...

...




...
2

.
(.. )

1-22

23-44

45-58

59-64

65-100

6 Multiframe4D

101-120

7 Multiframe4D

121-154

8 Section Maker

155-166

167-204

10

205-256

11

257-268

Frequently Asked Questions

269-276

277-282

283-298

299-310

311-314

315-317

1.1

(
)

2


( )


1.2
1.2.1





1.2.2




1.2.3

3
1.3





( )


1) Drawing :
()
2) :




3) :



4) :
( )



5)
:

4




1.4



1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

5
1.5
6

6


2
(
)
1.5.1
2

2

2
3

2
--

--


1.5.2
2
2

6
2


( )
( )
3 1) DL 2) DL+LL

3)

0.75[DL+LL+(WL EQ)]
3 4


1.5.3




)


(
)
4
(---)


( )

7
1.5.4
6
(
) ()




2 3
2 2
(
)
(

)


( )
(
) 2
3 -
1.5.5
( )


(
)
6
7

8
1.5.6

1 5



2




1.1

()

()
1.1
( , 2554)

()

()

()
1.1 ()
( , 2554)
1.6


()

10
(
)
( )
( , )




1.6.1
1) ()

( )
( )
()
2)



1.6.2
1)



1.2 1.3
2)
3)

11

B1

()

B1

()
1.2

(, , 2548)

12

()

()

1.3

(, , 2548)

1.6.3
1)



2)

13


3)



1.7



1.4
1.7.1
3

1.7.1.1


( )

1.7.1.2

14
1.7.1.3

SG

PS

PS

ST

I = BL3/12
()
B
I = B3L/12
L

()

1.4

15
1.7.2
1)


2)

3)


4)


5)

6) ()

7)

8) ( )

9) (Shear
Center) (
)
10)

11)
12)

16


13) ( 4 )
( )

14) ( )

15)
16)
()
17)

1.8
1) :

2) :

3) :

4) :

5) :

6) : m = (S) / (L)
(1) m
15 - 20

17
(2)
50 cm. ()
...

7) : 50 cm. (
) 15 - 20

8) : 3
15 - 20

9) : 3
()
15 - 20
10) : 3 (
)
15 - 20
1.9
2


1.9.1
1) ( )
2) ()
3) (
)
4) (
)
5)

18
1.9.2
1)
( )
2)
3)
4)
5)



(
)
2
( ) 7 10
2-3 ( ) 10 15

1b 1.45b ( b
.)
1.10

(
) 1.5 1.6

19

1.5

20

1.6
(Massimi, M., Mickute, M., & Edwards, C., Online, 2010)
0

21
1.11
2






1.1 3

(in.),
. (mm.),
. (mm.),
1.
(ft.),
. (cm.), . (m.)
. (cm.), . (m.)
.. (mm.2 ),
.. (mm.2 ),
. (in.2 ),
. (ft.2 ),
.. (cm.2 ),
.. (cm.2 ),
2.
.
.. (m.2 )
.. (m.2 )
(lb.),
(N.),
3.
. (kg. f ), (T.)
(kip.)
(KN.)
/.. (Pa),
4.
/. (lb./in.2 ) ./.. (ksc.)
MPa
5.
(sec.)
(sec.)
(sec.)

Pa
= 1 N./m.2
lb./in.2 =

6.894 KN./m.2

lb./in.2 =

0.07030696 Kg./cm.2

MPa

10.19716 Kg./cm.2

KN.

101.9716 kg. f

22
1.12


4

2
2



2.1
(
)

24

1 1201

6 (.. 2527)
.. 2522



2.2
2.2.1
2.2.1.1 DL. 3

2.1
(Rob Munach, Online, 2011)

25

1) SW.

(1) SW. = 2,400 x (.) x (.); ./.
kg./m.
(2) SW. = 2,450 x (.) x (.);
./. kg./m. + 2,400 x (.) x
(.); ./.
(3) SW. = 12 x (.) +
24 x (.)
x (.) 2 + (.) 2 ; ./..
(.)

(4) SW. = 2,400 x (.) x (.);

./.
(5) - SW. = 2,400 x (1 .) x
(.); ./.
(6) SW. = 2,400 x (..)
x (.); .
(7) () SW. = 2,400 x (.) x
(.) x (.); .
(8)
- 1.024 x (.); ./
..
-

(.)
+ 5 ; ./..
3

5% - 15%
(9)
- > 30 ; 1.024 x
(.); . /..
- < 30 ; 0.688 x
(.) + 8.54 ./..
2) FL.
2.1
-

26

2.1

()
2,323
()
2,400
()
2,450
()
1,100
()
7,850

880

1,685

1,600

1,900

18

14

12

17

5
Metal Sheet
5 10; 7,850t
( )
5
( )
7 - 10
1
30

180

360

5
4 .
7
8 .
14
10 .
100
10 .
100 - 150
15 .
170 - 180

./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..

27

2.1 ()

20 .
220 - 240

22

90
+
30

5

50 - 60
( , 2538)

./..
./..
./..
./..
./..
./..

3) etc.




(1) -
- ( ) -
-
- ( )
--


(2) -

= 10 15 ./.. = 5 - 10 ./..
= 10 - 15 ./.. = 10 - 15 ./..
2.2.1.2 LL.

28

2.2
(Rob Munach, Online, 2011)

1)
6 (..2527) 15
.. 2522 2.2 (


)
2.2
6 (..2527) 15

(./..)
1. ( )
30
2.
100
3. -
150
4.
200

5.
250

29

2.2 ()
6 (..2527) 15

(./..)
6. (.)

300
(.)

7. (.)

400

(.)

8. (.)

500
(.)

9.
600
10.
800
( .. 2522, 10)


23 .

6 (..2527) 19
.. 2522
2.3

30

2.3 6 (..
2527) 19 .. 2522

(%)

0
1 2 -
3 -
10
4 -
20
5 -
30
6 -
40
7 -
50
( .. 2522, 10)
2)

AASHTO

2.3
2.4

415 ./..

31

2.3 AASHTO
(Federal Highway Administration, Online, 2005)
0

2.4
AASHTO
(Federal Highway Administration, Online, 2005)

2.2.1.3

32

1) 1.00 ( 100%)
2) ( /)
0.20 ( 20%)
3) (/)
0.50 ( 50%)
4) 0.33
( 33%)
5)
0.25 ( 25%)
(1)

(2)
0.10
(3)
0.20 ( + )
2.2.2
2.2.2.1 WL.

33

2.5
(Rob Munach, Online, 2011)

1) 6 (2527) 17
.. 2522
2) ..
2546
3)
.. 2550
3

..
2550

6 (2527) 17
.. 2522

34

6 (..2527) 17 .. 2522
2.4
2.4 6 (2527) 17
.. 2522
/
(./..)
10 ()
50
10 20 ()
80
20 40 ()
120
40 ()
160
( .. 2522, 10)

1)
4
2)

3)

2



() 2.6
( )
2.7 25

25

35

Pn =

= (2Psin)/(1+sin2)

P =
2.6

2.7
(Krishna, P., Kuma, K., & Bhandari., N.M., 2002)
0

36

2.7 ()
(Krishna, P., Kuma, K., & Bhandari., N.M., 2002)
0

2

2.8

37

b1
B
b1/2

b2
h1

b2/2
h1/2
h2/2

h1

F = P x ..
= P x (B x H), kg./

2.8

2.2.2.2 EQ.

(
)

2.9










.. 2522
49 (2540)
.. 2522

38

.. 2550

2.9
(Rob Munach, Online, 2011)

1) 49 (2540)
.. 2522


.. 2550
2)
.. 2550


.. 2550 ( 49
.. 2540 .. 2522 )
4 2.10 0
(Zone 0) 3 1 (Zone 1) 3 - 5

39

2 (Zone 2A) 5 - 7 3 (Zone

2B) 7 - 8

2




75
(cm.)
(cr.) 2.11


.. 2550 4

2
2
3
: 0.75[ (DL) + (LL) + (WL)
(EQ)] 0.75[(DL) + (LL) + (WLx)], 0.75[(DL) +
(LL) + (WLy)], 0.75[(DL) + (LL) + (WLxy)], 0.75[(DL) + (LL) + (WLx)], 0.75[(DL) + (LL) +
(WLy)], 0.75[(DL) + (LL) + (WLxy)]

40

2.10 ( 2 .. 2548)
( , , , 2551)
0

41

(cm.)
(cr.)
2D
3D

F4

F4

F3

F3

F2

F2

F1

F1

2.11
3D 2D

.. 2550

2.12
V = ZIKCSW
2.1
(VFt)Wxhx
Fi = n
2.2
i=1 Wihi

V = ( 0.10W V 0.35W)
Z = .

zone 1; Z = 0.1875
zone 2; Z = 0.375

I = . (1.00-1.50)

= 1.50
300 = 1.25

42

= 1.00

K = . (0.67-1.33)

= 1.33
= 0.67

= 0.80
4
= 2.50
= 1.00

C = .

1
C = 15T

0.12 T =

0.90h
D

h =

D =
( 0.12 KC 0.25)

S = . (1.00-1.50)

S = 1.0
S = 1.2
S = 1.5

W =
Ft = = 0.07TV 0.25V
Fi =

43

W3h3

F3

h3
W2h2

F2
Fi

h2

Wxhx

W1h1

F1

h1

V
D

2.12

.. 2550
2.3


2 4
2.3.1
P

2.13

44

2.3.2

2.13 3
1)

2)

3)

P; kg.

; kg./m.

; kg./m.

; kg./m.

2.13

(.)
3.1

3


.

3.1.1
1
1201 6 .. 2522
15 cm.
x 30 cm. 1 28
. 409

46

15 cm. x 30 cm.
3.1.2
6 ..
2522 37.50
65 ksc. 173.33 ksc.
173.33 ksc.
. 213-2553
4.1 173.33 ksc.
173.33 ksc. 65 ksc.







3.1
3.1 _
. 213-2553
28 ( 1); ksc.

-15 cm. x 30 cm.

15 cm. x 15 cm.
C14.5/18
145
180
C17/21
170
210
C19.5/24
195
240
( .. 2511, 2553, 30)

47

3.1 () _
. 213-2553
28 (
1); ksc.

-15 cm. x 30 cm.

15 cm. x 15 cm.
C23/28
230
280
C27/32
270
320
C30/35
300
350
C33/38
330
380
C35/40
350
400
C37/42
370
420
C40/45
400
450
C45/50
450
500
C50/55
500
550
( .. 2511, 2553, 30)
3.1.3



1)
3
= 2,323 kg/m.
3
= 2,400 kg/m.
3
= 2,450 kg/m.
2)
6
= 9.4 x 10 cm./cm.C
6
= 7.7 x 10 cm./cm.C
3) = 4,270 x 1.5 x fc ksc.

48

3.1.4



(.)
1)

fc = 0.45fc ksc. ( . fc = 0.375fc)

( ) fc = 0.42fc
ksc.
2)
v = 0.29fc ksc.
( ) v = 1.32fc
ksc.

( ) v = 0.53fc ksc.
3)
fc = 0.25fc ksc.
fc = 0.375fc ksc.
4)

u = 2.2 [fc/] 25 ksc.
u = 3.23 [fc/] 35 ksc.

u = 1.72 [fc/] 28 ksc.

u = 1.145[fc/] 11 ksc.
u = 1.615[fc/] 11 ksc.

u = 0.86[fc/] 11 ksc.
fc = , ksc.
fc= (
28 ), ksc.
= , cm.

49

3.2



.

6
0
= 13 10 cm./cm. C

= 2.0 2.1 106 ksc.
3
7,850 kg./m.
3.2.1 : .20-2544


. SR-24 6-28 mm.
10 12 m. 10 m.



3.2 _
. 20-2544

(kg./m.)

(mm.)
(mm.2)
RB 6
6
28.30
0.222
RB 8
8
50.30
0.395
RB 9
9
63.60
0.499
RB 10
10
78.50
0.616
( .. 2511, 2544, 5)

50

3.2 () _
. 20-2544

(kg./m.)

2
(mm.)
(mm. )
RB 12
12
113.10
0.888
RB 15
15
176.70
1.387
RB 19
19
283.50
2.226
RB 22
22
380.10
2.984
RB 25
25
490.90
3.853
RB 28
28
615.80
4.834
RB 34
34
907.90
7.127
( .. 2511, 2544, 5)
3.2.2 : .24-2548


. 3 SD-30 SD-40 SD-50
10 40 mm. 10 12 m. 10 m.

3.3

_
. 24-2548

(kg./m.)

2
(mm.)
(mm. )
DB 6
6
28.30
0.222
DB 8
8
50.30
0.395
( .. 2511, 2548, 5)

51

3.3 () _
. 24-2548

(kg./m.)

2
(mm.)
(mm. )
DB 10
10
78.50
0.616
DB 12
12
113.10
0.888
DB 16
16
201.10
1.578
DB 20
20
314.20
2.466
DB 22
22
380.10
2.984
DB 25
25
490.90
3.853
DB 28
28
615.80
4.834
DB 32
32
804.20
6.313
DB 36
36
1,017.90
7.990
DB 40
40
1,256.60
9.865
( .. 2511, 2548, 5)
3.2.3
6
.. 2522
1)
() fs = 1,200
ksc.
9 mm.
3 m. fs = 0.5fy 2,100 ksc.
fy < 4,000 fs = 0.5fy 1,500 ksc.
fy 4,000 fs = 0.5fy 1,700 ksc.
fs = 0.5 2,400 ksc.

52

2)
fs = 0.4fy 2,100 ksc.
0.85
1,750 ksc.
3.3





.

6
0
= 13 10 cm./cm. C

= 2.0 2.1 106 ksc.
3
7,850 kg./m.
3.3.1

( 1 MPa = 10.19716 kg./cm.2)
1) ASTM. (American Society for Testing and
Materials) 2
A-36 (Carbon Steel: fy = 250 MPa)
A-572 (High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel: fy = 345 MPa)
2) JIS. (Japanese Industrial Standards)
3 ( SS
SM
)

53

SS-400 (fy: 245 MPa)

SM-400 (fy: 245 MPa)
SM-570 (fy: 460 MPa)
3) (.)
(1) . 1227-2539 7

() () ()

()

()

()

3.1 . 1227-2539

SS 400: fy = 2,450 ksc. ( 16 mm.) fy = 2,350 ksc.

( 16 mm.); fu = 4,000 5,100 ksc.; = 17 - 21 %
SS 490: fy = 2,850 ksc. ( 16 mm.) fy = 2,750 ksc.
( 16 mm.); fu = 4,900 6,100 ksc.; = 15 - 19 %
SS 540: fy = 4,000 ksc. ( 16 mm.) fy = 3,900 ksc.
( 16 mm.); fu = 4,000 5,100 ksc.; = 18 - 23 %
SM 490: fy = 3,250 ksc. ( 16 mm.) fy = 3,150 ksc.
( 16 mm.); fu = 5,400 ksc.; = 13 - 17 %
SM 400: fy = 2,450 ksc. ( 16 mm.) fy = 2,350 ksc.
( 16 mm.); fu = 4,000 5,100 ksc.; = 18 - 23 %

54

SM 490: fy = 3,250 ksc. ( 16 mm.) fy = 3,150 ksc.

( 16 mm.); fu = 4,900 6,100 ksc.; = 17 - 22 %
SM 520: fy = 3,650 ksc. ( 16 mm.) fy = 3,550 ksc.
( 16 mm.); fu = 5,200 6,400 ksc.; = 15 - 19 %
SM 570: fy = 4,600 ksc. ( 16 mm.) fy = 4,500 ksc.
( 16 mm.); fu = 5,700 7,200 ksc.; = 19 - 26 %
(2) . 1228-2549 1
SSC 400: fy = 2,450 ksc.; fu = 4,000 5,400 ksc.; = 17 21 %

()

()

()

() ()

()

()

3.2 . 1228-2549
(3) . 107-2533

() () ()
3.3 . 107-2533

55

3
HS 41: fy = 2,350 ksc.; fu = 4,020 ksc.; = 23 %
HS 50: fy = 3,140 ksc.; fu = 4,900 ksc.; = 23 %
HS 51: fy = 3,530 ksc.; fu = 5,000 ksc.; = 15 %
2
HS 41: fy = 2,350 ksc.; fu = 4,020 ksc.; = 23 %
HS 50: fy = 3,140 ksc.; fu = 4,900 ksc.; = 23 %
2
HS 41: fy = 2,350 ksc.; fu = 4,020 ksc.; = 23 %
HS 50: fy = 3,140 ksc.; fu = 4,900 ksc.; = 23 %
3.3.2
6 ..
2522
1) fv = 0.40fy; ksc.
2) fs = 0.60fy; ksc.
3) fa = 0.60fy; ksc.
4) fb = 0.60fy; ksc
5) fb = 0.75fy; ksc
3.4





3

56

.



.

3.4.1




4.4
3.4 6
(2527) 18 .. 2522

Qa (/..)

2

2

5

10

25

25
( , 2554)

57

3.4.2

2





4.5

3.5
6 (2527) 20 .. 2522

(m.)
(kg.)
0 7 ()
600Ask
7 ()
800 + 200L
Ask = (m.2)
L = 7 m. (m.)
( , 2554)
3.5


(
)
.

58

3 (
6 1)
1.

2.


3.

3
(.) ( .)

( )

1.

2.

3.

(.)

(.)

4.1

60

4.1
2

1. (Dead Load, DL.) (Self Weight,

SW.) - (Finishing Load, FL.) (etc.)

2. (Live Load, LL.)
(LL.) (Wind Load, WL.)
(Earthquake Seismic Load, EQ.)

1.

2.

3.

4.2

(Impact Load)

(Real load)

(Model Load) 2

1. (Point Load, P)

61

2. (Uniform Load, )
3
1)

2)

3)

4.3
4.2




15% - 20%

62

Static Analysis
Linear Static Analysis
( )
Dynamic Analysis Linear Dynamic Analysis
1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.4
4.3


1.

2.

3.

(.)

(.)

4.5

63

4.4


1.



2.

3.



4.

5.


6.

7.
8.

64

5.1


1)
-

2) cg.
-

3) cg.


4)

66

5)
2
6)

-

5.2

1)
(1) (L; m.)
(2) ()
(3) ( Fy Fu)
(4)
(5) = ;

x = Sin ()
y = Cos ()
2
Mx = CosL /8
2
My = SinL /8
y

2
My = SinL /8
2
My = SinL /32
2
My = SinL /175 L/3

67

y
y

5.1
( , 2554)
2)

(Mx My M)
S (
Sx)
3) 2
(fbx/0.60Fy) + (fby/0.75Fy) 1.0
() L/360

fbx = Mx/Sx fby = My/Sy

:
Fy fy
Fu fu
5.3

1)
(L; m.)
( Fy, Fu Es; ksc.)
(Ft; kg.)
( )
2)
(1) 2 ( )

68

3)

: 2
(2)
2 ()

(240 ; 300

)
: As () r min ( )

5.4

1)
(L; m.)
( Fy Es; ksc.)
(Fc; kg.)
K
7.1
2)

3)

:

2 ()

(200 ; 240 )

69

Fac

5.1 ( K)

(McCormac, J.C., 1992)

70

5.5

1)
(L; m.)
(Lb; m.)
( Fy Es; ksc.)
2) (R; kg.), (Mz; kg.-m.), (V; kg.)
( ; )
3)


3

4)

(1)
(2)
(3)

L/120)

(AISC: LL L/360, DL+LL L/240, WL EQ

Sx fb M

d =
t w =
Sx =
fb (Lb; m.)

Lb < Lc fb = (0.60 0.66)Fy

Lc < Lb < Lu fb = 0.60Fy
Lb > Lu fb 0.60Fy

71

5.6
1)
(1) 46-60
(D) = (t)

0.60Fy
= (D)(L)
[F]/[(D)(L)] 0.60Fy
D

5.2
( , 2554)
(2) . 5
25 mm. (
2 )
= (0.707D)(L)
( )
0.40Fy
(F)/[(0.707D)(L)] 0.40Fy

5.3
( , 2554)

72

0.707D
t=D

0.707D

5.4
( , 2554)
2)

(1)
20
(2)
16
3)
3
(1)
E 60 xx () = 60 kip. (Fu = 4,200 ksc.)
A36 (Fy = 36 ksi.), SS400, SM400, Fe24 (Fy
= 2,400 ksc.)
E 70 xx () = 70 kip. (Fu = 4,900 ksc.)
A572 50 (Fy = 50 ksi.), Fe30 (Fy
= 3,000 ksc.)
E 80 xx () = 80 kip. (Fu = 5,600 ksc.)
A572 60 (Fy = 60 ksi.)
:
2, 2.6, 3.2, 4, 5 mm.
(2)
(fv) = 0.40Fy ksc.
(fv) = 0.30Fu ksc. **
(ft) = 0.60Fy ksc.
Fy =

73

(3) (D) (L)

(D): 3 6 mm.

6 mm.
D = 3 mm.
6 mm. 13 mm.
D = 5 mm.
13 mm. 19 mm.
D = 6 mm.
19 mm. 38 mm.
D = 8 mm.
38 mm. 57 mm.
D = 10 mm.
57 mm. 152 mm.
D = 13 mm.
152 mm.
D = 16 mm.
(L): 4D
2D
()
F = (fv)[(0.707D)(L)] = 0.707DLfv; kg./cm. 1
L = ( )/(0.707Dfv) =
F/(0.707Dfv); cm.
fv =
(
)
F = (ft)(D)(L) = DLft; kg./cm. 1
L = ()/(Dft) = F/(Dft); cm.
ft =

74

5.7




( )
(
)

cg.
cg.

5.5
(Goreng, B., Tinyou, R., & Syam, A., 2005)

75

5.6
(Davison, B., and Owens, G.W., 2003)
1)


(
X Y)

76

2)

5.7
( Schierle, G.G., 2002)

77

(1)
(2)

(3) ()
(4)
(5) 6 mm.
5.8
( Fixed
Support) ( Free Support)
3

5.8
( , 2554)
1)

:
(1) (A BxL)
2
A (4R)/fc; cm. ()
(2)
t = [R/(0.75Fy)]; cm.
R = () ; kg.
Fc = ( ); ksc.
Fy = ; ksc.

78

R
R
B

5.9
( , 2554)
2)

( -
)

w
w

0.6w
0.6wCos
0.6w
0.6wCos/2
0.6w

0.6wCos

A
P
P

P/2

0.6w
0.6wCos

5.10
( , 2554)
(1)
2
As = U/fs; cm.
2
n = (4As)/( )
w = (); kg./m.2
P = ; kg.
A = ; m.2

79

3)

U = = [(0.6AwCos)] - AP; kg.

= ; cm.
fs = = 0.50Fy; ksc.
As = ; cm.2
: (
)
(2)
L = U/(u); cm.
L = fs/4u); cm.
= ; cm.
fs = = 0.50Fy; ksc.
u =
u = (1.145fc)/ 11 ksc.
u = (2.29fc)/ 25 ksc.
(Slot)
R
R

B
L

+ 3 mm.

5.11 (Slot)
( , 2554)
(1) = + (
3 mm.)
(2) L = TL

80

=
L =
T =
=
=

; m.
; m.
= Tmax.Tmin.; C
; m./m./C
13x10-6

5.9
1)

5.12
(Ray, S.S., 1998)

81

L
m

5.13
( , 2554)
2)
(P)
(1)
2
A ( BxL) P/(0.25Fc); cm.
(2) ( )
t = (2n)[(P/(BL))/(0.75Fy)]; cm.
t = (2m)[(P/(BL))/(0.75Fy)]; cm.
(3)

()

82

10%

10% - 35%
2
A H/(0.40Fy); cm.
2
n = A/[( )/4]; /
(P) (M)
(1) [P/(BL)] - [(6M)/(BL2)] ( e = M/P L/6)
(1) ( 0.25fc)
2
[P/(BL)] + [(6M)/(BL )]
0.25Fc
(2)
2
fmax = [P/(BL)] + [(6M)/(BL )]
2
fmin = [P/(BL)] - [(6M)/(BL )]
fp
= fmin + [(L+d)/(2L)][fmax-fmin]
M
= (1.95)[(fp+fmax)((L-d)/2)((L-d)/4)];
kg.-m.
(
)
t = [(6M)/(0.75Fy)]; cm.
(3)
10% - 35%

2
A H/(0.40Fy); cm.
2
n = A/[( )/4]; /
(2) [P/(BL)] - [(6M)/(BL2)] ( e = M/P L/6)
(1) ( 0.25fc)
2
[P/(BL)] + [(6M)/(BL )]
0.25Fc
(2)
x = 3[(L/2)-(M/P)]; m.

83

fmax = 2/[(3B)((L/2)-(M/P))]; ksc. ( (2P)/(Bx)

0.40fc)
fp = (0.40fc)[(x-((L-d)/2))/x]; kg.-m.
M = (1.95)[(fmax-fp)((L-d)/2)((L-d)/4)]; kg.-m. ()
t = [(6M)/(0.75Fy)]; cm.
(3)
T = [(xB)(0.40fc)]-P; kg. ()
2
A T/(0.60Fy); cm.
2
n = A/[( )/4]; /
P = ; kg.
H = ; kg.
e = ; cm.
T = ; kg.
M = ; kg.-m.
fc = ; ksc.
Fy = ; ksc.
B = ; cm.
L = ; cm.
d = ; cm.
n = (L-0.95d)/2; cm.
m = (B-0.8b f )/2; cm.
= ; cm.

5.10





5.14

84

5.14
(Mckenzie, W. M.C., 2006)

85

5.14 ()
(Mckenzie, W. M.C., 2006)

5.10.1 ()

1)
Fv = n(Ab)x(fv); kg./bolt
N1 = F/Fv; bolts
Fb = n(t)x(fb); kg./bolt
N2 = F/Fb; bolts

86

5.15
(Lam, D., Ang, T.C., & Chiew, S.P., 2004)

Le 1.50
L 3
(s) (g) 3

5.16
(Ambrose, J., & Tripeny, P., 2012)

87

5.2 ...
(ksc.)

(ksc.)

A307 ()
1,400
700
A325, A449 (
,
2,800
1,050
1,050
)
A325, A449 (
,
2,800
1,050
1,540
)
A490 ( ,

3,780
1,400
1,575
)
A490 ( ,

3,780
1,400
2.240
)
( , 2536)

(ksc.)
1.35Fy
1.35Fy

1.35Fy

1.35Fy

1.35Fy

A307; ft = 1,960-1.6Fv 1,400 ksc.
A325 A449; ft = 3,500-1.6Fv 2,800 ksc.
A490; ft = 4,900-1.6Fv 3,780 ksc.

A325 A449; fv 1,050(1-FtAb/Tb) ksc.
A490; fv 1,400(1-FtAb/Tb) ksc.
ft, fv =
Ft, Fv =

88

2)
Fv = (0.707D)x(fv); kg./unit length

L = F/Fv; cm.
F = ; kg.
Ab = ; cm.2
fv = ; ksc.
fb = ; ksc.
n =
D = ; cm.
L = ; cm.
t = ; cm.
= ; cm.
5.10.2 ()

5.17
( Mckenzie, W. M.C., 2006)

89

1)
2
Fv = n(Ab)x(fv); kg./bolt
N1 = T/Fv; bolts
Fb = n(t)x(fb); kg./bolt
N2 = T/Fb; bolts

5.18
( Mckenzie, W. M.C., 2006)
2) ()
Fv = (0.707D)x(fv); kg./unit length
L3 = ; cm.
P3 = (Fv)(L3)(fv); kg.
P1 = (Tc/L3)-(P3/2); kg.
L1 = P1/Fv; cm.
P2 = T-(P1+P3); kg.
L2 = P2/Fv; cm.
T = ; kg.
fv = ; ksc.
D = ; cm.
L1, L2, L3 = ; cm.
P1 = L1 ; kg.
P2 = L2 ; kg.
P3 = L3 ; kg.

90

5.19
( Mckenzie, W. M.C., 2006)
5.10.3 ()
Elastic Analysis

1)

5.20
(Trahair, N.S., et al., 2008)

Vx1 = Px/N, Vy1 = Py/N

Vx2 = (M)(Ymax)/(x2+y2), Vy2 = (M)(Xmax)/(x2+y2),

91

( ) V
=
2
2
[(Vx1+Vx2) +(Vy1+Vy2) ]
P = ; kg.
e = ; cm.
N =
Vx1, Vy1 = 1 x y ; kg.
Vx2, Vy2 = 2 x y ; kg.
M = cg. P ;
kg.-cm.
= (Mx+My) / Mx = (Py)(ex),
My = (Px)(ey),
Xmax = x cg.; cm.
Ymax = y cg.; cm.
2 2
2
(x +y ) = ; cm.
x2 = x cg.

y2 = y cg.

2)

5.21
(Chen, Wai-Fah & Lui, E. M., 2006)

92

Vx1 = Px/L, Vy1 = Py/L

Xav = ((L21/2)+(L23/2))/L, Yav = (L22/2)/L
Ix = (L32/12)+(L1+L2)(L2/2)2
Iy = (L31/12)+L1((L1/2)-Xav)2+(L33/12)+L3((L3/2)-Xav)2+L2(Xav)2
Vx2 = (M)(Ymax)/(Ix+Iy), Vy2 = (M)(Xmax)/(Ix+Iy),
( ) V
=
2
2
[(Vx1+Vx2) +(Vy1+Vy2) ]
P = ; kg.
e = ; cm.
Vx1, Vy1 = 1 x y ; kg.
Vx2, Vy2 = 2 x y ; kg.
M = cg. P ;
kg.-cm.
= (Mx+My) / Mx = (Py)(ex),
My = (Px)(ey)
Xav, Yav = cg. ; cm.
L1, L2, L3 = ; cm.
L = ; cm.
Ix, Iy = x y ;
cm.4
Xmax = x cg.; cm.
Ymax = y cg.; cm.

5.10.4 (

Elastic Analysis

93

1)

5.22
(Chen, Wai-Fah & Lui, E. M., 2006)

5.23
(Mckenzie, W. M.C., 2006)

V = P/N; kg.
( )
T = Pe/(nd); kg.
P = ; kg.
e = ; cm.
N =
n =
V = ; kg.

94

M = Pe = cg. P ; kg.-cm.
d = cg. y; cm.
e = P ; cm.
2)

5.24
(Mckenzie, W. M.C., 2006)

V = P/A; kg.
( )
T = PeC/Ix; kg.
2
2
V = [(V) +(T) ]

P = ; kg.
A = ; cm.2
e = ; cm.
C = cg. ; cm.
Ix = ( 1 )
x cg.; cm.4

95

5.10.5 ( )

y ( )
x ( ) cg.

5.25
( Chen, Wai-Fah & Lui, E. M., 2006)

96

1)
Fv = (Ab)x(fv); kg./bolt
N1 = Py/Fv; bolts
Fb = (t)x(fb); kg./bolt
N2 = Py/Fb; bolts
Ft = (Ab)x(ft); kg./bolt
N3 = Px/Ft; bolts
2)
fws = Py/DL; ksc.
fwt = Px/DL; ksc.
2
2
fw = [(fws) +(fwt) ]; ksc.

P = ; kg.
Py = y ; kg.
Px = x ; kg.
Ab = ; cm.2
fv = ; ksc.
fb = ; ksc.
ft = ; ksc.
D = ; cm.
L = ; cm.
t = ; cm.
= ; cm.
5.10.6 - -
(
10% - 20%)
(

)
5.26

97

5.26 - -
(Mckenzie, W. M.C., 2006)

98

5.27 -
(Chen, Wai-Fah & Lui, E. M., 2006)


1) (L)
Lmin = 2a+(N-1)(3) <
2)
fv = 0.40Fy = (P/2)/A = P/(Lt) t = (P/2)/((0.40Fy)xLmin)
3) ()
2
Fv = 2(Ab)x(fv); kg./bolt
Fb = (t)x(fb); kg./bolt
N = P/(Fv Fb )
4) ()
1 (
)
Fv = (Ab)x(fv); kg./bolt
Fb = (t)x(fb); kg./bolt
N = P/(Fv Fb )
P = ; kg.
t = ; cm.
a = ; cm.
= ; cm.
N =

99

5.10.7 - -

5.28 -
(Chen, Wai-Fah & Lui, E. M., 2006)

100

1)

N = (R/(tw(0.75Fy)))-k; cm.
e = (N/2)+0.30-t; cm.
2
t = (-R+(R +0.5FybR(N/2+0.30)))/(0.25Fyb); cm.

5.29 -
( , 2554)
2)



5.11

 6
Multiframe4D
6.1 Multiframe4D
()

Hot Award (AISC)
Multiframe Multi + Frame = , + =

4D

1) Windows
2)
(Windows)
1 (DOS)
3) Static Dynamic
4D

4) 2 3 ( .,
, , , )
5)

102

6) Built Up

7)

8)

9)
( - - )

10) Background
(
)
11) CAD DXF

12) (Multi Windows)

(Multi Tables) Lay Out
13)
14) Render 3D
15) Animation
(VRML) Present
16) 30 ( .
)
6.2 Multiframe4D
6.2.1
1) OriginalMultiframe4D8.51

103

2) Welcome NEXT
3) User Information NAME: Company: NEXT
4) Choose Destination Location Browse

5) Select County ()
NEXT
6) Choose Components Select All ()
NEXT
7) Select Installation Type Standalone (Single Use)
NEXT
8) Select Standalone Dongle Sentinel Super Pro
NEXT
9) Select Program Folder
NEXT
10) Setup Complete Yes Finish
2.2.2
Generate
Install
1) SP-Multiframe4D8.51
2) Destination Folder Drive Browse

3) NEXT

104

6.3

1)
2) No

105

6.4 Multiframe4D

106

6.4 Multiframe4D
Multiframe4D version 8.51
version

107

1. (Main Menu):
Tool Bar
File Edit View Geometry Frame Load Display Case Time Design
Window Help
2. (Toolbars):

2.1 (Window 1Frame)

File View Symbols Window

108

Formatting Load Case 3D View Generate

Member Joint

2.2 Window 3Load 4

(
Global) ( Local)

2.3 Window 5Plot 4

2D
3D ( 2D)

Toolbar Toolbar
()
Toolbars

109

3. :

4. : (Global Axes)

5. :

6.5
( )
7 1.Frame 2.Data 3.Load 4.Result 5.Plot
6.CalcSheet 7.Report Frame

110

6.6

111

6.6.1
Main Menu View Units

Unite

OK
( Australian)

112

6.6.2
Main Menu View Numbers

Numerics Decimal ( )

2 OK

113

6.6.3
Main Menu Edit Materials Edit Materials

Select Material Steel

OK Material
OK

114

Main Menu Edit Materials Add
Materials Material OK

115

Main Menu Edit

Materials Delete Materials Delete Material
OK

6.6.4
Main Menu View Size

Size OK

116

Main Menu View Grid

Grid Space
OK Grid Space

117

6.6.5
Main Menu Edit Preferences

Preferences 4 Presentation Report View

Licensing ( )
OK

118

Presentation Render
Rendering 3 3D
Graphics

Reporting
Microsoft Word

119

Licensing
Design Main Menu
Design Main Menu

6.6.6
Main Menu Display Symbols

120

Symbol Display
OK

 7
Multiframe4D
7.1 ()
Main Menu View Sizes

Size
( )
OK

122

Toggle grid lock

123

7.2 ( ) : Frame (Window 1Frame)

3
1) CAD DXF

124

Import 3D DXF file

Open

Ok

Import Option

2)
4

125

3)
2 Add Member
Add Connected Members

:

Multiframr4D

126

1) Del Delete
Member
2) Subdivide Member
No. of subdivisions Length (
) OK

3) Main Menu Geometry

Duplicate spacing (Number of
Times) (Also duplicate)
(Type) OK

127

4)
Main Menu Geometry Move
Selection
OK
5) Main Menu
Geometry Extrude
OK

128

6) Main Menu Geometry

Convert Member to Arc (Number of
Segments) (Arc Size) (Radial
Direction) Local Axes OK

7) (Member Release)
( ) Main Menu Frame Member Releases

(Node) OK

129

8) (Member Offset)
Main Menu Frame Member Offsets
(Node) OK

9) Main Menu
Frame Member Labels Label
OK

130

7.3 : Frame (Window 1Frame)

Rigid Joint

131

Joint Toolbar
Rigid Joint
Pinned Joint

Joint Toolbar

132

Main Menu Frame Joint Restraint

OK

:

Multiframr4D

133

1) Main Menu
Frame Joint Spring
(Stiffness)

2) (Incline Support)
Main Menu Frame Joint Orientation

Joint Toolbar

134

3)
( )
Joint Toolbar
Joint Toolbar

7.4 : Frame (Window 1Frame)

Section Type

135

136

:
Multiframr4D
1) Render 3D 3D
Rendering
2) Render 3D Main Menu
Display Render
(
1) OK.
3) Main Menu Display Render %
( 100%) OK.
4) ( Local Axes)
Rotate section
90
()
Main Menu Frame Member Orientation

OK.

( - )

137

7.5 : Load (Window 3Load)

7.5.1 Load Case
3Load

(Load Case)
(
)

138

(Load Case) Code

Dead Load, Live Load
(Combine Load) Dead Load + Live Load, 1.7(Dead Load) +
2(Live Load)
2

139

(Combine Load)

7.5.2 Load Case

( )
Ctrl +

140

:
Multiframr4D
1)

141

2)

7.6 :

2
1. F2 Enter
2. Main Menu Case Analyse Analyse
(2D/3D) OK

142

7.7 : Result Plot (Window

Window 5Plot)

4Result

143

1. Result (Window 4Result):

( 6 Local Axis
x, y, z)

() Pop Up
Menu ( 6
Local Axis x, y, z)

144

2. Plot (Window 5Plot):

145

Window 5Plot

146

Window 5Plot

147

7.8
1.

2.
Sway Frame

3. (
Check Design)

148

Bending Tension Compression Combined

Steel Grade

4. 2
1:
( ) Design Check
Report OK

Window 4Result

149

4Result
( Window 1Frame Window 3Load Window 5Plot)
Design Design

150

2: Design
Design

Window 4Result

(Best Section)

4Result ( Window 1Frame Window 3Load
Window 5Plot) Design Use Best Sections

151

Design Design

7.9

4
1. (
) File
Print Summary

152

2.
File Print
Diagrams

153

3.
File Print Window

154

4. 3.8

 8
Section Maker
Multiframe4D Multiframe4D
( )
( )


8.1

156

8.2
Multifram4D
1.

2.

157

3.

8.3
3
1)
2) (Place Shape)
3) (Place Section)

158

1


1.
2.

3.
4.

159

5. cg.

160

6.

7.

161

8. Section Library
(
)

162

2

1. Pop Up Place Shape

2. Place Standard Section

1 5 8

163

3

1. Pop Up Place Shape

2. Select Section

164

1 2 (
)

165

Pop Up

(Group)
( )

166

Group

1 5 8

2
( )



9.1
1) 2 1 ,
1 1 3 2

2) 8.10
3) 2
4)
5) CPAC
6)
7)

168

9.2 :
9.2.1
1) (
1 28 ) fc = 173
ksc.
2) fc = 0.375fc 65 ksc.
3) v = 0.29fc, ksc.
4) v = 0.53fc, ksc.
5) fc = 0.25fc, ksc.
9.2.2
1) Fy = 2,400, ksc.
2) fv = 0.40Fy, ksc.
3) fs = 0.60Fy, ksc.
4) fa = 0.60Fy, ksc.
5) fb = 0.60Fy, ksc.
6) fb = 0.75Fy, ksc.
9.2.3
8 (


.
)
9.2.4
1) 30 ksm.
2) 100 ksm.
3)
150 ksm.
4) 200 ksm.
5) (0 < H < 10 m.) . 50 ksm.

169

9.2.5
1) ( CPAC) 50 ksm.
2) 15 ksm.
3) 2 180 ksm.
4) 15 ksm.
9.3

9.1
(, , 2548)

170

9.1 ()
(, , 2548)
2

171

9.2 1
(, , 2548)
2

172

9.3 2
(, , 2548)

173

9.4 1-1
(, , 2548)
2

9.5 2-2
(, , 2548)

174

9.6 1
(, , 2548)

175

9.7 2
(, , 2548)

176

9.8
(, , 2548)
2

9.9 3
( , 2554)

177

9.9 () 3
( , 2554)
2

178

9.4

()

()
.
1. ()
1) . 107 HS41 (Fy = 2,400 ksc., Fu =
4,100 ksc.)
2) (L) =
2.2/2 = 1.10 m. ( )
3) (@) = 0.34 m.
( 0.32-0.34 m.)

179

4) () = 30.11
( 30 )
5) + + () + () +
2.
1) (DL.)
2
(SW.) = 5 kg./m.
(
)
2
(FL.) = 50 kg./m. (CPAC)
++ + = 15
kg./m.2
2) (LL.)
2
(LL.) = 30 kg./m.
2
0-10 m. (WL.) = 50 kg./m.
tan-1(1.74/3.0) = 30.11 (Sin 30.11 = 0.502, Cos 30.11 = 0.865)
2
[2x50x0.502]/[1+0.502 ] = 40.10
kg./m.2

180

5 + 50 + 15 + 30 = 100 kg./m.2

= 5 + 50 + 15 = 70 kg./m.2
= 30 kg./m.2
= 40.10 kg./m.2

3)
(

Y
Y )
0.34 m.
(1) (y)
DL. = (70 x 0.865) x 0.34 = 20.59 kg./m.
DL. + LL. = (100 x 0.865) x 0.34 = 29.41 kg./m.
0.75 (DL. + LL. + WL.) = [0.75((100 x 0.865) + 40.10)] x 0.34 = 32.28
kg./m.
(2) (x)
DL. = (70 x 0.502) x 0.34 = 11.95 kg./m.
DL. + LL. = (100 x 0.502) x 0.34 = 17.07 kg./m.
0.75 (DL. + LL. + WL.) = [0.75(100 x 0.502) + 0] x 0.34 = 12.80
kg./m.

181

(
)
32.28 kg./m.
17.07 kg./m.

182

3. ( )

1) (Ray = Rby) = yL/2 = (32.28 x 1.10)/2 = 17.75 kg.

2)
(N) = 0 kg. (
)
(V) = R = yL/2 = 17.75 kg.

183

X-X, Mx = yL2/8 = (32.28 x 1.102)/8 = 4.88 kg.-m.

Y-Y, My = xL2/8 = (17.07 x 1.102)/8 = 2.58 kg.-m.

4.

1) (Sx) = Mmax/(0.60Fy) = (4.88 x 100)/(0.60 x 2,400) =
0.339 cm.3
2) Sx = 0.339
cm.3
[]-25 x 25 x 1.60 mm. (As = 1.432 cm.2,
Ix = 1.28 cm.4, Sx = Sy = 1.02 cm.3 > 0.339 cm.3, rx = ry = rmin = 0.34 cm.,
1.12 kg./m. < 5x0.34 = 1.70 kg./m.)

184

Calculate
Side Length Thickness
Weight
DxD
in. mm.

1x1 25x25

T
mm.
1.60
2.0
2.3
2.6
3.2

W
kg./m.
1.12
1.36
1.53
1.65
1.91

Cross
Sectional
Area
A
cm2
1.432
1.74
1.97
2.10
2.44

Secondary
Moment of
Area cm4
Ix, Iy
cm4
1.28
1.48
1.61
1.63
1.75

Modulus of Radius of
Section
Gyration
Zx, Zy
cm3
1.02
1.19
1.29
1.31
1.40

rx, ry
cm.
0.34
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.85

5.
1)
f bx = Mx/Sx = (4.88 x 100)/1.02 = 478.43 ksc.
f by = My/Sy = (2.58 x 100)/1.02 = 252.94 ksc.
2) (f bx /0.60Fy) + (f by /0.75Fy) 1.0
[478.43/(0.60 x 2,400)] + [252.94/(0.75 x 2,400)] = 0.508 1.0
6.
y L/360 ()
y = (5yL4)/(384IE) = [5 x (32.28/100 ) x (1.10 x 100)4 ]/[384 x 1.28 x 2.04 x106] =
0.236 cm. (1.10 x 100)/360 = 0.31 cm.
: []-25 x 25 x 1.60 mm. ( 1.12 kg./m.)

185

.
1.
1) (DL.)
2
(SW.) = 5 kg./m.
2
(FL.) = 50 kg./m. (CPAC)
++ + = 15
kg./m.2
2) (LL.)
2
. (LL.) = 30 kg./m.
2
0-10 m. (WL.) = 50 kg./m.
-1
tan (1.74/3.0) = 30.11 (Sin 30.11 = 0.502, Cos 30.11 = 0.865)
2
2
[2x50x0.502]/[1+0.502 ] = 40.10 kg./m.

1:
DL. + LL. = (70 + 30) x 0.34 = 34 kg./m.
2: = 50 kg./m.2
(DL. + LL. + WL.) = (70 + 30 + 50)] x 0.34 = 51 kg./m.
3: = 40.10 kg./m.2
(DL. + LL. + WL.) = (70 + 30 + 40.10)] x 0.34 = 47.63 kg./m.
4:
DL. = 70 x 0.34 = 23.80 kg./m.
DL. + LL. = 70 + 30 = 100 x 0.34 = 34 kg./m.
0.75 (DL. + LL. + WL.) = [0.75(70 + 30 + 40.10)] x 0.34 = 35.73 kg./m.
2.
1) 1

186

2) 2

3) 3

4) 4

3.
4.

f bx = Mx/Sx (f bx /0.60Fy) 1.0

187

9.5

()

()

188

1. ()
1) . 1228 SSC400 (Fy = 2,400 ksc., Fu =
4,100 ksc.)
2) ( ) (Li) = 3/Cos30.11 = 3.47
= 3.50 m.
3) (Projected Length) (L1) = 3 m.
4) 0.34 m. (
)
5) (@) = 1.10 m.
6) + + () + () +
2.
1)
(1) ()
2
DL + LL = (5 + 50 + 15 + 30 ) = 100 kg./m.
2
2
WL = 40.10xCos(30.11) = 34.69 kg./m. 35 kg./m.
=
135 kg./m.2
(2) (5% - 7% ) = 135 x (5/100) =
6.75 7 kg./m.2
2) = 135 + 7 = 142

2
= (5 + 50 + 15) + 7 = 77 kg./m.
2
= 30 kg./m.
2
= 35 kg./m.
3)
( = 1.10 m.)
(1) DL. = 77 x 1.10 = 84.70 kg./m.
(2) DL. + LL. = (77 + 30) x 1.10 = 110 kg./m.
(3) 0.75 (DL. + LL. + WL.) = [0.75(77 + 30 + 35)] x 1.10 = 117.15 kg./m.

189

(Projected Length)

(Equivalent Load Horizontally
Projected)
t = 117.15 / [Cos (30.11)] = 135.42 kg./m. 136 kg./m.
3. ( )
.

1)
2 2
2
2
Ra = [t/(2L)](L - l ) = [136/(3x2)](3 1.5 ) = 153 kg.
2
2
Rb = Vb1 + Vb2 = [t/(2L)](L + l) = [136/(3x2)](3 + 1.5) = 459 kg.
2)
(N) = 0 kg. (
)
Va = Ra = 153 kg.
Vb1 ( R2) = tl = 136 x 1.5 = 204 kg.
2
2
2
2
Vb2 ( R2) = [t/(2L)](L + l ) = [136/(3x2)](3 + 1.5 ) =
255 kg.

190

Mz1 = Msag-max = [t/(8L2)](L + l)2(L l)2 =

[136/(8x32)](3 + 1.5)2(3 1.5)2 = 86.06 kg.-m.
Mz2 = Mhog-max = (tl2)/2 = (136 x 1.52)/2 = 153 kg.-m.

3)
4
2 2
3 2 2
2 2
3.0 m. = [ tX/(24IEL)][L -2L X +LX -2l L +2l X ]
x = 1.50 m. = [((136/100) x 150)/(24 x I x 2.04x106
x 300)][3004-2(3002 x 1502) + (300 x 1503) 2(1502x 3002) + 2(1502x
1502)] = (28.125/I)
2
3
3
1.5 m. = [tl/(24IE)][4l L-L +3l ] = [((136/100) x
150)/(24 x I x 2.04 x106][(4 x 300 x 1502)-3003+(3 x 1503)] = (42.188/I)
.
M = [(L1xLi)]/8 = 136 x (3x3.5)/8 = 178.50 kg.-m. > 153 kg.-m.
4.


1) (Sx) = Mmax/(0.60Fy) = (153 x 100)/(0.60 x 2,400) =
10.42 cm.3

191

2) Sx = 10.42 cm.3

C-100 x 50 x 20 x 2.0 mm. (As = 4.537 cm.2,

Ix = 71.40 cm.4, Sx = 14.30 cm.3 > 10.42 cm.3, Sy = 5.40 cm.3, 3.56
kg./m. = 3.56/1.0 = 3.56 kg./m.2 < 7.0 kg./m.2.)

Radius of
Center
Modulus
Center of Secondary
Gyration
of
Dimensions
of Section
Sectional Weight Gravity Moment of
of Area
Shear
mm.
cm3
cm.
Area cm4
Area cm2 kg./m.
cm.
cm.
HxAxC t
Cx Cy Ix Iy rx ry Zx Zy Sx Sy
4.5
4.0
3.2
100x50x20 2.8
2.3
2.0
1.6

9.469
8.548
7.007
6.205
5.172
4.537
3.672

7.43
6.71
5.50
4.87
4.06
3.56
2.88

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1.86
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.86
1.86
1.87

139
127
107
99.8
80.7
71.4
58.4

30.9
28.7
24.5
23.2
19.0
16.9
14.0

3.82
3.85
3.90
3.96
3.95
3.97
3.99

1.81
1.83
1.87
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.95

27.7
25.4
21.3
20.0
16.0
14.3
11.7

9.82
9.13
7.81
7.44
6.06
5.4
4.47

4.3
4.3
4.4
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.5

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

5.
1)
(Lb) = 34 cm. ( )
(Lc) = (637.2 x 5)/(2,400) = 65.01 cm.
(Lu) = (1406,000 x 1.36)/(10 x 2,400) = 79.67
cm.

192

bf, Af, d
bf = = 50/10 = 5 cm.
Af = () = (A)(t) + (C-t)(t)
= (50/10)(2/10) + ((20-2)/10)(2/10) = 1.36 cm.2
d = = 100/10 = 10 cm.
2) (Fb)
Lb < Lc < Lu
Fb = 0.60Fy
Fb = 0.66Fy
Fb = 0.60 x 2,400 = 1,440 ksc.
3) (Mall) = Fb x Sx
= 1,440 x 14.30 = 20,592 kg.-cm. = 205.92 kg.-m. > 153 kg.-m.
4) [V/(dtw)] 0.40Fy
= [459/((100/10) x (2/10))] = 229.50 ksc. 0.40Fy = 0.40 x 2,400 = 960
ksc.
6. y L/360 ()
max = (42.188/71.40) = 0.59 cm. (3.0 x 100)/360 = 0.83 cm.
: C-100 x 50 x 20 x 2.0 mm. ( 3.56 kg./m.)

193

9.6

()

()

194

1. ()
1) . 1228 SSC400 (Fy = 2,400 ksc., Fu =
4,100 ksc.)
2) () = (32 +32) = 4.24 m.
3) = 4.24/Cos30.11 = 4.90 m.
4) () = 4.90/3 = 1.63 m.
5) () = 4.24/3 = 1.41 m.
6) = (3 x 3) = 9 m.2 9/2 = 4.50 m.2
7) + + () + () +
2.
1)
= (5 + 50 + 15 + 30 + 35) = 135
kg./m.2

= 135 + 7 = 142 kg./m.2

( 5%-7% ) = 142 x (5/100) = 9.94 10
kg./m.2
2) = 142 + 10 = 152
kg./m.2
2
= (5 + 50 + 15) + 7 + 10 = 87 kg./m.
2
= 30 kg./m.
2
= 35 kg./m. ()
3)

()
9/2 =
4.50 m.2
9 m.2

4.5 m.2

195

(1) DL. = 87 x 4.5 = 391.50 kg.

(2) DL. + LL. = (87 + 30) x 4.5 = 526.50 kg. 527 kg.
(3) 0.75 (DL. + LL. + WL.) = 0.75(87 + 30 + 35) x 4.5 = 513 kg.
2
(
) P = [1/2][L]
= 2P/L = [2 x 527]/[4.24] = 248.58 kg./m. 249 kg./m.

(Projected Length)
(Equivalent Load Horizontally Projected)
t = 249 / Cos(30.11) = 287.84 kg./m. 289 kg./m.

3. ( )

196

1)
Ray = V2 = (tL)(2/3) = (289 x 4.24)(2/3) = 816.91 kg.
Rby = V1 = (tL)/3 = (289 x 4.24)/3 = 408.45 kg.
2)
(N) = 0 kg. (
)
Ray = V2 = 816.91 kg.
Rby = V1 = 408.45 kg.

Mmax = (2tL)/(93) = 0.1283tL = 0.1283 x 289 x 4.24 =
157.21 kg.-m.
3)
max = [(0.01304)(tL4)]/(IE)
= [(0.01304)((289/100) x (4.24x100)4)]/(I x 2.04 x106) = (597.08/I) cm.
4.

(Sx)
1)
Stress Control
(S) = Mmax/(0.60Fy)
= (157.21 x 100)/(0.60 x 2,400) = 10.92 cm.3
Deflextion Control 597.08/I = L/240 I =
(597.08 x 240)/(4.24 x 100) = 337.97 cm.4 ( ...
337.97/2 = 168.99 cm.4/)
2) Sx = 10.92 cm.3 Ix =
337.97

C-100 x 50 x 20 x 2.30 mm. (As = 5.172 cm.2, Ix = 80.70
cm.4, Sx = 16.10 cm.3 > 10.92 cm3, 4.06 kg./m. (4.06x4.90)/9
= 2.21 kg./m.2 < 10 kg./m.2)

197

C-150 x 75 x 25 x 3.20 mm. (As = 10.53
cm.2, Ix = 375 > 337.97 cm.4, Sx = 50 cm.3, 8.27 kg./m.)
2C-125 x 50 x 20 x 3.20 mm. (As = 2 x
7.807 cm.2, Ix = 2 x 181 > 337.97 cm.4, Sx = 2 x 29 cm.3, 2 x 6.13
kg./m)
: 2C-125 x 50 x 20 x 3.20 mm. (As = 2 x 8.607 cm.2, 2 x 6.13
kg./m. ((2 x 6.13) x 4.90)/9 = 6.67 kg./m.2 < 10 kg./m.2)

For Stress Control

For Deflextion Control

5.
1) ()
(Lb) = 141.33 cm.
(Lc) = (637.2 x (2 x 5))/(2,400) = 130.07 cm.
(Lu) = 1406,000 x (2((5 x 0.32)+((2-0.32) x
0.32)))/(12.5 x 2,400) = 200.36 cm.
2) (Fb)
Lc < Lb < Lu

198

Fb = 0.60Fy = 0.60 x 2,400 =

1,440 ksc.
3) (Mall) = Fb x Sx
1,440 x (2 x 29) = 83,520 kg.-cm. = 835.20 kg.-m. > 157.21 kg.-m.
4) [V1/(dtw)] 0.40Fy
[816.91/(2 x 12.50 x 0.32)] = 102.11 ksc. 0.40Fy

6. y L/240
max = 597.08/(2 x 181) = 1.65 cm. (4.24 x 100)/240 = 1.77 cm.
: 2C-125 x 50 x 20 x 3.20 mm. ( 2 x 6.13 kg./m.)
9.7

()

() 3

199

1. ()
1) . 1228 SSC400 (Fy = 2,400 ksc., Fu =
4,100 ksc.)
2) = 2.20 m.
3) = 2.20/2 = 1.10 m. (
)
2.
1) = 2 x 153 = 306 kg. (
2.20/2 = 1.10 m.)

2) 10 kg./m. (
= [(10x2.2)x100]/306 = 7.19% )
3. ( )

200

1)
R = Ray = Rby = (L)/2 + (P/2) = (10 x 2.20)/2 + (2 x 153)/2 = 164 kg.
2)
(N) = 0 kg.
V = R = 164 kg.

Mmax = (L2/8) + (PL/4) = [(10 x 2.202)/8] + [(2 x 153 x
2.20)/4] = 174.35 kg.-m.
3)
max = [(5/384)(L4)]/(IE) + (PL3)/(48IE)
= [(5/384)(10/100)(2204)]/(I x 2.04 x106) + [(2 x 153 x 2203)/(48 x I x 2.04 x106) =
(1.495/I) + (33.28/I) cm.
4.
1) (Sx) = Mmax/(0.60Fy) = (174.35 x 100)/(0.60 x 2,400)
= 12.11 cm.3
2) Sx = 12.11 cm.3

C-100 x 50 x 20 x 2.0 mm. (As = 4.537

cm.2, Ix = 71.40 cm.4, Sx = 14.30 cm.3, Sy = 5.40 cm.3, 3.56 kg./m.)

201

Center
Radius of
Center
Secondary
Modulus
of
Gyration
of
Moment of
of Section
Sectional Weight
Gravity
of Area
Shear
Area cm4
cm3
Area cm2 kg./m.
cm.
cm.
cm.

Dimensions
mm.
HxAxC

4.5
4.0
3.2
100x50x20 2.8
2.3
2.0
1.6

9.469
8.548
7.007
6.205
5.172
4.537
3.672

7.43
6.71
5.50
4.87
4.06
3.56
2.88

Cx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Cy
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.86
1.86
1.87

Ix
139
127
107
99.8
80.7
71.4
58.4

Iy
30.9
28.7
24.5
23.2
19.0
16.9
14.0

rx
3.82
3.85
3.90
3.96
3.95
3.97
3.99

ry
1.81
1.83
1.87
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.95

Zx
27.7
25.4
21.3
20.0
16.0
14.3
11.7

Zy
9.82
9.13
7.81
7.44
6.06
5.4
4.47

Sx
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.5

Sy
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

5.
1) ()
(Lb) = 220/2 = 110 cm.(
)
(Lc) = (637.2 x 5)/(2,400) = 65.03 cm.
(Lu) = (1406,000 x ((5 x 0.20) + ((2-0.20) x
0.20)))/(10 x 2,400) = 79.67 cm.
2)
Lb > Lc > Lu
Fb 0.60Fy
Fb = 0.55 x 2,400 = 1,320 ksc.
3) (Mall) = Fb x Sx = 1,320 x 14.30 =
18,876 kg.-cm. = 188.76 kg.-m. > 174.35 kg.-m.
4) [V/(dtw)] 0.40Fy
[164/(10 x 0.20)] = 82.00 ksc. 0.40Fy

202

6. y L/240
max = [1.495/71.40] + [33.28/71.40] = 0.487 cm [2.20 x 100]/240
: C-100 x 50 x 20 x 2 mm. ( -3.56 kg./m.)
9.8
1. ()
1) . 1228 SSC400 (Fy = 2,400 ksc., Fu =
4,100 ksc.)
2) = 1.74 m.
3)
4) (Tributary Area) = 3 x (2.60) = 7.80 m.2

()

203

() 3
2.
2
(5 + 50 + 15 + 30 + 35) + 7 + 10 = 152 kg./m.
(Fc) = (152)(3.00 x 2.60) = 1,185.60 kg. 1,500 kg.
3.
(A)
= Fc/(0.60Fy) = 1,500/(0.60 x 2,400) = 1.042 cm.2
3
( ) A = 1.041 cm.

C-75 x 45 x 15 x 2.30 mm. (As = 4.137 cm.2, Ix =
37.10 cm.4, Sx = 9.90 cm.3, Sy = 4.24 cm.3, rx = 3.00 cm., ry = 1.69 cm.,
3.25 kg./m.)

204

4.
1)
K - hinge K = 1.0
Cc = KL/rmin = [(1)(1.74 x 100)]/1.69 = 102.96 < 200 (
)
2
6
2
S = [(2Es )/Fy] = [(2 x 2.04 x 10 x (22/7) )/2,400] =129.58
Cc < S (Fac)

Fac = [1-0.5(Cc/S)2][Fy]/[(5/3) + (3/8)(Cc/S) (1/8)(Cc/S)3]

Fac = [1-0.5(0.795)2][2,400]/ [(5/3) + (3/8)(0.795) (1/8)(0.795)3]
= 698.38 ksc.
(Cc/S) = (102.96/129.58) = 0.795

K
2)
(Fac)(As) Fc
= (698.38 x 4.137) = 2,889.903 kg. > 1,500 kg.
: C-75 x 45 x 15 x 2.30 mm. ( 4.137 kg./m.)

 10

9

( )













(
)

(
) 1 2

206

10.1
(Newnan, A. 2004)

207

10.2
(Newnan, A. 2004)
10.1

10.3
( , , 2554)
2

208

10.3 ()
(, , 2554)
2

209

10.4
(, , 2554)

210

10.5
(, , 2554)

211

10.5 ()
(, , 2554)

212

10.6
(, , 2554)

213

10.7
(, , 2554)

10.2


10.2.1
1) 75 m. 5 m. 15
2) 20 m.
3) 0.15 m. + 8.45 m. = 8.60 m.
10.2.2
0.15 + 3.50 = 3.65 m.
(T1) 20
m. tan1(1.27/10) = 7.24 5 m.
(T2) (T1)
75 m.
(SG1) Flat Slab
(FS1) (S1-S11)
(Hollow Core)
300 ksm.

214

10.3 :
10.3.1
1) (
1 28 ) fc = 173
ksc.
2) fc = 0.375fc 65 ksc.
3) v = 0.29fc, ksc.
4) v = 0.53fc, ksc.
5) fc = 0.25fc, ksc.
10.3.2
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Fy = 2,400, ksc.
fv = 0.40Fy, ksc.
fs = 0.60Fy, ksc.
fa = 0.60Fy, ksc.
fb = 0.60Fy, ksc.
fb = 0.75Fy, ksc.

10.3.3

0.26 x 0.26 x L m. 30 / (

.
)
10.3.4
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

30 ksm.
150 ksm.
250 ksm.
300 ksm.
500 ksm.

215

10.3.5
1)
2)
3)
4)

( PE.) 5 ksm.
15 ksm.
120 ksm.
15 ksm.

10.3.6 ( UBC)
1) UBC-94 ( 1:
): P = q s C q C e I
2
q s = 0.004826V
30 V = 25 m./s. (
)
10.1 30

15
20
25
27
29
10 ; m./s.
(q s ); ksm.
14.07 25.02 39.09 45.60 52.60

C q :

216

()

C q 0-9.46

217

C e :
10.2

10.2 UBC-94 ( 1)

.
.
. C q
. q s
m.
I

Ce
= 0.8
0 - 4.57
0.62
39.09
1
19.39
= -0.5
= 0.8
4.57 - 6.10 0.67
39.09
1
20.95
= -0.5
= -0.7
6.10 - 7.62 0.72
39.09
1
-19.70
= -0.7
= -0.7
7.62 8.60 0.76
39.09
1
-20.80
= -0.7

P=-20.80 ./..

7.62-8.60 m.
6.10-7.62 m.

P=-19.70 ./..

P=-19.70 ./..

4.57-6.10 m.

P=20.95 ./..

P=-13.10 ./..

0-4.57 m.

P=13.39 ./..

P=-12.12 ./..

( 1)

-12.12
-13.10
-19.70
-20.80

218

( 1)

( 5 m.)
()

B = 5 m.

219

( 1)

( 1)
2) UBC-94 ( 2:
): P = q s C q C e I
2
q s = 0.004826V
30 V = 25 m./s. (
) 10.1

220

0 - 8.60 m. 12.129 m.
C q = 1.30 0 8.60 m.

10.3 UBC-94 ( 2)

. . . .
m.
Ce
Cq
qs
I
( 6 m.)

0 - 4.57
0.62
39.09
1
31.51
= 1.30

4.57 - 6.10
0.67
39.09
1
34.05
= 1.30
0.67x0.70x39.09
x1 = -18.33

6.10 - 7.62
0.72
39.09
1
36.59
= 1.30

7.62 8.60
0.76
39.09
1
38.62
= 1.30

P=-38.62 ./..

7.62-8.60 m.
6.10-7.62 m.

P=-36.59 ./..

4.57-6.10 m.

P=34.05 ./..

0-4.57 m.

P=31.51 ./..

( 2)

221

P=-18.33 ./..

( 2)

( 5 m.)
()

B = 5 m.

222

7.62-8.60 m.
6.10-7.62 m.

F=-193.10 ./.

4.57-6.10 m.

F=170.25 ./.

0-4.57 m.

F=157.55 ./.

F=-182.95 ./.

( 2)

F=-91.65 ./.

( 2)
()
2
1

6 (2527) 17
.. 2522 10 ( 8.60
m.) 50 ksm. 50 ksm. x 5
m. = 250 kg./m. ( 2)

223

10.4
2 UBC-94

6 m.

( @ 1.25 m.)
6+1.27 = 7.27 m. 7.62-8.60 m. P =
38.62 ksm. 40 ksm.
7.62-8.60 m.
6.10-7.62 m.

P=-38.62 ksm.

4.57-6.10 m.

P=34.05 ksm.

0-4.57 m.

P=31.51 ksm.

P=-36.59 ksm.

7.62-8.60 m.

224

1. ( )
1) . 107 HS41 (Fy = 2,400 ksc., Fu =
4,100 ksc.)
2) (L; m.): =
5.0 m.
3) (@; m.): = 1.25
m.
4) (; ):
= 7.24
5) ( 0.35 m.) + + ( PE.) +
+ ()

225

2.
1) (DL.)
2
(SW.) = 5 kg./m. ( 5-10 kg./m.)
2
(FL.) = (0.35/1,000)x7,850 = 2.75 5 kg./m.
+ +
++ = 15 kg./m.2
2) (LL.):
2
(LL.) = 30 kg./m.

= 1.27 .

7.62-8.60 m. (WL.) = 40
kg./m.2

226

tan-1(1.27/10) = 7.24 (Sin 7.24 = 0.126, Cos

7.24 = 0.992)
2
[2x40x0.126]/[1+0.126 ] = 9.92
10 kg./m.2

3) 5+5+15+30+10 = 65 kg./m.2
2
= 5+5+15 = 25 kg./m.
2
= 30 kg./m.
2
= 10 kg./m.
4)

( Work Shop )


(1) DL. = 25x1.25 = 31.25 kg./m. ()
31.25

(2) DL.+LL. = 25+30 = 55x1.25 = 68.75 kg./m. (

).
68.75 ./m.

227

(3) 0.75 (DL.+LL.+WL.) = 0.75(25+30+10)x1.25 = 60.94 kg./m.

60.94 kg./m.

5)
x = Sin (7.24) = 68.75 x Sin (7.24) = 8.66 kg./m.
y = Cos (7.24) = 68.75 x Cos (7.24) = 68.20 kg./m.
68.75 kg./m.
68.20 kg./m.
y

8.66 kg./m.
x

3. ( )
1) Mx = yL2/8 = [68.20x52]/8 = 213.13 kg.-m. (
yL2/10
yL2/8)
68.20 ./m.

Ry1 = yL/ = [68.20x5]/2 = 170.50 kg.

Ry2 = yL/ = [68.20x5]/2 = 170.50 kg.

228

2) My = xL2/8
My = xL2/32 = [8.66x52]/32 = 6.77 kg.-m.
8.66 ./m.

Ry1 = xL/ = [8.66x5]/2 = 21.65 kg.

Ry2 = xL/ = [8.66x5]/2 = 21.65 kg.

1) (Ry1 = Ry2) = yL/ = [68.20x5]/2 = 170.50 kg.

2)
(N) = 0 kg. ( )
(V) = Ry1 = Ry2 = 170.50 kg.

Mx = 213.13 kg.-m. My = 6.77 kg.-m.

4.

Sx = Mmax/[0.60Fy] = [213.13x100]/[0.60x2,400] =
3
14.80 cm.
2
C-100x50x20x2.30 mm. (As = 5.172 cm. , Ix = 80.70
cm.4, Iy = 19.0 cm.4, Sx = 16.10 cm.3, Sy = 6.06 cm.3, rx = 3.95 cm., ry = 1.92
cm., 4.06 kg./m. 5 kg./m.)

229

5.
1)
f bx = Mx/Sx = [213.13x100]/16.10 = 1,323.79 ksc.
f by = My/Sy = [6.77x100]/6.06 = 111.72 ksc.
2) [f bx /0.60Fb] + [f by /0.75Fb] 1.0
[1,323.79/(0.60x2,400)]+[111.72/(0.75x2,400)] = 0.98 1.0
6.
y L/360 ( L/360)
3
3
6
y = [5L ]/[384IE] = [5x(68.20/100)x(5x100) ]/[384x80.70x 2.04 x10 ] = 0.007 cm.
[5x100]/360
: C-100x50x20x2.30 mm. ( 4.06 kg./m.)
10.5
1.
(L) = 1.25 m. ( )
= 5/2 = 2.50 m.
= 11 /

2 1

230

2.
68.75 ./m.
68.20 ./m.
y

8.66 ./m.
x

1.25 m.

DL+LL = = 68.75 kg./m.

x = Sin (7.24) = 68.75 x Sin (7.24) = 8.66 kg./m.
y = Cos (7.24) = 68.75 x Cos (7.24) = 68.20 kg./m.
11 x (8.66x2.5) = 238.15 kg.

3.
2
As = 238.15/(0.50x2400) = 0.20.cm. (
)
= [(4As)/] = [(4x0.20)/(22/7)] = 0.50 cm.
= 5 mm.
AISC 5/8 (15.88 mm.)
RB 19 mm.
4.
kl/r = L/(/4) = (4L)/ = (4x1.25x100)/(19/10) = 263.16 < 300

231

10.6

(T1)

(T1) 2
10.6.1 (T1 T2)
1.
. 107 HS41 (Fy = 2,400 ksc., Fu =
4,100 ksc.)

232

(T1) 5 m.
( ) 1 m. ( T1
T2)
E60 xx (Fu
= 4,200 ksc.)

2. T2

T1 (
) T2
(DL.) T2 = 1.024 x 5 = 5.12 ksm.
10 ksm.
( 1 m.)
DL. = 10x5 = 50 kg./m.x1 m. = 50 kg./
()

T2

233

3. T2
( T1 T2)
( )

T2

T2

169.49 kg. ( 1.45 m.) 122.74 kg. (
1.05 m.) ()
T1 2(147.73) kg.

234

4. T1 ( 6-6)

T1


(1.25 m.) (5 m.)
T1 = 1.024 x 23 = 23.55 ksm.
25 ksm.

(1) DL. = (25+25)x5 = 250 kg./m.
(2) DL.+LL. = (25+25)+30 = 80x5 = 400 kg./m.
(3) 0.75 (DL.+LL.+WL.) = 0.75((25+25)+30+10)x5 = 337.50 kg./m.
2
T1

( 1 m.)
T1 2. DL.+LL. = (25+25)+30 =
80x5 = 400 kg./m.x1 m. = 400 kg./ ()
T2 2 x 147.73 = 295.46
kg./ ( 3 -- T1)

T1

235

5. T1

T1

236

T1

T1

(
) 19,830. kg.
( 1.011 m.) 20,164.76 kg. ( 1.011
m.)

237

( )
6,095.59 kg. ( 1.621 m.)
3,640.91 kg. ( 1.05 m.)
() 4,843.19
kg.

6.
1) T2
169.49 kg. (
1.45 m.) 122.74 kg. ( 1.05 m.)
122.74 kg. (
1.05 m.) (
) - ( )
K K = 1

238

As = Fc/(0.60Fy) = 122.74/(0.60x2,400) = 0.085 cm.2

As
O-27.2x2.30 mm. (As = 1.78 .cm. > 0.085; rmin = r = 0.87 cm.)

(Fac )(As) > 122.74 kg.

KL/rmin = (1x1.05x100)/0.87 = 120.69 < 200
2
6
2
[(2Es )/Fy] = [(2x2.10x10 x3.143 )/2,400] = 131.42

Fac = (12x3.1432x2.10x106)/(23x120.692) = 743.05 ksc.

(Fac )(As) = 743.05x1.78 = 1,322.63 kg. > 122.74 kg....

239

T2 O-27.20x2.30 mm.
( 1.40 kg./m.)
O-27.20x2.30 mm. ( 1.40 kg./m.)
O-21.70x2.0 mm. ( 0.972 kg./m.)

Neosteeldesign v5
2) T2
= 169.49 kg.
E 60 xx = 0.30x4,200 =
1,260 ksc.
3 mm. ( 6
mm.
3 mm.)
3
mm.
169.49/(0.707x(3/10)xL) < 1,260 ( = /
) L
=
169.49/(0.707x0.3x1,260) = 0.634 cm.
3 mm.

240

241

3) T1

2 (
) 19,830 kg. ( 1.011 m.)
20,164.76 kg. ( 1.011 m.)
( )
6,095.59 kg. ( 1.621 m.) 3,640.91 kg. ( 1.05 m.)

- ( )
K K = 1 2

(1)

As = Fc/(0.60Fy) = 19,830/(0.60x2,400) =
13.771 cm.2
As
O114.3x4 mm. (As = 15.52 cm.2 > 13.77; rmin = r = 3.88 cm.)

242

(Fac )(As) > 19,830 kg.

KL/rmin = (1x1.011x100)/3.88 = 26.06 < 200

243

[(2Es )/Fy] = [(2x2.10x10 x3.143 )/2,400] = 131.42

Fac = [1-0.5x(26.06/131.42)2]x2,400/[(5/3)+3/8(26.06/131.42)1/8(26.06/131.42)3] = 1,352.17 ksc.

(Fac )(As) = 1,352.17x15.52 = 20,985.722 kg. > 19,830
kg....
T1 O-114.3x4
mm. ( 12.18 kg./m.)
O-114.3x4 mm. ( 12.18 ./m.)

Neosteeldesign v5

244

= 20,164.76 kg.
E 60 xx = 0.30x4,200 =
1,260 ksc.

245

5 mm. ( 6
mm.
3 mm.) 5
mm. 20,164.76/(0.707x(5/10)xL) < 1,260 (
= /)
L = 20,164.76/(0.707x0.5x1,260) =
45.27 cm.
5 mm. (

= 3.143x(114.30/10) = 35.92 cm.

< 45.27 cm.
E70 xx)
(2)

As = Fc/(0.60Fy) = 6,095.59/(0.60x2,400) =
4.233 cm.2
As

2
O-60.5x4 mm. (As = 7.10 cm. >
4.233; rmin = r = 2.00 cm.)

(Fac )(As) > 6,095.59 kg.
KL/rmin = (1x1.621x100)/2 = 81.05 < 200
2
6
2
[(2Es )/Fy] = [(2x2.10x10 x3.143 )/2,400] = 131.42

Fac = [1-0.5x(81.05/131.42)2]x2,400/[(5/3)+3/8(81.05/131.42)1/8(81.05/131.42)3] = 1,040.08 ksc.

246

(Fac )(As) = 1,040.08x7.10 = 7,384.59 kg. > 6,095.59 kg....

T1 O-60.5x4
mm. ( 5.57 kg./m.)

247

O-60.5x4 mm. ( 5.57 ./m.)

= 6,095.59 kg.
E 60 xx = 0.30x4,200 =
1,260 ksc.
4 mm. ( 6
mm.
3 mm.) 4
mm. 6,095.59/(0.707x(4/10)xL) < 1,260 (
= /)
L = 6,095.59/(0.707x0.4x1,260) =
17.11 cm.
4 mm.
10.6.2
1.
1)
40x40 cm.
() 4,843.19 kg.
5,000 kg.
(
)
4,843.19x0.35 = 1,695.12 kg. (

248

Hinge Support

.
0.35)
fc = 173 ksc.
O114.30x4 mm.

Roller Support

2
2) (A BxL)
2
R/A < 0.25fc, A (4R)/fc = (4x5,000)/173 = 115.61 cm.
BxL = 115.61 = 10.75x10.75 cm.
40x40 cm.
5,000/(40x40) = 3.125 < 0.25x173 ksc

3)
My/I 0.75Fy
M = 3.125x40x((40-11.43)/2)x((40-11.43)/2)/2 = 12,753.83 kg.-cm.
y = t/2
3
I = (1/12)Lt

249

My/I = M(t/2)/[ (1/12)Lt3] = 6M/Lt2

My/I = 6M/Lt2 0.75Fy

t = [6M/(fbL)], ((6x12,753.83)/(0.75x2,400x40)) = 1.03 cm.
1.20 cm.
t =
[R/(0.75Fy)]
=
[5000/(0.75x2,400)] = 1.67 cm.
40x40x1.20 cm.

2.

2 UBC-94
(
) (

250

- )

F=-91.65 kg./m.

5 m. (91.65x23)/2 =
1,053.98 kg. (
)
(
6 - 8.32 m.) 6.10 - 8.60 m. 182.95x(7.62-6.10)+193.10x(8.607.62) = 467.32 kg./2 = 467.32/2 = 233.66 kg.
4,843.19x0.35 = 1,695.12
kg.
7.62-8.60 m.
6.10-7.62 m.

F=-193.10 kg./m.

4.57-6.10 m.

F=170.25 kg./m.

0-4.57 m.

F=157.55 kg./m.

F=-182.95 kg./m.

251

3
1) 1,695.12 kg.

V/As < 0.40Fy, As = V/0.40Fy = 1,695.12/(0.40x2,400) = 1.77
cm.2
( = 20 mm.) n =
(4As)/( 2) = (4x1.77)/(3.14x22) = 0.56 4
2) 1,053.98 kg.
( )
L = U/(u) = 1,053.98/(3.14x2x11) = 15.26 cm./
L = fs/(4u) = (0.50x2,400x2)/(4x11) = 54.55 cm. 55
cm./
4- 20 mm. ( 0.55 m./)
3. (Slot)

= +
( 3 mm.) = 20+3 = 23 mm.

= +L = +[TL]
= (20/10)+[(13x10-6)(50x23x100)] = 3.495 cm. 3.50 cm.
2.30x3.50 cm.

252

10.7 : F-4

F-4

F-4

253

F-4
1. (, )
1)
2) fc = 173 ksc.
3) SD-30; fy = 3,000 ksc.. ( DB 16
mm.)
4) 0.26x0.26xL m. (
30 /)
2.
1)
fc = 0.375fc = 0.375x173 = 64.88 ksc. < 65 ksc.
fs = [1/2][Fy] = 0.50x3,000 = 1,500 ksc. 1,500 ksc.
6
1.5
n = [Es/Ec] = [2.04x10 ]/[4,270x(2.323 )x173] = 10.26
k = 1/[1+(fs/(nfc))] = 1/[1+((1,500/2)/(10.26x(0.375x173)))] = 0.307
j = 1-[k/3] = 1-[0.307/3] = 0.898
R = [1/2][fcjk] = 0.5x[64.88x0.307x0.898] = 8.94 ksc.
2) F-4
C-4 ( 1) = 7,500 kg.

254

5 B1 ( 9 cm.) = 160 x 3.50 x (5/2)

= 1,400 kg..
1 (B1) = 0.25 x 0.50 x2,400 x 5 = 1,500 kg.
(FS1) = 995 x 2.50 x 5 = 12,437.50 kg.
(GS1) = ((0.20 x 2,400) + 500 + 25) x
(1.20 0.20) x (5/2) = 2,512.50 kg.
(
GS1) = (0.20 x 0.20 x 2,400) x
(5/2) = 240 kg.
( 6 m. ) = 0.40 x 0.40 x 2,400 x 6 =
2,304 kg.
F-4 = 1.10(7,500 + 1,400 + 1,500
+ 12,437.50 + 2,512.50 + 240 + 2,304) = 30,683.40 kg. -30,700 kg.
3) 0.26x0.26 m.
30 / (
Pilot Test
)
4) N = 30,700/30,000 = 1.023 2
= 30,700/2 = 15,350 kg./

255

5) Mmax., Vmax
Mmax = 15,350 x (0.78 - (0.40/2)) = 8,903 kg.-m.
Vmax = 15,350 kg.
6) ()
d = ((15,350 x 100)/(8.94 x (26 + 26))) = 57.46 cm.
t = 57.46 + 5 + (16/10)/2 = 63.26 cm. 65 cm.
2
Mr = 8.94 x (26 + 26) x (65 5) = 1,673,568 kg.-cm. > 890,300
kg.-cm.
7)
(1)
d = 65-5 = 60 cm. > 58 cm. = 2 cm.
d/2 = 60/2 = 30 cm. < 58 cm.= 28 cm. ( 15 cm.

)
(2) ( d ) v1 = V1/(Bd) <
0.29fc
P = (15,350/30)((60-58)+15) = 8,698.33 kg.
v1 = 8,698.33/((26 + 26) x (65 5)) 2.79 ksc. < 0.29fc
(3) ( d/2
) v2
=
V2/[(2(C+d)+2(D+d))(d)] < 0.53fc
P = (15,350/30)((30-58)+15) = -6,651.67 kg.


v2 = 0.00
8)
(1) Mr = Rbd2 > Mmax

(2) As = (8,903 x 100)/(1,500 x 0.898 x (65-5)) = 11.02

.cm. DB 16 mm. (A = 2.011 cm.2/ )
(3) = 11.02/2.011 = 5.48
@ = (26 + 26)/5.48 = 9.49 cm.
7.50 cm. DB 16 mm. @ 0.075 m.

256

@ = 208/5.48 = 37.96 cm. 30

cm. DB 16 mm. @ 0.30 m.
9) u = V/[(2O)jd] 25 ksc.
O = ((26 + 26)/7.50) x 2 x (22/7) x ((16/10)/2) = 34.87 cm.
u = 15,350/((2 x 34.87) x 0.898 x (65 - 5)) = 4.09 ksc. < 25 ksc.

F-4

 11

2D

(
)

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

 Frequently Asked Questions

270

Adding Custom Sections

If you add custom sections in the Custom1, Custom2 or Custom3 groups, these sections become a
permanent part of the library. If you add a custom section in the Custom or Frame group, this section
is then saved with that particular frame, and isn't affected by a change in units.
Clipping & Masking
The difference between masking and clipping is that clipping is 'spatial' and masking is 'logical'.
When you clip you define the boundaries of a 3D space and all the members that are physically
contained within that space remain active. The clipping bars you see on screen define the boundaries
of the clipping box. You can move these clip bars with the mouse or use the 'clip to selection' or 'clip
to frame' commands to automatically position the clipping box around the area of interest.
Masking allows you to select members to include or exclude from the active list. Mask To Selection
makes all the selected members active while Mask Out Selection makes all of the selected inactive.
The selection can contain any number of members in any part of the frame.
If you mask and clip at the same time, the active member list will comprise those members which
will be visible due to the effects of both clipping and masking.
Color
When selecting color from the view menu there may be a problem which occurs when thousands or
millions of colors are selected in the monitor's control panel. You can work around this if you set the
colors to 256.
Custom Sections - Changing Units
The units in the Frame or Custom group are set according to the units selected when the frame was
first saved. They cannot be changed once the frame has been saved. Sections in the Custom1,
Custom2 or Custom3 groups become a permanent part of the Sections Library and are affected by the
change in units like any other section.
Ill Formed Matrix Error
"Ill formed matrix cannot perform dynamic analysis" during a dynamic analysis indicates that the
solution has been unable to converge. This could be due to a number of reasons.

271

1. Some joints may have stiffness associated with them but no mass. ie if the sections of all member
attached to a particular joint have zero mass and no joint masses are applied to that node. The same
problem may be caused by a very large ratio of stiffness to mass which shouldn't occur in a "real"
structure.
2. Some nodes may have mass associated with them but no stiffness. This is rare.
3. Even if the above problems are not present the solution may still not converge. The problem then is
due to the fact that in some cases natural frequency will be missed which causes an interruption of the
analysis. When the missed frequency is picked up later in the analysis, the solver is not able to
recommence in some cases. This tends to occur in simpler frames where multiple natural frequencies
will often be grouped at a given value.
One suggestion would be to make the frame more complex by subdividing the members to create
more nodes and improve convergence.
Importing Coordinates
It is possible to read joint coordinates into Multiframe. This option is described in the users manual.
The easiest way to see the file format required is to create a simple file in Multiframe and use Save
As with the FORTRAN Text option for the file format and have a look at the resulting file in a word
processor or text editor.
You can also paste joint coordinates into Multiframe from a spreadsheet. The only limitation of this
option is that you must already have created the structure with the appropriate joint and member
numbering before pasting in the data. However this is still quite useful for regular structures like
curved beams and the like.
Joint Order
Multiframe adopts the convention that joint 1 is always the joint to the left of the member in the front
view and in the case of members which are vertical joint 1 is at the bottom, joint 2 at the top.
In the case of a member which lies in the xy plane, joint 1 will be the joint on the left and joint 2 will
be the joint on the right. In the case of a member which lies in the xz plane, joint 1 will be the joint on

272

the left as viewed in the right hand view and joint 2 will be the joint on the right as viewed in the
right hand view.
Modal Shapes
The modal shapes created after analysis are non-dimensional and merely reflect the shape the
structure would have when vibrating at a given natural frequency. Currently dimensions are shown
but the shape is actually scalable to any size. We don't show the induced stresses or actions that result
from dynamic analysis as these are not meaningful.
Moments - Max & Min
To show the maximum and minimum moments on each member in tabular form, do a "Save As" in a
spreadsheet or Daystar format.
Natural Frequencies
For any continuous structure there are theoretically infinite natural frequencies, but generally
engineers dealing with real structures only need to consider those natural frequencies that are likely to
occur in the real world. These are usually the lowest natural frequencies for the structure.
Multiframe4D calculates from the lowest natural frequency upwards to a possible of 20 natural
frequencies.
To carry out a modal analysis using computational methods we approximate the continuous system
by discretising the structure into a finite number of degrees of freedom. Each degree of freedom
allows us to calculate one natural frequency. The more degrees of freedom the more accurate the
solution.
A good rule of thumb is that the minimum number of degrees of freedom should be at least double
the required natural frequencies. Multiframe enforces this rule.
Each node has 6 degrees of freedom. A structure with 2 nodes, one fixed, would eliminate the
degrees of freedom for that node, so you are left with 6 degrees of freedom in total. Thus considering
the rule above, Multiframe4D will only return a maximum of 3 natural frequencies.

273

The solution is to use the subdivide command to increase the number of nodes in the structure and
therefore the degrees of freedom. If you experiment with different levels of discretisation you will
notice improvements in the accuracy of the solution for the higher natural frequencies as the number
of nodes is increased.
Orientation of Members
When you have generated a dome, you will find that the reason the orientation of the members is not
exactly what you expect is because of the convention that Multiframe uses for determining which is
joint 1 and which is joint 2 on a member.
The orientation depends on this ordering since the orientation is defined relative to a vertical plane
passing through the two joints and looking in the direction from joint 2 towards joint 1. Multiframe
adopts the convention that joint 1 is always the joint to the left of the member in the front view and in
the case of members which are vertical joint 1 is at the bottom, joint 2 at the top.
In the case of a member which lies in the xy plane, joint 1 will be the joint on the left and joint 2 will
be the joint on the right. In the case of a member which lies in the xz plane, joint 1 will be the joint on
the left as viewed in the right hand view and joint 2 will be the joint on the right as viewed in the
right hand view.
For other members which are at arbitrary orientation, the joint numbering will stay the same as that
when the joints were generated. It is important to consider the order of the joints in the member when
viewing it's orientation. If you are viewing the table of members in the Data Window you will need to
check the numbers of joint 1 and joint 2 in the left columns when reviewing the member orientation.
The graphical displays in the windows should be correct if you take this into account.
Deleting Overlayed Joints
The only way to delete overlayed joints is to delete the members attached to one of the joints (and
thus that joint). Then add those members again attaching them to the remaining joint.
Pinned, fixed
The default behavior of Multiframe in regards to pinned and fixed joints and members is that all
members and all joints are initially fully rigid. This means that there is complete moment transfer

274

across each joint. If you make a joint pinned, then this releases the moments and torsion at the ends of
all the members attached to that joint. It also sets the rotations of that joint to zero.
If however you release the moments at the end of a member using the Member Type command, then
in the Member Type dialogue you have an option of which moments and torsion to release.
In general you will want to use a pinned joint when analyzing a truss structure and you will want to
use the pins at the end of a member when you want to have a rigid frame where a part of the frame is
pinned.
You should not pin a joint and also pin the end of a member attached to that joint.
Also keep in mind that releasing moments on a member releases the local rotations and moments
whereas applying a pinned joint restraint releases the global rotations and moments.
Saving DXF Files
DXF files are a file exchange format support by most CAD programs. They allow you to exchange
geometry between different CAD programs. Multiframe reads and writes 2D and 3D DXF files so
that you can export Multiframe geometry to a CAD program or import a frame's geometry that you
have drawn in a CAD program.
Multiframe is automatically set up to save files in the DXF format. On the Macintosh, you can do this
by selecting Save As, and then selecting 2D or 3D DXF from the pop up menu of the resulting dialog
box. On Windows, you can do this by selecting the Export menu item.
Section Libraries
Multiframe automatically looks for a file named "SectionsLibrary.slb" in the same folder as the
program. If it finds a file with this name, this library will be used. If you want Multiframe to use a
different library (like the wood library), you need to rename the standard Section Library to say
"Steel Library". Then, when the program starts up, it will not find a library with the standard name
("SectionsLibrary.slb") and it will prompt you to locate the library you wish to use. Note that you can
also use this technique to have a number of sections libraries (for example one per project) available

275

for use. Multiframe, Section Maker and Steel Designer are set up to use the same utilities disk you
received with your original order, and thus the same sections libraries.
Springs - Soil Emulation
Springs in Multiframe can be used to emulate soil support under a foundation. Springs always work
in both directions (tension and compression). We have a number of customers that use springs to
model beams embedded in or sitting on the ground. They just need to divide up the beam, apply a
spring at each intermediate node and choose an appropriate spring stiffness to simulate the elasticity
of the ground.
Stopping Analysis
You can stop analysis or rendering in Multiframe by pressing the ESC key on Windows or pressing
command - period on the Macintosh.
Trusses
The default behavior of Multiframe in regards to pinned and fixed joints and members is that all
members and all joints are initially fully rigid. This means that there is complete moment transfer
across each joint. If you make a joint pinned, then this releases the moments and torsion at the ends of
all the members attached to that joint. It also sets the rotations of that joint to zero.
If however you release the moments at the end of a member using the Member Type command, then
in the Member Type dialogue you have an option of which moments and torsion to release.
In general you will want to use a pinned joint when analyzing a truss structure and you will want to
use the pins at the end of a member when you want to have a rigid frame where a part of the frame is
pinned.
You should not pin a joint and also pin the end of
Importing DXF
When importing data, Section Maker will connect together any lines whose ends are within 5mm

276

(0.1969 inches) of each other. If your lines touch in your CAD system then the rescaling should not
affect this.
Once you have placed the DXF shape into Section Maker the properties will be displayed in the
Properties window. You will need to assign materials to the shape to compute these properties
correctly.
Symbol Definitions
fy Yield stress.
fu Ultimate tensile stress.
rx Radius of gyration about the X axis.
ry Radius of gyration about the Y axis.
rz Radius of gyration about the principal axis (for when the principal axis is neither the x or y axis
such as for an angle section).
Sx Elastic section modulus about the X axis.
Sy Elastic section modulus about the Y axis.
I1 Moment of Inertia about the Major principal axis at the centroid (Strongest axis).
I2 Moment of Inertia about the Minor principal axis at the centroid.
Angle that the Major principal Axis makes with the x axis.
The following values depend on the position of the centroid of the current section:
xc The distance along the x axis of the current section centroid.
yc The distance along the y axis of the current section centroid.
(If you select all shapes and choose Align to Centroid from the Shape menu then these will both be
0.0).
Ixc Moment of Inertia about the X axis through the centroid.
Iyc Moment of Inertia about the Y axis through the centroid.
(If you select all shapes and choose Align to Centroid from the Shape menu then they will be
equivalent to Ix and Iy).
Ixyc Product of Inertia about the centroid.
These values define the extents of the section.
xl X (left ) the left most extent of the section on the x axis.

277

xr X (right ) the right most extent of the section on the x axis.

yt Y (top ) the top most extent of the section on the y axis.
yb X (bottom ) the bottom most extent of the section on the y axis.
Note: B =xr - xl and D= yt - yb.
Sxt Elastic section modulus about the X axis at yt.
Sxb Elastic section modulus about the X axis at yb.
Syl Elastic section modulus about the Y axis at xl.
Syr Elastic section modulus about the Y axis at xr.
Iw Warping Constant (not used, included for future expansion).

278

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-1 ()

(Mckenzie, W. M.C., 2006)

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312

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New York : Taylor & Francis.

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