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Accelerating Structures
Gil Travish
Particle Beam Physics Laboratory
UCLA Department of Physics & Astronomy
Abstract
For some time it has been realized that scaling particle accelerators to optical
frequencies presents new opportunities for the nearly ubiquitous use of charged
particle beams. Various efforts are underway, albeit far too few, to achieve high
gradient particle acceleration in both laser powered and wakefield driven
dielectric structures. I will use my own work on the Micro Accelerator Platform
(MAP) as an example of the various challenges faced by this class of
accelerating structure. The MAP has design parameters similar to other such
structures: laser powered; 800 nm period; gap (equivalent to the iris diameter in
a conventional linac) of 800 nm; ~1 GV/m gradients; fC-pC charge per bunch;
~10 fs bunch lengths. The MAP and its ilk face hurdles ranging from fabrication
technologies to sub-micron beam manipulation. The diagnostics required are
demanding, a rich area of work, and overlap well with proposed next generation
light source beams. Despite the barriers, these devices hold great promise. In
speculating on applications and end uses, which span from colliders to
compact light sources to medical devices, I will draw from a number of
examples. Finally, I will use this seminar as a bully pulpit to advocate for
dielectric accelerators in general.
The work I am presenting represents years of effort
by many workers at several institutions.
MAP Work:
Rodney Yoder (Manhattanville College) Esperanza Arab, Urd Lacroix, James
Rosenzweig, Ninel Vartanian, Jin Xu (UCLA)
CCR THz measurements:
A. Cook (UCLA)
T-481 Team:
M. C. Thompson (Tri Alpha)
H. Badakov, A. M. Cook, J. B. Rosenzweig, R. Tikoplav (UCLA)
I. Blumenfeld, M. J. Hogan, R. Ischebeck, N. Kirby, R. Siemann, D. Walz (SLAC)
P. Muggli (USC)
A. Scott (UCSB)
R. Yoder (Manhattanville College)
E-163 Materials:
E. Colby, R. J. England, C. McGuinness (SLAC)
AWA Material:
W. Gai & J. Power (ANL)
Additional Materials:
J. B. Rosenzweig (UCLA); R. Assmann (CERN-SL)
Dielectric structures will be the next commonly
applied accelerator technology
Solution?
Do less physics?
Do better at the entire acceleration process!
The accelerator structure is just one piece...
civil engineering, facilities, final focus, power...
There is a long list of challenges a next-generation
accelerator faces, but clearly it must be high-gradient
A White Paper
diagnostics
Report prepared by scientists from ANL, BNL, LBNL and SLAC. The coordinating team
consisted of Uwe Bergmann, John Corlett, Steve Dierker, Roger Falcone, John Galayda, Murray
Gibson, Jerry Hastings, Bob Hettel, John Hill, Zahid Hussain, Chi-Chang Kao, Janos Kirz,
wakefields
power sources
Gabrielle Long, Bill McCurdy, Tor Raubenheimer, Fernando Sannibale, John Seeman, Z.-X.
Shen, Gopal Shenoy, Bob Schoenlein, Qun Shen, Brian Stephenson, Joachim Stöhr, and
Alexander Zholents. Other contributors are listed at the end of the document.
December 2008
positron acceleration
luminosity
staging
Total energy gain proves engineering, and it sure
earns respect
R. Ischebeck
M. Hogan
ICS
FEL
!"#!$%&'()(*(+,-!./01"12(3%
I actually drew this myself!
P. O’Shea et al.
Science (2001).
Diffraction
THz
Diagnostic x-ray
P. Musumeci (UCLA)
• 456%2!1/*6%!56!1/01!1/*6%
– 789&95&%!&'%!),8509:6
– ;%2<%!56!5!2%=%2%8:%!1(98&!98!&90%
THzNetwork.org
Random web image
Why dielectrics?
Gradients x10-x100 metal
Structural control of fields
Many possible geometries
Wake, RF or Laser powered
Positron acceleration
Scalable fabrication
T-481
-13
10
L
A ps
-11 DWA S
10 E
Breakdown Limits R
Pulse Length [s]
Conventional Structure
10-9 Gradients Du (1996) ns
~GV/m
10-7
us
10-5
Conventional RF
10-3
10-1
DWA
13.8±0.7 GV/m
the fused silica in this experiment is Fiber Exposed to ~1000 Shots at High Beam Compression
subject to additional low-flux sources
of ion izin g r a d i a t i o n i n c l u d i n g : M.C. Thompson, et al., PRL 100, 214801 (May 2008)
incoherent optical and UV Cerenkov
photons, stray 28.5 GeV electrons,
and background x-rays.
FFTB
Laser RIP
270 GHz
370 GHz
A. Cook (UCLA)
power sources
High gradient structures are pushed to optical
wavelengths due to scaling and source availability
Plots from E. Colby, et al.
Eacc ~ Prf/λ
4Q 2Q a
E z ,vac = *'* *+ E z ,vac = 2 hollow core
& ) # z << a a FIGURE 2. OOPIC simulation results for parameters Q = 3 nC, beam energy 30 GeV,
% ) (1
with the sharp peak of Ez near z = 2 mm. Note how the wake oscillations retain the sharp
" distribution.
dielectric layer
cladding
OOPIC Simulations for a SABER Dielectric Experiment
drive beam
FIGURE 2. OOPIC simulation results for parameters Q = 3 nC, beam energy 30 GeV,
wakefields
20 µµ m,
= 20
FIGURE 2.
50 µ
m, aa == 50 µ m,
m, b
b= 162 µ
= 162 µ m, and ε
m, and ε =
= 3.
3. This
This contour
contour plot
plot shows
shows the
the zz component
component of
OOPIC simulation results for parameters Q = 3 nC, beam energy 30 GeV,
of tt
DWA simulations
OOPIC (OOPIC):
Simulations for a SABER Dielectricwith
Experiment
=
(E
(E
)
)
throughout
throughout
the
the
simulation
simulation
z region.
region.
The
The Linethe
electron
electron out
pulse
pulse of
is
is E z at the right
moving
moving
the right and
and
its
its
cen
cen
z the sharp peak of E near z = 2 mm. Note howz wake oscillations retain the sharp
distribution. r = 10 µm with a = 100 µm
with the sharp peak of Ez near z = 2 mm. Note how
(Low thefiltered
pass wake Eoscillations
in red.) retain the sharp
z
Line out of Ez at
r = 10 µm with a = 100 µm
(Low pass filtered Ez in red.)
RF pulses. 0
0 2 4 6
ε time (ns)
Cu
PBG
HC-1060 Fiber
10 µm
Woodpile
4 Layer Structure
(10/08)
2 Layer Structure
(6/08)
At UCLA, we are designing, fabricating and testing a slab-
symmetric, laser-driven, dielectric micro accelerator
Periodic modulation in z is necessary
to have an accelerating mode: a
Laser
standing wave with kz = ω/βc.
Patterned
resonant structure with good Ez fields Bragg stack
Top Slab
Dielectric Layer
b
a
Bottom:
Dielectric Coated Mirror
Device schematic;
structure variation in x not shown
Typical values (λ=1μm)
z a ~ 0.1 μm
b ~ 0.3 μm
number of periods ~ 1000
one period overall length ~ 1 mm
We are taking a three-pronged approach and deferring
some issues typically of concern in HEP accelerators
Top Slab
slots ➋ Integrated “gun”
dielectric
tapered structure
Patterned
Bragg stack
Top Slab
Dielectric Layer
injection
Injection into a sub-micron aperture and a sub-ps
bucket is a concern
IFEL
Final focus type
Asymmetric emittances
IFEL pre-bunching
Dielectric Injector
E. Colby
Flat beam
εy
≈ 50
εx
Beam Spot
1 inch
We have obtained beams (uncharacterized)
from a 300µm Li:Nb wafer.
simulation tools
Simulations are required to design the structures
and understand the field evolution.
frequency
(HFSS)
time
(Microwave
Studio)
Progress on the all-dielectric structure requires iterating
between simulation wants and fabrication needs
Advanced 3D codes are often necessary to
understand the dynamics
VORPAL
color=accelerating field
Particle Studio
color=slice energy
We have a preliminary design of the
all-dielectric structure.
cross section
Fabrication of the metallic test structure presented
its own challenges.
control
of
thickness
Fabricating nanometer-scale features with 1000s of
patterns is challenging but within state-of-the-art.
Substrates
Sapphire, Fused Silica, Silicon Carbide VCSEL techniques
produce very similar dielectric
structure topologies and scales.
!"#$#%&$'()*&+,'
!"#$%&$'(
.6781'
-.#/)"#)0'1&2+34/5'
!"#$%&$'(
.6781'
9):#/*'
Fabrication
;6781'
Bottom:
Dielectric Coated Mirror
We have considered
nanospheres and trenches...
Iris
Piezo Positioner
Fiber Collimator
Interferometer
Output
Beam Expander /
Camera
Bunch charges in the pC range and beam sizes >>
structure require indirect measurements
no structure at IP
E-163 PMQs
J. England
facilities
A few specialized facilities such as SLAC’s E163
are outfitted for micro accelerator testing.
Argonne Wakefield Accelerator provides a unique
test facility for low frequency dielectric structures
Up to 10 GW beam power
(150 nC @ 75 MeV)
High-Gradient Structures
dielectric structure: 100 MV/m
Goal: GV/m-scale acceleration
Particle source
THz source NDE
Small lab x-ray FEL Imaging
Collider Cancer therapy
Component testing
Education
e
ur
AP
os
d
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en
cl
r)
En
pe
se
o
la
sc
to
do
r(
En
be
Fi
or
es
m
Tu
cl
rti
Pa
At FACET, unique wakefield strengths can be
produced, yielding valuable parametric measurements
1 cm 10 cm 1m
Materials Preparation Direct acceleration
Coatings Two-beams Two-beams
Diameters CCR
!
A wakefield powered dielectric tube acceleration
experiment is planned for FACET
Parameter Design Value
Phase Space after 33cm
Beam Charge: short (long)
3 (5) nC
pulse
OOPIC Beam Energy 25 GeV
Beam Length (σz), ≥20 μm,
short (long) pulse (≤150 μm)
Beam Radius (σr) <10 μm
Inner Dielectric Radius, a 100 μm
Outer Dielectric Radius, b 175 μm
!
Dielectric Permittivity ~3.8
Dielectric Tube Length 1, 10, 100 cm
Two Bunch Production
Peak Ez , acceleration >3 GV/m
Maximum Energy Gain (10 cm) 0.11 GeV
LiTrack !
!
We are planning an MAP beam de/acceleration
experiment at E163
laser light
There are a
e
ur
AP
os
d
M
en
cl
r)
En
number of
e
se
op
la
sc
(to
do
En
applications in
r
be
industry and Fi
electron beam
medicine
or
es
m
electron source
Tu
cl
rti
Pa
Many challenges and opportunities remain in
dielectric accelerating structure research
Quantum Accelerator, the digital cable for the discriminating music listener.
Foam Dielectric
Offering a superior
conductive surface with
excellent imaging and
detail Directional electron
flow
Positron specs?
A postdoc scholar opportunity is available NOW at
UCLA working on the MAP and dielectric accelerators
see me
The Particle Beam Physics Laboratory (PBPL) is a state-of-the-art center
for research into beam physics and accelerator technologies. We offer a
dynamic work environment with multiple on-campus laboratories and
facilities, strong collaborations world-wide, and a group of dedicated world-
for
class researchers and students.
Gil Travish
UCLA Department of Physics
Los Angeles, CA 90095
USA
travish@physics.ucla.edu
end of presentation
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