technical guide load compatibility

overview
Load compatibility is critical when specifying lighting and corresponding control systems. This document deals with each of the common lamp types and associated control gear. Where appropriate, different methods of control are also discussed.

mains voltage incandescent lamps

(including tungsten & tungsten-halogen sources)

All mains voltage incandescent lamps can be dimmed using Philips Dynalite leading and trailing edge load controllers. To calculate the connected load, simply multiply the lamp wattage by the number of lamps. As these are primarily resistive loads, power factor remains at unity. When specifying the current ratings of the lighting controllers, it is important to note the inrush current of cold filament lamps. This is usually in the region of 14 to 17 times the running current, but for a split second. Philips Dynalite protected controllers are fitted with 'Type C' MCB's. This means that in most cases it is possible to fully load the controller with no need to take account of de-rating. Philips Dynalite controllers are also fitted with a 'soft start' feature to protect lamps; however if large wattage (500W and above) lamps are being used, care should be taken to avoid fully loading the MCB's. A 10-15% margin is suggested to avoid any possibility of 'nuisance tripping' of the breakers.

low voltage tungsten-halogen & halogen-xenon lamps

These lamps include burner lamps and reflector lamps, both dichroic and metal reflector types (MR11 & MR16). They have traditionally been dimmed via a suitably rated iron-core transformer and leading-edge phase-control Philips Dynalite Load Controller. Every Philips Dynalite dimming controller has a symmetrical output voltage waveform (the majority of 'economy' domestic wall-box dimmers do not guarantee that the output waveform will be symmetrical and could therefore damage the transformers). A wide variety of transformer types are now commonly available. These should be selected carefully and matched to the appropriate controller type and capacity from the Philips Dynalite range. Common transformer types include:

electronic leading edge dimmable transformers

In general, their losses are less than those of a traditional iron-core dimmer. Add 10% to the total lamp wattage on a circuit (then divide wattage by mains voltage to determine load current). This provides a margin for transformer losses when calculating circuit loadings. additional precautions. See "Do's & Don'ts" following for

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These transformers are for low voltage lighting applications. If there are multiple transformers on a dimmed lighting group, this can initiate a substantial spike when the circuit is switched on due to the cumulative effect of their input capacitors.

electronic trailing edge dimmable transformers

These transformers are intended for use only with trailing edge controllers. Their suitability should be documented in literature provided with the transformer or they should be labeled accordingly. These style of transformers are typically physically smaller is size making them more suitable for track-lighting applications or decretive low voltage lamp fittings. A de-rating factor of 10% should be included for transformer efficiency. Note: Trailing edge controllers can also be used on mains-voltage filament lamps and on most other electronic transformers, but not on iron core transformers.

electronic non-dimmable transformers

These transformers should not be connected to a dimming controller, unless the controller is configured as a switched output only or damage to the transformer may occur. These types of transformers should only be driven from a relay unit. A de-rating of 10% should be allowed for.

electronic DSI/DALI/1-10V transformers

These four wire transformers are operated in exactly the same manner as an HF fluorescent electronic ballast. Refer to the respective section under fluorescent lighting for compatibility details.

standard ferro-magnetic E&I (economy) transformers

As the name implies, these transformers are constructed from two pieces of laminated steel cores, one shaped like an 'E'. The wire-winding bobbin is placed over the centre leg of the 'E' and the 'I' is then clamped over it alternately to close off the mechanical structure. These are perfectly acceptable for leading-edge dimming applications providing they are manufactured without defect and are used on a 'one transformer per lamp' basis. Transformer losses of around 10% should be considered when calculating actual loads. In particularly hot environments, it is appropriate to allow for 20% losses.

standard iron core, wire-wound toroidal transformers

These transformers are wound onto a doughnut shaped iron core. They are more difficult to wind than the 'E&I' type and so have a higher manufactured cost. They are generally quieter than the economy transformers, but can generate excessive heat and audible noise if the transformers are potted in epoxy. Toroidal transformers are popular for building into ELV downlights due to their physical shape. Leadingedge dimming controllers are suitable for their control.

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dos and donts of dimming low voltage transformers

When dimming low voltage lamps, Philips Dynalite recommends the specification of one lamp per transformer. There are several reasons for this:

In the event of transformer failure, only the single lamp is extinguished. The transformer is also readily accessible as it will be near the extinguished lamp.

If larger capacity transformers are used to control multiple lamps, any variances in cable length will be manifested in different luminous outputs; the longer the cable, the less light will be observed coming from the source.

Some transformers can be noisy when dimmed. in a fixture.

This is often the case for larger transformers

(especially 'E' and 'I' types), some electronic transformers and toroidal transformers that are potted

Large transformers are prone to nuisance tripping with MCB's at switch on, although the soft start features of Philips Dynalite controllers will minimise this risk. The problem is due to the highly inductive nature of the transformer coupled with the high inrush current of the lamps. Sometimes large transformers cannot be avoided for stretched-wire or parallel rod distribution systems. These transformers are usually a component part of the system and should have an integral provision for fast protection against overload or short circuit of the conductors.

Large wire-wound transformers have high energy losses and poor output voltage regulation. Some transformers are not suitable for dimming. Please refer to the Philips Dynalite Transformer Compatibility Guide under the Technical Support link on the Philips Dynalite website for further information.

For effective phase control dimming, minimum loads may apply, depending on the transformer type or load characteristic of the connected lighting fixtures. Lighting circuits comprising a single low voltage fitting of 20W or less may exhibit some instability for this reason. Please refer to controller data sheets or consult a Philips Dynalite representative for advice on minimum loads.

Four-wire transformers (DALI, DSI, 1-10V) require a pair of cables for the control signal, in addition to the mains feed. Local supply regulations must be observed when wiring mains and control cables, as the control terminals on the transformers or controllers are not rated as SELV. Mains voltage must never be applied to the control signal terminals or cables.

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fluorescent lighting
There are many different fluorescent lamp types available. As a general rule, those lamps with four pins are dimmable. Those lamps with two pins and integral starters or those with domestic BC or ES base are not dimmable. The dimming range of these lamps is a function of the fluorescent ballast connected to the lamp.

electronic dimmable DALI ballasts

DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) is a data protocol and transport mechanism that was jointly developed and specified by several manufacturers of lighting equipment. The common platform of DALI enables equipment from different manufacturers to be connected together. DALI is a step on from the DSI protocol, which is used by HF fluorescent ballasts. One of the main advantages that DALI has over earlier systems is that each device on a segment of data cable can be separately addressed, as DSI and 1-10V devices are not separately addressable and can only be controlled as a group. The net result is that to achieve similar control functionally, DALI requires less complex (and therefore less expensive) wiring topology than DSI or 1-10V devices. DALI distributes the control intelligence into each luminaire. This enables precise control when used in conjunction with appropriate Philips Dynalite devices and systems. A DIN-rail mounted Philips Dynalite DDBC120-DALI communicates on a single pair data cable to a "Universe" of up to 63 other DALI devices. The input to this Controller is standard DyNet RS485, thereby enabling seamless integration between the DALI devices downstream and a normal DyNet system upstream that could include intelligent wall mount control panels, sensors and an economical desktop browser interface. Unlike systems that have adopted DALI as the protocol for all devices, the Philips Dynalite approach does not reduce the number of DALI nodes with each additional sensor or wall mounted control panel. DALI ballasts are individually addressable and enable unique instruction about switching and illuminance to be conveyed to each lamp, each zone or each universe (64 nodes max. by definition) from a single instruction. The Philips Dynalite Controller is fully bi-directional, enabling critical status information from each luminaire to be reported elsewhere over the DyNet network. Circuit allocation and data wiring may be determined without reference to each other. Data cable is non-polarised, 2-core mains-rated cable with a maximum network length of approximately 300 metres (1.5mm2 cable). Each DALI universe must be commissioned, at which time up to 16 Groups may be assigned. This information is stored in each DALI ballast, as is the individual address, scene value and Power on level. Fade rates are very restricted in DALI, so they are undertaken in the flexible DyNet system.

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Philips Dynalite Technical Guide Load Compatibility

The Philips Dynalite DDBC120-DALI offers mains disconnection to the local universe by responding to the combined 'Off' state of all ballasts. It then electrically disconnects Active supply from the load to eliminate standby power consumption of ~7 VAR per ballast. This energy conservation measure can provide significant cost benefits in commercial installations where a large numbers of ballasts are installed. DALI control is phase independent.

The single phase power relay switching of the DBC120-DALI may be fed through a contactor for a multiphase universe. A de-rating of 10% should be allowed for.

electronic dimmable DSI ballasts

Tridonic manufactures a popular fluorescent ballast type that operates on a proprietary digital protocol known as DSI. Its control signal comprises an 8-bit asynchronous serial command string that is transmitted at 1200 Baud. Philips Dynalite's analogue ballast controllers are software selectable to operate DSI type ballasts. These have the advantage of being addressable by the lighting controller and hence by the upstream DyNet network. Options include On & Off and dimming level. A maximum fade rate of 1.5 seconds is provided in the ballast. Slower fade rates are determined in the Philips Dynalite controller and are not visually perceptible. The ballast type determines the minimum Illuminance possible. In general 1% is achievable by most ballasts (due to our visual response, this does not appear to be as low as one might imagine). It is possible to leave the mains permanently connected to the ballast and use the DSI signal to switch the lamp off, but be aware that the DSI transformer consumes ~7 VAR per ballast while switched off. This may become an energy savings issue, especially in commercial sites with large numbers of ballasts. Note that this ballast requires a pair of cables for the control signal, in addition to the mains feed. Some DSI controllers, such as the Philips Dynalite DBC410 have an integral relay on each circuit, to switch off mains supply to the lighting circuit when set at 0%. A de-rating of 10% should be allowed for. DSI is a mid-range controllable ballast solution, but unlike DALI, lacks the ability to address luminaires individually. A separate data cable is required to connect from the Philips Dynalite Ballast Controller to each managed group of lights. This does not present a problem where large numbers of lights share a common controlled level. Control is generally in the forward direction; that is, from the controller to the load. While a single back-channel is afforded in the specification, it is not supported by all ballasts. Where feedback is available, it indicates lamp failure only.

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electronic dimmable 1-10V ballasts

Many parts of the world still prefer this solution, due to its economy at the component level. Philips Dynalite has a wide range of Ballast Controllers for this application, including both DIN-rail mounted and conventional Black Box configurations (DDBC or DBC product code prefix). The primary disadvantage of "1-10 volt" dimming is the necessity to separately isolate supply to each switched zone; hence controllers range from 5 to 20 amps per channel in both single and 3-phase supply. A dedicated power sub-circuit and a control pair are provided for connection to each zone of lighting. The controllers also provide the necessary mains switching relays as required in 1-10 volt applications. A de-rating of 10% should be allowed for. The single pair data cable that controls 1-10-volt ballasts is also polarised. Accidental reversal of these cables to any single ballast greatly reduces the dimming range of all connected ballasts in the chain. If the chain is interrupted at any point, the fault-free side of the chain returns to full light output. There is no information fed back to the controller with this type of ballast. Most analogue ballasts are interchangeable, with the notable exception of proprietary '0-10 volt' ballasts that use zero volts to electronically switch off the lighting.

electronic ballasts - standard

These ballasts are not dimmable, but can be controlled by relay controllers.

dos and donts of dimming fluorescent lighting

In new installations or when the lamps have been changed, the new lamps should be "burnt-in" by being switched full on for at least 100 hours before any attempt is made to switch off or dim them. This will improve the visual dimming performance and lamp life. Please check with the lamp manufacturer for specific advice. Due to the fact that different type and wattage lamps may have different dimming curves, it is advisable not to mix fixtures with different lamp types on the same dimmer channel.

cold cathode (glow discharge) lighting

Cold cathode lighting is common in coffer lighting applications and in signage. It is most useful in areas where access for re-lamping is restricted as the tube life can exceed 80,000 hours. Neon lamps, as they are more commonly called, are available in three principle types, based on the Argon, Neon or Krypton gas that is used to fill the glass envelope. Their ability to be dimmed is dependent on the materials involved.

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Argon gas-filled tubes are the easiest to dim. Red Neon gas-filled tubes can be dimmed, but over a reduced range, with the tube diameter being significant to performance. required; the larger diameter, the better is the likely outcome for dimming. In general, Leading Edge Controllers are suitable for dimming cold cathode. The best results are A minimum of 10mm is

obtained where the dimmer's output semiconductor is rated at or above 5 Amps (BTA41 or larger). Smaller controllers, such as the DDMC802 are not suitable. The dimmed channel concerned should be protected by an MCB.

cold-cathode transformers
A transformer should be of electronic or iron core construction and approved by the manufacturer for dimming with a leading edge dimmer. If using a dimmable electronic transformer, de-rate the dimmer channel by 10%. If using an iron-core transformer, de-rate the dimmer channel by 60% and ensure that any power factor correction capacitors are removed. This should be checked carefully, as some types of transformers have the power factor correction capacitor buried inside the resin fill, making it difficult to remove. If the transformer is an OCP (Open Circuit Protection) type, ensure that it is suitable for dimming, as many OCP transformers are not. This type of transformer has circuitry that will automatically disconnect the transformers output in the event of a tube breakage.

cables
GTO (gas tube oil ignition) cables should not be of the braided type. GTO cables between the neon and transformer should not be longer than 6 metres and separated from each other by at least 100mm. Avoid running GTO cables near metal or in metal conduits. If metal conduit must be used, try to use a non-ferrous alloy type.

discharge lamps (including metal halide, mercury vapour and high pressure sodium)
These styles of lamps are traditionally switched only. When controlling these types of lamps it is important to use the larger rated relay devices such as the DDRC240FR to the DDRC1220FR units. The 20A relay units are better suited for handling the inrush requirements of this style of lamps. When calculating the REAL current for the switching device it is most important NOT to assume that the connected load can be calculated by multiplying the lamp wattage by the number of lamps. For example, a 150W Metal Halide lamp has a starting current of 2.4A. This level of current demand lasts for several minutes after switch on, so it is therefore essential that these loads be carefully calculated to avoid nuisance tripping of circuit breakers.

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Some manufactures of discharge lamps support dimming, this is done using protocols like 1-10V or DALI traditionally found in ballast dimming. If compatible then this style of lamp may be dimmed in the same way as florescent ballasts. Manufactures instructions of the control for these lamps should be carefully followed as incorrect use could damage the lamp or reduce its expected life span.

led lighting
With the increasing rate of technological development on ultra-bright LEDs, luminaires utilising these sources are becoming more prevalent in architectural applications. There is now an extensive range of proprietary LED lighting fittings available in the market. Philips Dynalite LED controllers use the widely adopted pulse width modulation (PWM) technique to regulate lumen output of LED fixtures. As the name suggests this technique simply involves altering the on time duration of a clock or square wave supply to the fittings. LED fittings generally incorporate a number of LEDs connected in a series-parallel circuit array. There are a number of circuit designs that are emerging as popular conventions. Consideration of the circuit type is necessary when selecting a controller with the appropriate output, particularly when dimming is required. Following is an outline of circuit design attributes that are used to classify an LED fitting for controller selection. Mode This relates to how LED current is biased. Voltage mode fittings incorporate integral current limiting devices and are designed for direct connection to a nominal supply voltage. Alternatively, current mode fittings do not include facility to limit current and therefore must be connected to a constant current supply. Rated Input Nominal supply voltage and current.

Configuration This applies to multi channel fittings (i.e. RGB) designed for colour mixing applications, and designates whether the channels are internally connected as common anode or common cathode. Philips Dynalite has developed dedicated LED controllers that cater to a wide range of fitting design types and it should be noted that mains voltage LED fittings are also available. Certain types of these mains voltage fittings include an integral regulating power supply with facility for a control input signal such as 0-10V and DALI. Dynalite ballast controllers may be readily used for these types of fittings in the same way as an electronically dimmable fluorescent luminaire. Mains voltage LED fittings without a control input may also be connected to a relay controller when simple on off control is required.

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Philips Dynalite Technical Guide Load Compatibility

Some mains powered LED fittings are compatible with leading or trailing edge dimming technologies. Care needs to be taken to make sure that the fittings are compatible. Some LED fittings will have a reduced dimming range and may produce a flicker when dimmed. This can be overcome by using Philips Dynalite editable dimming curves and an active load that is connected to the leading edge output channel. Some flicker may still be present from main supply instability.

2011 Dynalite Intelligent Light Pty Limited (ABN 97 095 929 829). All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without permission. Dynalite, DyNet DLight and associated logos are the registered trademarks of Dynalite Intelligent Light Pty Limited.

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