3D-CFD Method Driven With The Dynamic

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Copyright 2011 American Scientic Publishers
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
SENSOR LETTERS
Vol. 9, 947957, 2011
3D-CFD Method Driven with the Dynamic Data
Using Real-Time Online Monitoring for Temperature
Simulation of Greenhouse
Yanzheng Liu
1
, Jing Chen
2
, Guanghui Teng
4
, Tingwu Xu
3
,
Tijiang Xiaokai
4
, Yazhou Lv
1
, and Yunkai Li
4
1
College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
2
Department of Information Engineering, Yantai Vocational College, Yantai 264670, China
3
International College at Beijing, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
4
College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
(Received: 28 August 2010. Accepted: 11 November 2010)
The whole information of greenhouse micro-climate environment could be fully explained with Com-
putational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical analysis, whose advantages were shown by previ-
ous studies, while many input parameters of the current CFD simulation model were xed and
unchanged along early experimental results. It will be created a signicant error with invariant input
parameters values to predict the real-time dynamic system, which hinder seriously the simulation
and prediction for the complex dynamic greenhouse environment. In this paper, the principle of
Dynamic Data Driven Application System (DDDAS) was introduced exploringly. The CFD simulation
model driven with the dynamic data using real-time online monitoring the greenhouse thermal envi-
ronment was established. And taken the North China type multi-span greenhouse covered double
polyethylene for a case, it was used to simulate the airow and temperature characteristics of green-
house under many conditions. The simulation results had the high accuracy (error area is 4.09.7%)
but lowered the measured value. The results show that: the airow eld in the planting area was
presented a wave-type distribution. Under shading net of greenhouse opened, the temperatures
were increased gradually form the center line between the wet curtain and fan to the around along
with the direction of airow movement, which presented a parabola type. While under inner shading
net of greenhouse opened with a small slit at the edge, the temperatures under shading net were
uniform, but the local high temperature region was presented at the top of mid-span greenhouse
for the existence of two vortexes in opposite direction at the top of both sides span. And the CFD
simulation results were applied to establish the scheme of optimal sensor placement.
Keywords: Greenhouse, Microclimate Environment, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Dynamic
Data Driven, Real-Time Online.
1. INTRODUCTION
The key elements of micro-climate environment in green-
house presented obvious spatial variability which effected
by the external environment and regulating method, such
as large-scale multi-span greenhouse with maximum tem-
perature difference above 10

C.
1, 2
With the more demand
for the high additional value plant, such as special owers,
more greenhouses need to be achieved the full information
Corresponding authors; E-mails: futong@cau.edu.cn,

liyunkai@126.com
of airow and temperature elds. So as to achieving the
visualization for the environment elements of full elds
has been became the key issue for design the environ-
mental monitoring and control system of modern green-
house. Sensors monitoring is the most direct method for
achieving the environmental information of greenhouse,
and the developed sensor technologies has mad it possi-
ble. But the excess monitoring sensors would cause a sig-
nicant increase in cost as well as data redundancy, and
interfere with the normal temperature and airow eld. In
fact, environment controlling is a complex process for heat
and mass transfer in greenhouse, and achieving the visual
Sensor Lett. 2011, Vol. 9, No. 3 1546-198X/2011/9/947/011 doi:10.1166/sl.2011.1358 947
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3D-CFD Method Driven with the Dynamic Data Using Real-Time Online Monitoring Liu et al.
information with the uid mechanics methods has become
the hot and difcult problems for environment simulation
of greenhouse.
In recent years, with the changing quickly computer
technology and developing rapidly simulation for complex
uid, Paying attention to Computational Fluid Dynam-
ics algorithm and its applications has been become more
and more high. A lot of Commercial computing soft-
ware had been come out successfully, such as FLUENT,
ANSYS, CFX, etc. It had been applied to many elds
from aviation to environment industry. The CFD method
could realize movement prediction, numerical experimen-
tation, movement diagnosis, etc. The CFD method can
help designers to select the most rapid and economical
approach to conveniently optimizing various alternatives,
thus signicantly reducing the physical work during the
experiment. With the complex prototype test and the dif-
cult test for full eld information of environmental ele-
ments in greenhouse, the CFD method has become an
indispensable component of modern regulating principle of
greenhouse micro-climate environment. The CFD method
was used to simulate the greenhouse environment more
than twenty years. It was applied to study greenhouse envi-
ronment under naturally ventilation at rst time,
3
although
their simulation results was existed a larger deviation to
the experimental data, it offered a new idea to study on
the greenhouse environment system. Boe et al.
4
used the
CFD method for simulating the airow eld in two-span
greenhouse, which the simulated value and measured data
with acoustic velocimeter matched well. And it marked a
truly application of the CFD method for greenhouse envi-
ronment simulation. In recent years, the CFD method was
use widely to study on the ventilation effect and structural
optimization of greenhouse.
515
And the appliction f CFD
method to simulating for greenhouse microclimate envi-
ronmental information, such as temperature and humidity,
was reported a little.
1619
While overall, many input param-
eters of the current CFD simulation model were xed and
unchanged along early experimental results, while those
parameters often changed with time under real condition.
19
It will be created a signicant error with invariant input
parameters values to predict the real-time dynamic system,
even for causing the failure of prediction and control in
greenhouse. This same value of the input parameters to
predict changes in real-time dynamic system of the tradi-
tional simulation methods usually have a signicant error,
or even the failure to predict and control. The defects that
the model running and input data were not simultaneously
harmonize, had been hindered seriously the simulation
and prediction for the complex dynamic system. In 2000,
United States National Science Foundation pointed out
the Dynamic Data Driven Application System (DDDAS),
which had solved the problem of current CFD method with
the dynamic operation mode and integrating with real-time
simulation, real-time monitoring, automatic feedback, con-
trol management, etc.
20
While the system is too complex to
apply for greenhouse environment simulating, it offered a
new way to realize the dynamic simulation for greenhouse.
In this paper, the principle of DDDAS was introduced
based on analyzing for formation mechanism of green-
house environment. The 3D-CFD simulation model driven
with the dynamic data using real-time online monitoring,
and its solution algorithm were established. And taken the
North China type multi-span greenhouse covered double
polyethylene for a case, the simulated value was checked
with the measured data. Based on this, the CFD simulation
results were applied to establish the scheme of optimal
sensor placement of greenhouse.
2. CONSTRUCTION OF THE CFD
SIMULATION MODEL AND ITS SOLUTION
2.1. Construction of Simulation Model
In the greenhouse, the air ow can be regarded as steady-
state viscous incompressible turbulent ow. The basic
mathematical and physical model for greenhouse temper-
ature environment were composed with the quality equa-
tion, momentum equation and energy equation posed.
21
Continuity equation:
ou
ox
+
ov
o,
+
on
oz
= 0 (1)
Navier-Stokes equations:
o(ju)
ot
+V juU =
oP
ox
+jV
2
u+j]
x
(2a)
o(jv)
ot
+V jvU =
oP
o,
+jV
2
v +j]
y
(2b)
o(jn)
ot
+V jnU =
oP
oz
+jV
2
n+j]
z
(2c)
3 1
2
Fig. 1. Calculating region for greenhouse thermal environment
simulation.
948 Sensor Letters 9, 947957, 2011
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Liu et al. 3D-CFD Method Driven with the Dynamic Data Using Real-Time Online Monitoring
Fig. 2. Grid distribution.
Energy equation:
o
ot
e +
U
2
2
+V
e +
U
2
2
= j q +
o
ox
\
a
oT
ox
+
o
o,
\
a
oT
o,
+
o
oz
\
a
oT
oz
o(u)
ox

o(v)
o,

o(n)
oz
+
o(ut
xx
)
ox
+
o(ut
yx
)
o,
+
o(ut
zx
)
oz
+
o(vt
xx
)
ox
+
o(vt
yx
)
o,
+
o(vt
zx
)
oz
+
o(nt
xx
)
ox
+
o(nt
yx
)
o,
+
o(nt
zx
)
oz
+j] U (3)
Table I. Input parameters of the CFD model.
Name Numerical Units Remarks
Double polyethylene 319.2 K Measurement
temperature
Wall temperature on 297.8 K Measurement
the eastern side
the west side
the south side
the north side
Soil temperature 295.6 K Measurement
Outdoor air 302.0 K Measurement
temperature
Air density 1.225 kg/m
3
Fluent manual
Air viscosity 0.0242 kg/(m s) Fluent manual
Indoor air heat 1006.43 wm
1
k
1
Fluent manual
transfer coefcient
Indoor air speed 1.79E-05 m/s Fluent manual
Indoor water 29.0 kg/mol Fluent manual
vapor content
Acceleration due 9.81 m/s
2
Fluent manual
to gravity
Atmospheric pressure 101324 Pa Fluent manual
Import air temperature 301.0 K Measurement
form the wet curtain
Import air speed 1.07 m/s Measurement
from the wet curtain
Outlet temperature 290.2 K Measurement
from the fan
Table II. Physical parameters of the materials.
Specic Thermal Absorption
Material Density heat conductivity rate of solar
name kg/m
3
J/kg K W/m k radiation
Soil 1975 2120 2.44 0.92
Double polyethylene 100 1380 0.047
Standard k a Model
o
ot
(jk) +
o
ox
i
(jkU)
=
o
ox
i
j+
j
t
u
k
ok
ox
i
+G
k
+G
b
jaY
M
(4)
o
ot
(ja) +
o
ox
i
(jaU)
=
o
ox
i
j+
j
t
u
a
oa
ox
i
+C
1a
a
k
(G
k
+C
j
G
b
)
C
2a
j
a
2
k
R (5)
G
K
= u
t
ou
ox
2
+
ov
o,
2
+
on
oz
ou
o,
+
ov
ox
2
+
ou
oz
+
on
ox
2
+
ov
oz
+
on
o,
(6)
where, U denotes uid velocity: U = u
i +v
] +n
k (m
s
1
), u, v, n denoting the velocities on axes of x, , and z;
x
i
denote the direction of coordinate; j (kg m
3
) and j
(Pa s) denote water density and dynamic viscous coef-
cient; (Pa) denotes uid pressure; ]
x
, ]
y
and ]
z
denote the
mass forces on 3 axes; when gravity is the only mass force,
]
x
= ]
y
= 0, ]
z
= g; j (kg m
3
) and j (Pa s), denote
respectively the uid density and dynamic viscosity coef-
cient; P (Pa) denotes the uid pressure; e (J) denotes the
unit mass of uid which it is to be able to; T (K) denotes
air temperature; \
o
(W m
1
K
1
) denotes the air thermal
conductivity; q (J) denotes per unit volume of uid to the
heat increment; t (Pa) denotes the stress tensor; k(m
2
s
2
)
denotes turbulent kinetic energy; a(m
2
s
2
) denotes tur-
bulent dissipation rate; j
t
(m
2
s) denotes turbulent viscos-
ity; G
k
(kg m
1
s
2
) and G
l
(kg m
1
s
2
) denote average
velocity gradient and turbulent pulse kinetic energy caused
by buoyancy; Y
M
(kg m
1
s
2
) denote contribution of uc-
tuating dilatation in compressible turbulence to the overall
dissipation rate, Y
M
= 0; R(J kgmol
1
K
1
) denote gas-
law constant, 8.3144710
3
; C
1a
=1.44, C
2a
=1.92, C
j
=
0.09, u
k
= 1.0, u
a
= 1.3.
Sensor Letters 9, 947957, 2011 949
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Fig. 3. Input module of temperature eld parameter.
Discrete Ordinates radiation using radiation (DO)
model,
V (I( r, s) s) +(o+u
s
)I( r, s)
= on
2
uT
2
r
+
u
s
4r
4r
0
I( r, s)I( s,

s
) JD
r
I( r,

D) JD
=
N
i=1
o
i
I( r,

D
i
); (7a)
N
i=1
o
i
= 4r (7b)
q =
4r
DIJD =
N
i=1
o
i
D
i
I
i
(7c)
Fig. 4. Numerical simulation process.
where, s denotes the discrete space angle; D
i
(i =
1, 2, . . . , N) denotes the discrete direction; o
i
denotes the
weighted sphere volume surface area; I( r,

D
i
) (W m
2
K
1
) denotes the radiation intensity.
2.2. Solution Process
The whole greenhouse internal space was selected for the
calculation domain. In order to avoiding reex, stability
calculation, and avoiding turbulence caused by boundary
conditions, the wet curtain at the entrance was extended in
the computational domain, as shown in Figure 1.
Within the computational region, the hexahedron grid-
ding unit is used for CFD analysis. The discrete approach
is the method of nite volume. GAMBIT was used for
gridding generation. By the frequentative gridding gen-
eration, it was found that the simulation precision was
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Fig. 5. Sampling points.
increased none with decreasing the mesh size, when the
grid size was lower than 200 mm. The length of each grid
was 200 mm, and the total meshes was 0.25 million. The
grid was shown as Figure 2. The grid quality was very
high, which the skew rate was mainly in 0.4 or less, not
more than 0.7.
The numerical calculation method is the non-coupling
implicit algorithm with denite constants. The rst-order
windward pattern is used for the item of pressure, etc.
The SIMPLEC (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Liked
Equations Consistent) algorithm is selected for coupling
pressure and velocity.
21
The accuracy of convergence is
chosen to be 0.0001. FLUENT6.13 software was used for
solving the mathematical model.
2.3. Boundary Conditions and Its Real-Time
Collection
The air ow was the research object of CFD simula-
tion. The cover material, enclosure structure, and soil were
set as the boundary condition, and it were set to no-slip
Fig. 6. The comparison between simulated and measured value.
boundary, as Wall type. The internal shading net was
set as the Wall boundary, which was zero thickness with
transmittance of 35%. The input parameters of the CFD
model was shown in Table I, and a part of the thermal
properties parameters of the material as shown in Table II.
The boundary function method was used for low velocity
region near the boundary.
The CFD simulation software and greenhouse acquisi-
tion system was linked, and the temperature of air form
the wet curtain, air from the fan, outdoor air, wall, soil
andinleted air speed from the wet curtain were real-time
collected through the acquisition module. And it was read
as the parameter setting path of CFD calculation. The
program was designed with LabVIEW 8.0, and the input
module and procedures chart were shown respectively in
Figures 3 and 4.
3. MODEL CALIBRATION AND SELECTION
3.1. Experimental Design
The North China type multi-span greenhouse covered dou-
ble polyethylene was taken as the simulated object, which
was designed by the Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engi-
neering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agri-
culture. It is located in Haidian District (North attitude
39.9
, East longitude 116.3
), Beijing. The specic char-

acteristics of the greenhouse were shown as:
(1) Geometric characteristics: the greenhouse was north
south trend, 3-span and each span 8 m, 6-room and each
room wide 3 m, gutter high 3 m, and ridge high 4.9 m.
(2) Enclosure structure material: the covering material
was the long double polyethylene. The South wall mate-
rial was PC plate, and six fans (Type: 9FJ12.5) were set
on it. The North wall material was sandwich steel plate,
and wet curtain was installed on it.
In the center of covering double polyethylene, surround-
ing walls and soil, the temperature sensors was arranged.
Four temperature sensors were laid respectively 0.3 m out-
side the wet curtain and fan from the greenhouse, and its
average was the inlet air temperature from the wet cur-
tain and the outlet air temperature from the fan. Based
on assuming the air ow was imported horizontally with
a uniform velocity, the eld within the wet curtain was
Table III. Working conditions of CFD simulation.
Working 3 fans 6 fans Inner
conditions opened opened shading net Note
T
m1
1 0 0
(1) 1 denotes in working,
and 0 denotes in rest;
T
m2
1 0 1
T
m3
0 1 1 (2) Shading net opened
with a silt of 5 cm.
T
m4
0 1 0
Note. Open the three fans for every one.
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(a) X=10 m (b) Y=1.4 m
Fig. 7. Airow distribution under the working condition of T
m1
.
(a) X=10 m (b) Y=1.4 m
m2
.
(a) X=10 m (b) Y=1.4 m
m3
.
(a) X=10 m (b) Y=1.4 m
m4
.
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(a) Y=1.4 m (b) X=4.0, 10.0, 18.0 m
Fig. 11. Temperature distribution under the working condition of T
m1
.
(a) Y=1.4 m (b) X=4.0, 10.0, 18.0 m
m2
.
(a) Y=1.4 m (b) X=4.0, 10.0, 18.0 m
(c) Y=3.5 m (d) Z =9.0 m (airflow field)
m3
.
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divided into four areas, and one heat bulb (Beijing Detec-
tion Instrument Factory, ZRQF smart anemometer) was set
to testing the outlet air speed in each area center (The
average value was the import parameters). Four tempera-
ture sensors were arranged around 1.52 m outside to the
greenhouse, and its average was regarded as the outdoor
air temperature. The inner shading net heat transferring
werent considered. The measurement value required for
CFD model were shown in Table I.
3.2. Model Checking
With the CFD method, the temperature distribution was
simulated under the six fans opened and the inner shading
net closed, which the calculation accuracy of the param-
eters was 1 10
4
. Eight points from the simulation
results were elected at the center vertical cross-section of
the greenhouse, as shown in Figure 5, and the compari-
son between the simulation and experimental results was
shown in Figure 6. The result showed that the simulation
accuracy was very high, which correlation coefcient (R
2
)
are above 0.94 and the error is 4.09.7%. While overall,
the simulated values were lower than the measured ones,
which were created that the long wave radiation and con-
vection of all internal appurtenances in greenhouse. The
simulation accuracy of lower ve points were higher than
others, the error was 6.5%. It was mean that the CFD
method constructed in this paper could be used to analyze
the thermal environment.
4. THERMAL ENVIRONMENT SIMULATION
UNDER MECHANICAL VENTILATION
4.1. Characteristics of Thermal Environment
The wet curtain-fan cooling system was usually used for
cooling large-scale greenhouse in summer, which effected
signicantly the thermal environment. A few of researches
had shown that the environment should be the most uneven
(a) Y=1.4 m (b) X=4.0, 10.0, 18.0 m
m4
.
distribution under this mechanical ventilation. So it is nec-
essary to research on the temperature distribution. The air-
ow and temperature elds had been simulated with CFD
methods under the four working conditions with mechani-
cal ventilation, which was shown in Table III. The results
of airow were shown in Figures 710, and the results of
temperature eld were shown in Figures 1114.
From Figures 710, the results showed that:
(1) the air velocity had gone through a process of slow
to fast, which the position of fan was fastest. The airow
eld in the planting area was presented a wave-type dis-
tribution.
(2) The air ow speeds under inner shading net closed
were higher than opened when only three fans opened, but
six fans none.
(3) When the inner shading net was opened with a slit
at the edge, there were two vortexes in opposite direction
between the inner shading net and covering materials, but
closed none.
From Figures 1114, the results showed that:
(1) temperature distribution was layered signicantly from
bottom to top under four working conditions, and it is
uniform in even layer with the deviation of 2
.
(2) Under shading net of greenhouse opened, the tem-
peratures of three cross-section of X = 4.0 m, 10.0 m
and 18.0 m were increased gradually form the center
line between the wet curtain and fan to the around along
with the direction of airow movement, which presented
a parabola type. It was created with absorbing the long
wave radiation released from soil and wall when the air
was moving.
(3) When under inner shading net of greenhouse opened
with a small slit at the edge (taken T
m3
for example), the
local high temperature region was presented at the top of
mid-span greenhouse (Fig. 13(c)), which was created with
the existence of two vortexes in opposite direction at the
top of other two sides span (Fig. 13(d)).
(4) When the inner shading net was closed, the tempera-
ture under shading net was uniform, and the error was less
than 1
, while there are local high-temperature center.

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4.2. Design Scheme of Optimal Sensor Placement of
Greenhouse
The data extraction of CFD simulation under four work-
ing condition was made, and the sampling points were
selected as Figure 15. There were four-dimensional tem-
perature characteristics in every point, and a total of
276 data points was extracted. Based on this, the K-means
clustering algorithm was used to analysis in order to
designing the scheme of optimal sensor placement of
greenhouse.
From Figure 1013, the layered distribution of temper-
ature can be found obviously. We can hypothesis that it
(a) vertical
(d) Horizontal level
Fig. 15. Distribution of sampling points.
would be regard as one layer when the temperature differ-
ence of layers was lower than 4

C. Three sensors must be
arranged in order to knowing the full greenhouse environ-
mental information, so the extract data would be classied
into three classes with K-means algorithm, and the results
was shown in Table IV. The sensor placement was deter-
mined with the distance between every points and class-
center. The point with shortest distance was the optimal
sensor placement, and the second shortest distance was the
suboptimal one. From the Table IV, the optimal and subop-
timal sensor placements were located in the two circle of
the edge when it was projected into the horizontal plane,
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Table IV. The results of the cluster analysis.
Temperature of Average distance Optimal Suboptimal
class center/
C between centers place/m place/m

Classes Numbers of samples T
m1
T
m2
T
m3
T
m4
1 2 3 X Y Z X Y Z
1 192 26.1 26.1 25.7 25.3 20.4 9.0 13.5 2.1 16.5 1.5 1.5 16.5
2 48 29.8 29.9 41.3 37.5 20.4 12.2 19.5 4 13.5 19.5 4 16.5
3 36 26.8 26.8 34.0 28.7 9.0 12.2 1.5 2.7 7.5 22.5 2.7 13.5
which was created with the radiation and convection of
enclosure structure. In the vertical distribution, the class
with most points was located in 1.52.1 m, which was cre-
ated with soil radiation and wet curtain-fan cooling system.
After analysis, the optimal position of three sensors placed
at the points, which were (X, Y, Z) = (1.5, 1.5, 16.5), (X,
Y, Z) =(1.5, 2.7, 7.5), (X, Y, Z) =(19.5, 4, 13.5). In order
to convenient for managing, that the sensors was placed on
the point (X, Z) = (1.5, 16.5) at the vertical 1.5 m, 2.7 m
and 4.0 m, were able to meet the requirements.
5. CONCLUSIONS
(1) The 3D-CFD method driven with the dynamic
data using real-time online monitoring could be applied
to simulate the airow and temperature of North China
type multi-span greenhouse covered double polyethylene.
While the simulated values were lower than the measured
ones, which were created that the long wave radiation and
convection of all internal appurtenances in greenhouse.
And it could be referenced by other greenhouse.
(2) The air velocity driven with wet curtain-fan cooling
system had gone through a process of slow to fast, and the
airow eld in the planting area was presented a wave-
type distribution. When the inner shading net was opened
with a slit at the edge, there were two low speed vortexes
in opposite direction between the inner shading net and
covering materials.
(3) The temperature distribution was layered signi-
cantly from bottom to top, and it is uniform in even layer
with the deviation of 2

C. Under shading net of green-
house opened, the temperatures were increased gradually
form the center line between the wet curtain and fan to
the around along with the direction of airow movement,
which presented a parabola type. Under inner shading
net opened with a small slit at the edge, the local high
temperature region was presented at the top of mid-span
greenhouse, which was created with the existence of two
vortexes in opposite direction at the top of other two sides
span.
(4) Three sensors must be arranged in order to knowing
the full greenhouse environmental information. With the
K-means clustering algorithm analyzing, the optimal and
suboptimal sensor placements were located in the two cir-
cle of the edge when it was projected into the horizontal
plane, which the optimal position were (X, Y, Z) = (1.5,
1.5, 16.5), (X, Y, Z) = (1.5, 2.7, 7.5), (X, Y, Z) = (19.5,
4, 13.5). In order to convenient for managing, the sensors
was placed on the point (X, Z) = (1.5, 16.5) at the vertical
1.5 m, 2.7 m and 4.0 m.
The CFD method was applied to simulate the micro-
climate environment only twenty years, while it was a new
thoughts and methods. In this paper, the steady-state theory
is only approximate to the environment, whose error will
be larger. In fact, it is unsteady that the forced cooling
process was executed with wet curtain-fan system, and the
unsteady simulation will be need.
Acknowledgments: We are grateful for nancial sup-
port from the National High Technology Develop-
ment Plan Key Project (863) (No. 2006AA100208-3),
Project for City Agricultural Subject Groups of Bei-
jing Education Committee (No. XK100190553), Project
for Transformation of Scientic and Technological
Achievements and Industrialization of Beijing Munici-
pal Commission of Education, and the Young Research
Fund from Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture
(No. XY-QN-09-27).
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3D-CFD Method Driven With The Dynamic

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Corresponding authors; E-mails: futong@cau.edu.cn,

, East longitude 116.3

), Beijing. The specic char-

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