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L = Complete length of span
V = Opposite reaction force
M
a
, M
b
= Fixed moment at A, B.
During these cases at one end support the reaction force (V) acts in one direction and on
the other support in other direction. Hence when you are finding the reaction on the complete
fixed beam in addition to the forces caused due to external loading, we also used to consider
reaction force (V) which we got due to end moments.
Stage 3: Final bending moment of fixed beam is obtained by combining the stage 1 and stage
2. When both bending moment diagrams are super imposed on each other, we get the resultant
Bending moment diagram of the fixed beam. The net bending moment which causes the
deformation in the fixed beam can be calculated which will be shown in an example.
From the third stage we can derive some of the following conclusions.
a = a ; ' x x =
a = Area of free Bending moment Diagram
a = Area of fixed Bending moment diagram.
x = Distance of centroid from free Bending Moment Diagram from end A.
x = Distance of centroid from fixed Bending Moment Diagram from end A.
We know that
EI
2
2
d y
dx
= M
But since we have bending moment from free and fixed stages,
EI
2
2
d y
dx
= M
x
M
x
1
Integrating equation 1 for whole length of beam
EI
0
l
dy
dx
(
(
=
0 0
'
l l
x x
M dx M dx
} }
but at ends where x=0 then slope
dy
dx
=
hence the EI
0
l
dy
dx
(
(
= 0
0 0
'
l l
x x
M dx M dx =
} }
a = a
0
l
x
M dx
}
= area of the body from engineering mechanics
Now again considering equation 1,
EI
2
2
d y
dx
= M
x
M
x
multiplying x on both sides ,
EI.x.
2
2
d y
dx
= M
x
.x M
x
.x
Integrating on both sides and taking ( )
d
fg f g f g
dx
=
} } } }
formulae , we get
2
2
0 0 0
. . . '. .
l l l
x x
d y
EI x M x dx M x dx
dx
(
=
(
} } }
at x=l , y=0 ,
dy
dx
=0 [ Since slope and deflection at ends of fixed beams is zero]
0 0
. . '. .
l l
x x
M x dx M x dx =
} }
' x x =
Hence from the above conclusions we find out the unknown forces and solve the problems
Note Point (1) :
Disadvantage with this method is , sometimes the bending moment diagram is not perfect or
regular shape, Then it may be difficult to find out exact area of shape of bending moment
diagram. This can give inaccurate result to our problems. Hence in this case we may go for other
method of finding the bending moments MACAULAYS METHOD
1.3.2 Macaulays Method:
As we discussed earlier when bending moment diagram shapes are very difficult to find out we
use this method of solving.
This method is much simpler as compared to the Moment-Area method. In this method we
consider an X-X section along any part of beam. Then we form the moment equation by
considering all forces which come under the X-X section. Then we substitute the conditions at its
ends and find out the variables or unknown forces. We can also substitute the conditions of
maximum deflection depending on loads and find out the unknown forces.
1.4 Cases of loading on beams
- Point load at center of span
- Point load eccentric to beam span
- Uniform distributed loading over complete span
- Uniform distributed loading for part of beam span
- Uniform varying loading for complete span
- Uniform varying loading for part of beam span
- Sinking Supports
- Fixed beam with couple moment
1.5 Advantages and Applications
- We use fixed beams when less bending moment is expected for same amount of load
applied as compared to simply supported beams
- Even less deflection and slope are obtained in fixed beams
- Fixed beams are very stable and strong when compared to simply supported beams
1.6 Disadvantages
- During the time of fixing care needs to be taken for aligning the supports. High amount
of accuracy needs to be maintained for fixing supports
- Small deviation of support can induce large amount of stress in beams
- Initial cost of set-up is high
- Even change in working temperature conditions also induces stress
- End fixing are sensitive to vibrations and fluctuations