The strength of the simple connection will be equal to the sum of the strengths of the individual bolts in the

connection. Bolt Types & Materials A307 - Unfinished (Ordinary or Common) bolts low carbon steel A36, Fu = 413 MPa, for light structures under static load A325 - High strength bolts, heat-treated medium carbon steel, Fu = 827 MPa, for structural joints A490 - High strength bolts, Quenched and Tempered Alloy steel, Fu = 1033 Mpa for structural joints A449 - High strength bolts with diameter > 1 , anchor bolts, lifting hooks, tie-downs Common Bolts ASTM A307 bolts Common bolts are no longer common for current structural design but are still available High strength bolts (HSB) are available as ASTM A 325 and ASTM A490 High Strength Bolts Snug tight All plies of the connection are in firm contact to each other: No pretension is used. Easer to install and to inspect Pre-tensioned Bolts are first brought to snug tight status Bolts are then tensioned to 70% of their tensile stresses HSB Bearing Type Connections The shear strength of bolts shall be determined as follows Bolted Shear Connections We want to design the bolted shear connections so that the factored design strength ( Rn) is greater than or equal to the factored load. Rn Pu

So, we need to examine the various possible failure modes and calculate the corresponding design strengths. Possible failure modes are: Shear failure of the bolts Failure of member being connected due to fracture or yielding or . Edge tearing or fracture of the connected plate Tearing or fracture of the connected plate between two bolt holes Excessive bearing deformation at the bolt hole Failure Modes of Bolted Connections Bolt Shearing Tension Fracture Plate Bearing Block Shear Actions on Bolt Shear, bearing, bending Bolted Shear Connections Shear failure of bolts Average shearing stress in the bolt = fv = P/A = P/(db2/4) P is the load acting on an individual bolt A is the area of the bolt and db is its diameter Strength of the bolt = P = fv x (db2/4) where fv = shear yield stress = 0.6Fy Bolts can be in single shear or double shear as shown above. When the bolt is in double shear, two cross-sections are effective in resisting the load. The bolt in double shear will have the twice the shear strength of a bolt in single shear.

Bolted Shear Connections Spacing and Edge-distance requirements The AISC code gives guidance for edge distance and spacing to avoid tear out shear Bolt Spacings & Edge Distances Bolt Spacings - Painted members or members not subject to corrosion: 2 2/3d Bolt Spacings 24t or 305 mm (LRFD J3.3) (LRFD J3.5) - Unpainted members subject to corrosion: 3d Bolt Spacings 14t or 178 mm Edge Distance Values in Table J3.4M Edge Distance 12t or 152 mm (LRFD J3.4) (LRFD J3.5) d - bolt diameter t - thickness of thinner plate Bolted Shear Connections To prevent excessive deformation of the hole, an upper limit is placed on the bearing load. This upper limit is proportional to the fracture stress times the projected bearing area Rn = C x Fu x bearing area = C Fu db t If deformation is not a concern then C = 3, If deformation is a concern then C = 2.4 C = 2.4 corresponds to a deformation of 6.3 mm. Finally, the equation for the bearing strength of a single bolts is Rn where, = 0.75 and Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu < 2.4 db t Fu

Lc is the clear distance in the load direction, from the edge of the bolt hole to the edge of the adjacent hole or to the edge of the material Bolted Shear Connections This relationship can be simplified as follows: The upper limit will become effective when 1.2 Lc t Fu > 2.4 db t Fu i.e., the upper limit will become effective when Lc > 2 db If Lc < 2 db, Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu If Lc > 2 db, Rn = 2.4 db t Fu Fu - specified tensile strength of the connected material Lc - clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of the material. t - thickness of connected material Important Notes Design Provisions for Bolted Shear Connections In a simple connection, all bolts share the load equally. Design Provisions for Bolted Shear Connections Design Provisions for Bolted Shear Connections The shear strength of all bolts = shear strength of one bolt x number of bolts The bearing strength of the connecting / connected plates can be calculated using equations given by AISC specifications. The tension strength of the connecting / connected plates can be calculated as discussed in tension members. AISC Design Provisions Chapter J of the AISC Specifications focuses on connections. Section J3 focuses on bolts and threaded parts

AISC Specification J3.3 indicates that the minimum distance (s) between the centers of bolt holes is 2.67. A distance of 3db is preferred. AISC Specification J3.4 indicates that the minimum edge distance (Le) from the center of the bolt to the edge of the connected part is given in Table J3.4. Table J3.4 specifies minimum edge distances for sheared edges, edges of rolled shapes, and gas cut edges. AISC Design Provisions AISC Design Provisions Common bolt terminologies A325-SC slip-critical A325 bolts A325-N snug-tight or bearing A325 bolts with thread included in the shear planes. A325-X - snug-tight or bearing A325 bolts with thread excluded in the shear planes. Gage center-to-center distance of bolts in direction perpendicular to members axis Pitch ...parallel to members axis Edge Distance Distance from center of bolt to adjacent edge of a member Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength Eccentrically-Loaded Bolted Connections Eccentricity in the plane of the faying surface Direct Shear + Additional Shear due to moment Pe Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts Eccentricity in the plane of the faying surface LRFD Spec. presents values for computing design strengths of individual bolt only. To compute forces on group of bolts that are eccentrically loaded, there are two common methods:

Elastic Method: Conservative. Connected parts assumed rigid. Slip resistance between connected parts neglected. Ultimate Strength Method (or Instantaneous Center of Gravity Method): Most realistic but tedious to apply Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts with Eccentricity on the Faying Surface Elastic Method Assume plates are perfectly rigid and bolts perfectly elastic rotational displacement at each bolt is proportional to its distance from the CG stress is greatest at bolt farthest from CG Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts with Eccentricity on the Faying Surface MCG = Pe = r1d1 + r2d2 + r3d3 Since the force on each bolt is proportional to its distance from the CG: Substitute into eqn. for MCG: Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts with Eccentricity on the Faying Surface Ex. 6.3 Eccentric Connections Elastic Method Determine the force in the most stressed bolt of the group using elastic method Ex. 6.3 Eccentric Connections Elastic Method Additional Shear in the upper and lower right-hand bolts due to moment M = Pe = 140x175 = 24500 kN.mm: The forces acting on the upper right-hand bolt are as follows: The resultant force on this bolt is: Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts Eccentricity Normal to Plane of Faying Surface (a) Neutral Axis at CG Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts Shear per bolt due to concentric force Pu:

ruv= Pu/n Select first trial location of NA as 1/6 of the total bracket depth. Effective width of the compression block: beff = 8tf bf (for W-shapes, S-shapes, welded plates and angles) Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts Check location of NA by equating the moment of the bolt area above the NA with the moment of the compression block area below the NA: Ab x y = beff x d x d/2

y = distance from X-X to the CG of bolts above NA d = depth of compression block (adjust until satisfy) Once the NA has been located, the tensile force per bolt: rut = (PuecAb)/Ix c = distance from NA to most remote bolt in group Ix = combined moment of inertia of bolt group and compression block about NA Bolts Subjected to Shear and Tension Nominal Tension Stress Ft of a bolt subjected to combined factored shear stress (fv =Vu/NbAb) and factored tension stress (ft = Tu/NbAb) can be computed as functions of fv as: = 0.75 Fnt = nominal tensile strength modified to include the effect of shear Fnt = nominal tensile strength from Table J3.2 in (AISC Spec.) Fnv = nominal shear strength from Table J3.2 in (AISC Spec.) fv = the required shear stress

Ex. 6.5 Combined Tension & shear Is the bearing-type connection below satisfactory for the combined tension and shear loads shown? Shear stress per bolt: fv = Vu/NbAb=537000/(8x380)= 176.6 MPa Fnv=(0.75)(413)=310 MPa> fv = 176.6 MPa (OK) Tension stress per bolt: ft = Tu/NbAb=1073000/(8x380)= 353 MPa Nominal Tension Strength Ft (Table J3.5) Ft = 0.75[(1.3x620 (620/310)x176.6) 620] = 496 MPa 620] = 496 MPa > ft = 353 MPa (OK) Simple Welded Connections Structural welding is a process by which the parts that are to be connected are heated and fused, with supplementary molten metal at the joint. A relatively small depth of material will become molten, and upon cooling, the structural steel and weld metal will act as one continuous part where they are joined. Introductory Concepts Introductory Concepts Introductory Concepts As the weld cools, impurities rise to the surface, forming a coating called slag that must be removed before the member is painted or another pass is made with the electrode. Shielded metal arc welding is usually done manually and is the process universally used for field welds. For shop welding, an automatic or semi automatic process is usually used. Foremost among these is the submerged arc welding (SAW),

In this process, the end of the electrode and the arc are submerged in a granular flux that melts and forms a gaseous shield. There is more penetration into the base metal than with shielded metal arc welding, and higher strength results. Introductory Concepts Other commonly used processes for shop welding are gas shielded metal arc, flux cored arc, and electro-slag welding. Quality control of welded connections is particularly difficult, because defects below the surface, or even minor flaws at the surface, will escape visual detection. Welders must be properly certified, and for critical work, special inspection techniques such as radiography or ultrasonic testing must be used. Introductory Concepts The two most common types of welds are the fillet weld and the groove weld. Fillet weld examples: lap joint fillet welds placed in the corner formed by two plates Tee joint fillet welds placed at the intersection of two plates. Groove welds deposited in a gap or groove between two parts to be connected e.g., butt, tee, and corner joints with beveled (prepared) edges Partial penetration groove welds can be made from one or both sides with or without edge preparation. Welded Connections Classification of welds According to type of weld According to weld position According to type of joint Butt, lap, tee, edge or corner According to the weld process SMAW, SAW Introductory Concepts

Weld Limit States The only limit state of the weld metal in a connection is that of fracture Yielding is not a factor since any deformation that might take place will occur over such a short distance that it will not influence the performance of the structure Design of Welded Connections Fillet Weld Stronger in tension and compression than in shear Fillet weld designations: 12 mm SMAW E70XX: fillet weld with equal leg size of 12 mm, formed using Shielded Metal Arc Welding Process, with filler metal electrodes having a minimum weld tensile strength of 70 ksi. 9 mm-by-12 mm SAW E110XX: fillet weld with unequal leg sizes, formed by using Submerged Arc Metal process, with filler metal electrodes having a minimum weld tensile strength of 758 MPa. Fillet Weld Strength Stress in fillet weld = factored load/eff. throat area Limit state of Fillet Weld is shear fracture through the throat, regardless of how it is loaded Design Strength: For equal leg fillet weld: Design of Welded Connections Design of Welded Connections Limitations on Weld Dimensions Minimum size (amin) Function of the thickness of the thinnest connected plate Given in Table J2.4 in the AISC specifications Maximum size (amax)

function of the thickness of the thinnest connected plate: for plates with thickness 6 mm, amax = 6 mm. for plates with thickness 6 mm, amax = t 2 mm. Minimum length (Lw) Length (Lw) 4 a otherwise, aeff = Lw / 4 a = weld size Read J2.2 b page 16.1-95 Intermittent fillet welds: Lw-min = 4 a and 38 mm. Limitations on Weld Size AISC Specifications J2.2b Page 16.1-95 The minimum length of fillet weld may not be less than 4 x the weld leg size. If it is, the effective weld size must be reduced to of the weld length The maximum size of a fillet weld along edges of material less than 6 mm thick equals the material thickness. For material thicker than 6 mm, the maximum size may not exceed the material thickness less 2 mm. (to prevent melting of base material) The minimum weld size of fillet welds and minimum effective throat thickness for partialpenetration groove welds are given in LRFD Tables J2.4 and J2.3 based on the thickness of the base materials (to ensure fusion and minimize distortion) Minimum end return of fillet weld 2 x weld size Limitations on Weld Dimensions Guidelines for Fillet Weld design Two types of fillet welds can be used Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Automatic Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) Weld Symbols (American Welding Society AWS) Fillet weld on arrow side. Welds leg size is 10 mm. Weld size is given to the left of the weld symbol. Weld length (200 mm) is given to the right of the symbol Fillet weld, 12 mm size and 75 mm long intermitten welds 125 on center, on the far side

Field fillet welds, 6 mm in size and 200 mm long, both sides. Fillet welds on both sides, staggered intermitten 10 mm in size, 50 mm long and 150 mm on center Weld all around joint Tail used to reference certain specification or process Guidelines for Fillet Weld design Fillet weld design can be governed by the smaller value of Weld material strength Base Metal Strength Guidelines for Fillet Weld design The weld strength will increase if the force is not parallel to the weld Capacity of Fillet Weld

Ex. 7.6 Design Strength of Welded Connection Determine the design strength of the tension member and connection system shown below. The tension member is a 100 mm x 10 mm thick rectangular bar. It is welded to a 15 mm thick gusset plate using E70XX electrode. Consider the yielding and fracture of the tension member. Consider the shear strength of the weld metal and the surrounding base metal. Ex. 7.6 Design Strength of Welded Connection Length/weld size = 125/6 = 20.8 - Therefore, maximum effective length J2.2 b satisfied. End returns at the edge corner size - minimum = 2 a = 12 mm -Therefore, OK! Step II. Design strength of the weld Weld strength = x 0.707 x a x 0.60 x FEXX x Lw = 0.75 x 0.707 x 6 x 0.60 x 482 x 250/1000 = 230 kN

Step III. Tension strength of the member Rn = 0.9 x 344 x 100 x 10/1000 = 310 kN - tension yield Ex. 7.6 Design Strength of Welded Connection Rn = 0.75 x Ae x 448 - tension fracture Ae = U A Ae = Ag = 100 x 10 = 1000 mm Therefore, Rn = 336 kN The design strength of the member-connection system = 230 kN. Weld strength governs. The end returns at the corners were not included in the calculations. Elastic Analysis of Eccentric Welded Connections Elastic Analysis of Eccentric Welded Connections Shear & Torsion Elastic Analysis of Eccentric Welded Connections Shear & Torsion Ex. 7.7 Design Strength of Welded Connection Shear and Torsion Determine the size of weld required for the bracket connection in the figure. The service dead load is 50 kN, and the service live load is 120 kN. A36 steel is used for the bracket, and A992 steel is used for the column. Ex. 7.7 Design Strength of Welded Connection Shear and Torsion Step I: Calculate the ultimate load: Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2(50)+1.6(120) = 252 kN Step II: Calculate the direct shear stress: Step III: Compute the location of the centroid: Step IV: Compute the torsional moment: e = 250+ 200 = 252(392.9)=99011 kN-mm.

Ex. 7.7 Design Strength of Welded Connection Shear and Torsion Step V: Compute the moments of inertia of the total weld area:

Ix = 1(300)3 (1/12)+2(200)(150)2=11.25106 mm4 Iy = 2 {(200)3 (1/12)+(200)(100-57.1)2 }+ 300(57.1)2=3.05106 mm4 J = Ix + Iy = (11.25 + 3.05)106 = 14.3106 mm4 Step VI: Compute stresses at critical location: Ex. 7.7 Design Strength of Welded Connection Shear and Torsion Step VII: Check the shear strength of the base metal The shear yield strength of the angle leg is: Rn = (0.9)0.6Fyt = 0.9(0.6)(248)(15) = 2009 N/mm The base metal shear strength is therefore: 2009 N/mm > 1703 N/mm (OK). Step VIII: Calculate the weld size, assuming Fw = 0.6FEXX Use 12 mm Answer: Use a 12-mm fillet weld, E70 electrode. Elastic Analysis of Eccentric Welded Connections Shear & Tension Ex. 7.8 Design Strength of Welded Connection Shear & Tension An L6x4x1/2 is used in a seated beam connection, as shown in the figure. It must support a service load reaction of 25 kN dead load and a 50 kN live load. The angles are A36 and the columns in A992. E70XX electrodes are to be used. What size fillet weld are required for the connection to the column flange? Ex. 7.8 Design Strength of Welded Connection Shear & Tension Step I: calculate the eccentricity of the reaction with respect to the weld is: e = 20 + 82/2 = 61 mm Step II: Calculate the moment of inertia for the weld configuration: I = 2(1)(152)3 / 12 = 585300 mm4 c = 152/2 = 76 mm Step III: Calculate the factored-load reaction is:

Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2(25)+1.6(50) = 110 kN Mu = Pue = 110(61) = 6710 kN-mm Ex. 7.8 Design Strength of Welded Connection Shear & Tension Step IV: The required weld size a a = 943/(0.9x0.707x0.6x482) = 6.2 mm Ex. 7.8 Design Strength of Welded Connection Shear & Tension The required size is therefore: a = 7 mm Step V: Check minimum and maximum weld size

From AISC Table J2.2b Maximum weld size = 13 - 2 = 11 mm Try a = 7 mm Step VI: Check the shear capacity of the base metal (the angle controls): Applied direct shear = fv = 362 N/mm The shear yield strength of the angle leg is: Rn = 0.90.6Fyt = (0.9)0.6(248)(13) = 1741 N/mm The base metal shear strength is therefore: 1741 N/mm > 362 N/mm (OK). Ultimate Strength Analysis of Eccentric Welded Connections Ultimate Strength Analysis of Eccentric Welded Connections Ultimate Strength Analysis of Eccentric Welded Connections Extra Slides Slip-critical Bolted Connections

Slip-Critical Connections Loads to be transferred Frictional Resistance (tension force in bolt x coefficient of friction ) No slippage between members No bearing and shear stresses in bolt LRFD J3.10 requires bearing strength to be checked for both Bearing-Type connections and Slip-Critical connections (even though there is supposed to be little or no bearing stresses on the bolts in Slip-Critical connections) Slip-critical Bolted Connections The shear resistance of fully tensioned bolts to slip at factored loads & service loads is given by AISC Specification J3.8 Shear resistance at factored load = Rn = (1.13 hscTb Ns) - 0.85 for factored loads & 1.00 for service loads - friction coefficient Tb - minimum bolt tension given in Table J3.1 hsc hole factor determined as: For standrad size holes hsc = 1.0 For oversized and short-slotted holes hsc = 0.85 For long-slotted holes hsc = 0.7 Ns - number of slip planes Slip-Critical Connections Slip Coefficients (LRFD J3.8) Slip-critical Bolted Connections Ex. 6.2 - Slip-critical Connections Design a slip-critical splice for a tension member subjected to 600 kN of tension loading. The tension member is a W8 x 28 section made from A36 material. The unfactored dead load is equal to 100 kN and the unfactored live load is equal to 300 kN. Use A325 bolts. The splice should be slip-critical at service loads.

Ex. 6.2 - Slip-critical Connections Step III. Layout of splice connection Flange-plate splice connection Ex. 6.2 - Slip-critical Connections Ultimate Strength Analysis of Eccentric Bolted Connections Ultimate Strength Analysis of Eccentric Bolted Connections Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts with Eccentricity on the Faying Surface Ultimate Strength Method (Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method) R = Rult(1 e-0.394)0.55 Ultimate Strength Method (Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method) Trial and error: Assume e Compute i = dimax/dmax (max is assumed for bolt at farthest distance from IC) Compute Ri=Rult(1- eCheck for: Pu=( Rd)/(e+e) If not satisfied, repeat with another e Ex. 6.4 Eccentric Connections Ultimate Method Determine the largest eccentric force Pu for which the design shear strength of the bolts in the connection is adequate using the IC method. Use bearing-type 20 mm A325X bolts Ex. 6.4 Eccentric Connections Ultimate Method