Example 5.

3 A simple example is used to illustrate matrix manipulations in the global assembly process, and ultimate matrix solution for steadystate heat conduction with convective boundary conditions. Consider a rectangular domain discretized into elements, as shown in Figure 5.12, with Kxx = Kyy = 1 W/mC, convective heat transfer occurring along the right boundary, the top and bottom walls are insulated, and the left end held at a constant temperature T = 10 C. For simplicity, let a = b = 1 m and Q = 0; calculate the nodal temperatures.

Problem Setting:

Solutions: T3=T4=14.76C, T5=T6=19.5C

Example 5.4

Obtain a solution for simple heat conduction with

boundary convection on one face and internal heat source for the region shown in Figure 5.18. Let Kxx = Kyy = 1.0 W/mC, h = 10 W/m2C, T = 150 C, and Q = 1.0 W/m3; the left vertical face of the region is fixed at a constant temperature, To = 100 C. insulated. The top and bottom walls are

Problem Setting:

Solutions: T1=T7=T8=100C, T3=T4=T5=145.4C T2=T6=19.5C

5.3 COMPUTER PROGRAM EXERCISES The first example deals with steady-state heat conduction in a square, as shown in Figure 5.20. The conduction coefficients are constant, Kxx = Kyy = 15.0 W/mC. A total of 12 nodes with bilinear elements are arranged as shown in Figure 5.20. The left wall, nodes 1, 2, and 3, is set to a constant value of 1000 C; the right wall, nodes 10, 11, and 12, is set to 0 C. The top and bottom walls are insulated, i.e., T/y = 0. The exact solution can be obtained by inspection and serves as a test of program accuracy. Both exact and calculated values are given in Table 5.5. Model output shows values essentially identical to exact values.

Figure 5.20 Steady-state temperature in a square. Table 5.5 10000 10000 10000 Exact Values 666 2/3 333 1/3 666 2/3 333 1/3 666 2/3 333 1/3 0 0 0 10000 10000 10000 Calculated Values 666.666 333.333 666.666 333.333 666.666 333.333 0 0 0

Problem Setting:

Solution: FEMLAB Calculated Values 10000 666.972 333.808 0 10000 666.972 333.808 0 10000 666.972 333.808 0

The second example deals with uniform potential flow in a rectangular domain, which is shown in Figure 5.21. The right wall sets = 10 m2/s; the left wall specifies a Neumann condition for the gradient, in this case /x = -1. At the top and bottom walls, /y = 0. Nine nodes are used with four bilinear elements. The diffusion coefficients in this example are set to unity, Kxx = Kyy = 1.0 m2/s. This problem depicts a uniform flow through a rectangular duct, with a constant source on the right and a constant outflow at the left boundary. Table 5.6 lists both the exact values and the calculated values.

Figure 5.21 Potential flow in a rectangular domain. Table 5.6 8 8 8 Exact Values 9 9 9 10 10 10 CalculatedValues 7.9999+ 8.999+ 7.9999+ 8.999+ 7.9999+ 8.999+ 10 10 10

Problem setting: 7

Solutions: 1=2=3=8, 4=5=6=9.0 7=8=9=10

The third example problem pertains to time-dependent heat conduction in 8

a rectangular fin, which is attached to a wall at constant temperature. The fin is exposed to ambient convection heat transfer, as shown in Figure 5.22. The same geometry is used as in Figure 5.20. The three sides are exposed to the ambient temperature, T = 1500 C. The left wall is constant at 1000 C; the initial temperatures within the problem domain (at the remaining nodes) are set to zero. The conduction coefficients are K xx = K yy = 15.0 W / mC , and the ambient convection heat transfer coefficient is h = 120 W / m 2C . The time step is t = 0.01 hr. The problem is to calculate how long it takes for the fin to reach steady-state conditions, and what is the temperature distribution at steady state. In this case, the analytical solution is not calculated; instead, numerical values are compared with values obtained from Heubner (1975), who used three-noded triangular elements. Results are shown in Table 5.7 for steady-state conditions. Steady state should be reached in 21 time steps.

Figure 5.22 Heat conduction in a fin. Table 5.7 9

1000 1000 1000

Huebners Values 1420.2 1477.5 1501.0 1268.5 1402.5 1469.6 1420.2 1477.5 1501.0

Calculated Values 1000 1447.18 1467.48 1493.81 1000 1207.86 1401.87 1477.81 1000 1447.18 1467.48 1493.81

Problem setting:

Solutions: 10

FEMLAB Calculated Values 10000 1400.36 1466.12 1492.26 10000 1249.43 1398.13 1475.83 10000 1400.36 1466.12 1492.26

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In this fourth example, uniform heat generation is analyzed in a unit square. Temperature is set to zero around the perimeter of the square, K xx = K yy = 1.0 W / mC , and Q = 8.0 W / m 3 , which is applied over each individual element. The problem is shown in Figure 5.23a. Since the problem is symmetric, only one-fourth of the square needs to be analyzed, as shown in Figure 5.23b. Nine nodes are used with four bilinear elements. Both Dirichlet (fixed) and Neumann (flux) conditions are applied, as shown in Figure 5.23b. A closed form analytical solution yields a value for node 1 of 0.5894 C at steady-state conditions. Table 5.8 lists the steady-state nodal values obtained by Akin (1981) using quadratic elements and the calculated values using bilinear quadrilaterals. The temperature at node 1 using linear elements yields 0.6214 C, which is within 6% of the analytical value. The accuracy is rather surprising considering that only four elements were used. Tests with a finer grid of 12 elements give results within 2%.

Figure 5.23 Internal heat generation in a unit square. Table 5.8 0.2 x 10
-12

Exact Values 0.2 x 10-12 0.1 x 10-12 12

Calculated Values 0

0.46439 0.36763 0.2 x 10-12 0.59678a 0.46439 0.2 x 10-12 a Analytical value = 0.5894 Problem Setting:

0.48214 0.62142

0.38571 0.48214

0 0

Quadratic Elements 0 0 0 0 0.463 0.356 0 0.338 0.592 0.456 0 0.539 Solutions by using linear elements:

Linear Elements 0 0 0.171 0 0.272 0

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Solutions by using quadratic elements:

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