AB ; N B B
Miner N B , D = 1
, Miner
2 .4 ( n/ N ) B = 0 .1 21 ,
6 , , ,
( n/ N )

= 0 .08 , Miner Miner

Miner
N A ( n/ N )

= 1

N A = (1/ 0 .0 8) = 12 .5

: N B = 6 , ( n/ N ) B = 0 .121
Miner
N A = N B ( n/ N ) B/

( n/

N ) A = (6 0 .121/ 0 .08 ) = 9 .1

2 .6
, SN
, , Miner
,

40

2 .6 .1
2 .22 ,

,
,
( AST M E104985) ,

2 .22

1)
2) ,
; ; ,
2
3) ,
, ; , ,

2 .6 .2
, ,

( cycle counting met hod) ,

( rainflow count
ing)
,
, , ,
2 .23
:

41

1)

, 2 .23
1 1( ) 2 2 (
)
2) 90 ,
2 .24
,
,

2 .23

, A
, A B , B CD , D ; ,
DE E , J A, A
A BDE A

2 .24

3) , ,
AD A ( ) , ,
A DA S = 5 - ( - 4 ) = 9 S m = [5 + ( - 4 ) ]/ 2 =
0 .5
4) , ,
, BCB EH E ;
FGF IJI ;

42

S , S a =
S/ 2 , S m ,
,
,
,

AD A

0 .5

BCB

EH E

0 .5

FGF

- 0 .5

IJI

- 1

, ,

2 .6 .3
, , ,

,
,
1) , ,

2) ,
3) 3 , 2 ) ; 3 , 3
, X Y , Y ;
X
4) X Y X < Y , 2 ) ; X Y , 5)
5) Y , Y , 3 )
2 .24 , :

- 1

- 4

- 2

- 3

- 2

A
5

, ABC , : Y = | A - B | = 6; X = | B C | = 4 X < Y , 2 ) , D
BCD , : Y = | B - C | = 4; X = | C - D | = 7 X > Y ,
BC , S = 4 , S m = 1 BC , AD
, 2 ) , E
A DE , Y = | A - D | = 9; X = | D - E | = 8X < Y ,
2) , F
43

DEF , Y = | D - E | = 8; X = | E - F | = 6X < Y ,
2) , G
EFG , Y = | E - F | = 6; X = | F - G | = 3X < Y ,
2) , H
FGH , Y = | F - G | = 3; X = | G - H | = 4 X > Y ,
FG , : S = 3 , S m = - 0 .5 FG , 3 ) ,
A DEH
DEH , Y = | D - E | = 8; X = | E - H | = 7X < Y ,
2) , I
EHI , Y = | E - H | = 7 ; X = | H - I | = 3X < Y ,
2) , J
HIJ , Y = | H - I | = 3; X = | I - J | = 2X < Y , 2 ) ,
A
IJA , Y = | I - J | = 2; X = | J - A| = 7 X > Y ,
IJ , S = 2 , S m = - 1 IJ , 3 ) , ADE
HA
EHA , Y = | E - H | = 7; X = | H - A| = 8 X > Y ,
EH , S = 7 , S m = 0 .5 EH , 3) , A
DA
A DA , Y = | A - D | = 9; X = | D - A| = 9 X = Y ,
AD , S = 9 , S m = 0 .5 AD , 3) , A
2 ) , ,
,
2 .25

2 .25

44

,
, ,

2 .6 .4
, ,

,
S 1 n 1 , S 2 n2 ,
n 2/ N 2 S 1 n 1 n 1/ N1 ,
n1/ N1 = n2/ N2

(2 30)

n 2 = n1 ( N2/ N1 )

, N1 N2 ( S1 , R1 ) ( S 2 , R 2 )
R , N 1 N 2 SN , SN
S m N = C , (2 30)
n 2 = n 1 ( N2/ N1 ) = n1 ( S1/ S 2 )

(2 31)
2

10

2 .5 R = - 1 SN S N = 2 .5 10 ,
6

S u = 300MPa R = - 1 , S a1 = 90M Pa n1 = 10 ,
R = 0 , S a2 = 100MPa n 2

6

S a1 = 90MPa , R = - 1 , S m 1 = 0 , n1 = 10

S a2 = 100MPa, R = 0 , S m 2 = 100M Pa, n2

, SN , R = 0 SN

, S a2 = 100 , S m 2 = 100 , n2 ,
R = - 1 S m = 0 , S a ( ) , n 2
(2 14 ) Goodman
( S a 2/ S a ) + ( S m 2/ S u ) = 1

S a = 150MPa

, n 2 ,
6

, S a1 = 90 , S m 1 = 0 , n 1 = 10 S a 2
45

= 100 , S m 2 = 100 , n 2 , S a 1 = 90 ,
6

S m 1 = 0 , n1 = 10 S a = 150 , S m = 0 , n2
R = - 1
(2 31 )
n 2 = n1 ( S 1/ S 2 )

= 10 (90/ 150) = 0 .36 10

S a2 = 100MPa, R = 0 , S m 2 = 100MPa, n 2 = 0 .36 10

, , ,

1 . ( Sm ax < Sys , N f > 10 )

2 . SN , SN R = - 1 SN
3 . , S a < Sf Sm ax < Sf
4 . , ,
5 . , , ,

6 . Goodman Gerber
7 . Miner , Miner
8 . ,

:
m

SN S N = C
Goodman

( S a/ S a (

Miner

D =

Miner

NA

R= - 1)

) + ( S m/ S u ) = 1

D = ( n/ N ) = 1
= N ( n/ N ) / ( n/ N )
i

21 f = 20Hz , 10
22 7075 T6 2 .9 ,
6

a ) R = 0 .2 , N = 10 ; b) R = - 0 .4 , N = 10

46


( Sm ax , Smin , Sa , S m )
23 , 7075 T6 R = - 1 R = 0 Sa N
24 , ,
S1 0 3 = 0 .9 Su , S10 6 = 0 .5 Su SN
A

Su = 430 MPa

Su = 715 MPa

Su = 1260MPa

Sa/ MPa

Nf/ 105

Sa/ MPa

Nf/ 105

Sa/ MPa

Nf/ 105

225

0 .45

570

0 .44

770

0 .24

212

2 .40

523

0 .85

735

0 .31

195

8 .00

501

1 .40

700

0 .45

181

15 .00

453

6 .30

686

0 .87

178

27 .00

435

19 .00

665

1 .50

171

78 .00

417

29 .00

644

1000 .00

168

260 .00

412

74 .00

:
25 Su = 860M Pa , Nf = 107 ,
Goodman , Goodman
Sm ax/ MPa

420

476

482

581

672

700

707

Smin / MPa

- 420

- 378

- 308

- 231

203

357

26 Miner ? Miner ?
27
28 Sm ax = 525MPa , Smin = - 35MPa , Su =
700 MPa , S10 3 = 0 .9 Su , S10 6 = 0 .5 Su ,
29 ( R = 0) , , SN
3

13

Sm ax N = 2 .9 10 ,
a ) ?
b) 5 , Sm ax

47

Sm ax i/ M Pa

500

400

300

200

0 .01

0 .03

0 .1

0 .5

ni/ 10

2 10 ,

210

48


,
, ,

3 .1
3 .1 , 7075 T6
, Sinclair Dolan 1953 ,
6

174 , 207MPa 57 , 2 10
10 8 , 3 .1 (5 ) 3 .2 ( a) ; 240M Pa
5

29 , 710 4 10 , 3 .1 ( 4) ;
5

275MPa 34 , 1 10 8 10 , 3 .1 ( 3)
4

; 310M Pa 29 , 4 10 1 10 ,
3 .1 ( 2) ; 430MPa 25 , 1 .5 10

210 , 3 .1 ( 1)

3 .1

49

3 .2( b) ,
, , ,
, ,

3 .2

,
lg N , k ,
3 .2( a) ,
lg N , , N
, ,

,
, , ( ) ,
,

,

3 .2
( Gaussian ) , lg N
X = lg N , X

50

X , ( )
( x - )
f( x ) =
exp 2
2
2
1

( - < x < )

( 3 1)

, ; ,
3 .3 ,
x = , f ( x )
x = , f ( ) = 1/ 2
, , x =
; , X
, X
, ,
3 .3

1) f ( x ) 0
f ( x ) X x , , f ( x )

2)

f ( x ) d x = 1 , f ( x ) 1

F( x ) = Pr ( X x ) =

f ( x )d x =

( x - ) 2
exp dx
2
2
2
1

( 3 2)
F( x ) X x 3 .3 ,
X = x , X x 1 F( x )

u = ( x - )/ ,
x = + u

( 3 3)

d x = d u , u
( u ) = f ( x )

dx
=
du

1
1 2
exp u
2
2

( - < u < )

( 3 4)

, u = 0 = 1 , ( u)
51

, 3 .4

( u) =

1
1 2
exp u du
2
2

x -

(3 5 )

3 .4 , ,
(0 ) = 0 .5; ( - u ) = 1 - ( u )
Pr ( a < u < b) = ( b) - ( a)

3 .4

(3 3) , X x
U u ,
F( x ) = Pr( X x ) = Pr( U u) = ( u)

( 3 6)

, F( x ) , ( u )
( u) , 3 1

31
u

( u) 100

( u ) 100

( u ) 100

( u) 100

- 3 .719

0 .01

- 1 .282

10 .00

0 .253

60 .00

2 .000

97 .72

- 3 .090

0 .10

- 1 .000

15 .87

0 .524

70 .00

2 .326

99 .00

- 3 .000

0 .13

- 0 .842

20 .00

0 .842

80 .00

3 .000

99 .87

- 2 .326

1 .00

- 0 .524

30 .00

1 .000

84 .13

3 .090

99 .90

- 2 .000

2 .28

- 0 .253

40 .00

1 .282

90 .00

3 .719

99 .99

- 1 .645

5 .00

50 .00

1 .645

95 .00

u ( u) , , :
( u ) = 1 - exp[ - ( 0 .86534 - 0 .41263 u)
u = {ln[ 1 - ( u) ]

0 .3 9 4 6 3 3

2 .5 3 4

] u0

- 0 .86534}/ 0 .41263 ( u) 0 .5

( 3 7)

u < 0 ( u ) < 0 .5 , ( - u ) = 1 - ( u )

: , N
52

( ) ? ( ) ?
, ,
, , ,
(
)

x
n

x =
xi ( i = 1 , 2 , , n )
n
i =1

( 3 8)

, x i i , , i , x i =
lg N i ; n x i , ( )
s2
n

1
2
1
s =
( xi -
x) =

n - 1 1
n - 1
2

2
i

- n
x

( 3 9)

s s , , ( x i -
x ) ,
(3 8 ) , n , ( n - 1)
n ,
x s
, X = lg N ,

x s,
, ( )
( )
(3 3) , p x p
x p = + u p

xp =
x + up s

(3 10)

, + u p x p ,
x + u p s ; u p p
; ( 3 6 ) , p = Pr ( X x ) = ( u p ) , u p
p ps = 1 - p
3 .1 , ( 10 ) N i
:124 , 134 , 135 , 138 , 140 , 147 , 154 , 160 , 166 , 181 ,
99 .9 % N
2

Ni , x i x i ,

53

Ni/ 10

x i = lg Ni

xi

i
n+1

124

2 .0934

4 .3823

0 .0909

134

2 .1271

4 .5246

0 .1818

135

2 .1303

4 .5382

0 .2727

138

2 .1399

4 .5792

0 .3636

140

2 .1461

4 .6057

0 .4545

147

2 .1673

4 .6972

0 .5455

154

2 .1875

4 .7852

0 .6364

160

2 .2041

4 .8581

0 .7273

166

2 .2201

4 .9288

0 .8182

10

181

2 .2577

5 .0972

0 .9091

21 .6735

46 .9965

1)
x s, ( n = 10)
n

x =
x i = 2 .1 674
n
i =1
s =

2
i

- n
x
n - 1

1/ 2

= 0 .0 5

2) u p
p = 1 - R = 0 .001 = 0 .1 %
3 1 : u p = - 3 .09
3) , 0 .1 % ( 99 .9 % ) :
(3 10 )
xp =
x + u p s = 2 .1674 - 3 .09 0 .0 5 = 2 .013
, 0 .1 % , 99 .9 %
N p = lg

-1

x p = 103( )

( ) ,
54

( ) , (
xs) (
)
, N p =
x + u p s ,
+ u p , ,
x + u p s ,
, ?
?

x + u p s p ,
90 % 95 % p ,

x p( ) =
x + ks

(3 11)

, k
= 95 % , 100 100 ,
100
x + u p s , 95
x + ks , 95 % ,
x + ks
+ u p , p
,
k
2

u p - u
k =

2
up
u
1
+
1
n
2 ( n - 1)
2( n - 1 )
2
u
1 2 ( n - 1)

(3 12)

, u p p , u
, ; n ,
, 3 2 k
(3 12) , u = 0 , = 50 % , k = u p
( 3 10 ) x p =
x + u p s, 50 % , 3 .
1 99 .9 % Np = 103 , 50 %
= 95 % , R = 99 .9 % , n = 10 , p
= 1 - R = 0 .001 , = 95 % , 3 2 k = - 5 .156; ( 3 11 )

x p () = 2 .1 674 - 5 .156 0 .0 5 = 1 .9096

- 1

N p ( ) = lg 1 .9096 = 81 .2
, 95 % , , 99 .9 %
81 .2
55

56

32 k
p ( ps = 1 - p)

p = 0 .1

p = 0 .01

p = 0 .001

90 %

95 %

90 %

95 %

90 %

95 %

- 2 .585

- 3 .382

- 4 .400

- 5 .750

- 5 .763

- 7 .532

- 2 .379

- 2 .964

- 4 .048

- 5 .025

- 5 .301

- 6 .579

- 2 .244

- 2 .712

- 3 .822

- 4 .595

- 5 .005

- 6 .012

- 2 .145

- 2 .542

- 3 .658

- 4 .307

- 4 .793

- 5 .635

- 2 .071

- 2 .417

- 3 .537

- 4 .098

- 4 .635

- 5 .363

10

- 2 .012

- 2 .322

- 3 .422

- 3 .940

- 4 .511

- 5 .156

12

- 1 .925

- 2 .183

- 3 .301

- 3 .712

- 4 .330

- 4 .859

14

- 1 .862

- 2 .086

- 3 .201

- 3 .554

- 4 .200

- 4 .655

16

- 1 .814

- 2 .013

- 3 .124

- 3 .437

- 4 .102

- 4 .504

18

- 1 .776

- 1 .957

- 3 .064

- 3 .347

- 4 .025

- 4 .387

20

- 1 .754

- 1 .911

- 3 .035

- 3 .274

- 3 .990

- 4 .293

, ( lg N )
, , ?

: X ,
F( x ) x
(3 2) , xF( x ) ,
, , x u , 3 .5 ,
(3 3) , F( x ) = ( u) , F( x ) ( u) u
, u( u) u F( x ) , xu
, X , xF( x )

, x iF( x i )
, Ni ,
57

x i = lg Ni , X
, x i
:
p = i/ ( n + 1)

(3 13)

, n , i
x i
p ,

3 .1
, 3 .1
x i F( x i )
3 .5

3 .6
, X

3 .6 ,
x 50 %
,
x = 2 .167 xu ,
s p = 15 .87 , u p = - 1;
x p = 2 .114; (3 10) , s
s = (
x - x p )/ - u p =
x - x p = 2 .167 - 2 .114 = 0 .053
,
( )

58

3 .6

, ,
, , ,
, ,

3 .3
,
Waloddi
Weibull 1951 ,

b
f ( N) =
Na - N0

N - N0
N a - N0

b-1

exp -

N - N0
Na - N0

( N N0 )
(3 14)

, N0 Na b N 0 ,
; N a , N , ; b
, 3 .7 , b = 1 , (3 14)
; b = 2 , Reyleigh ; b = 3 .5 4 ,
59

, N
, N F( N )
N

F( N ) =

f ( N)d N =

b
Na - N0

N - N0
N a - N0

b- 1

exp -

N - N0
Na - N0

dN

x = ( N - N0 )/ ( Na - N0 ) , d N = ( N a - N0 ) d x ,
x

F( x ) =

b
xb - 1 e Na - N0

( N a - N0 ) d x =

e-

d( - x b ) = 1 - e -

F( N ) = F( x ) , F( N )
F( N ) = 1 - exp -

N - N0
Na - N0

(3 15)

, N = N0 , F( N0 ) = 0 , N0
, N0 ; N = Na , F( Na ) = 1 - 1/ e = 0 .632 ,
N a 63 .2 % , N a

(3 15 )
1
= e
1 - F( N )

N- N

N - N
a

lglg[ 1 - F( N ) ]

- 1

= blg( N - N0 ) + lglge - blg( N a - N0 )

, lglg[ 1 - F( N ) ]
, lg[1 - F( N ) ]

-1

- 1

(3 16)

lg( N - N0 ) ; ,

( N - N0 ) , b ,

N0 = 0 ,
F( N ) = 1 - exp -

N
Na

(3 17)

, : ( N )
? , ?
,
60

,
N N F( N ) , ( 315 ) ,
( 3 16) , lglg[ 1 - F( N ) ]

- 1

lg( N

- N0 )
, N , lglg[1 - F( N ) ]

-1

lg( N - N0 )

, , 3 .8 lg( N - N 0 ) ,
lglg[ 1 - F( N ) ]

-1

lglg[ 1 - F( N ) ]

3 3 , lglg [1 - F( N ) ]

-1

-1

F( N ) ,

F( N ) ,

NF( N ) , N
, NF( N )

3 .8

A;

33 F ( N) lglg[1 - F( N) ]

- 1

F( N )

lglg[1 - F ( N ) ] - 1

F ( N)

lglg[ 1 - F( N) ] - 1

0 .9

0 .4

- 0 .654

0 .8

- 0 .156

0 .3

- 0 .810

0 .7

- 0 .282

0 .2

- 1 .014

61

0 .632

- 0 .362

0 .1

- 1 .339

0 .6

- 0 .400

0 .05

- 1 .652

0 .5

- 0 .521

0 .01

- 2 .360

, Ni , (3 13 )
N i F( N i ) , [ Ni , F( N i ) ]
, ,
3 .2

62

1
n +1

F( N ) =

N ( 10 )

N ( 10 )

2 .0

4 .0

0 .111

3 .7

5 .0

0 .222

5 .0

6 .0

0 .333

8 .0

7 .3

0 .444

11 .5

8 .0

0 .556

13 .0

9 .0

0 .667

20 .0

10 .6

0 .778

23 .5

13 .0

0 .889

1 ) Ni , F( Ni ) ,
2) lg( N - N0 ) , N N0 , , N0 N0 , 0 N 0
N1 , N 1 N0 = 0 , 3 .8 ,
A ; B , N0 , N0 =
5

N1/ 2 = 2 10 , B
,
3) , N0 ,
Na b
N a 63 .2 % ,
lg( N a - N0 ) Na - N0 , Na 3 .8 A
5

Na - N0 = 11 .5 10 , N0 = 0 , Na = 11 .5 10 ;
5

B N a - N0 = 6 .8 10 , N0 = 2 10 , N a = 8 .8 10
,
F( N ) = 90 % , lglg[ 1 - F( N9 0 ) ]

- 1

= 0 , (3 16 ) , b

b = [lglg( 1 - 0 .9) - 1 - lglge]/ [lg( N9 0 - N0 ) - lg( N a - N0 ) ]

(3 18)

= 0 .3622/ [lg( N9 0 - N0 ) - lg( N a - N 0 ) ]

5

A : N9 0 - N0 = 23 .5 10 , Na - N0 = 11 .5 10
63

b = 0 .3622/ lg(23 .5/ 11 .5 ) = 1 .17 ( A )

, B b = 1 .73
, (3 15) ,

3 .4
,
, ,
: ;

,
,
X , Y
, Y X
, D , L , L
= D D L
X , Y ,
, Y X
, 3 .1 ,
N ,
, N ,
, ,
( )
XY X x , Y
E( Y/ X = x ) , x ,
E( Y/ X = x ) = f ( x )

(3 19)

E( Y/ X = x ) Y X = x ,
,
y,

y = f( x)
64

Y
y X x , Y
X ,

y = A + Bx

(3 20)

(3 20 ) , AB
, :
,
; , ;

n ( x i , yi ) , i = 1 , 2 , , n ,
XY , , X Y

( ) ,
XY , 3 .9
XY
3 .9
, XY ,
(3 20 )
,
3 .9

y i
y i
n

Q =

(y
i

- yi ) =

( A +

B x i - yi )

(3 21)

i=1

, , Q
A B , Q
Q
= 0;
A

Q
= 0
B

(3 22)

(3 20) ,

nA + B x i =
A xi +

y
B x = x y
i

2
i

(3 23)

i i

65

66

B =

A =

n x i y i -

x y = ( x - X ) ( y n x - x
( x - X )
x y - x x y = Y - BX
n x - ( x )
i

2
i

2
i

Y)

2
i

(3 24)

i i

, n , X
Y XY ,
X =

x/
i

y/

n;
Y =

(3 25)

(3 24 ) AB , ( X
Y )

r
r = B

2
( x i - X ) /

Lxy

1/ 2

(3 26)
2

( x - X ) = x - x / n
= ( y -
Y) = y - y / n
= ( x - X ) ( y -
Y ) = x y - x y/
2

Lx x =
Ly y

Y )2
( yi -
2
i

(3 27)

2
i

(324 ) (326 )
(3 28)

B = Lx y/ Lx x
r = L x y/

Lx x Ly y = B[ L x x/ Ly y ]

1/ 2

(3 29)

Q=
=
=
=
=

Y - B
X ) + Bx - y ]
( A + Bx - y ) = [(
Y - y ) - B( X - x ) ]
[(
Y - y ) - 2 B( X - x ) (
Y - y ) + B ( X - x )
[(
( Y - y ) - 2 B ( X - x ) + B ( X - x )
( Y - y ) - B ( X - x ) = L - B L
2

yy

xx

Ly y ,
2

r = 1 - Q/ Lyy

(3 30)

QLyy , Q Ly y , | r | 1 | r | 1 ,
Q 0 , , XY ; | r | ,
Q , ; | r | , , XY
67

, ( 3 29 ) ,
r B , r > 0 , B > 0 , , ; r < 0 ,
B < 0 , , 3 .10

3 .10

, r , XY

, | r | , ; |
r | , ,
, :
| r | r

(3 31)

r
, rr n , n ,
, r r (
) , , = 1 -
, r 3 4

34 r

n - 2
0 .05

68

n - 2
0 .01

n - 2
0 .05

0 .01

n - 2
0 .05

0 .01

0 .05

0 .01

0 .997 1 .000

11

0 .553 0 .684

21

0 .413 0 .526

35

0 .325 0 .418

0 .950 0 .990

12

0 .532 0 .661

22

0 .404 0 .515

40

0 .304 0 .393

0 .878 0 .959

13

0 .514 0 .641

23

0 .396 0 .505

45

0 .288 0 .372

0 .811 0 .917

14

0 .497 0 .623

24

0 .388 0 .496

50

0 .273 0 .354

0 .754 0 .874

15

0 .482 0 .606

25

0 .381 0 .487

60

0 .250 0 .325

0 .707 0 .834

16

0 .468 0 .590

26

0 .374 0 .478

70

0 .232 0 .302

0 .666 0 .798

17

0 .456 0 .575

27

0 .367 0 .470

80

0 .217 0 .283

0 .632 0 .765

18

0 .444 0 .561

28

0 .361 0 .463

90

0 .205 0 .267

0 .602 0 .735

19

0 .433 0 .549

29

0 .355 0 .456

100

0 .195 0 .254

10

0 .576 0 .708

20

0 .423 0 .537

30

0 .349 0 .449

200

0 .138 0 .181

( ) ,
X x 0 , Y y0 ,

y0
y0 ,
y0
y0 y0
y0
, , 3 .
11
x 0 , y0 ,
,
=
y = A + Bx
= s = [ Q/ ( n - 2 ) ]
2

1/ 2

= [ ( Ly y - B L x x )/ ( n - 2 ) ]

1/ 2

3 .11

(3 32)
, Y
3 .11 ,
y = A + Bx , y =
y + u p s p =
Pr( Y y) , u p ( 3 1 ) u p = 3 , p
= 99 .87 % , y =
y + 3 s 99 .87 % ; y
y =
y + 3 s 99 .8 7 % u p = - 3 , p = 0 .13 % , y
y =
y - 3 s 0 .1 3 % , y =
y - 3 s 99 .
87 % y y =
y + 3s y =
y - 3 s
p = 99 .8 7 % - 0 .13 % = 99 .74 %
u p = 0 , p = 50 % , y =
y = A + B x
50 %
, 3 .12

69

3 .12

,
3 .3 R = 0 .1 ,
SN

S a/ M Pa

199

94124

4 .9737

166

146656

141 .2
120 .2

x i = lg Ni yi = lg S a i

xi

yi

xi yi

2 .2989

24 .7377

5 .2849

11 .4340

5 .1663

2 .2201

26 .6907

4 .9288

11 .4697

298263

5 .4746

2 .1498

29 .9712

4 .6216

11 .7693

981070

5 .9917

2 .0799

35 .9005

4 .3260

12 .4621

21 .6063

8 .7478

117 .3 001

19 .1613

47 .1351

SN S N = C; lg S = lg C/ m - (1/ m ) lg N
y = lg S , x = lg N ,
y = A + Bx

A = lg C/ m , B = - ( 1/ m )

, ( 324)
X =

x/
i

n = 21 .6063/ 4 = 5 .4 0158

Y = 2 .18718

(327 )
Lxx =

xi -

Ly y = 0 .02636; L x y = - 0 .12166
(325 )
B = L x y/ L x x = - 0 .2054
70

x i / n = 117 .3001 - 21 .6063 / 4 = 0 .59205

m = - 1/ B = 4 .87
A = Y - B X = 3 .2974

C = lg

-1

16

( A m ) = 1 .12 10

( 3 29 ) , r = - 0 .975( ) ;
= 0 .05 , n - 2 = 2 , 34 , r = 0 .950 , | r | r
= 0 .05 , SN
4 .8 7

Sa

N = 1 .12 10

16

( p = 0 .50)

, ( n = 4 ) , = 0 .0 1 ,

1 % SN , ( 3 32)
s
2

s = [ ( L yy - B L x x )/ ( n - 2 ) ]

1/ 2

= 0 .0263

1 % , u p = - 2 .326 ,
y = A + B x - 2 .326 s = 3 .2 362 - 0 .2054 x
1 % SN
4 .8 7

Sa

N = 5 .7 58 10

15

( p = 0 .01 )

,
,
3 .4 , 3 .2 B

i
N ( 10 ) F( N ) = n + 1

Weibull

4 .0

0 .111

0 .6021

- 1 .220

- 1 .2 912

0 .3010

5 .0

0 .222

0 .6990

- 0 .765

- 0 .9 620

0 .4771

6 .0

0 .333

0 .7782

- 0 .431

- 0 .7 543

0 .6021

7 .3

0 .444

0 .8633

- 0 .140

- 0 .5 931

0 .7243

8 .0

0 .556

0 .9031

0 .140

- 0 .4 532

0 .7782

9 .0

0 .667

0 .9542

0 .431

- 0 .3 213

0 .8451
71

10 .6

0 .778

1 .0253

0 .765

- 0 .1 849

0 .9345

13 .0

0 .889

1 .1139

1 .220

- 0 .0 203

1 .0414

1 ) N , x = lg N , ( 310 )
x =
x + us

Y = A + BX
x =
x + us ,
-1

Y = x = lg N ; X = u = [ F( N ) ]

A =
x; B = s

X = 0;
Y = 0 .8674

Lx x = 4 .5 580; Ly y = 0 .2012 ; L x y = 0 .9554

B = L x y/ L x x = 0 .2 096

s = B = 0 .2096
A =
Y - BX = 0 .8674;
x = A = 0 .8674

| r | = 0 .9976 r = 0 .834 ( = 0 .01 , n = 8)

, ,
5

N = 3 10 ,
p n = 3 = ( u p ) =

lg N -
x
= ( - 1 .862) = 3 .1 %
s

2) N , (3 16 )
lglg[ 1 - F( N ) ]

- 1

= blg( N - N0 ) + lglge - blg( N a - N0 )

Y = A + BX ,
Y = lglg[ 1 - F( N ) ]

- 1

; X = lg( N - N0 )

A = lglge - blg( Na - N0 ) ; B = b
5

N0 = 2 10 ,
X = 0 .7 130 ,
Y = 0 .5725
Lx x = 0 .4 164 , Ly y = 1 .2342 , L x y = 0 .7161
72

B = L x y/ L x x = 1 .7196 , A =
Y - BX = - 1 .7985

b = B = 1 .7196
-1

N a = lg [ ( lglge - A )/ b] + N0 = 8 .8 4 10

r = - 0 .9988 r = 0 .834 ( = 0 .01 , n = 8)

,
,
5

N = 3 10 ,
F( N = 3 ) = 1 - exp -

3 - 2
8 .8 4

1 .7 1 9 6

= 3 .6 %

3 .5 SN pSN
, SN pSN

3 5 Ly12 ,
R = 0 .1
35 Ly12 x = lg N ( R = 0 .1)
Sm ax/ M Pa

199

166

141 .2

120 .2

pi = i/ ( n + 1 )

Ri = 1 - pi

4 .914

5 .093

5 .325

5 .721

0 .0909

0 .9091

4 .914

5 .127

5 .360

5 .851

0 .1818

0 .8182

4 .929

5 .130

5 .435

5 .859

0 .2727

0 .7273

4 .964

5 .140

5 .441

5 .938

0 .3636

0 .6364

4 .964

5 .146

5 .470

6 .012

0 .4545

0 .5455

4 .982

5 .167

5 .471

6 .015

0 .5455

0 .4545

4 .982

5 .188

5 .501

6 .082

0 .6364

0 .3636

73

4 .996

5 .204

5 .549

6 .136

0 .7273

0 .2727

5 .029

5 .220

5 .582

6 .138

0 .8182

0 .1818

10

5 .063

5 .248

5 .612

6 .165

0 .9091

0 .0909

3 .13 ,
x ps , ,
x = lg N , ,
3 6 ps
50 % 99 .9 %

74

3 .13
36 x up
x = A + Bup = lg N
i

S / MPa

lg S

ps = 50 %

ps = 99 .9 %

up = 0

up = - 3 .09

199 .0

4 .7937

0 .0566

0 .975

2 .2989

4 .9737

4 .7988

166 .0

5 .1663

0 .0571

0 .988

2 .2201

5 .1663

4 .9899

141 .2

5 .4746

0 .1084

0 .989

2 .1498

5 .4746

5 .1396

120 .2

5 .9917

0 .1722

0 .973

2 .0799

5 .9917

5 .4596

3 6 ps 50 % 99 .9 % lg S lg N ,
ps SN SN , ,
3 .14
3 .14 , 1 50 % SN , SN
, SN , SN 2 99 .9 %
SN , pSN
3 .14 , Y = lg S ,
X = lg N , ,
3 7

37
3 .14
SN
SN

75

Sm N = C

Lg S = a + blg N

ps 100

r
a

50

3 .2965

- 0 .2054

- 0 .971

4 .869

1 .124 10

16

99 .9

3 .8739

- 0 .3309

- 0 .983

3 .022

5 .092 10

11

, , SN 99 .9 % pSN

4 .8 6 9

S ma x N = 1 .124 10
3 .0 2 2

S ma x N = 5 .092 10

11

16

( ps = 99 .9 % )

, S M Pa ; N SN
S a , R , S a = ( 1 - R ) Sm a x/ 2

1 . , ,
N
2 . p x p x p =
x + u p s
x s,

; ps = 1 - p
3 . : N0 , Na b
4 . , p = i/ ( n + 1 )
5 . , ,

6 . : ,

7 .

76

31
32
33 ? ?
34 ? r ? r ?
35 30CrMnSiNi2A Sm ax = 660M Pa , R = 0 .5 64 , 67 ,
68 , 92 , 93 , 103 , 121 , 135
a) 95 % N95
b) 95 % N9 5
36 , lg Salg N
, , SN
Sa/ MPa

60

50

40

30

25

N( 103 )

12 .3

20 .0

39 .6

146 .1

340 .6

77


( Sm a x < S y ) , ,
( SN ) , ,
, ,
4

, 30 , 2 .5 10
, ,
, ( )
, , ,
,
4

( ) , ( N < 10 ) ,

4 .1
,
, ,
( monotonic stressstrain response) ,
( cyclic stressst rain response)

4 .1 .1
,

( l0 A 0 ) , S
e,
S =
e =

P

A0
l - l0
l
=
l0
l0

( 4 1)
( 4 2)

, P ; A 0 ; l0
l l0 , l l0
, , ,
, A (
78

A 0 )
=

P
A

( 4 3)

, A

4 .1

0 P ,
d P , d d l l ( l0 )

dl l = ln ( l/

l0 ) = ln

l0 + l
= ln( 1 + e)
l0

( 4 4)

, l P
, ,
, , , , 4 .1

, ,
,
A 0 l0 = A l

= P/ A = Pl/ A0 l0 = ( P/ A 0 ) [ ( l0 + l )/ l0 ] = S( 1 + e)

( 4 5)

= ln( 1 + e) = ln( l/ l0 ) = ln( A 0/ A ) = ln[ 100/ (100 - R A ) ] ( 4 6)

, R A = ( A 0 - A) 100/ A 0 ,
,
( 4 5) , = S (1 + e) > S , S

79

( 4 7)

( - S )/ S = e
e , ( - S ) e = 0 .2 % , S 0 .2 %
(4 6) , = ln( 1 + e) , e ,
2

= e - e/ 2 + e / 3 - < e
e ,
( e - )/ e = e/ 2

( 4 8)

, e , ( e - ) e = 0 .2 % , e 0 .1 %
, e < 0 .0 1 S , e
1 % ,
4 .1
, , , ,
f ; , , f
,

f = ln[ 100/ (100 - R A ) ]

( 4 9)

, R A = ( A 0 - A mi n ) 100/ A0 , ; A min
R A R A , f , f

f = P/ A mi n
,
f = f/

1+

a
4b

(4 10)

, a ; b ;
1/ [1 + ( a/ 4 b) ] Bridgmen

4 .1 .2
, A , e

; p , , 4 .2 ,
e p ,
= e + p
Hooke
= Ee
80

(4 11)

Holomon

81

= K (p )

, K , ( M Pa ) ; n
,
, n 0 0 .6 n
= 0 , ,

4 .2

= e + p =
+
E

1/ n

(4 12)
RembergOsgood

4 .2
, ,

4 .2 .1
, ,

, 4 .3
, ,
,
( hysteresis loops) :
1 .
4 .3

, ,

4 .3

2 .
, , ,
4 .3 , N 100 ,
, ;
, , 1/ 2
82

,
3 .
a , N , a
, 4 .3 ,
N , a ,
,
; ;
; , ;
,

4 .2 .2 (aa )
,

, 4 .4
a a , a a , a a

, ,
a a ,

aa , ( 4 12)
,
a
a = e + p =
+
E

a
K

1/ n

(4 13)

, K ,
( MPa) ; n ,

4 .4

, n 0 .1 0 .2
a ea p a ,
,
a = Eea
a = K(p a ) n
, a , e a = a/ E , p a
= a - ea

83

4 .2 .3 ( )
, a ,

a ,

,
, 4 .5 ,
0
,

,
,
a a a
a
/ 2 / 2 ,
, ( 413 )
4 .5

1/
ea p a

=
+
=
+
2
2
2
2E
2 K

= e + p =
+2
E
2 K

1/ n

(4 14)

Massing , Massing
(414 )
, ,
= Ee

= 2 K(p/ 2)

4 .3
,
,

84

4 .3 .1

4 .6 ,
A B D , A BD B
, BC ; C ,
B , CB D,
, A BD D

,
:
1 . , ,
4 .6 , B ,
C ,
B , ( B ) ,
B C B
2 . ,
,
4 .6 , C , B
, B C B

4 .6

, B
, A B D

4 .3 .2
,

4 .7( a) ,
,
, ,
,

, , 1 1 , 4 .7

85

4 .7

,
01 , , ,
: 1 ,
a a 1 ,
1/ n

1 = (1/ E ) + (1/ K)
1

12 1
, : 1 2 1 2 , ,
1 2
1 2

1 2
1 2
=
+2
E
2 K

1/ n

, 1 2 = | 1 - 2 | 1 2 , 1 2 , 2

2 = 1 - 1 2 ; 2 = 2 - 1 2
23 2 , 2 3 ,
2 3 2 3 ,
3 = 2 + 2 3 ; 3 = 2 + 2 3
34 3 4 2 , (2 )
, 2 32 ,
12 4 4 ,
1 4

86

1 4
1 4
=
+2
E
2 K

1/ n

4 = 1 - 1 4 ; 4 = 1 - 1 4

45 4 5 , 4 5 ,
5 = 4 + 4 5 ; 5 = 4 + 4 5
56 5 6 , 5 6 ,
6 = 5 - 5 6 ; 6 = 5 - 5 6
67 6 7 , 6 7 ,
7 = 6 + 6 7 ; 7 = 6 + 6 7
78 7 8 , 7 8 ,
8 = 7 - 7 8 ; 8 = 7 - 7 8
81 7 , 7 , 78 7,
, 6 71 ; 5 ,
56 5, 45 1 ; 1 , 1 ,
14 1;
1 = 1 ; 1 = 1
,
(i ,i ) , , , ,
4 .7( b) , 14 1
23 256 5 78 7
,
,
, :
1) , (a - a ) , a
a
2) , , ,
i + 1 = i i i+ 1
i + 1 = i i i+ 1
, +, -
3) , ,
,
4) (i , i ) ,
87

a a , ( )
5

4 .1 ( ) 4 .1 E = 2 .1 10 MPa, K
= 1220MPa, n= 0 .2 ,
01 aa ( )1 ( )1
1/ n

1 = 0 .01 = 1/ E + (1/ K)

1 = 462MPa

12 ()
1 2 = 1 2/ E + 2 (1 2/ 2 K) 1/

= 0 .012

1 2 = 812MPa

2 = 1 - 1 2 = - 0 .02
2 = 1 - 1 2 = - 350MPa

23 ,2 3 = 0 .008 , 2 3 = 722MPa
3 = 0 .006 , 3 = 372MPa
34 2 , ( 2) , 2 32
, 14
14 1 4 = 0 .018 , 1 4 = 900MPa,
4 = - 0 .008 , 4 = - 438MPa
45
4 5 = 0 .01 , 4 5 = 772MPa
5 = 0 .002 , 5 = 334MPa
5 6
5 6 = 0 .0 06 , 5 6
= 658MPa
6 = - 0 .004 , 6 = - 324M Pa
6 1 5 , 5 65
41
4 1 1 , 1 41

4 .1 ( b)

1 =
1

4 .2
, 14 1, 2 32, 5 65 ,
88

4 .4
,
,
, , N
4

( ) ( 10 ) ,
(0 .1 1 Hz)

4 .4 .1
, R = - 1 ,

, 4 .8 , a ,
2 N , N
a , N ; ( ) ,

a a 2 N f a
ea p a ,
ea = a/ E p a = a - ea
lge a - lg(2 N f ) , lgp a lg( 2 N f ) , ,
,
ea =

f
b
(2 N)
E
c

p a =
f (2 N)

(4 15)
(4 16)

(4 15 ) ea
2 N ,
f

4 .8

, ; E , b ( 416 ) ,
p a 2 N ,
f , , ; c
bc ,
b - 0 .06 - 0 .14 , - 0 .1 c 0 .5 - 0 .7 , - 0 .6
, N
89

a = ea + p a =

f
b
c
(2 N ) +
f (2 N)
E

(4 17)

, ea , p a ,a
ea ,
m
1

f
b
ea =
( 2 N ) e a N = C1
E

SN
, p a , e a , a
p a ,
m
c

p a =
p a N = C2
f (2 N )
MansonCoffin (1963 )
ea = p a ,

f
b
c
( 2 N t ) =
f ( 2 Nt )
E

2 Nt = (

f E/
f )

1/ ( b - c )

(4 18)

2 Nt , , ; 2 N t ,
, ( 4 .8 ) , 2 Nt
:
( 4 13 ) ,
a = Ee a a = K(p a ) n
(417 ) ,

f
b
c
ea =
( 2 N ) p a =
f (2 N )
E
, ea
p a
Eea - K(p a ) n = 0
b/ c

Eea - (
f/
f

) (p a )

b/ c

= 0

, p a , :
90

b/ c
K=

; n= b/ c
f/ (
f )

,
,

4 .4 .2 N
, N 4 .9

a = 0 .0 1 , ,
; , ,
1965 , Manson
,
N :
Su
- 0 .1 2
0 .6
- 0 .6
= 3 .5
( N)
+ f ( N ) ( 4 19 )
E
, S u ; f (4 9 )
;

(4 19 ) N ,

4 .9

( SAE ) :

f - m
b
c
( 2 N ) +
f (2 N )
E
, m , m = 0 , (4 17)
a =

(4 20)

b < 0c < 0 , N , ,
a ; , , N ,
,

4 .4 .3
N
, ,

, a m , (4 20 )

, (m = 0 ) , ( 4 17 )
, a
91

4 .2 E = 210 10 MPa, n= 0 .2 , K= 1220MPa,

f
= 930MPa, b = - 0 .0 95 , c = - 0 .4 7 ,
f = 0 .26 , 4 .2 ( a)

( A) ,
a = 0 .0 05 ; m = 0
N (4 17) ,
a =

f - m
b
c
( 2 N ) +
f (2 N )
= 0 .0 05
E

2 N = 11716 , N = 5858
( B) :
1) :
1/ n

01 1 = 0 .0 2 = 1/ E + (1/ K)

, 1 = 542MPa
1/ n

12 1 2 = 0 .025 = 1 2/ E + 2(1 2/ 2 K)

1 2 = 972M Pa

2 = 1 - 1 2 = - 0 .005
2 = 1 - 1 2 = - 430MPa

23

2 3 = 0 .01 , 2 3 = 772MPa

3 = 0 .005 , 3 = 342M Pa

34 2 34
4 = 2 = - 0 .005 , 4 = 2 = - 430MPa
2) , 4 .2 ( b) ,
a = (3 - 4 )/ 2 = 0 .0 05
m = (3 + 4 )/ 2 = - 44MPa
3) ,
a =

f - m
b
c
( 2 N ) +
f (2 N )
E

2 N = 12340 , , N = 6170

92

4 .2 ( b)

4 .2 ( c)

, (m < 0) , ,
( C) :
1) :
01

1/ n

1 = 0 .02 = 1/ E + (1/ K)

, 1 = 542M Pa

, 1 = - 0 .02 ,
1 = - 542M Pa

12

2 = 0 .005 , 2 = 430MPa

23

3 = - 0 .005 , 3 = - 342MPa

2) , 4 .2 ( c) ,
a = 0 .005; m = (3 + 4 )/ 2 = 44MPa
3) (420 )
2 N = 11130 , N = 5565
, (m > 0 ) , ,

4 .5
93

, ,

:
, ,
,
4 .10 , ,
,
, S , e,

4 .5 .1

1 .
, ,
4 .1 0 , S P ( Wd) t; e
( 4 12 )
, , ys
< ys , ,
= K t S , = Kt e
, Kt , , Kt
> ys , ,
( )
K = / S ; K = / e

= K S , = Ke

, K , K
S e, ,
,
= / E + (/ K )

1/ n

KK Kt , S e

K K ,
2 .
94

K Kt ,
K = / e = K t

(4 21)

S ,
e; e,
S ; ,

= K t e
4 .11
4 .11 C

95

3 . Neuber
, , Neuber :
KK = K2t

(4 22)

eS , ( Ke) ( K S ) = ( Kt S) ( K t e) , Ke ,
KS ,
2

= K t eS

(4 23)

Neuber ,
4 .11 , Neuber
D , Neuber
4 .3 E = 60GPa, K = 2000MPa,
n = 0 .125 S = 600MPa, K t =
3 ,
S = 600MPa,
e = S/ 60000 + ( S/ 2000)

e = 0 .01 + (0 .3 ) 0 .0 1

1) :

= K t e = 3 0 .01 = 0 .0 3

;
= 0 .03 = / 60000 + (/ 2000)

= 1138MPa

2) Neuber : Neuber

= K2t eS = 9 0 .0 1 600 = 54

= / 60000 + (/ 2000 )

/ 60000 + (/ 2000 ) = 54/

= 1245M Pa,

= 54/ = 0 .043

, Neuber
,
Neuber

4 .5 .2
, ,

, ,
96

; ,
,
: S
e , Kt ,
, a m , N

1) , S 1 e1 ,
Neuber
1 = (1/ E ) + (1/ K) 1/

11 = K2t S1 e1
1 1
2) , S e, Neuber

, Neuber ,

= K2t Se
= (/ E) + 2 (/ 2 K) 1/

3) i i i
i + 1 = i i i + 1 ; i + 1 = i i i + 1
, +, -
4) a m
a = (ma x - mi n )/ 2; m = (m ax + mi n )/ 2
5) N
a =

f - m
c
( 2 N ) b +
f (2 N )
E

4 .4 , 4 .4 ( a)
5

, Kt = 3 , E = 2 10 MPa ,
f = 0 .6 ,
f = 1700MPa,
b = - 0 .1 , c = - 0 .7 , K= 1600MPa , n= 1/ 8 ,
1)
01 S1 = 400M Pa,
4 .4 ( a)

97

e1 ,
1/ n

e1 = S 1/ E + ( S 1/ K)

= 0 .00202

Neuber ,
2

1 1 = K t S 1 e1 = 7 .272

1/ n

1 = (1/ E ) + (1/ K)

= 7 .272/ 1

1 = 820MPa; 1 = 0 .0089
12 S 1 2 = 400 ,
1/ n

e1 2 = S/ E + 2( S/ 2 K)

= 0 .0 02

Neuber
2

= K t Se = 7 .2

1/ n

= (/ E) + 2 (/ 2 K)

= 7 .2/

1 2 = 1146; 1 2 = 0 .006283

2 = (820 - 1146) M Pa = - 326M Pa

2 = 0 .0089 - 0 .006283 = 0 .002617

23 S 2 3 = 400 ,
1/ n

e2 3 = S/ E + 2( S/ 2 K)

= 0 .0 02

Neuber
2 3 = 1146; 2 3 = 0 .006283

3 = 820M Pa; 1 = 0 .0089

2) 4 .4 ( b) ,

a = (1 - 2 )/ 2 = 0 .003141
m = (1 + 2 )/ 2 = 247MPa
3) a = 0 .003141 , m = 247MPa N
,
98

4 .4 (b)

a =

f - m
b
c
( 2 N ) +
f (2 N )
E
N = 12470

, Miner

4 .5 Sm a x1 = 400MPa, R = 0 n 1 = 5000 ,
Sm a x2 = 500M Pa, R = 0 .2 , 4 .5 ( a ) ,
n 2
Miner

n/
i

Ni = n 1/ N1 + n 2/ N2 = 1

4 .4 , R = 0 , S ma x1 = 400MPa
N1 = 12470 , n1 = 5000
R 4=.5 0.2( a), Sm ax 2 = 500M Pa
N2 , n2
1) R = 0 .2 , Sm a x2 = 500M Pa
01 S1 = 500 ,
e1 = 0 .00259
Neuber
1 = 885MPa, 1 = 0 .0 1317
12 S 1 2 = 400 , e1 2 = 0 .0 02
Neuber
1 2 = 1146 , 1 2 = 0 .0 06283

2 = - 261MPa, 2 = 0 .006887
23 3 = 1 , 3 = 1

4 .5 ( b)
2) :
a = 0 .003141 , m = 312M Pa
3)
N2 = 10341

4 .5 (b)

99

4) n1/ N1 + n 2/ N2 = 1
n2 = 6195

1 . , ,

:
1/
a
a
a = e a + p a =
+
E
K

1/
= e + p =
+2
E
2 K

2 . , ( ) , N
( SN )
N ( ) :
a = ea + p a =

f
b
c
( 2 N ) +
f (2 N )
E

,
a =

f - m
c
(2 N ) b +
f (2 N)
E

3 . 2 N t

1/ ( b - c )

ea = p a , 2 N t = (

f E/
f )

N < N t , ; N > N t ,
4 . :
a
m
2 N
: , a , m = 0; N
2 N
5 . :
a) , (a a ) , a
a
b) , , ,
1 00

i + 1 = i i i + 1 , i + 1 = i i i + 1
+ , -
c ) , , ,

d) ,

6 .
:
: S 1 e1 e1 S1
Neuber a a
1/ n

1 = (1/ E ) + (1/ K)

1 1 = K2t S 1 e1
1 1
: S e e S
Neuber + () :
2

= K t Se
1/ n

= (/ E) + 2 (/ K)

i i i

i + 1 = i i i + 1 , i + 1 = i i i + 1
+, -
a m :
a = (ma x - mi n )/ 2 , m = (m ax + mi n )/ 2
: N
a =

f - m
b
c
( 2 N ) +
f (2 N )
E

7 . , Miner

41 ? ?

1 01


42 ? ? ?
43 e = 0 .2% , 0 .5 % , 1 % , 2 % , 5 % , S ,
e ?
44 = K(p ) n , n
( : , 0 , d S/ d e = 0 )
45 , E = 200GPa
a)
b)
c)/ 2 = 0 .0075
/ 2

0 .002

0 .005

0 .010

0 .015

(/ 2 )/ M Pa

260

370

420

440

2 Nf /

416700

15900

2670

990

1/ ( b - c)

46 2 Nt = (

f E/
f )

2 Nt ,

/ 2

f / M Pa

E/ GPa

800

1 .0

- 0 .1

- 0 .5

200

2700

0 .1

- 0 .08

- 0 .7

210

R QC100

1240

0 .66

- 0 .07

- 0 .69

200

2024 T3

1100

0 .22

- 0 .124

- 0 .59

70

47 : E = 2 .1 105 MPa , K= 1220M Pa , n= 0 .2

,

4 7

1 02


48 : E = 200GPa, K= 1530 MPa , n= 0 .07 ,
f = 1640 MPa,

f = 2 .6 , b = - 0 .06 , c = - 0 .82
a ) / 2 = 0 .01 , m = 0
b) / 2 = 0 .01 , m = 0 .01

4 8
49 Kt = 3 , Sm ax = 500MPa, Smi n = 50M Pa
E = 200GPa, K= 1600MPa, f = 1700MPa , n=
0 .125 , b = - 0 .1 , c = - 0 .7 ,

f = 0 .6

1 03


( ) ,
,
,
, , ,
20 ( 20 50 ) ,
, , ,

,
, 21

51
, [] ,
, [] ,
, 20 50 ,

, s = 1400M Pa ,
900M Pa
, ,
K I C ( )
60MPa

m , , 1mm

1965 12 , John Thompson

5 .1
, 2t
, 48 %
,
, 5 .1
1 04

,
, ,
,
,

5 .2
, , ,
, 2 a ,
a ,
, 2 c , a

5 .2

, ,
,
( ) , ,
, , ,
, 5 .3
, ,
, , ,
,

1 05

5 .3

, :
1) ?
2) ?
3) ? ( ) ?
4) ,
? ? ?
, ?

52
, ,
5 .4

5 .4

1 06

, ,
y ,

, 5 .4 , x y ,
x ,
, x
, 5 .4 , yz ,
z ,
, z
,

( )
, , > 0

,

, 2 a
,
5 .5

, 5 .5
r , ( x ) ,

d x d y , ,
( r ,) x
y x y
x =

3
cos
1 - sin sin
2r
2
2
2

y =

3
cos
1 + sin sin
2r
2
2
2

x y =

( 5 1)

3
sin cos cos
2r
2
2
2

, yz = z x = 0 ; , z =
0; , z = (x + y )
0

, ( 5 1 ) , r ( 5 1 )
, r0 , r

- 1/ 2

; , r

, , , ( 5 1 )
1 07

, r , (5 1 ) ;
, = 0 , x , y = , r ,
0

r
, ( 5 1 ) ,
ij =

K1

i j ()
2r

( 5 2)

K1 = a

( 5 3)

,ij ; ij 1 3 , 12 3 xyz
, 1 1 x , 2 2 y , 1 2 x y i j K
, K , ij , K ; 1 ,
[] []

1/ 2

, MPa

(5 3) , , K
; K a , K a
(5 3) ,
, K1
K1 = a f ( a , W , )

( 5 4)

, f ( a , W , ) ,
,
, f ( a, W , )
, a W a/ W 0 ,
, f = 1; , f = 1 .12 5 1

, , E= E; , E= E/ ( 1 - )

1 08

51

:
K1 =

1 .

ag () ; = 2 a/ W

g( ) = ( 1 - 0 .252 + 0 .064 )

sec (/ 2 ) ( 0 .1 % )

g() = ( 1 - 0 .5 + 0 .372 - 0 .0443 )/

1 - ( 0 .3 %

)
: = a/ W 0 , g() = 1
:
= ( 4a/ E) V ( )
V () = - 0 .071 - 0 .535+ 0 .1692 + 0 .023
- 1 .0 71 (1/ ) lg( 1 - )
(0 .6 % )
:
K1 =

2 .

F
W

g(, ) ; = 2 a/ W , = 2 H/ W

g( , ) = f 1 (, ) f 2 (, ) f 3 ( , ) ( 1 % )
f 1 (, ) = 1 + [ 0 .297 + 0 . 115 ( 1 - sec h) si n ( / 2 ) ] ( 1 cos)
f 2 (,) = 1 +
tanh/ ( cosh2/ cos2 - 1 )
f 3 (,) =

t an/ [ 1 - cos 2/ cosh 2] 1/

:
= / 2 ; = / 2; =

( 1 + )/ 2
1/ 2( 1 - )

F
:
K1 = ag () ; = a/ W
3 .

g( ) = 1 .12 - 0 .231+ 10 .552 - 21 .723 + 30 .394

(0 .6 , 0 .5 % )
g( ) = 0 .265 ( 1 - ) 4 + ( 0 .857 + 0 .265)/ ( 1 - ) 3/ 2
( < 0 .2 , 1 % ; 0 .2 , 0 .5 % )
: = a/ W 0 , g( 0) = 1 .1215 =
:
= ( 4a/ E) V ( ) ( 1 % )
V () = { 1 .46 + 3 .42 [1 - cos( / 2 ) ] }/ cos2 (/ 2 )
V ( 0 ) = 1 .1458 = , lim V ( ) = 2/ 2 (1 - ) 2
1

1 09

:
K 1 = 0

4 .

ag( ) ; = a/ W

g() = 1 .122 - 1 .40+ 7 .332 - 13 .083 + 14 .04

( 0 .6 , 0 .2 % )
1
0 .923 + 0 .199( 1 - sin) 4
g() = (
tan) 1/ 2
; =
/ 2
a
cos
(0 < < 1 , 0 .5 % )
g (0 ) = 1 .1215 = , lim g() = / 3( 1 - ) 3/

:
= (4a/ E) V () (0 .2 < < 0 .7 , 0 .5 % )
V () = 0 .8 - 1 .7+ 2 .42 + 0 .66/ (1 - ) 2
V (0 ) = 1 .1458 = ,
lim V () = 2/ 6 ( 1 - ) 2 = 0 .66/ (1 - ) 2
1

:
5 .

K 1 = ag() ; = 2 a/ W , = / 2
g() = ( 1 .122 - 0 .561 - 0 .2052 + 0 .4 713 - 0 .194 )
/ (1 - ) 1/ 2
(0 .5 % )
1
g () = ( 1 + 0 .122 cos 4) (
tan) 1/ 2 (0 .5 % )

g( 0 ) = 1 .1215 , lim g( ) = 2/ (1 - ) 1/ 2
1

:
= (4a/ E) V ()
V () =

1
[0 .459sin - 0 .065si n3 - 0 .0075sin5

+ a rccos h( sec) ]

:
3 FL
K1 =
ag () ; = a/ W ;
2 B W2
g() = A 0 + A1+ A 22 + A 33 + A44
( 0 .6 , 0 .2 % )
6 .

L/ W

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

1 .090

- 1 .735 8 .2 0

- 14 .18 14 .57

1 .107

- 2 .120 7 .7 1

- 13 .55 14 .00

g( 0 ) = 1 .1215 = , lim g () = / 3 ( 1 - ) 3/

:
= (4a/ E) V ()
V () = 0 .76 - 2 .2 8+ 3 .872 - 2 .043 + 0 .6 64
( L/ W 4 , 1 % )

1 10

7 .

8 .

9 .

K1 =

F
a 1/ 2
a 3/
- 185 .5 (
)
1/ 2 [ 29 .6( W )
W
BW
a 5/ 2
a 7/ 2
+ 655 .7 (
)
- 1017 (
)
W
W
a 9/ 2
+ 639(
) ]
W

K1 A =
K1 B =

F
a

a+ x
a- x

a- x
a+ x

:
F
K1 =
bg 1 () ; = b/ R
b2
1
1
3 2
g1 () =
(1 +
+
- 0 .3633
2
2
8
+ 0 .7314 ) 1 -
1
g1 ( 0 ) =
; lim g1 ( ) = 1 .1215
1-
2
1
K2 = 0
2T
K3 =
bg 3 () ; = b/ R
b3
3
1
3 2
5 3
35 4
g3 () =
(1 +
+
+
+

8
2
8
16
128
+ 0 .2085 )
1 -
3
g 3 (0 ) =
; lim g3 () =
8
1

1-

1 11

53
, :
1) ; 2 ) ; 3)
, , ;
, ,
, ,
; ( ) ,

,
,

a ,
K , (5 4 ) , K

K = f(

a
, ) a
W

( 5 5)

, K a1/ 2 ; K ,

f a ( W )
a W , 5 .2 , f = 1 .0 ; , f = 1 .
12 , 5 1
f , MPa, m ,
K M Pa

(5 5) ,
a 2 .5( K1/ ys )

( 5 6)

, K ( )
,
K = f(

1 12

a
, ) a K1 C
W

( 5 7)

5 .4 K 1 C

,
( GB416184 ) ,
5 .6

5 .6

:
3 PL
a
a 2
K1 =
a
[1
.090
1
.735
(
)
+
8
.20
(
)
2
W
W
2 BW
- 14 .18 (

a 3
a
) + 14 .57 ( ) 4 ]
W
W

( 5 8 )

:
P a
a
a
[29 .6 - 185 .5 ( ) + 655 .7 ( ) 2
BW
W
W
a
a
- 1017 .0 ( ) 3 + 638 .9 ( ) 4 ]
( 5 9 )
W
W

K1 =

,
1 13

,
, 0 .1mm ,

,
, 1 .5mm
, , ,
,
,
,
K max < ( 2/ 3 ) K 1 C
,
5 .7

5 .7

P
V XY ,
PV , P Q ,
( ( 5 8 ) ( 5
9 ) ) , K
K C
1 14

P Q , ,
a/ a = 2 % ,a/
a = 2 % , V/ V =
5 % , , PV
5 % PV P 5
, PV P 5 , P Q =
P 5 ; P 5 ,
P 5 , 5 .8

5 .8 PQ

,

, ,
5 .9 a
a = ( a2 + a3 + a4 )/ 3
( 5 10 )

, :

[ a - ( a 1 + a 5 )/ 2] 0 .1 a

( 5 11 )

P Q
a , ( ( 5 8 )
1 15
5 .9

( 5 9 ) ) , K Q
( GB416184 ) , K Q
:
P max/ P Q 1 .1 ( 5 12 )
B 2 .5 ( K Q/ ys ) 1/

( 5 13 )
K Q
K 1 C
( 5 12 ) 5 .10 K
; ( 5 13 ) ,
, ,

, K C
B , 5 .10 ,
K C B
B , ,
K C
:
K1C 2
B 2 .5 (
)
ys
( 5 13 ) K C
,
, K
1C

1 16

K1 C , K C
, ,
, K1 C , K1 C , ,

5 .1 B = 30mm , W = 60mm , L = 240mm (

5 .6) , a= 30mm PV
P Q = 56k N , P m ax = 60 .5kN ; a 1 = 31 .8mm , a2 =
31 .9 mm , a3 = 32 .15mm , a4 = 31 .95mm , a5 = 31 .9mm; 0 .2 =
905MPa, K1 C
a = ( a2 + a3 + a4 )/ 3 = 32mm
= a - a= 2mm > 1 .5mm ,
a/ W = 32/ 60 = 0 .5 33 , PQ = 56k N , ( 5 8)
K Q = 90 .5MPa

:
(1 ) P m ax/ PQ = 60 .5/ 56 = 1 .08 1 .1
2

(2 ) B = 30mm2 .5( K Q/ 0 .2 ) = ( 2 .5( 90 .5/ 905 ) ) m = 0 .025m = 25mm

, K Q K1 C ,
K1 C = K Q = 90 .5MPa

5 .2 , W = 200mm , 2 a = 80mm ,
= 100MPa ,
5 1 ,
= 2 a/ W = 0 .4; K1 = aF()
F() = sec(/ 2) , F() =

K1 = aF() = ( 100( 0 .04)

= 39 .4 MPa

1/ 2

sec (0 .2)

[ ( sec( 0 .2) ]

1/ 2

MPa

B , K1 C

5 .3 , B =
1 17

50mm , W = 100mm , L = 4 W = 400mm a =

53mm ,
51 (5 8) , L = 4 W

K1 =
f(

3 PL
2
2 BW

a f (

a
)
W

a
a
a 2
) = [ 1 .090 - 1 .735( ) + 8 .20( )
W
W
W
- 14 .18 (

a 3
a 4
) + 14 .57 ( ) ]
W
W

, ( a/ W ) = 0 .53 , f ( a/ W ) = 1 .5 124
: K1 = K1 C ,
K1 =
K1 C = 39 .4 MPa

3 PL
2 BW 2

a f (

a
) = K1 C
W

2 BW K1 C
P=
=
a
3 L a f ( )
W

2 0 .05 0 .1 39 .4 10
N
3 0 .4( 0 .053) 1/ 2 1 .5124

= 53200N = 53 .2 k N
:
, B = 50mm , W = 100mm , a =
53mm , K
K1 =
f(

P a
a
f( )
BW
W

a
a
a 2
) = [ 29 .6 - 185 .5 ( ) + 655 .7( )
W
W
W
- 1017 .0(

a 3
a 4
) + 638 .9( ) ]
W
W

( a/ W ) = 0 .53 , K1 C = 39 .4MPa

m; P = 59 ( kN ) ,

,
5 .4 ys = 800MPa, K1 C = 120
M Pa

m
1) K1 C

1 18

2)
1) :
2

: B 2 .5 ( K1 C/ ys ) = 2 .5 ( 120/ 800 ) m = 0 .05625m = 56 .

25mm
: W = 2 B = 112 .5mm
5 .6 ,
:
B = 56 .25mm , W = 112 .5mm , L = 4 W = 460mm
:
B = 56 .25mm , H = 1 .2 W = 135mm
S = 1 .2 5 W = 140 .6mm
D = 0 .25 W = 28 .125mm
2) :
Gb Gt
2

Gb/ G t = V b/ V t = BW L/ [ BH S - 2 B(D / 4) ] = 0 .0029/ 0 .001 = 2 .9

, ,
3 ,
,

55
, ( 5 7 ) ,
a
K = f ( , ) a K1 C
W
, ,
:
1) a , K , K1 C
,
2) a K1 C ,
3) K1 C , a
, a K , K1 C 1
, 4
1 19

5 .5 , a = 1mm , =
1000M Pa , 1 : ys1 =
1800M Pa, K1 C1 = 50MPa m; 2: ys2 = 1400MPa, K1 C2 = 75MPa m;
?
1) , ,

1: n1 = ys1/ = 1800/ 1000 = 1 .8

2: n2 = ys2/ = 1400/ 1000 = 1 .4
1
2) , , a ,
K1 = 1 .12 a K1 C K1 C/ (1 .1 2

a)

,
1 : 1 C = ( 50/ 1 .12 ( 3 .14 0 .001 ) 1/ 2 MPa = 796M Pa < (
)
1/ 2
2: 2 C = (75/ 1 .12(3 .140 .001) MPa = 1195MPa > ( )
, = 1000MPa , > 1 C , 1 ,
; 2 , ,
, , K1 C ,
, ,

5 .6 d = 5m , t = 10mm , 2 a
K1 C = 80M Pa m p = 4MPa,
ac

= pd/ (4 t ) = [ 5 4/ ( 4 0 .01 ) ] MPa = 500MPa
, , ,

1 K1 C 2
K1 = a K1 C a (
)

ac = ( (1/ 3 .14) (80/ 500) 2 m = 0 .0 081m = 8 .1mm

1 20

:
, K1 C , ac ;
p , , ; ,
d , , ,
5 .7 5 .7 ( a ) , F
W = 25mm , a = 5mm, e = 10mm, ys = 600MPa,
K1 C = 60MPa

m FC

5 .7 ( a)

5 .7 (b)

,
( 5 .7 ( b) ) , K
K = K+ K
KK ( M = Fe)
, 5 1 ,

: K= aF() , = F/ W ; = a/ W = 0 .2
2

g() = 1 .12 - 0 .231+ 10 .55 - 21 .72 + 30 .39 = 1 .3 7

K= 1 .37 F
: K= 0

a/ W
2

ag() ; 0 = Fe/ (6 W ) ; = a/ W = 0 .2
2

g() = 1 .122 - 1 .40+ 7 .3 3 - 13 .08 + 14 .0 = 1 .0 5

K= 1 .05 Fe

a/ (6 W 2 )
1 21

K = K+ K= K1 C ,
( FC

a/ W ) (1 .3 7 + 1 .05 e/ (6 W ) ) = K1 C

,
FC =
=

K1 C W
a( 1 .37 + 1 .0 5 e/ (6 W ) )
60 0 .0 25
MN
3 .14 0 .0 05 (1 .37 + 1 .05 0 .4/ 6)

= 8 .3 3MN
, , ,
= F/ W
= 332MPa, ; 0 = Fe/ 6 W 2 = ( 0 .4/ 6 ) ,
; ,

, ,
, :
1) ,
,
2) ,
a,
3) ,
,
4) , ,

, ,

1 . ,
2 . :

3 . K ,
K = f(
1 22

a
, ) a K1 C
W

4 . K1 C

5 . ,
6 . ,
, , ,

51 B = 30mm , W = 60 mm , L = 240 mm , a = 32 mm
P = 50kN, K1
52 2 a = 100mm , c1 = 304 MPa
, 2 a = 40mm , c2
53 ys = 350MPa , B = 50mm , W = 100mm , L = 4 W
, a = 53mm P V , PQ = 54kN,
K1 C
54 , B = 50mm , W = 100mm ,
a = 53mm P
55 , ys = 800MPa, K1 C =
100 MPa

m ,

56 0 .2 = 1050M Pa , B = 50 mm , W = 100 mm ,
a = 52 mm P V , Pm ax = 261kN, PQ = 241kN,
K Q
57
1) 275 : ys = 1780 MPa, K1 C = 52 MPa
2) 600 : ys = 1500 MPa, K1 C = 100MPa

m
m

= 750MPa , K = 1 .1 a ,
ac ?

1 23


,
,
,

, , 6 .1
,
,

6 .1

,
,
,
Smit hKobayashi , Newman Raju , Heliot
1 24

, Aboutorabi , Let unov ,

6 .1

62 , ,
, Irwin 1962

6 .2

,
2
t a
2
a
2
sin + 2 cos
K =
E( k )
c

1/ 4

( 6 1)

, K ( ) K1 , ,
, ; t : ac
; ; E( k )
,
/ 2

E( k ) =

c2 - a2 2 1/ 2
1 sin d
2
c

( 6 2)

ac , E( k )
1 25

, , K
,
=/ 2 , , , (61)
K (/ 2 ) =

t a
E( k)

= 0 , , ,
K( 0 ) =

t a
E( k )

a
c

, a < c
a/ c = 1 , E ( k ) =/ 2 , ( 6 1 )

K =

2
a
t

: ,

c , 2 a ( c - a )/ c 1 , E ( k) = 1 ,
( )
K = t a
2 a

6 .2 y = 0 ,
, 6 .3

6 .3

1 26

, M f
(6 1) ,
2
t a
2
a
2
sin + 2 cos
K = Mf
E( k)
c

1/ 4

( 6 3)

, M f M f , ( 6 3 )

M f ,
1: 6 .3 , c , a/ c 0 ,
a 5 1 , a

K = 1 .1215t a
R .J .Hart ranft G .C .Sih 1973
( c2 - a2 )/ c2 1 , E ( k ) = 1 , ( 6 3 ) , (=/
2) :
K = M ft a
,
M f (/ 2 ) = 1 .1215 ( a/ c 0 )
2: 6 .3 , a/ c = 1 ,
a F .W .Smith
(=/ 2)
K = 1 .03

2
t a

(6 3 ) , ,
M f ,
K = ( 2/ )t a , , ,
M f (/ 2 ) = 1 .0 3 ( a/ c = 1 )
: M f ,
a/ c (= / 2 ) , a/ c = 1 , M f (/ 2 ) = 1 .03;
a/ c0 , M f (/ 2 ) = 1 .1215; a/ c 0 1 ,
M f 1 .0 31 .1 215
, ,
1 27

( =/ 2 )
M f :
M f (/ 2 ) = 1 + 0 .12 1 - 0 .75
M f (/ 2 )

a
= 1 + 0 .12 1 2c

M f (/ 2 )

a
= 1 .1 3 - 0 .07
c

a
c

( 6 4)
1/ 2

Maddox , ; Kobayashi
, ; 1 % , 6 .4

6 .4 M f (/ 2 )

Scott ( 1981) , M f
a/ c , ,
, 3 %
,
K (/ 2 ) = M f (/ 2 )

t a
E( k )

( 6 5)

ac , E ( k ) M f (/ 2 ) (6 2 ) (6 4 )
= 0 (6 3 ) , (= 0 )
K( 0 ) = Mf

t a
E ( k)

t a
a
= Mf ( 0 )
c
E ( k)

( 6 6)

, Scot t

1 28

Mf ( 0 ) =

1 .21 - 0 .1

a
a
+ 0 .1
c
c

a
c

( 6 7)

a/ c = 1 , M f ( 0 ) = 1 .21; E( k ) =/ 2 , ( 6 6 ) ( 6 7 )

K ( 0 ) = 1 .21

2
a
t

( 6 8)

6 .2

( ) ,
, ,

Newman Raju ( 1983 ) , 6 .1

,
,

( 6 .5)
6 .5 ,

6 .5

K = Fe

t a
a a c
, , ,
c t W
E ( k)

( 6 9)

0 a/ c < , c/ W < 0 .5 , -

0 a/ c0 .2 ,

a/ t < 1 .25 (0 .6 + a/ c)

0 .2 a/ c ,

a/ t < 1
1 29

, Fe , a/ c, a/ t ,
a/ W Fe
Fe =

a
t

M1 + M 2

a
t

+ M3

g1 f f W

(6 10)

M1 =

( a/ c 1)
( a/ c > 1)

c/ a
0 .05
0 .2 9
M2 =
3/ 2 ; M3 =
3/ 2
0 .11 + ( a/ c)
0 .23 + ( a/ c)
4

( a/ t ) | cos |
g1 = 1 1 + 4 ( a/ c)
f =
fW =

1/ 4

( a/ c 1)

1/ 4

( a/ c > 1)

[ ( a/ c ) cos + sin ]
[ ( a/ c ) sin + cos ]
sec c
2W

a
t

(6 11)

1/ 2

(6 12)

, ac , W , f W
1
, E( k)
E( k ) =

[1 + 1 .464( a/ c)

1 .6 5

1/ 2

( a/ c 1 )

[1 + 1 .464( c/ a) 1 .6 5 ] 1/ 2 ( a/ c > 1 )

(6 13)

0 .13 %
t , W , a/ t0 , f W = 1 , g1 = 1 , Fe = M 1 f , (6 9 )

( 6 .6)
, 6 .6
K = Fs

t a
a a c
, , ,
c t W
E( k )

(6 14)

0 a/ c < 2 , c/ W < 0 .5 , 0
6 .6

1 30

a/ t :

0 a/ c 0 .2 , a/ t < 1 .25( 0 .6 + a/ c)
0 .2 a/ c , a/ t < 1
Fs ,
2

a
a
Fs = M1 + M2
+ M3
t
t
a/ c1 a/ c > 1

g1 f f W

a/ c1 ,
M1 = 1 .1 3 - 0 .09( a/ c)
M2 = - 0 .54 + 0 .8 9/ [0 .2 + ( a/ c) ]
1
a
M3 = 0 .5 + 14 1 0 .65 + ( a/ c)
c
2

g 1 = 1 + [0 .1 + 0 .3 5( a/ t ) ] (1 - sin)

24

a/ c > 1 ,
M1 = [ 1 + 0 .04 ( c/ a) ]

c/ a

M2 = 0 .2 ( c/ a) 4
M3 = - 0 .1 1( c/ a) 4
2

g1 = 1 + [ 0 .1 + 0 .35( c/ a) ( a/ t ) ] ( 1 - sin)

, f f W E( k ) ( 6 11 ) (6 12) ( 6 13)
6 .1 W = 100mm, t = 12mm a = 1mm , c = 5mm
, = 600MPa , ( =/ 2 )
K/ 2
(6 14 )
K = Fs

t a
a a c
, , ,
c t W
E( k)

0 a/ c = 0 .2 < 2 , c/ W = 0 .0 5 < 0 .5 , a/ t = 1/ 12 < 1

Fs ,
Fs =

M1 + M2

a
t

+ M3

a
t

g1 f f W

a/ c1 ,
1 31

M 1 = 1 .13 - 0 .0 9( a/ c ) = 1 .112
M 2 = - 0 .54 + 0 .89/ [ 0 .2 + ( a/ c) ] = 1 .685
24

1
a
M 3 = 0 .5 + 14 1 0 .6 5 + ( a/ c)
c

= - 0 .61

g1 = 1 + [0 .1 + 0 .35 ( a/ t ) ] (1 - sin) = 1 .0
2

f = [ ( a/ c) cos + sin ]
sec c
2W

fW =

1/ 2

a
t

1/ 4

sec 5
200

=1
1/ 2

1
12

= 1 .0001 1

Fs =

1
1 .1 12 + 1 .685
12

1
- 0 .6 1
12

1 .0 = 1 .128

(6 13 ) , a/ c = 0 .2 < 1 ,
E ( k ) = [1 + 1 .4 64 ( a/ c)

1 .6 5

1/ 2

= 1 .05

K/ 2 = 1 .128

600 0 .0 01
MPa m = 36 .1MPa
1 .05

: ( = 0) ,
2

g 1 = 1 + [0 .1 + 0 .3 5( a/ t ) ] (1 - sin) = 1 .102
2

f = [ ( a/ c ) cos + sin ]

1/ 4

= 0 .4 472

,
f s = 1 .2 395 0 .4472 = 0 .5543

K0 = 39 .7 0 .5543MPa m = 22MPa m

1/ 4 ( 6 .7 )
6 .7 1/ 4
K = Fc

1 32
6 .7

t a
a a
, ,
c t
E( k)

(6 15)

0 .2 a/ c < 2 ,

a/ t < 1

c/ W < 0 .2 ,

0 / 2

Fc ,
Fc =

a
t

M1 + M 2

+ M3

a
t

g1 g2 f

a/ c1 ,
M1 = 1 .0 8 - 0 .03( a/ c)
M2 = - 0 .44 + 1 .0 6/ [0 .3 + ( a/ c) ]
M3 = - 0 .5 + 0 .25 ( a/ c) + 14 .8( 1 - a/ c)
2

g1 = 1 + [0 .08 + 0 .4( a/ t ) ] (1 - sin)

15

g2 = 1 + [0 .08 + 0 .15 ( a/ t ) 2 ] ( 1 - cos) 3

a/ c > 1 ,
M 1 = [ 1 .08 - 0 .03 ( c/ a) ]
M2 = 0 .375( c/ a )

c/ a

M 3 = - 0 .25 ( c/ a) 2
g 1 = 1 + [0 .0 8 + 0 .4 ( c/ t) 2 ] (1 - sin) 3
2

g 2 = 1 + [0 .0 8 + 0 .15( c/ t ) ] ( 1 - cos)
f E( k ) (6 11) ( 6 13)

( 6 .8 )

6 .8
,
K = Fsh

t a
a a R R c
, , , , ,
c t t W W
E( k )
6 .8

( 6 16)

0 .2 a/ c 2 , a/ t < 1 , 0 .5 R/ t 2
( R + c)/ W < 0 .5 , - / 2 / 2
Fsh ,
Fsh =

M1 + M2

a
t

+ M3

a
t

g1 g 2 g3 f f W
1 33

M1 =

c/ a

( a/ c 1 )
( a/ c > 1 )

M2 =

0 .0 5
3/ 2
0 .11 + ( a/ c)

M3 =

0 .2 9
3/ 2
0 .23 + ( a/ c)
4

( a/ t ) | cos |
g1 = 1 1 + 4( a/ c)
2

g2 = ( 1 + 0 .358+ 1 .425 - 1 .578 + 2 .156 )/ (1 + 0 .0 8 )

2

g3 = 1 + 0 .1 (1 - cos) ( 1 + a/ t )

10

, M 1 M2 M3 g1 , g 2

= [1 + ( c/ R) cos( 0 .9) ]

-1

f (6 11 ) , f W
R
sec
sec ( 2 R + nc)
2W
4 ( W - c) + 2 nc

fW =

a
t

1/ 2

(6 17)

, n , , n = 2 ; , n
= 1
,
, :
Kn = 1 =

4
ac
+
2 tR

4
ac
+
tR

1/ 2

Kn = 2

(6 18)

, K n = 2 , ( 6 16)
, ( n = 1) ; (6 18 ) K n = 1

1/ 4 ( 6 .9 )
6 .9 1/ 4 ,

K = Fc h

6 .9
1 34

t a
a a R R c
, , , , ,
c t t W W
E ( k)

(6 19)

0 .2 a/ c 2 , a/ t < 1 , 0 .5 R/ t 1
( R + c)/ W < 0 .5 , 0 / 2
Fc h ,
Fch =

M1 + M 2

a
t

a
t

+ M3

g1 g2 g 3 f f W

a/ c1 ,
M1 = 1 .1 3 - 0 .09( a/ c)
M2 = - 0 .54 + 0 .8 9/ [0 .2 + ( a/ c) ]
1
a
M3 = 0 .5 + 14 1 0 .65 + ( a/ c)
c

24

g 1 = 1 + [0 .1 + 0 .3 5( a/ t ) 2 ] (1 - sin) 2
a/ c > 1 ,
M1 = [ 1 + 0 .04 ( c/ a) ]
M2 = 0 .2 ( c/ a)

c/ a

M3 = - 0 .1 1( c/ a)

4
2

g1 = 1 + [ 0 .1 + 0 .35( c/ a) ( a/ t ) ] ( 1 - sin)

, ; f f W ( 6 11 )
(6 17 ) ;
2

g2 = ( 1 + 0 .358+ 1 .425 - 1 .578 + 2 .156 )/ (1 + 0 .1 3 )

= [1 + ( c/ R ) cos(0 .8 5) ]

- 1

( 0 .2 a/ c 2)

( 1 + 0 .04 a/ c) [ 1 + 0 .1( 1 - cos) 2 ] [0 .8 5 + 0 .15( a/ t ) 1/ 4 ]

g3 =

( a/ c 1)
2

( 1 .13 - 0 .0 9 c/ a) [1 + 0 .1 (1 - cos) ] [ 0 .85 + 0 .15 ( a/ t)

1/ 4

( a/ c > 1)
, ,
(6 18 ) ,
6 .2 , a
= c = 1mm , 2 R = 12mm , W = 20mm , t = 10mm
s = 1400MPa , K1 C = 120MPa m ,
c
1 35

, ( 6 19 )
,
K = Fc h

t a
a a R R c
, , , , ,
c t t W W
E ( k)

, ,
Fch =

M1 + M 2

a
t

+ M3

a
t

g1 g2 g 3 f f W

a/ c = 1 ,
M1 = 1 .1 3 - 0 .09( a/ c) = 1 .0 4
M2 = - 0 .54 + 0 .8 9/ [0 .2 + ( a/ c) ] = 0 .2
1
a
M3 = 0 .5 + 14 1 0 .65 + ( a/ c)
c

24

= - 0 .1

6 .5 , = 0 ,
2

g 1 = 1 + [ 0 .1 + 0 .35 ( a/ t) ] (1 - sin) = 1 .1 035

= [1 + ( c/ R ) cos(0 .85) ]

- 1

= [1 + ( 1/ 6) cos0]

-1

= 6/ 7 = 0 .857
2

g 2 = (1 + 0 .358+ 1 .425 - 1 .5 78 + 2 .156 )/ ( 1 + 0 .13 )

= 2 .303
2

g 3 = (1 + 0 .04 a/ c) [1 + 0 .1 (1 - cos) ] [0 .85 + 0 .15 ( a/ t)

= 1 .113
f f W (6 11 ) ( 617 )
2

f = [ ( a/ c) cos + sin ]

1/ 4

= 1

, n = 1 ,
fW =
=

R
( 2 R + nc)
sec
sec
2W
4( W - c) + 2 nc
3
(12 + 1)
sec
sec
20
4 19 + 2

1
10

1/ 2

a
t
1/ 2

= 1 .0 667

, Fch
2

Fch = [1 .0 4 + 0 .2 (0 .1 ) - 0 .1 (0 .1 ) ] 1 .1 035 2 .303

1 .113 1 1 .0 667 = 3 .144
1 36

1/ 4

a/ c = 1 , ( 6 2) E( k ) =/ 2 , a = 0 .0 01m ,
Kn = 2 = 4 .131

2
c a = 0 .1122c

(6 18 )
4
ac
+
2 tR

Kn = 1 =

4
ac
+

tR

1/ 2

Kn = 2 = 0 .9968 K n = 2 = 0 .1118c

K n = 1 = 0 .1118c K1 C

c K1 C/ 0 .1118 = ( 120/ 0 .1469 ) MPa = 1073 .3MPa
, 1mm , > 816 .88MPa,
, s = 1400MPa,

6 .3

,
, ( )
,

Kobayashi
,
6 .10 ,

2
b a
a
2
2
K = M tb
sin + 2 cos
E( k )
c

1/ 4

(6 20)

1 37

6 .10

, b , , M
(0 ) ; Mt b
,
(6 3 ) , t b ,
M f ( ) Mt b
(=/ 2 ) (= 0 )
, =/ 2 , (6 20)
K (/ 2 ) = M tb (/ 2 )

t a
E( k )

Kobayashi (=/ 2 ) K (/ 2 ) ,
Mt b(/ 2 ) , 6 .11
M t b(/ 2 ) ,
,
Scott ( Fatigue of Engineering Materials and St ructures , Vo14 , No .4 , 1981)
:
K (/ 2 ) = M f (/ 2 ) 1 - 1 .36
K( 0 ) =

Mf ( 0 )

a
1 - 0 .3
t

+ 0 .394 E( k)

1 38

a
t

a
t

a
c
1 -

12

a
c

0 .1

a
t
- 1/ 2

b a
E( k)
12

b a
E ( k)

(6 21)

6 .11 Mtb

, K (/ 2 ) K ( 0 ) ( =/ 2 )
(= 0 ) ; M f (/ 2 ) M f ( 0 ) ,
(6 4) (6 7 ) ,
M f (/ 2 ) = 1 .13 - 0 .07

a
c

1/ 2

a
a
a
M f ( 0 ) = 1 .21 - 0 .1
+ 0 .1
c
c
c
a/ t1 ,
K ( 0 ) = 0 .394b c
Wilson Thompson 2 c

1+
b c
3+
= 0 .3 ,
K( 0 ) =

Letunov ( St reng th of Materials, 1985) , :

a
a

K (/ 2 ) = 1 .12 - 0 .0 7
1 - 2
0 .72 - 0 .2
- E( k )
c
t
2
a
0 .998 + 0 .603
c

- 0 .783

a
+ 0 .118
c

a
t
1 39

+ 0 .1 69
K( 0 )

a
c

a
- 0 .975
+ 0 .95
c

a
= 1 .2 1 - 0 .34
t
+

- 4 .8 67

a
c

0 .99 + 0 .451
2

a
t
a
c

fW

b a
E( k )

- 0 .63

a
+ 3 .748
- 0 .542
c

a
t

a
+ 0 .5 42
c

fW

b a
E( k )

a
t
a
t
(6 22)

, f W
fW

= sec c
W

a
t

1/ 2

,
,
, 6 .12
( ) ;
; ,

6 .12

Kanazawa Kobayashi ,
:
K (/ 2 ) = ( M1 M2 t + M3 b )
1 40

a
E( k )

K ( 0 ) = 1 .18 M1 M4 t + 1 - 0 .3 06

a
a
a
b
(6 23)
t
E( k )
c

, t b 6 .12 , E( k )
,
M1 = 1 + 0 .12 [1 - ( a/ 2 c) ]

M2 = 1 + 0 .127( a/ t ) - 0 .079( a/ c ) - 0 .558( a/ t )

- 0 .175( a/ t ) ( a/ c)

+ 0 .2 79 ( a/ c) 2 + 1 .44 ( a/ t) 3 - 1 .06( a/ t ) 2 ( a/ c)
+ 0 .6 09 ( a/ t) ( a/ c) 2 - 0 .249( a/ c ) 3
M3 = 1 .1 83 - 1 .22 ( a/ t ) - 0 .2 86 ( a/ c) + 0 .8 67 ( a/ t)

- 0 .0 0677 ( a/ t) ( a/ c) + 0 .2 3( a/ c ) + 0 .4 67 ( a/ t)
2

- 1 .9 2( a/ t ) ( a/ c) + 0 .6 33 ( a/ t ) ( a/ c)

- 0 .182 ( a/ c)

M4 = 0 .9 94 - 0 .0126 ( a/ t ) + 0 .0 701( a/ c ) + 0 .0155 ( a/ t)

+ 0 .1 79 ( a/ t) ( a/ c) - 0 .2 11 ( a/ c)

- 0 .0839 ( a/ t)

+ 0 .2 31 ( a/ t) 2 ( a/ c) - 0 .3( a/ t ) ( a/ c) 2 + 0 .162( a/ c) 3
( =/ 2 )
( Kobayashi , Mt b(/ 2 )
) , 6 .11 ,
Newman Raju

K = Fs

(t + Hb )
a a c
, , ,
c t W
E ( k)

(6 24)

, t b ; E ( k ) (6 2)
(6 13 ) ; 6 .5 ; Fs ( 6 14) ;
p

H = H1 + ( H2 - H1 ) sin ; p = 0 .2 + a/ c + 0 .6 a/ t
H1 = 1 - 0 .34 a/ t - 0 .1 1( a/ c) ( a/ t )
H2 = 1 + G1 ( a/ t ) + G2 ( a/ t )

G1 = - 1 .22 - 0 .12 ( a/ c)
G2 = 0 .55 - 1 .0 5( a/ c ) 3/ 4 + 0 .4 7( a/ c ) 3/ 2
:
0 a/ c 1 , 0 a/ t < 1 , c/ W < 0 .5
1 41

1
,
2
3 ,
:
=/ 2 , , , ( 6 1 )

K (/ 2 ) =

t a
E( k )

= 0 , , ,
K( 0 ) =

t a
E( k )

a
c

( a/ c = 1 ) ,
2
K = t a

4 ,
2
t a
a
2
2
K = Mf
sin + 2 cos
E( k)
c
c , a/ c0 , K = 1 .1215t a

1/ 4

a/ c = 1 ,
2
K = 1 .03 t a

a/ c 01 , M f
1 .03 1 .1215
5

6 , ,

61 ,

1 42

?
62 , ,
?
?
63 ( t = 20mm ) , 2 a =
1 .2mm , 2 c = 4mm ys = 1200MPa, K1 C =
80M Pa m , c
64 W = 100mm , t = 12 mm a = 2mm , c = 5 mm ,
= 600 MPa , (= 0) (=/ 2)
65 D = 500mm , t = 18mm , p = 40M Pa
ys = 1700MPa, K1 C = 60 MPa m ,
a = 2mm , 2 c = 6 mm , nf
66 , a = 1mm , c = 2 mm ,
d = 12mm , W = 20mm , t = 10 mm K1 C
= 120 MPa m , = 700 MPa ,
67 W = 100mm , t = 12 mm a = 2 mm , c = 5mm ,
, 67 (=/ 2)

67

1 43


, ,
, K ,
, , ( L EFM Liner Elastic Fracture
Mechanics)
,
, ,
,

7 .1

5 .2 ( r , ) x y
x y r0 , r

- 1/ 2

, , ,

x y
x y , , ,
, ,
,

(5 1) , (= 0 ) , K = a ,
x = y =

a
=
2r

K1
2r

; x y = 0

( 7 1)

, yz = z x = 0 ; , z = 0;
, z = (x + y )
x y = y z = z x = 0 ,
1 = 2 =
1 44

K1
2r

3 =

( )

0
2K1/

2r

( )

( 7 2)

, von Mises
2

(1 - 2 ) + (2 - 3 ) + (3 - 1 ) = 2ys
(7 2) Mises ,
K 1/

2rp = ys ( )
2r p = ys ( )

( 1 - 2) K1/

1 K1
rp =
2 ys

1 K1
rp =
2 ys

( )
( 7 3)
(1 - 2)

( )

, ys , , 0 .3 ,
,
= 0 ( x ) ,
7 .1
y , r 0 , y
, y > ys
,
ys , A B ,
rp , ,
A B BK
, A B BK
( HK ) ,

7 .1

A H B
, , A B
,
, ( 7 3 )
, R;
y ( x ) td x x t = 1 ,
7 .1 ,
A BCD HBK
, CD BK
1 45

, AC H B ,
r

( x) d x

Rys =

y = K1/

1 K1
2r , rp =
2 ys

1 K1
R =
ys

= 2 rp

, , Ir win
:
1 K1
R = 2 rp =
ys

( )

2 2

( )

( 7 4)

, ( K1/ ys ) ,
1/ 3

,
, 7 .1 ACD
AC R = 2 rp , y =
ys ; CD BK ,
BC = rp
a a + rp ,
CD , 7 .2 a + rp
, a + rp
a, r= r - rp ,
7 .2

Irwin

Ir win

K1 = ( a + rp )
(= 0 )

1 46

( 7 5)

y = ys ,

r 2 rp
K1

y =

2( r - rp )

r 2 rp

( 7 6)

7 .1 , ,

K1 = a
, ( 7 5 )
K
1 = ( a + r p )
(7 4) rp ,
1 a
K1 = a +
2 ys
= a
=

1
1+
2 ys
1
1+
2 ys

1/ 2

1/ 2

= K1
2

1/ 2

> 1 , K
1 K 1

K
1 - K1
= - 1
K1

, = 1 (/ ys ) = 0 .2 , = 1 % ; (/ ys ) = 0 .5
, = 6 % ; (/ ys ) = 0 .8 , = 15 % , 3 ,

,
(/ ys ) ,

6 .1 ,
K1 =

M f a
E( k )

( 7 7)

, M f , M f = 1 .1 ; E ( k )
, Ir win , a + rp
a ,
1 47

1 .1 ( a + rp )
E( k )

K1 =

, ( 7 4 )
K1
1
rp =
4 2 ys

, ,
K1 =

1 .1 a
Q

( 7 8)

Q = { [ E( k ) ] - 0 .2 12 (/ ys ) }

1/ 2

, ,
Q E( k ) ,
,
, ( 6 13) , Q
Q = [1 + 1 .47 ( a/ c)

1 .6 4

- 0 .212(/ ys ) ]

1/ 2

( 7 9)

7 .2 ,
ys = 600MPa, K1 C = 50MPa m , :
1) = 500MPa ac ( a/ c = 0 .5)
2) a/ c = 0 .1 , a = 5mm , c
1 ) ( 7 8 )
, Q (7 9) ,
K1 =

1 .1 ac
= K1 C ;
Q
2

Q K1 C
ac =
2
1 .21

Q = 1 + 1 .47( 0 .5)

1 .6 4

- 0 .212( 500/ 600) = 1 .32

Q K1 C
ac =
=
2
1 .21

1 .32 50 2
m
2
1 .21 500 3 .1 4

= 0 .0 0347m = 3 .47mm
2)
K1 =
1 48

1 .1c a
= K1 C
Q

Q c ,
Q2 = 1 + 1 .47( 0 .1) 1 .6 4 - 0 .212(c/ 600) 2
= 1 .034 - 0 .212 (c/ 600)

, Q ,
2

1 .034 K1 C
=
1 .2 1a + 0 .212( K1 C/ ys ) 2
2
c

1 .034 50
2
2 ( M Pa )
1 .21 0 .005 + 0 .212( 50/ 600 )

= 126282 ( MPa )

c = 355 .4MPa

, rp a ( a > 20
50 r p ) , ,
; ( ) ;
,

7 .2
, ,
, ; , ( 7 4 )

= W/ ( W - 2 a) ys , ,
, 7 .3

7 .3 7 .4

, ,
1 49

, ,
( COD ) , ,
COD x , a , COD
( CTODCrack T ip Openning Displacement ) x = a ,
, 7 .4 ,
,
7 .4 , Dugdale aeff = a + rp , rp
; rp = ys ,

, / ys < 1 , ,
Dugdale
=

8ys a

ln sec 2
E
ys

(7 10)

, / ys 1 , Ln sec
,

ln sec 2
ys

= ln 1 2
8ys

-1

= ln 1 +
2
8ys

2 2
=
2
8ys

, , (7 10 )
2
K21
a
=
=
ys E
ys E

(7 11)

, K1 K1 C , c
, c K1 C
, ( 7 11)
2

K1
=
ys E

(7 12)

, = 1; , = ( 1 - 2 )/ 2
, , K K1
K1 C , c
, ( 7 10 ) , c
, CT OD

7 .3 COD
1 50

( COD)
COD ,
h , , 7 .5 P
, V , K1 C , PV

e p ,
= e +p

(7 13)

, e , (7 12)
( ) ,
O , 7 .5 , O
r ( W - a) , r
p V p
p =

r ( W - a) V p
r ( W - a) + ( a + h )

(7 14)

, h ; r ,
, r 0 .3 0 .5 , 7 .6 GB2358 80
r 0 .4 5 , r 0 .4

7 .5 COD

, :
K21
r( W - a) V p
= e +p =
+
Eys
r ( W - a) + ( a + h)

(7 15)
1 51

, K1 ( 5 8 ) , P a ;
GB2358 80 (1 - 2 )/ 2

7 .6 rCOD

7 .7 PV

K1 C , , ; PV
, , C( PC , V C )
C PV ,
V p C , 7 .7
7 .3 : E = 210GPa , = 0 .3 , ys = 450MPa
: B = 25mm , W = 50mm; h = 2mm,
a = 26mm
1) P = 50k N V p = 0 .33mm , CT OD
2) P = 60k N, V p C = 0 .56mm ,
CTOD c
1) (5 8)
3 PL
K1 =
2
2 BW

a
a
a 1 .0 90 - 1 .735
+ 8 .20
W
W
3

a
- 14 .18
W

a
+ 14 .57
W

, L = 4 W ; a/ W = 26/ 50 = 0 .52;

K1 =

6P
BW

a [ 1 .090 - 1 .735( 0 .52 ) + 8 .20( 0 .52 )

3

- 14 .18( 0 .52 ) + 14 .57 (0 .5 2) ]

- 3

6 50 10
0 .025 0 .05

= 101 .3MPa m
1 52

3 .1 4 0 .026 1 .4765 MPa m

, MNmMPa , K MPa m
e ( 712 )
2

K1 (1 - 2 )
e =
=
2ys E

101 .3 ( 1 - 0 .3 )
3 m
2 450 210 10

= 0 .0000494m = 0 .0 49mm
p (7 14)
p =

r ( W - a ) Vp
=
r ( W - a) + ( a + h)

0 .45 (50 - 26) 0 .3 3

mm
0 .4 5( 50 - 26 ) + (26 + 2 )

= 0 .092mm
CTOD
= e +p = (0 .049 + 0 .0 92 ) mm = 0 .1 41mm
2) ,
- 3

K1 =

6 60 10
0 .025 0 .05

3 .1 4 0 .026 1 .4765 MPa m

= 121 .5MPa m

2

K1 ( 1 - 2 )
ec =
=
2ys E

121 .5 ( 1 - 0 .3 )
m
2 450 210 103

= 0 .000071m = 0 .071mm

pc =

r( W - a) V pc
=
r( W - a) + ( a - h)

0 .4 5 ( 50 - 26) 0 .56
mm
0 .45 (50 - 26 ) + ( 26 + 2 )

= 0 .156mm
CTOD
c = ec +pc = ( 0 .071 + 0 .156) mm = 0 .227mm
C TOD
, CTOD
K1 C , CTOD (c )
CTOD
1 53

(7 16)

, , Dugdale
( 710 ) , ; CTOD
,
, ,
,
7 .4 d = 500mm , t = 2 .5mm ,
E = 200 GPa, = 0 .3 , ys = 1200MPa, c = 0 .05mm
p = 8M Pa,
,
= pd/ 2 t = [8 0 .5/ ( 2 2 .5 10

-3

) ] MPa = 800M Pa

,
, ,
, ( 7 10)
=

8ys a

ln sec 2
E
ys

8 1200 a

800

3 ln sec
2
1200
3 .14 200 10

= 0 .0106 a
(7 16 ) ,
= 0 .0106 ac c
ac (0 .05/ 0 .0106 ) mm = 4 .71mm
2 a = 9 .42mm
: , (7 11 )
2

2
K1
a
=
=
ys E
ys E

ac
=
c
ys E
3
cys E
0 .051200200 10
ac 2
=
mm = 5 .97mm
800800 3 .14

2 a = 11 .94mm , / ys ,
,
1 54

( CTOD ) ,
CTOD
CVDA
JWES 2805 1983 , ,
, ,

1 ,

2 Irwin
1 K1
R = 2 rp =
ys

, =

( )

2 2 ( )
( K1/ ys ) ,
1/ 3
3 , Irwin
K1 = ( a + rp )

K1 =

1 .1 a
; Q
Q

4 Dugdale ( CTOD)
=

8ys a

ln sec
2ys
E

5 ,
K21
=
ys E
2

, = 1; , = ( 1 - )/ 2
6
7 K1 C , CTOD (c )
CT OD

c
1 55

71 K1 ys
72
73 D = 500 mm , t = 10mm , p = 5 .2 MPa
:0 .2 = 834MPa, c = 0 .064mm E = 200GPa 2 a = 70mm
, nf
74 a/ c = 0 .2 ,
y s = 900M Pa , K1 C = 100MPa m , :
1) = 600M Pa ac
2) a = 5 mm , c
75 = 352M Pa , K1 C =
130M Pa m , ys = 550M Pa a/ c = 0 .25 ,
, nf = K1 C/ K1 = 4 ,
76 t = 30mm , K1 C = 30M Pa m , ys =
620M Pa
1) 2 a , = 150 MPa ,
ac
2 ) a , a/ c = 0 .5 , = 150MPa
, ac
3 ) = 600 MPa ( ) , ,

1 56


, ,
, ,
?
, ? ,
? , ,
?
20 60 , , ,
, ;
, ; 60
, ,

,
40 , :
( Fatiguec rackgro wt h) ,
K ,
K ,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,

8 1
rp a , a rp ,
, (
) ,

15 7

d a/ d N( d a/ d t) , , a
N ( t) ,

8 1 1 a N
, ( CCT

Cen terCrack Tension) ( CT Compact T en

sion) , , a
N , 8 1 a N aN

8 1 R = 0 ,
a N aN
, d a/ d N
K = f a,
f aN
:

a, ,
K , d a/ d N
, a , K
, d a/ d N
d a/ d N
8 1 a N

K = f (, a) ,
d a/ d N = (, R , )

( 8 1)

, R = Kmin/ Km ax =m in/ m ax = Pmin/ Pm ax ; K , R

,
, ,
,
K
K = K m ax - K min R > 0
K = K m ax R < 0

( 8 2)

8 1 2
a N a i , ( d a/ d N) i ;

15 8

, a i , i a N
[i , ( d a/ d N ) i ] , d a/ d NK
d a/ d NK S N
N , ,
SN

N , d a/ d NK
: SN

N R = - 1
( ) , d a/ d NK R = 0 ( )

d a/ d NK , 8 2 8 1
R aN , d a/ d NK
, K
d a/ d NK
8 2 , d a/ d NK

1 : ,
K ,
Kth ,
( d a/ d N < 10

- 10

m/ C) K < Kth ,

K th
,
; d a/ d NK 8 2 da/ d NK

2 : , 10 - 9 10 - 5 m/ C
: , d a/ d NK
,
3 : , , d a/ d N , ,
, ,
, K m ax < KC K = ( 1 R) Km ax , 8 2 K = (1 - R) KC

, lgd a/ d NlgK
d a/ d N = C(K)

( 8 3)

Paris ( 1963 ) : K
15 9

; K ( a
) , d a/ d N Cm
, , SN

N , d a/ d NK R = 0 ( )

, Kth ,

K < Kth

( 8 4)

Kth

K T , R = 0 ,K T K m ax T
, , 2 3
Km ax T
K m ax T = 0 .00637

Eys

( 8 5)

, E ,ys , M Pa; Km ax T MPa m

( C , m)
, Paris (8 3 ) Cm
:
1) = , R = 0 , a = a0 ,

2) ai Ni
3) ( ai , N i ) , ( d a/ d N ) i ,
( ) ,
a i = ( ai + 1 - ai )/ 2
,
( d a/ d N ) i = ( ai+ 1 - ai )/ ( Ni+ 1 - Ni )

( 8 6)

4) (,
ai ) ,
ai (K) i
5) Paris (8 3 )
lg ( d a/ d N ) = lg C + mlg(K)

( 8 7)

[ ( d a/ d N) i , (K ) i ] , (8 7 ) ,
Cm
16 0

8 2
a0 ac , Nc ,
, Pa ris ,

8 2 1
, ,

ac
KC
1
ac KC ac =
fm a x

Km ax = fm ax

( 8 8)

,m ax ; K C ; f
, ( W a) ,
f = 1; ( W a) , f = 1 .12
,
d a = (K , R) = ( f ,, a, R, )
dN
a0 ac ,
a

a
0

da
=
( f ,, a, R)

dN
c

( f ,, R, a0 , ac ) = N c

( 8 9)

f ,
, f = , , Pa ris
a
c

a
0

da
=
m
C( f a)

dN
c

1
m

Nc =

C( f ) (0 .5 m - 1)
ac
1

ln
m
a0
C( f )

1
0 .5 m - 1
0

1
0 .5 m - 1
c

m2

(8 10)

m= 2

(8 8) ( 8 9) (8 10) ,
, ,
16 1

8 2 2 Paris
, :
1) R, a0 , ac

Nc
2) R, Nc , ac a0
3) a0 ac , N c , ( R)
m ax
8 1 a0 = 0 .5mm , R = 0 ,m ax = 200MPa
ys = 630M Pa, u = 670MPa ,
E = 2 .07105 MPa , Kth = 5 .5M Pa
KC = 104MPa

m , d a/ d N = 6 .9 10

- 12

m ,
3

(K ) , d a/ d N

m/ c
1) K
a W a/ W < 0 .1 ,
, f = 1 .1 2
K = 1 .12 a
2) K:
K = Km ax - Km in = 1 .1 2(m ax - m in )

a = 1 .12 a

, R = 0 , min = 0 , = m ax = 200MPa
3) a0 ?
(8 4) , a = a0 = 0 .5 mm = 0 .510 - 3 m ,
K = 1 .12 a = 9M Pa

m > Kth = 5 .5MPa

,
4) ac :
(8 8) ac ,
KC
ac = 1
1 .12m ax

= 0 .0 68 m = 68mm

5) N c
(8 10 ) a0 = 0 .005m , ac = 0 .068m ,
16 2

= 200MPa , C = 6 .9 10

- 12

, m = 3 ( 810 )
N c = 189500

1:
a0 = 0 .51 .52 .5 mm , K C = 52
104208MPa

m , N c
a0 KC

a0 / mm

KC/ MPa

ac/ mm

Nc/

0 .5

104

68

189 .5

100

1 .5

104

68

101 .9

53 .8

2 .5

104

68

74 .9

39 .5

0 .5

208

272

198 .4

105

0 .5

52

17

171 .7

90 .6

: K C , ac 4
, Nc 5 % ; , ac
1/ 4 , Nc 10 % , a0
0 .5mm 1 .5mm , N c ; a0 0 .5mm
2 .5mm , N c 60 % ,
, KC
, ,
, ,
, ,
2: d a/ d NK S N
a0 , a f ( a f < ac ) ,
, Pa ris
da
m
m
= C(K) = C[ f ( a, W , ) a]
dN
= ,
16 3

N =
m

a
0

da
=
C [ f a] m

(8 11)

, , ,
S, Sa = S/ 2 ,
S am N = C1
SN
:
, SN d a/ d NK
, Pa ris
,
, a0 = 0 .5mm , a f = 30mm ,
= 200MPa , N = 180000 Sa = S/ 2 =
/ 2 = 100M Pa, N = 180000 , m
11

= 3 , SN , C1 = 1 .8 10 SN

11

Sa N = 1 .8 10

(8 12)

3: Miner
a0 , S1
S2
S3
n1 n2 n3 af
S1 n1 , a0 a1 , (8 11)
m
1

a
1

da

( a)

S n1 =

a
0

S1 , a0 a f ,
a

S N1 =
m
1

a
0

da
( a)

, N1 S1
S2 n2 , a1 a2 ,
a
2

da

( a)

S2m n2 =

a
1

S2 a0 af ,
a

m
2

S N2 =

a
0

da
( a)

, S3 n3 , a2 a f
a

m
3

16 4

da

( a)

S n3 =

S3 a0 af ,
a

S3m N3 =

a
0

da
( a)

S i n i Si N i
n i/ Ni , Si n i
a

n1
n2
n3
+
+
=
N1
N2
N3

1
0

da
+
( a)

a
a
a

2
1
f

da
+
( a)
da
( a)

da

( a)
a

= 1

Miner , Miner
,
a0 = 0 .5mm , a f = 30mm , Si/ MPa
,
150
(8 12 ) S N
200
N i (
) ,
ni/ Ni ( )

ni/ 103

Ni/ 103

ni/ Ni

30

426 .6

0 .0703

20

180 .0

0 .1111

250

10

92 .1

0 .1086

300

53 .3

0 .0938

, Mine r
n/ N = 1

= 1/ n/ N = (1/ 0 .3838) = 2 .6

82 , m ax = 200MPa ,min = 20MPa

KC = 104M Pa, 0 .1 Hz , 1000
ai
[ : d a/ d N = 4 10 - 14 (K ) 4 m/ c ]
1) ac
, f = 1 , K = a
KC
ac = 1
m ax

= 0 .086m

2)
5

N = ( 0 .1 3600 1000 ) = 3 .6 10
3) ai , N ,
ac , (8 10 )
1 = N c C( ) m + 1 = 160 .8
ai
ac
16 5

m = 4 =m ax - min = 180M Pa,

ai = ( 1/ 160 .8) m = 0 .0 062m = 6 .2mm
, ai = 6 .2 mm
:
ai > 6 .2mm , ,

ai = 10mm , , :
m

1
1
1
- m/ 2 - 1
m/ 2 - 1
m
ac
CN [ Y ( a) ] ai

, , ac 0 .086m ,
1 KC
ac =
m ax

1 (1 - R) KC
=

,
159M Pa

m ax =
/ (1 - R) 176MPa

, , ai = 10mm ac =
86 mm
N 213238

T [ N/ ( 0 .1 3600 ) ] h = 592 h

8 2 3 ,
, Pa ris

,
Paris
d a/ d N = C(K)

= C( a)

,( a) = f ( a, W , ) a, f ( a, W , ) ,
( a) ,
a0 , , Cm,
:
1) (8 4) ?
16 6

K a = a 0 = f ( a0 , W , ) a0 Kth
,min < 0 , =m ax
2) , ( 8 8 ) ac ,
KC
1
ac =
fm ax

3) ai
, ai = 0 .01 ai - 1 , ,ai ; ,ai
; ai ,
4) ai a i - 1 Ki
Ki - 1 ,
Ki = f ( ai , W , ) ai
,
ai = a0 + ai ( i = 1 , , n)
5) (Ki - K i - 1 )/ Ki <( = 0 .01) , ,
, ai = ai/ 2 , 4)
6) ai - 1 - ai , d a/ d N ,
m

( d a/ d N) i = C(Ki ) ; K i = (Ki - 1 + Ki )/ 2
ai
N i = ai/ ( d a/ d N) i
ai
Ni = Ni
7) 36 , ai = a0 + ai = ac
( ai , N i ) , aN ,
a0 ac Nc = N i

8 3

16 7

, ( R
) ,


8 3
d a/ d NK ,
, d a/ d NK
,

, K ,
d a/ d N
8 3
d a/ d NK

K ,
R

8 3 1
a , R , m

a = (1 - R)m ax/ 2 ,m = ( 1 + R)m ax/ 2 , :

m =

( 1 + R)
a
( 1 - R)

(8 13)

R
R > 0
R = 0 d a/ d NK , R ,
d a/ d NK 8 4
R > 0 , mi n > 0 a , R ,
m ax min , d a/ d N
d a/ d NK
, d a/ d NK
d a/ d NK ,
Forman :
da
C(K) m
=
dN
(1 - R) KC - K
Paris
16 8

(8 14)

K = ( 1 - R) Km ax , Km ax KC , ,
d a/ d N , R
, ( 1 - R) K C

8 5 RKth

8 4

,
m

da
C[ (K ) - (Kth ) ]
=
dN
(1 - R) KC - K

(8 15)

, KKth , d a/ d N0 ,
, R , ( )Kth
8 5 Kth R
Kth R
Kth = K0th (1 - R)

(8 16)

,K0th R = 0 , ;

8 5 , ( )
Kth = 7 .03 (1 - 0 .85 R)
R < 0
R < 0 , ,
: R < 0 ,K :
, ; ,
; , ,
16 9

,
8 4 , R = 0 , d a/ d N
: d a/ d N ; , ( 1 - R) KC ,
d a/ d N ,
d a/ d N , R > 0
Walker R
,
d a/ d N = C[ (1 - R) m K m ax ] n

(8 17)

Cm n ,

Ri , a N , i [ ( Km ax ) ij ,
( d a/ d N) i j ] , ( 8 17)
d a/ d N = xi ( Km ax )

(8 18)

, xi = C( 1 - R i ) ; q = m n (8 18 ) ,
xi n ( Ri , xi ) , lg xi = lg C + qlg (1 - R i )
C q, m = q/ nWal ker R > 0 / R < 0
, ,

8 3 2
8 6 30Cr2 WMo V (30
)

:
1) ,
d a/ d N
,
, ,

8 6

2) d a/ d N , f

d a/ d N
3) d a/ d N , d a/ d NK
17 0

Paris , ,
d a/ d N = C( f ) (K) m = ( A - Blg f ) (K) m

(8 19)

, C , C = ( A - Blg f ) d a/ d N
K
, d a/ d N R
, 0 .1 100 H z d a/ d N
( )
, , d a/ d N ,

8 3 3
,

,
,
, ;

, (
) , , ,

, ,
,
( St resscorrosioncracking )
K1 i ( K1 i < K1 C ) ,
, K1 i
t f , 8 7
:
1) , K1 i K 1 C

17 1

2) K1 i ,
t f
3 ) K1 i ,
tf ,
,
K1 s cc ,
( 1000 ) , K1 i
8 7 K1 it f

tf K 1 s cc
K1 s cc 1

K1 i < K1 s cc ,

, K1 scc ,

( d a/ d t) C F
, ,
( d a/ d N) CF : ( d a/ d N ) CF
K 8 8

8 .8

A : ( d a/ d N ) CF K ,
( d a/ d N ) F K ,
;
(K ) thC F Kth ,
17 2

B : K = (1 - R) Km ax , , Km ax < K1 s cc ,
, Km ax >
K1 sc c , , , ( d a/
d N ) CF K ,

C : AB , Km ax < K1 s cc ,

, ,

1 . , a rp ,
: K = f ( a) a; : f ( a) = 1 .0; : f = 1 .12
2 . K , Kth , ( 1 - R) K C
K = Km ax - Kmi n = f ( a) a R 0 , min 0
R < 0 , min < 0

= Km ax

K < Kth
K m ax = K C , ac = ( 1/ ) ( KC/ fm ax ) 2

3 . Pa ris :

d a/ d N = C(K) m

Nc =

1
1
1
0 .5 m - 1
0 .5 m - 1
m
ac
C( f ) ( 0 .5 m - 1 ) a0

ac
1
l
n
a0
C( f ) m

m 2

m = 2

4 . a0 , a0
5 . d a/ d N ; d a/ d N ;
, , , d a/ d N
6 . , 8 1
17 3

81

S < S y ; N > N t ( 104 )

Sm N = C

S < S y ; rp a,

S > S y ; N < N t ( 103 )

a =a/ E + (a/ k) 1/ n

K < K th
a =ea +pa
Sa/ S - 1 + Sm/ Su = 1
Miner : D = n/ N = 1
Km ax = K C
f - m

=
( 2 N ) b + f
E
Pa ris
Miner :
c
( 2 N)
N A = N B( n/ N) B
da/ d N = C(K) m
Neuber : K K = K2t
/ (n/ N) A
Goodman

= / E + 2(/ 2 K) 1/

= K2t Se

S S f

1 .
1 .

2 .
1 . ,
2 .
2 .

3 .
3 .
3 . ,
4 .

, ,

1 .

1 . ,

2 . 1 .

, 2 .

3 .

2 . a0
3 . K
4 .L EF M
EPF M

3 .

1 . , 1 . N , , 1 . , ,

2 . S < S y , ac 2 .
3 .
3 .
4 . LEF M 4 . LEF M

17 4

, ,

2 . ,

3 . ( )

81 ? Pa ris
82 R = - 1 ,S = 200 MPa ,
:
a/ mm 2 .23 2 .25 2 .28 2 .35 2 .41 2 .49 2 .62 2 .96 3 .58 4 .59 5 .08 5 .56
N/ 103

80

105

110

115

125

130

135

140

145

147 147 .4147 .5

a ) aN
b) lg (d a/ d N) lg(K) ,
c ) , Paris C m
83 2 a0 , R = 0 , K C = 120 M Pa

m,

d a/ d N = 210 - 12 (K)3 m/ C
a) a0 = 0 .5 mm , 2 mm Smax = 100200300 MPa
b) a0 = 0 .5 mm SN
84 Sm ax = 200M Pa, Smin = 20M Pa ,
K C = 150 MPa

m, f = 0 .1 Hz , 1000

, a0
( d a/ d N = 410 - 14 (K)4 m/ C)
85 , R = 0 KC = 100 M Pa

m,Kth = 6 M Pa

m,

d a/ d N = 310 - 12 (K)3 m/ C a0 = 0 .5 mm , :
a) Sm ax
b) N = 0 .5106 Sm ax
86 a0 = 3mm ,
ac = 8mm ,
N1 Pa ris 3 , :
a) , ac = 10 mm ,
b) , a0 = 1mm ,
87 , ,
a0 = 0 .1 mm , ac = 2mm d a/ d N ( m/ C)
K( MPa

m ) d a/ d N = 410 - 12 (K)3 , /

, = 1000M Pa,
88 R = 30mm , r = 15 mm NiCrMoV ,
p = 320M Pa K1 C = 80M Pa

m , d a/ d N = 3

17 5



10 - 11 (K)3 a0 = 2mm ,

: K = 1 .12

17 6

2
p

2 R2
R2 - r2

K
K/ ( r)

1/ 2

, r0 , K

( K ) , ,
Kth ? , ,
K , R d a/ d NK
R ? K
? , ,
? d a/ d N
?
,

9 1
,
,

, , =y s
( ) ,
,
, ,
( ) , , 9 1

: ys ,
, 2ys , 9 1
, , , ;
= 2ys
17 7

9 .1

,
, Ir win
1 K
2r =

ys

, =

2 2

( 9 1)

,
, 1967 , J .R .Rice
, ( ,
) , ( AST M
ST P415 , 1967 )
( ) , ; (
) , ,
M
K
M = 2 rp = 1

ys
, K = Y(a)

1/ 2

2
Y
a
=

ys

( 9 2)

, Y ,

,
y| = ys 0 x M
y| =

K
x M
2( x - M/ 2 )

( 9 3)

Irwin , 9 2 ( a )
( ) ,
17 8

, ,
2ys , c
2
Y
a
c =
2y s

( 9 4)

: ,
2ys ys c , 9 2 ( b)

9 2

,
y| = 2ys 0 x c
y| =

K1
2( x - c/ 2 )

x c

( 9 5)

( 9 2 ( a ) ) ,
( 9 2 ( b) ) ,
( 9 2 ( c ) ) Rice
,
y | - =y | - y | = - ys (0 xc )

y | - =y | - y | =ys y | - =

K1
2( x - M/ 2)

K1
(c xM )
2( x - c/ 2 )

( 9 6)

K1
( xM )
2( x - c/ 2 )

, , ,
9 2( a ) (- ) ,
M c M M ,c

17 9

:
1) , ;
= 2ys
2) ( ) , c
3) R = 0 ,= , (9 2 ) (9 4) , c = M/ 4; ,
R = - 1 ,= 2, c = M
4) ,
Rice (
) ,
Rice , , (
) ,
, ; (c = M ) ,
,

9 2

, > 0 ,
;< 0 ,
, ,
, ,
, ( ) ,
2

K , a
,
9 3
, , y
,
,
9 3

, ,

18 0

( ) ,
,

( ) ,
, ( crackclosure )
W .E lbe r 1971

,
, Elber :
,
, , op ;
, ,
, cl :
op c1 , 9 4 9 4
,
m ax - op
, , , eff ,
eff = m ax - op

( 9 7)

Keff = Y ( a)eff

( 9 8)

d a/ d N Keff , Pa ris
d a/ d N = C(Keff ) m = C( UK ) m = Um C(K) m

( 9 9)

, U ,
U = eff / = Keff/ K < 1

(9 10)

, U R , 2024 T3
,
U = 0 .5 + 0 .4 R

( 9 9 ) ,

18 1

Keff d a/ d N , R d a/ d N 9 5 J .Schi
jve
2024 T3 , K
, Keff

9 5 2024 T 3

, ,
COD
( Crack OpeningDis placement )
, AB , Paris
(1974) :
[ COD] A B = 4a/ E=

= ( 1/ ) [ COD] A B

(9 11)

, a := 4 a/ E,
, E= E; , E= E/ ( 1 - ) 2
( 9 11) , [ COD] A B
a
, [ COD ] ,
COD ,
a ,COD E
/ 4a
, ; , E
/ 4 a ,
, 9 6
18 2

9 6 COD

COD
9 6 COD
o ,COD , ,
COD E
/ 4 a , a ,
, ,

E
/ 4a

o ,COD ,
, ,COD
o , op ;> op ,
,COD o ,
c1 ;<c1 , op
c1 , c1

[ COD] , (9 11)
[ COD] A B - =
- =
min =

(9 12)

, , [ COD] A B ( ) , [ COD] A B - ,
9 7 , 9 6
,

9 7 { [ COD] A B - }

1 Kth
, ,
m ax op , ,
Kth , op K
2 R
: U R ,
18 3

R , U = eff / , Keff ,
d a/ d N ,Keff

3
9 8 ,
Paris , 20 60

, : ( )
(1 2 ) ,
Pa ris
d a/ d N , ;
( ) (2
1 ) ,
9 8

d a/ d N ,
,

, U , U = 0 .5 + 0 .4 R,
R = 0 , U = op/ m ax = 0 .5 , op (m ax i )/ 2
, ,op
, op 9 8
, 1 2 , op 1/ 2 2/
2 , 2/ 2; e ff = m ax - op
, d a/ d N
, 2 1 ,op 2/ 2 1/
2 ,eff , , d a/ d N

, , ,

9 3
, ,
,
18 4

, 30 , ,

1962 , Schijve Brock 2024 T3

18 5

, 9 9 ,
aN
, ,
, ( a N )

, d a/ d N
, ,
4

9 9

,
, ( Ratarda tionaft erapplicationofover load ) ,
d a/ d N ,

: , 9 10

( imm ediater etardation ) , ,

d a/ d N , ,
,

9 10

( delayedreta rdation ) , , d a/ d N ,
; , d a/ d N ,
,
,
, re s ;
, ,
,

18 6

,
op , eff ,Ke ff ,
d a/ d N
Wheele r
Wheeler
1971 :
aOL ,
OL , rOL
9 11
Wheele r :
1) OL r OL ,
9 11 Wheeler

rOL ai ,
ryi ( 91)

rOL

1 K OL
=
ys

, ryi

1 K m ax i
=

ys

2) rOL , ai + ryi = aOL + rOL ,

3) d a/ d N
( d a/ d N) d ( d a/ d N) c
Ci
( d a/ d N ) d = Ci ( d a/ d N) c

(9 13)

4) ( ai + ryi aOL + rOL ) , Ci ,

Ci = { ryi/ [ ( aOL + rOL ) - ai ] } m

(9 14)

, ai + ryi = aOL + rOL , Ci = 1 m 0 ,

; m= 0 , Ci = 1 ,
m

Wheeler , ai = aOL , Ci = ( ryi/ rOL ) ; Ci ,

d a/ d N , , Ci ,
d a/ d N ai = aOL + rOL - ryi , Ci = 1 ,

Wheele r : , m , m
, m , W heeler
Ci , ( 9 13 ) , d a/
18 7

d N ,
Willenberg
Wheeler , Willenberg
,
Willenberg :
1) , re s
2)
ai + r yi = aOL + rOL
:
ap = aOL + rOL , ai + ryi < ap , ,
, r yi = rreq , 9 12 ,
(9 15)

ai + rreq = ap = aOL + rOL

1 Kr eq
ap = ai +

ys

1 Yr eq ai
= ai +

ys

(9 16)

r eq =

ys
Y

( ap - ai )/ ai

( 9 17)

, a = ai , ;
re s , a = ai
m ax <req ,
req
(m ax ) i ,
r es = r eq - (m ax ) i

( 9 18) 9 12 Willenb erg

(m ax ) eff i = (m ax ) i - res = 2(m ax ) i - r eq 0

(mi n ) eff i = (min ) i - r es = (m ax ) i + (min ) i - req 0

(9 19)

, (m ax ) eff i (min ) eff i ,

Reff i = (m in ) eff i/ (m ax ) eff i

18 8

(9 20)

Keff i = Y[ (m a x ) eff i - (min ) e ff i ]

ai

(9 21)

R , d a/ d N F orman ( ( 8 14) )
,
m

d a/ d N = C(e ff ) / [ (1 - Reff ) K C - eff ]

(9 22)

( d a/ d N ) d , ( 9 17 ) ( 9 18)
r es , ( d a/ d N) d ,

Willen berg , :
, ai ,
req , (m ax ) eff (m in ) eff Reff ,
( d a/ d N) d ai + ryi = ap ,
, ai = aOL , ( d a/ d N ) d ,

(Keff ) = 0 (m ax ) eff = 0 2 (m ax ) i - req 0

(9 23)

, OL/ m ax 2;
OL / m ax = 2 .3 2 .7
Willenberg ,
, ; , Wheeler Willen
berg ,
,

, ,
, ,
9 13

9 13

18 9

9 14
, aN
a ) 9 13 ( a )
, , 1 10 ,

b) 9 13 ( b )
,
c) , 9 13 ( c)
,

9 .14 d a/ d N

d) 9 13( d )

, , ,

1 .

2 . U op R
3 . Keff
4 . , d a/ d N ,

5 . ,
6 .

91 ?
92 K th R
d a/ d N
93 , , ?

19 0

10 .1
, ( )
, N = N i + N p ai ,
Ni ; ai a c N p
, ,
, N i , N p
;
,
, ( ) ,

, ,

,

, :
1) ,
,
2)
,
3) ,
,
4) , ,

5)

19 1

, :
1)
, SN , Mi ner , Paris F orman ,

2)
, Neuber ; Willen
berg
3)
El ber
4)
, Miner ,
Wheeler
,

, ( SN N d a/ d NK )
, Mi ner Pa ris
, , Miner
, ,
S f K th
; SN

N Mine r Miner
; ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,

10 .2
10 .2 .1
, 30 ,
19 2

, 757 ,
, 10 .1

10 .1

a0 ( a0

, ) ,
, , ,
, ( , a) ,
, ,
(m ax ) , m ax
ac ,
ai ac , ,
, ac ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ( Da mage teler ence design)
, : ( )
( ) (
) : ,
: ,

19 3

10 .2 .2

, 10 .2

i ,
i , Ri (
) ,
( d a/ d N) i ai/ Ni = g(Ki , R)
= f (i , ai , Ri )

10 .2

( 10 1)
Ni = 1 , ai ,
ai = a0 +

a ;
i

N =

(10 2)

, , a N
: , ;
f ( ) , N ,

( 10 .3 )
:
a , d a/ d N
,
:
1) j m ax j
min j N j
10 .3

2) aj ,

( d a/ d N) j = f (j , aj , Rj )
3) a( , a0 .0 1 a) , N =a/ ( d a/ d N) j
4) N N j
N > N j , aj < a, aj = N j ( d a/ d N ) j , aj + 1 = aj +
aj , 1 ) ;
19 4

N < N j , aj > a, aj = a, Nj = N j - N , aj
= aj + aj , 2 )
aj = ac
: d a/ d N , ; d a/ d N ,
,

( R ungeKu t ta )
d a/ d N ,

, :
RK

( )

y= f ( x , y )

da/ d N = f( a)( a y, N x)

x = x0 , y = y0

N = N0 , a = a0

xn + 1 = xn + h , yn + 1

N n + 1 = N n + N , an + 1

a = an + 1 - an = ( k1 + 2 k2 + 2 k3 + k4 )/ 6

yn + 1 = yn + ( k1 + 2 k2 + 2 k3 + k4 )/ 6
k1 = h f ( xn , yn )

k1 = N f ( an )
k2 = N f ( an + k1/ 2 )

k2 = h f ( xn + h/ 2 , yn + k1/ 2)

k3 = N f ( an + k2/ 2 )

k3 = h f ( xn + h/ 2 , yn + k2/ 2)

k4 = N f ( an + k3 )

k4 = h f ( xn + h, yn + k3 )

, n = 0 , 1 , , n, n + 1
10 .1 R = 0 , = 100M Pa , a0 = 8mm
1000 d a/ d N =
( MPa

1
- 8
2
2
- 8
10 (K ) = a 10

m , m/ c )

= 100M Pa, ,
d a/ d N = a 10

-4

( m)

N = 0 , a = a0 = 8mm , N = 1000 ,
a = a0 + a, a :
19 5

k1 = N f ( a0 ) = ( 1000 0 .00810

- 4

) m = 0 .0008m

k2 = N f ( a0 + k1 / 2 ) = ( 1000 (0 .0 08 + 0 .008/ 2) 10 - 4 ) m
= 0 .00084m

k3 = 0 .000842m , k4 = 0 .0008842m

a= a - a0 = ( k1 + 2 k2 + 2 k3 + k4 )/ 6
= 0 .0 00841366m = 0 .841366mm
a = a + a0 = 8 .841366mm
, :
a = 8 .841367mm
,
,

( , )
,
,

i ni

1/

ni

(10 3)

,i ni i (
) = 2 ,
,

, ,
, ,
,
10 .2 , N L ,
:
1) ( d a/ d N) i , i
19 6

( d a/ d N) i = f (i , a)
2)
( d a/ d N) =

1
( d a/ d N ) i
NL

(10 4)

3) , ,
( d a/ d N ) = f (, a)

(10 5)

, ,

10 .3
20 80 , ;
SN N Miner
:
1)
2) ( )
,
, , ,
, :
1) , ?
, ?
2) , ?
, ?
, , : 1 )
; 2 ) ,
,
: ,
; ,

, , ( Durability )
19 7

, ,
/ , ( economic life)
( )
10 .4 ,
1 )
( IF Q )
( EIFS) ,

Fa( 0 ) ( y) Fa( 0 ) ( y)
y
2 )
( SCGMC )

10 .4

, y = W ( t, x) , t x
y
3) P( t, x ) , P( t, x ) t
x ,

4) / ,
Pal lo w , P( T e , ae ) Pal lo w , T e P( T e , ae ) T e
, ae
, : ( IFQ )
( SCGMC) P( t, x )
P( T e , ae ) Pall o w

(10 6)

1 . ( IF Q )
( EIFSD )
, , , ,
, ( 1 .9 )
10 .5

( )

19 8

at

ar
T T CI

a < ar
at

T TCI
E IFS


10 .5

, T T CI ar ( ) , Wei bull

FT ( t) = P r( T T CI t) = 1 - exp { - [ ( T - )/ ] }

(10 7)

( d a/ d t = Qa ) , EIFS = a( 0) = y T TCI
( b = 1 , y = ar exp ( - Q T) ) 10 .6 , EIFSD

Fa( 0 ) ( y) = P r( a( 0) y) = P r( T T CI T ) = 1 - F T ( T)

(10 8)

Wei bull
2 . ( S CGMC)
, t2 a( t2 ) t1
a( t1 )
a( t2 ) = a( t1 ) + a
, a t1 a( t1 )
t2 - t1
a( t1 ) = W [ a( t2 ) , t2 - t1 ]
10 .6 E IFS

t1 = 0 , a( t1 ) = y; t2 = t, a( t2 ) = x,
y = W ( x, t)

(10 9)

3 . ( P( t, x) )
t a( t) x F a( t) ( x)
Fa( t) ( x ) = P r[ a( t) x] = Pr [ a(0 ) y] = Fa( 0 ) ( y)
= Fa( 0 ) [ W ( x, t) ]

( 10 10)

t , x
P( t, x) = P r[ a( t) x] = 1 - P r[ a( t) x]
= 1 - Fa( 0 ) [ W ( x, t) ]

( 10 11)

4 . T e
, ,
Pallo w ( Pal lo w 2 %
5 % ) ,
P( T e , ae ) = Pall o w

( 10 12)

T e ae , 6 ,
8 , ae = 1mm; r = 10 mm , r =
12 mm , ae = 2mm ,

19 9

10 1
101

, ,
; ;
, ,
,

1 .
2 . : ; ;
,
3 . : :
,
4 . : ( I FQ )
( SCG MC) P( t, x ) :
,

101
102 ?
103
104

20 0

 A

,
x
y x
y
x y
+
= 0;
+
= 0
x
y
y
x

( A1)

,x y x y =y x x y

x z = 0 ; y z = 0 ; z =

( )

(x + y )

( )

x y x y uv
x =

u ; y =
x

v ; x y =
y

u+
y

v
x

( A2)

x y y x ,
2

x
+
y2

y
=
x2

u
+
x y2

v
=
y x2

x y

u
+
y

v
)
x

x y , :
2

x
+
y2

y
=
x2

x y
x y

( A3)

,
x =

1
(x -
y )
E

y =

1
(y -
x )
E

x y =

2( 1 + )
x y
E

( )

( A4)

(z = 0) , E/ (1 - ) E,
/ (1 - )

( A4 ) ( A3 ) , ,

2
2

(x + y ) = 0
20 1

(x +y ) = 0

( A5)

, (x + y ) , ,
(x +y ) ,

, ( A1 ) ( A5 ) , ,

( A1 )
2

; y =
2
y

x =

; x y = 2
x

x y

( A6)

, , Airy
Airy ( A1) ,
, ( A 6) ( A 5) ,
4

+ 2
4
x

+
2
2
x y

= 0; 4 = 0
4
y

( A7)

, ( A7 ) , ( A 6)
,
( A7) , z = x + i y
z = x+
i y, ( A7 )
4

= 0
2
z
z
2

( A8)

1
[
z( z) + z( z) + ( z) + ( z) ]
2

( A9)

, ( z) ( z)
( A6 ) ,
x + y = 4Re[( z) ]
y - x + 2ix y = 2 [
z( z) + ( z) ]

( A10)

2 a ,
, A .1

20 2

:
y ( ) = ; x ( ) = 0; x y ( ) = 0
:
( - a < x < a, y = 0) y = 0; x = 0; x y = 0
( A6 ) ( z)
( z)

( z) = b

1
1
2
2
z + z - a
4
2

1
( z) = - b + z 2
2

a2
z2 - a2

( A11)

z = a 0 , b
= ( 1/ 4)a
A .1
( r,) ,

A .1 1

z = a + re

( A10) , z a( r a) ,
( r,) x y x y
x =

a cos (1 - si n sin 3)
2r
2
2
2

y =

a cos (1 + sin sin 3)

2r
2
2
2

x y =

( A12)

a sin cos cos 3

2r
2
2
2

K1 = a; , = 0 , :
y = x =

K1
2r

20 3

 B

GB/ T

106231989

GB/ T

40861983

GB/ T

2281987

GB/ T

63971986

GB/ T

11721999

GB/ T

30751982

GB/ T

43371984

GB/ T

124431990

GB/ T

152481994

GB/ T

21071980

GB/ T

106221989

GB/ T

123471996

GB/ T

136821992

GB/ T

138161992

GB/ T

142291993

GB/ T

142301993

GB/ T

169471997

GB/ T

77331987

GB/ T

63982000

GB/ T

41611984

K1 C

GB/ T

77321987

K1 C

GB/ T

20381991

J1 C

GB/ T

23581994

CT OD

GB/ T

159701995

( AS T M )
AS T M E182396el
Standa rd T erminology Relating t o Fatigue and F ract ur e T esting

20 4

AS T M E456 96
Standa rd T erminology for Relati ng to Q uality and Statistics

AS T M E8 98
Standa rd T est Met hods for Tension T esting of M etallic M aterials

AS T M E9 89ael
Standa rd T est Met hods of Compression T esting of M etallic Ma terials
at Room T emper at ure

AS T M E466 96
Standa rd Practice for Conducting F or ce Con t rolled Con stan t Amp li
t ude A xial Fatigue Tests of M etallic M aterials

AS T M E606 92
Standa rd P ractice for St rainCon trolled Fatigue Testi ng

AS T M E104985( 1990 )
Standa rd P ractices for Cycle Counting in Fatigue A nalysis

AS T M E739 91
Standa rd P ractice for Statistical A nalysis of Li near or Li nearized
Str es sLife ( SN ) and St rainLife ( eN ) Fatigue Data
( SN ) ( eN )
AS T M E176195
Standa rd Guide for Recommended Formats for Da ta Records U sed in
Comput erization of Fatigue and Fr act ure Da ta of Metals

AS T M E194298
Standa rd G uide for Evaluating Data Acquisition Systems Used in Cy
clic Fatigue and Fr act ure Mechanics T esting

AS T M E647 95a
Standa rd T est M ethod for Measure men t of Fatigue Crack Grow th
20 5

Rates

AS T M E145798
Standa rd T est Met hod for M easur ement of Creep Crack Grow th Rates
in Metals

AS T M E399 90el
Standa rd T est Met hod for PlaneStr ain F ract ure T oughnes s of M etal
lic Mate rials
K1 C
AS T M E129093
Standa rd T est Met hod for Cr ackT ip O pening Displacem en t ( CT OD)
F ract ure Tough ness Measurem en t
( CT OD )
AS T M E813 89el
Standa rd T est Met hod for J1 C , A Measure of F ract ur e Toughnes s
J 1 C
AS T M E561 94
Standa rd P ractice for RCurve Dete rmination
( R )
AS T M E740 88 (1995) el
Standa rd P ractice for F ract ure T esting wit h S urfaceCr ack Tension
Specimens

AS T M E192297
Standa rd T est Met hod for Transla minar F ract ur e Toughness of La mi
nated Polymer Mat rix Composite Ma terials

AS T M E604 83 (1994)
Standa rd T est Met hod for Dynamic T ear T esting of M etallic Mate ri
als

AS T M E139 96
Standa rd T est M ethods for Conducti ng Cr eep , CreepRup tur e, and
20 6

Str es sRup t ure T ests of Metallic Materials

AS T M E122196
Standa rd T est Met hod for Dete rmining PlaneSt rain Cr ackA rr est
F ract ure Tough ness , K1 a , of Ferritic Steels
K1 a
AS T M E130497
Standa rd Test Met hod for PlaneSt rain ( ChevronN otch ) Fr act ure
Toughness of Metallic Mate rials
( V )
AS T M E168195
Standa rd T est Met hod for Det ermining a Thr es hol d St ress In tensit y
Factor for EnvironmentAssist ed Cracki ng of M etallic M aterials U n
de r Constant Load

20 7


1 6 Sm ax = 250MPa , Smin = 50MPa , Sm = 150M Pa, S = 200M Pa
2 1 t 14
2 8 N = 87000
2 9 = 2 .9 4 ; Sm ax = 418 .94M Pa
3 5 a) N9 5 = 53 .5 8 ; b ) N0 = 50 , N9 5 = 57
3 .88

3 6 r = - 0 .9938; S

N = 8 .0 910 ( M Pa, )

4 5 a) K= 1013MPa , n= 0 .1 836 , r = 0 .9 87
b ) b = - 0 .0888 , f = 837 .5 , f = 0 .3 489
c ) 2 N = 5422
4 8 a) N = 1072
b ) N = 1008
4 9 N = 5997
5 2 c2 = 480M Pa
5 4 P = 60k N
5 6 KQ = 158M Pa

6 5 n f = K1 C/ K1 = 1 .6 3
7 3 n f =c/ = 2 .4
7 5 am ax = 2 .3 7mm
8 4 a0 = 4 .1 4mm
8 5 a) Sm ax = 151 .43MPa
b ) Sm ax = 214M Pa
8 6 a) N/ N1 = 1 .17
b ) N/ N1 = 2 .89

20 8


1 Fuchs H O , Stephens R I .Metal fa tigue in engineering .New York : Wiley , 1980 .
2 Kles nil M .Fatigue of metallic mate rials .Elsevier Scien tific Pub , 1980 .
3 Collins J A .fatigue of materials in mec hanics design .New York : Wiley , 1981 .
4 , , . ( ) . : , 1977 .
5 Broek D .Elmenta ry engineering fr act ure mech anics .Noordhoff , T he Nethe rlands , 1978 .
6 . . : , 1986 .
7 ( ) H er tzbe rg R W . . . : ,
1982 .
8 . . : , 1988 .
9 , . . : , 1991 .
10 , . . : , 1989 .
11 Bannan tine J A , et .al .F undamentals of metal fatigue analysis .Pr entice H all , New Je rsey :
Englewood Cliffs , 1990 .
12 Sc hijve J .Four lect ures of fatigue crack growt h , Engng .Fract .Mec h , 1979 (11) : 167
13 Elbe r W .T he significance of fa tigue crack closure , AST M ST P 486 , 230 , 1971 .
14 Wh eele r O E .Spect ru m loading and cr ack growt h .T ra ns .ASME J .Basic E ngng , 1972 (94 ) :
181
15 , .Fatigue c rac k prop agation in a cast ma gnesium alloy .Fatigue of Engng .
Mate r & St ruct , 1983 (6) : 167
16 , , .Cr12 Ni2WMoV . , 1986
(22 ) : 169
17 Glinka G A . cum ula tive model of fa tigue crack growt h , In t .J of Fatigue , 1982 (4 ) : 59
18 ASTM , Cyclic st res sst rain behavior : a nalysis , experimenta tion & failure pr ediction , ASTM
ST P 519 , 1973 .
19 , . . , 1984(1 ) : 39
20 , , . . , 1985 (1 ) : 44
21 Va ranasi S R .T he a pplication of fr act ure mechanics methodology t o t he damage tolerance
analysis of t he Boeing 757 airpla ne, 6t h Int .Conf .On Fractur e, 1984(5 ) : 3469
22 Parker A P , ed .T he mech anics of fracture and fatigue , L ondon : N .Y .E . & F .N .Spon .
L td ., 1981 .
23 , .T he Main tenance Economy and Economic Life of St ructures, Int .J .Fa
tigue , No .4 , Vol .13 , 1991 .
24 , .A Qu antitative Econo mic Life Cr ite rion , Engng .F ract .Mech , No .1 , Vol .
40 , 1991 .



25 ( ) Rolfs S T , Barsom J M . , , :
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