CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the study

Literature has a close relationship with human life because it imitates human

life. Human being put their imagination, thought and idea in literary forms. Based on

Encarta dictionary the word literature means written work, e.g. poetry, drama and

criticism, are recognized as having important or permanent artistic value. Where as

Webster dictionary, literature means the production of written works having excellent

of form or expression and dealing with ideas of permanent interest. The classification

of literature can be divided into three different classifications; written form (novel),

poetry, and drama. These creations of literature are already familiar with human life.

Literary work assumes the presence of opinion that literary work is a product

from a psychological and thought of the author which is in a subconscious situation

and is molded in a conscious situation. Between conscious and unconscious situation

always slant the process of author imagination. The strength of literary work can be

seen how far the author able to give psychological expression from the unconscious

situation to a literary creation. Furthermore, Graham Litlle (1966:2) states “good

literature adds our understanding bout life in the world. It embodies thought and

feeling on matters of human importance.”

One of literature branches is novel. Novel is a long work of written fiction. Most

novels involve many characters and tell complex story by placing the characters in a

number of different situations. Forster (in Warren and Wellek, 1990:3) states that

novel is very helpful in showing a person the nature of human character. Character is

an important part in the story because it has a function to build up the story.

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Characters refer to human being which has some problems surrounding them in

literary work.

Novel has two characteristics, intrinsic and extrinsic characteristic. Intrinsic

characteristic consists of plot, setting, theme, character, situation and morality. And

the extrinsic characteristic consists of psychology, culture, symbol, sociological, and

historical.

In this research the writer will do the research about psychology of literature

which looks the work as a psychic activity. The author will use the idea, feeling and

work in his work. Likewise the reader, in perceiving literary work the reader will also

use their psychic activities. The author will catch the symptom of psychic then

process it into the text and complete it with his psychic.

Psychoanalytic is a zone of literature psychology research. This research model

is first appeared by Sigmund Freud (Milner, 1992:43), a young physician from Wina.

He suggested his idea that the conscious is a little part of mental life whereas the big

part of mental life is the unconscious itself. The unconscious can sublimate into the

author creative process.

In the literature psychology research will express psychoanalytic of personality

which includes three elements of psychic those are id, ego and superego. These three

systems of personality are related to another also forms the totality, and the human

behavior is a product of those three elements of personality.

In the theory of psychoanalytic, Sigmund Freud divides the personality in to

three aspects; the id, the ego and the superego. Freud states: The Id is the basic system

of personality, the storehouse of energy, from which the Ego and the Superego

develop. The id is completely unconscious and consist born with (Morris, 1976:247).

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 The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This

aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and

primitive behaviors. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy,

making it the primary component of personality.

The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate

gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied

immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in

hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is very

important early in life, because it ensures that an infants needs are met. If the infant is

hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met.

The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with

reality. Ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be

expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. According to Freud, the ego

operates on the reality principle, by which a person works out a plan and than takes

some kind of action to test the plan to see whether he is on the right track (Diane

1985:486).

The last component of personality is the superego. The superego is concerned

with morality, with what is “right” and what is “wrong” (Henry 1984: 470). The

superego is the moral taskmaster of the soul, the agent that tries to prevent the id from

acting upon its impulses, especially sexual and aggressive one. It aims to divert the

ego from its realistic approach to moralistic orientation (Diane 1985:487).

Those three elements of personality must exist in every human being which

works together to produce all of their complex behaviors. In this research, the writer

wants to investigate the influences that form id, ego and superego of Santiago in the

Alchemist novel. Although between psychology and literature have different object of

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concern; but psychology and literature don’t stand a part, as psychology can be

applied to analyze the work of literature. (Wellek and Warren, 1956:81) say ”By

‘psychology of literature’ we may mean the psychological study of the writer, as type

and individual, or the study of the creative process, or the study of the psychological

types and laws present within works of literature or, finally, the effects of literature.

The Alchemist novel written by Paulo Coelho who has reached more than 30

prizes by his work is one of the literary works which is the story of Santiago, a

Shepherd in Spain. He sets off to find a treasure by the pyramids in Egypt that is

spoken of in a reoccurring dream. A story is as old as the pyramids themselves. Along

the way, he finds out that his journey is about discovering his Personal Legend,

touching the Soul of the World, and learning what love is really about; as well as

getting the loot.

The Alchemist was one of the most important literary phenomena of the 20th

century. It reaches the first place in bestselling lists in 74 countries, and so far has sold

35 million copies. This book also brought the author in 2008 the Guiness World

Record for most translated book in the world (67 languages). www.paulocoelho.com

The Alchemist is a transforming novel about the essential wisdom of listening to

our hearts, learning to read the omens strewn along life's path and above all following

our dreams. It is very interesting to analyze or describe the psychological side such as

the id, the ego, the superego and is the psychologist theory reflected in the Santiago as

the main character in the novel along his journey.

1.2. Problem of the study

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 Based on background of the study, the writer investigates the problem that is

what are the influences that form id, ego and superego of Santiago in The Alchemist

novel by Paulo Coelho?

1.3. Purpose of the study

According to the problem of the study, the purpose is intended to achieve

through this study is to describe the influences that form the id, ego and superego of

Santiago in the Alchemist novel by Paulo Coelho.

1.4. Significant of the study

The result of this study is expected to give better understanding to the reader

about literary work, especially in psychology of literature. And to give useful

contribution for the readers who search further literature about the id, ego, and

superego or anything related to this study.

1.5. Scope and limitation

Scope of this study is only analyzing the personality (the id, the ego and the

superego) of Santiago as the main character of the novel. And the limitation of the

study is focusing on the id, the ego and the superego because the writer is the student

of English department who has limited knowledge about the psychology in detail.

1.6. Definition of Key Terms

1) Novel A novel is an invented story presented in book form. Writers of novels

are often referred to as novelists.

http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Novel/

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2) Character is the complex of mental and ethical traits marking a person or the

stable and distinctive qualities built into an individual's life which determine

his or her response regardless of circumstances. http://www.character-

training.com/. Abraham (1971:20) states that character is the person presented

in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the readers as being

endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they

say-the dialogue-and what they do-the action.

3) Extrinsic approach is the way to analyze the work of literature through the

outside factor of that work.

4) Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific

study of mental processes and behavior. Henry L. Roediger (1984;60) says

that psychology is defined now as the study of mind and behavior, but even in

studying the “mind,” psychologists observe behavior and draw inferences

about the mental process that produced the behavior.

5) Analysis is a detail study of anything complex by examining its part and

relationship in order to understand its nature or determine its essential features

as in novel.

6) The Id represents the raw uncontrolled and ungratified needs and desires of a

person.

7) The Ego is basically the personality that regulates the Id in fulfilling desires.

8) The Superego is the Self Ideal that commands on the Ego.

9) Santiago is the main character of the novel.

10) The Alchemist is one of the Paulo Coelho’s novel published on 1988 by

arrangements with Sant Jordi Asociadeos, Barcelona, SPAIN.

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 11) Paulo Coelho, the author of the Alchemist Novel, was born in 1947 in the city

of Rio de Janeiro. Before dedicating his life completely to literature, he

worked as theatre director and actor, lyricist and journalist. he also reached

more than 30 prizes and decorations, one of them is the ‘Bambi 2001 Award"

(Germany 2001) the Germany's most prestigious prize.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Psychology and Literature

Psychology has certain relationship with literature. Psychology is one of the

studies about human being. It is considered as one of the important approaches in

literary critism. Roekhan (1990:1) says that psychology and literary work have

functional relationship that can be used to learn someone’s psyches condition.

Meanwhile Andre Hardjana in Kritik Sastra Sebuah Pengantar, says :

“Psychology ‘enter’ literary critism through some ways (1) Study about creative
process of literary work, (2) Study about psychology on the writer, (3)
Discussion about psychology and literary work, (4) The influence of literary
work on society. (Andrea Hardjana, 1991:60)

Writer can use the understanding provided by psychologist to enrich their stories

and psychologist can gain in their understanding of human behavior by drawing from

the deep sensitivity of good authors (Kalish, 1966:8)

Psychology and literature study about human being, but they have different

object of concern; psychology deals with the real human being. While literature deals

with amaginary human being. Wellek and Warren in their book Theory of Literature

says:

”By ‘psychology of literature’ we may mean the psychological study of the

writer, as type and individual, or the study of the creative process, or the study

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 of the psychological types and laws present within works of literature or, finally,
the effects of literature (Wellek and Warren, 1956:81)

Although between psychology and literature have different object of concern;

but psychology and literature don’t stand a part, as psychology can be aplied to

analyze the work of literature.

2.2. Novel

Novel is today a long written, fictional, prose narrative. The seventeenth-century

genre conflict between long romances and short novels, novellas, has brought

definition of both traditions into the modern usage of them. The novel is often defined

as being a fiction in prose of a certain length, typically more than 50 000 words, with

characters, incidents and perhaps a plot. This admits of counterexamples: many

novels, among them Ulysses by James Joyce and Moby-Dick by Herman Melville,

contain passages written in drama or verse form. Historical (non-fictional) novels,

such as I, Claudius by Robert Graves are a well-established subclass of novels. Some,

perhaps Rainer Maria Rilke's Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge, contain little or

nothing in the way of a plot. http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Novel/

2.3. The ID

The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate

gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied

immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in

hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is very

important early in life, because it ensures that an infants needs are met. If the infant is

hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met.

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2.4. The Ego

The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with

reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the

impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego

functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.

2.5. The Super Ego

The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral

standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society--our sense of right

and wrong. The superego and provides guidelines for making judgments. According

to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five.

There are two parts of the superego:

1. The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviors. These

behaviors include those which are approved of by parental and other authority

figures. Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value, and

accomplishment.

2. The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by

parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad

consequences, punishments, or feelings of guilt and remorse.

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research design

This research uses extrinsic method. It is known that extrinsic method is a

method to analyze something outside the novel. The researcher uses extrinsic method

because this research deals with the element of literary work for example psychology,

culture and others. But the writer emphasizes this study on psychological only.

3.2. Approach of study

The approach which the writer takes to answer the problem is the extrinsic

characteristics of the novel that is psychology. The writer also takes the specified

items of the psychology those are the id, the ego and the superego called the

personality.

3.3. Source of data

The source of data used in this study is The Alchemist novel written by Paulo

Coelho published on 1988.

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3.4. Data collection

The writer reads the theory which have been collected from the library research,

and every relevant document in the form of books.

3.5. Procedures of collecting data

a) Reading and understanding novel

b) Classifying and determining the text related to the id, the ego and the superego

of the main character.

c) Analyzing the data based on theories.

d) Making conclusion.

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