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THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES

PHILOLOGICAL

SOCIETY.

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.

BT

E. R.

WHARTON, MA.

PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
COUNCIL,
THE
EEV.

1889-90.
LL.D., M.A.

President.

RICHARD MORRIS,
Vice-Presidents.

WHITLEY STOKES, D.C.L., LL.D., M.A. ALEXANDER JOHN ELLIS, B.A., F.R.S. HENRY SWEET, M.A., Ph.D.
JAS. A. H. MURRAY, LL.D., B.A. PRINCE LOUIS-LUCIEN BONAPARTE. THE REV. PROF. W. W. SKEAT, M.A., LL.D.,
Ordinary/

Litt.Doc.

Mem hers

of Council.
J. B.

HENRY BRADLEY,
E. L.

BRANDRETH, PROF. TERRIEN DE LACOUPERIE F. T. ELWORTHY, ESQ. C. A. M. FENNELL, Litt.Doc. T. HENDERSON, M.A.
REV.
C. S. JERRAM, M.A. JAMES LECKY, ESQ. E. L. LUSHINGTON, M.A., LL.D. PROF. R. MARTINEAU, M.A.

ESQ. ESQ.

REV.

MAYOR, M.A. MORFILL, M.A. PROF. NAPIER, M.A., Ph.D.

W.
J.

R.

PEILE, M.A., Litt.Doc. SIR J. A. PICTON. THEO. G. PINCHES, ESQ. PROF. J. P. POSTGATE, M.A. PROF. C. RIEU, Ph.D. THE REV. A. H. SAYCE, M.A.
R. F.

WEYMOUTH,

D.Lit.,

M.A.

Treasurer.

BENJAMIN DAWSON,
F. J.

B.A., The Mount, Hampatead, London,

N.W.
N.W.

Hon. Secretary.

FURNIVALL,

M.A., Ph.D.,

3, St.

George's Square, Primrose Hill,

The

knowledge

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is

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I

5 34^

LOAN-WORDS
By
E. R.

IN LATIN,
iT.A.

WHARTON,

{Mead at the Society^s Meeting, Bee. 21, 1888.)

(1)

The percentage

of borrowed words in English

is

about
is

75, in Persian 62, in

Latin 14, in Greek 2|.

English

probably the most composite of all languages: to judge by the lists at the end of Skeat's dictionary, half our vocabulary

comes from Latin, and a quarter from other foreign sources. Next in order comes Persian, in which about five-eighths of the words are Arabic. In classical Greek, down to 300 B.C., there are 41,100 words, of which perhaps 1000 are foreign
:

in classical Latin,

26,300 words, of which about 3500 are from Greek and perhaps 300 from

down

to a.d. 117, there are

other languages,' In all these figures Proper Names are excluded. These proportions of course refer only to the CM words as given in a dictionar}-, not to their actual use in

H
-t->

literature

will probably

a page of Demosthenes or Cicero taken at random show no borrowed words at all, a page of a
onl}'

^ modern
^ c3

English novel will contain

about 20 per cent.

of Latin words.

For our present purpose it may suffice to consider only the Latin authors of the first rank (excluding in each case
fragments) viz., in chronological order, Plautus, Terence, Cicero Caesar Catullus Lucretius Sallust, Yergil Horace
:

Livy Tibullus Propertius Ovid, Persius, Tacitus, Juvenal. These sixteen authors use 16,900 words, of which 1080 are from Greek and perhaps 200 from other languages, making
a proportion of about 8 per cent, of loan-words.

The Greek loan-words

in Latin

have been catalogued by

' The fifjures given in this essav I have arrived at bj' simple countinc:, a task which, so tar as I know, no one of my predecessors has attempted as Douse says iu his " Grimm's Law," it is much easier to use statistics than to make them.
:

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.
('

E.

R,

WHARTON.

Tuchhandler

De

vocabulis Graecis

translatis,' 187G), F. O.

in linguam Latinara Weise ('Die Griechischen Worter im

Latein,' 1882), and Saalfeld ('Tensaurus Italograecus,' 1884). For Plautine words the late Professor Key's admirable Some of the uu-Greek loandictionary is often useful. words in Latin are treated by Yanicek (' Fremdworter im Griechiscben imd Lateiniscben,' 1878). Of the Greek loan-

words 320 were introduced by Plautus, 200 by Cicero. (2) I bave not attempted to define what a loan-word is; and the following sections will show that we may at will narrow or enlarge our boundaries. A purist might exclude
afira^ Xeyofxeva, of which 130 fall within our province. In any case we must leave a considerable margin of transition,' as a logician would call it, between genuinel}' foreign and genuinely native words a margin embracing three classes of words those which are reall}- Greek, those which are really Latin, and those which are partly Greek and
all
'

partly Latin.

As really Greek, and not loan-words at all, we may count words directly quoted by Latin authors from Greek
sources
:

viz.,

apoproegmenon ardopliyhx aiiloedus hulenterium corddx coryphaeua exaeresimus gymnasiarclius logica melancholicus

Cicero's

*monogrammiis mystagogiis phUitia physiognomon prodgorus proegmenon prytaneum rho sofer : Lucretius' homoeomerla 2J>'ester :
Livy's agtma *aglaspides argyraspides *cestrosphendone dromas hemerodromus hepteres hexeres liijipagogus moneres peltasta
phalanglta pry tank sansojihorns synedruii : Ovid's ai : Persius' chaere : Juvenal's chlronomunfa.

(The asterisk here denotes that the original is not found in extant Greek literature.) (3) Our second class consists of words which are really Latin and not Greek. Such are the following, cognate with, but not borrowed from, the corresponding Greek words
:

attdt or dtdt, drraTal.

hardiis
'

stupid,'
/3paBv<;.

*/3pa6v<?

(seen

in /3pdaaa)V

'

slower

')

by-form of

LOAX-WORDS IN LATIX.
Vtv'ff, Kr]po<i.

E.

K.

WHAKTON.
:

The Doric Kdpoq seems

.010 cdriiiarii is

a figment in Aulularia a corrupt reading (like murohat/idrii in the

next

line, for which

*

cincintius

curl,'

myrobrecharnis a mere modern conjecture). KiKivpof (which stand to each other as

tintino to Ti,Taviafi6<i) .
circus,

KpUo^.

dolus, 86Xo<;.

do/a us,

86fj,o(;.

ferefrum, (f)epeTpov in Polybius.

libra

'pound,' Xlrpa (Sicilian, for *\i6pa)

cf.

for the

want of

aspiration

Sicilian kctcov for

'^(^ltcov.

llnum, \lvov,

cf. Xiv-oTrrdofxai.

inutilus, /j,vTi\o<; /itVuXo?.

nemvs,

ve/jLo<;.

pdnnus,
pappus,
*

7rf]vo9.

TrUTTTTO^.
felt,' 7rtXo9.
7rpo7rT')]<;.

plleus
'

propitius,
sclpib

staff,' aKiTTOiv.

senium 'shield,' (tkvto^ 'hide.' slmus snubnoscd,' alfi6<; for *aFl^6<i.

'

'

squilla
'

prawn,' aKtWa.

sfupa

tow,' arvirrj.

turba, Tvp^j].

The
are at

following, some of them of doubtful or foreign origin, any rate unconnected with the Greek word appended
:

in each case
acli/s

uyKvXi'i 'hook.' 'javelin' ' dluciuor prate aXvKrd^Q) am in distress.' alicfa 'soft leather' aXeiTrr?/ 'smeared': aluta, I
' '

'

would

suggest,
'

=*r/r/-/7/'rt
'

'put on,'
lively
'

cf.

iud-iila ex-uta,
'

al as in al-accr

beside accr-bus
'

ad becoming sharp,' and al-apa

gravel.'

blow

'

calx

pebble, a could not represent crdpula 'intoxication' criplda 'slipper' 'military chalk
*
'

dura 'ape'

beside apiscor reach.' small stone, lime X"A-/|^

K6Xoupo<i 'dock-tailed.'
KpaiTrdXT):

at.

Kprjiri^

boot.'

creta

'

'

Kpj'jTr).

4
fenestra

LOAN-WORDS IN LAIIN.
'

E.

R,

WHARTON.

fides 'lyre'
'

window

'

'

(^aivw.

fiinda 'sling' a^evhovrj. inula ' elecampane eXeviov.

hjmjiha
its
*

ac^iZ-q 'gut.'

water

'

'

NufX(f)r]

to

spelling, for ^liimpa

from *dumpa,

which however h/mpha owes cf. Oscan Diumpals

'
:

JVymphis.'

norma was a carpenter's would square, shaped (I suggest) taking its name from that letter, the ninth in the Faliscan and Etruscan alphabets, so that nbrma-=^* non-ma *n6ni-ma as carmen germen = *canmen *genimen respectively, cf. Havet in Memoires
yvcopi/xoii

norma

well

known

like

and

de la Societe de Linguistique VI.

pessulus 'bolt'

TrdaaaXo'i 'peg'' '

p. 31.
i^fss ?'/?'?,

from
*

*2)ed-tus
'

'provided with a
'

foot,' as if

I would suggest, the bolt were the

foot

of the door.^
'

7-og2(s

pyre

^070?
Foy
'

silo

(to

use a term of

scientific

agriculture), see

in Bezzenberger's Beitrage

XIV.

p.

41

sq.

sorex

'

shrew-mouse
'

vpa^
'

in

Poenulus 1313

Goetz

writes saurex.
stilus
'

pen
'

crTvXo'^
'

tlpula

water-spider

pillar.'

tl^vj.

So KopvXo^;

ttXvvtijp irirvlrrjq^ the

pretended originals of

corulus linter pltulta, are

mere

fiijments.

The
:

following are

rather Latin than Greek

^

Eoman wit, besides r/dr>m, are ' ' lisping from ^KaLa6s bandylegged ; ' redi-vlvus alive again,' i.e. used again ; rimcina ' plane from rutico ' deprive of hair ' (twigs planed off being compared to hairs cut off) ; ' ' Icncino 'tear to pieces (quasi weigh out ') from lanz scale of a balance' ;
Other instances of
'

llacsus

'

'

'

'

siiffillo

beat black and blue

'
'

'

from

'

si'<(/d

suck
'

'

i.e.

draw blood
i.e.

and, I would suggest, Cicatrix scar from cic-ur

'

tame

'

(quasi ^^

subduing,' a>

being the end

;

of, .

the

hurt); furca fork

'

porrum

'

an instrument for punishing thieves (fures) leek' as a slang term fur 'head,' whence scurf' 7;o;>v'^o
as
' ;

'

cf.

Moretum

74 capiti nomen debentia porra

;

/ow/ _' frame of a bed' quasi the place of 'libation' (ctttoi'S^) preliminary to going to sleep lambero tear to pieces quasi lick up {lambo) ohturo stop up from taurus (a stopper compared to a bull, cf. ^ovs yXciaa^). See also below on Popular Etymology.
'

'

'

'

'

'

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.
ador
*

E.

R.

WHARTON.
*
:

spelt,'
*

cf.

Gothic

atisk

'

cornfield

not

from

akevpov
cldssis
'

wheaten flour' (and d from \ quasi class not from *K\.dat<i Doric for
'
:

ad, 'addition').
KXr]ai<i.

crepldo 'foundation':

not
*

from

Kprj-rrl^

'basement'

(or

why ere-

?).
.

flemina (Neut, Plur.) congestion of blood,' cf * blotJi blood not from cfjXeyfiovj] inflammation.'
'
' :

Gothic
'

htterac, cf. httus

shore,'

from the idea of

'

'

cutting

not

from

'

8L(f}6epat
'

skins.'

posca vinegar and water from po-td as e-sca from ed-, edd not from eTro^u? sharpish,' with e- dropt through a
'
:

popular connexion with poto. In the following cases the Greek word
the Latin
brassica
:

is

borrowed from

cabbage,' ^pdcrKrj in Hesychius. bucina 'trumpet,' ^vKuvrj in Polybius.

cento
'

'

patchwork,' KevTpwv in Eustathius, as though from

point of a needle.'
' '

Kevrpov
dolo
'

(and hence, I would suggest, foretopsail,' as being triangular, like the head of a pike), hoXwv 'stiletto' (the meaning derived from S6\o9) in Plutarch.
pike

horrcum

'

granary,' <hpecov (quasi from copa

'

season

')

in

Achmes.
perperam 'wrongly' {i.e., I would suggest, 'unsatisfactorily,' from per- -{-pa rum), irepirepo'i 'vainglorious' in Polybius.
taxus
Cf,
*

yew,' rd^o'i in Galen.

.

Athenaeus 85e TeWlvav. So the Latin patina 6vo/j,dl^ov(TL.

asTraraV;;,

. *

'Pw/jiaioc

dish

'

/inXov (inUuItun) appears in Sophron

mddrium 'napkin'

in his

contemporary Hermippus
:

(both of the age of Pericles) as awhdptov Icpus was borrowed into Sicilian as XeTropt? after the commencement of rhotacism,

about 350 b.c, and so other Sicilian words, /caX-rto? KdpKupov Kdrlvov Kv^LTov vovp,fMo<; ovyKia, were probably borrowed

from the Latin

not conversely.

calceus career eatinus cubit urn

nummus

uncia,

In the following cases the Romans and Greeks borrowed iudependently from foreign sources (see also sec. 12)
:

balaena 'whale,' (f)d\aiva.

b
cluira
'

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.

E.

R.

WHARTON.

horse- radisli,' KepaU Theophrastus Hist. Plant. IX. 155 (with a reference to Kepa<;). crumena 'purse,' "^pvjjLea 'bag.'

fungus

mushroom,' a<p6y<yo^ sponge.' hinnuleus fawn,' eWXo? (HesychiusJ.

'

'

'

plumbum
'

'lead,' fioXv/BSo^;.
'

tdjj/ius

tufa,'
olvo<;.

roc{)tcoi'

tuffstone quarry

'

(Heraclean).

flnum,
(4)

third class consists of words partly Greek and ' Plautus is fond of coining hybrid words, partly Latin.

Our

'

made up

of

Greek+ Latin

manti-cinor 'prophesy,' formed after rdti-dnor

samhucina 'harpist,' i.e. *sambuci-cina, formed after or, more often, of Latin + Greek
:

tlhl-cina:

ante-logium 'prologue,' e-log'mm 'inscription' (which latter passed into general use), and (from a Proper Name) de-

channido

hi-dlniiim
ndriiis)
;

(after

triclinium),

*semi-zdna

(whence semizo-

ferri-trib-dx 'iron-rubbing,'

from jpl^w

hdm-ibtae 'anglers,' from hdmus 'hook,' with the termination

of cnpaT-vwrat
;

pJdgipatida 'buffet-bearer, 'a quasi patronymic like Lucretius' So Cicero invents the quasi Verbal facteon to be Sclpiadds.
'

done.'

Compounds and Derivatives of Greek loan-words and we have within our province 30 such Compounds and 140 such Derivatives cannot properly be called hybrid words: each contains an element which, though originally Greek, had been naturalised in Latin. Some of them are formed from

loan-words which must once have existed in Latin but are

not found in extant Latin literature
ahol-la
'
:

cloak

'

from *ahoJa

(sec.

8
'

fin

aplustrum

(i.e.
:

"^'aplust-trum)
'

stern

'

from *aplustum,
ardnea

*a^\oaTov
ardneus

(sec. 5)
'

spider
'
'

from ^ardnus,
:

apaj(yo'; (sec. 7), as

from *ardna,
conddlium

apd-xyr]

ring

(the a, I

would suggest, must be long.

LOAN-WOKUS
and the word a
(Uesyehius) dioboldrm
iantenia
'
:

IN'

LATIN.

E.

R.

WHAKION.
*

trisyllable)
'

from *condus,

kovSo^:

knob

'

'

worth two obols

from

'^diohohim, Sico^oXov

lantern' (with termination oi lucenia) irom*ianfer,

:

XafiTTTrip (sec. 7)
/tiiintcit/ii-s

'skiff'

(of.

avunculus

from avus) from

'

*/e)ius,

Xrjvo^ 'trough.'

mirmillo

kind
'

of

gladiator
'

for

*)nu)'miirl6
'

from
:

*murmurulus, *munnurus,
doll
'

fiop/xvpo'i

a fish

{ixa
:

his crest)

from *plangd, irXayycov planguncula sandal-bearer from *sandalum, aavhakov sandali-gcrula from sjnntuniix (sec. 6) *iiplnter, (nnvdijp sponddlium 'hymn' from *sj)onda, airovSi] (see p. 4 note). So balatro 'jester' ('devourer') from *halatrum for *baratrum
'
:
:

'

i.e.

barathrum, ,8dpa9pov (sec. 7) baxca 'shoe' from *bax, */3a^ a by form

:

(sec.
:

10) of ird^ in
'

Hesychius
catidiis

(as Sicilian ^aravr] of Trardvr})

'

from *caiia, ^Kuvrj a byform of Kavvrj reed.' So the Adverbs duUce eunchetne pancrafice prot/tf/ine pre'pipe

suppose Adjectives *dulicus *euschemns *pancraficus *profhp)nus

{8ou\Lfc6<i eva'xriixo^ irayKpaTiKO'i rrpodvixos:),

and the Adverb

sijcophantibse *si)cop)hantwsus from sycophantia {avKothe Verb paedicu presujiposes an Adj. *paedicus (pavTia)
;

an Adj.

(corresponding- to arnica)

*splendus
spl-),

from *paes {iraU), uplcndeb an Adj. no Latin word begins with and the Compound in-cl/d a Verb *cil6 reproach

from

splen {anfki'jv

'

'

point the lip at' (-yeLXoa), sec. II7). The following Derivatives have no Greek equivalents, and may most safely be assumed to be pure Latin words, though
the termination does not decide the point Substantives columba, barbaria, (jerro (jobio pero scorpio
:
:

Adjectives

bliteus

carba-seus

citrous

cupresseus galbaueus
bonibi/ciiius,

myrrlieus tiiyrteus (and probably ceromaticus cinaedicus colly ricus :

inarmoreiis),

Verbs
ampullor

cachiiiiio

corbno fuco
bacclior

hamaxo

hilaro

triutnphd,

architector

graecor

nwechor scurror

(and

probably parasitor philosophor stomaclwr).

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.
(5)

E.

R.

WHARTON.

"We now leave the Land Debateable, and enter our proper territory. In the transliteration of Greek words some Vowels are occasionally modipeculiarities may be noticed.
as in pure Latin, by the influence of dialect, accent, adjoining letters, or analogy. First for the short vowels
fied,
:

Latin Yocalism,' sec. 2) o (a) In some Latin words (see becomes u and so in the loan-words amurca (a/xopyr}), bulhus
' ;

(/3oX/3o9),
Xdro/jLiat),

cunlla (kovlXt]), cothurnus (Kodopvo^i), lautumiae

(cf.

murra 'porcelain' {e?. /loppla), jjurjmm {iropt^vpa), tribulus (rpi/doXo'i). So fungus corresponds to a(f)6yyo<; aplustrum triumphus are from b^'-forms (sec. 10) *a^\oarov This u was really u, written i in minnillo, *Tpioixj)o<;. Till the time of Cicero v was represented not by sec. 4.
:

y,

as

later,

but

by
ii,

ii,

astu

columhus
trutina

cujjressus

ohrussa
tus

scutula serjndlum
*tuus, dvo<i)
o-Lvr)T7v<;,
;

simra spehinca

(and

so

for

i.e.

sec.

10.

The

written also

i, minnillo serpillum sindpis, 'plebeian' preference of e to i

before

[KrjpvKiov),
(/3)

vowel in terminations appears in cdduceum nausea {vavrla), pasceoliis sec. 9. Unaccented a in some few loan-words follows the
a
ii,

Latin rule and becomes

written u in scutula {aKurdXri)

in paelicem
i^ir-qXaKa
e

strangulo (aTpayyaXdco), trutina {jpvTavr]), which

before

becomes

sec, 10) in camera

{Kafidpa) phalerae ((f)dXapa) tessera (reacrapa), as in a close syllable {i.e. before two consonants) in piaelex {*7rr]Xa^)

talentum (jdXdvTov).
{crKOTreXci).

Final

So unaccented
i

becomes u in
(sec.

scojjulus

becomes

e,

gausape tapefe

10

fin.).

As

not quite clear why, became ager, so *K6yypo'i (sec. 10) gave conger; Yarro has onagrus (ovaypo^), Martial Unaccented i is dropt before a liquid in balneum onager.
*agros,
it is

In some beside balineum [^aXaveiov), and troclea (rpoxi'Xia). a whole unaccented is (as in dropt syllable polysyllables
dodrans for *d6-quddrans, fastidiwn for *fasti-tidium)
z=i*
:

caltha

for *calcantha^^'xaXKdv6rj (sec. 11 7), casteria for *catastateria

(7)

KaraaTarTjpla (sec. 9). e before It becomes

catapulta,

ii

('

Latin Yocalism,'
(as

sec.

yS)

in

Plautus'

KaTaireXTr}^

opposed

to

Yergil's

pelt a, TreXTT)).

LOAX-WORUS IN LATIN.
(5)

E.

R.

WHARTON.

'Popular Etymology' sometimes influences vowels. becomes o in ollcum (eXaiFov) through a popular connexion with o/ens 'fragrant,' and / in indusium {*ivBvaiov)

Thus

and

exinterd
(I
('

{*^VTepe(o

sec.

9)

as

though from
as

in

it is

omitted
*iTr(07rc<i

would suggest)

in pitppis for *pupis or *pdpis

eVcoTr^^)

from
in

'boy'
the

(i.e.

look-out place,' the steersman).

is

though from
of the

piipiis
>/

The lengthening
(I

concliyUa
first

(Koy^^yXca) o in prblogus

due

would suggest)

to edulia, of

pruplno prbpbla

(and

therefore

doubtless in proscaenium protliijme p)rothtpn'uC) to pro : the diphthong in aurichalcum {*6pi-)(a\Ko<; sec. 9) is due to
aio'um.
(6)

Long Towels: The

j':>/^^i

prae-Ciceronlan u
:

(i.e

ii)

for //from
triifjonus
cbllpJiia

y appears in

(Plautus

in Terence spelt
de-pugis,

2:>/i//)
I

tunnus

and

the

Compound
:

(Kco\v(f)ia)

tngonus

from

*Xa'yvvr}

spelt (which will be

')(^e\wvr))

in

an Aeolic
'

form of
sec.

*\ay(ouri,

larjbna, as ')(e\vvri
i.e.

of

came, I would

suggest, *h(guna,

10

fin.)

To
:

show

lagoeita or lagena ('Latin Vocalism the length of the vowel, e was some-

times (as in laevis raemim) written ae : so in caepe (sec. 8 ^) paelex (sec. 10 spelt oX&ojyeUex, as though from peUicib) scaeiia
scaej)trum.
sec.
(sec.
' changes to u (' Latin Vocalism 13) in glauciuna (sec. 8 fin.) puppis (sec. 5 fin.) scurra e never changes to I in loan-words, in Pocnulus 137 9)

The vowel

liroe (XrjpoL) is

In ebus

{rjuioq)

before vowel.

Popular Etymology changes

' '

we have

a worthless conjecture (Goetz reads colhjrae). the proper Latin shortening of vowel
ii

to e in placenta

'cake' {irXaKovvTo) as though from pJacens, polenta 'pearl

barley' {^'KoXwrr) sec. 9) as though from pollen, and e to ii in spintuDiix (' a bird which carries charcoal off altars,' Pliny
X. 36,

from
is

airivdt^p

spark
e

with termination from

' '

cbtiiniix.

So u

shortened to

in reinulcum

tow-rope

{pvfxovXKovv

'towing') as though from remulceb 'droop,' to o in ancora (dyKvpa) on the analogy (as I have suggested) of remora I hindrance (from et) is shortened in adij^- Nom. adeps
'
'
:

'

'

{aXei^a
ei

fat)

as
:

though from

'

adipiscor

acquire.'

Diphthongs

before a consonant =;, aliptes p'lrdta, before a vowel

<5,

10

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.

E.

R.

WHARTON.

gynaeceum : Ovid's elegeia is a purism. Some words follow the Latin rule and shorten the e before another vowel to ^,
conopium graphium, or balneum chorea platea.
oi^=Loe,
e (the
'

'

plebeian

form, sec. 5 a

fin.),

poena: m in early words =oe, comoedus

Latin Vocalism
'

tragoedits,

later

o,

edus herous prora.

('

atz=ae, diaeta ; dialectically

sec. 11)
I

e,

mena murena ptnula.

This when unaccented becomes

(as

in exqulrb etc.) in ollvum (eXaiFop) and Achlcl {'A^acFoi). a, cidtri {*KXa6pot beside KkfjOpa, sec. 10 fin.).

is

5=

ev

and av=eu and au respectively,

durntcus
:

euniic/ius aula.

ovz=u,

according7n,

to

the

Latin rule this

shortened before final

heduc]trum-=.7]hvxpovv, *6aTpovv from oarpeov, remulcum see above.

ostnim=.

Onomatopoeic words sometimes keep the diphthongs unchanged eia, oiei, but attatae habae eugepae papae.
:

(7)

Consonants in our loan-words are sometimes afiected

adjoining
dialectic
/

by

dialect,
(a)

letters, or

analogy.

The

for

d appears in lanrus from *8avpo^ (the

;

Latin form would he*darvoH), Old-Irish

f/r<r 'oak' (Stokes in Bezzenberger's Beitrage ix. p. 88) and, I have suggested, in Cicero's hirmta beside Plautus' danlsta from Saveiari^'i

'money-lender,' as a slang term applied by gladiators to their trainer. The Sabine assibilation of di, as in Clausus for

rom for *rodia (*/9oS/a), the rose-growing Paestum being in Lucania, whose inhabitants the Samnites were an ofishoot of the Sabines. In Oscan ks or x became ss, meddlx-nieddiss, cf. Latin acsula-assula (Ellis on Catullus xvii. 3), axiculus-assiculus coaxd-coasso, naxa-nassa, and
Claudius, appears in
district of

Xerxes-Xerses in Cicero:

so afiv^ov (Ace.) 'tearing' gave amussim 'carpenter's rule,' named from the scoring of a In Umbrian and Oscan kt became ht {rehte straight line.

Lat. rede, saahtum^=.\ju,t. sanctum), which in some Latin dialect was written tt, bractea-brattea, nacta-natta (=^*vdKTT)<;), salpictasaJpitta {^^a-akiriKTr}^) , strictkeUa-strittiviUa
'

(cf.

Pliny xxvii.

135 thalictrum or thalitrum meadow-rue '), or, after a long vowel or diphthong, t, virtctum-urttuni, auctor-autor, cf. nlxns
(i.e.

*nlct-tus) beside nlsus

(i.e.

*nlt-tus)

so cocturnlx

'

'

quail

LOAN-WORUS
(01(1

IN LATIN.

E.

R.

WHAKTON.

11

Iligli

German

became came Ovid's coturnlx through a popular

p. 23-4 sq.)

Soc. Ling. vi. *cotfunnx, written cblurnlc, and from this

tvnhfala,

Ilavet in

Mem,

connexion with

cothunim

would suggest, for booted fighting. artificially came to Shortly before Cicero's time the Greek aspirates be represented in Latin by a Tenuis A, and two new letters
'

{Kodopvos:)

buskin,' quails being, I

were added

to the

end of the alphabet

But some words

')(^=c

still

to represent v and ^. retained the older transliteration (on 6)

:

that of V see sec. 5 a

and

mcaltha sec. 5

/3 fin.,
'

codea

{Ko-x^.la'i),
'),

corona {yopwvo'^

Sinionides 174, from X'^P^^

{avKxo^). 6=zt in halatro sec.

dance

in-cllo sec.

fin.,

soccus

4,

clafrl

sec.

fin.,

menta

(/ilvOo),

tunmis, tus.
<!}=]) in

ampul-la
sec.

i.e.

*ampor-la from *ampora

{(f)atv6\7]<;), pasceoliis

{dfKpopeixi), (0acr/ca)Xo?),

aplustrum

4, j-jr/e^^/rt

purpura

sec. 6. (iropipupa), spinter (see below), spi)ifunnx

the l^=ss in niu-sma {/xd^a), purpurismm [iropcfivpi^ov), and moechmo iJialaci-s-^o cdmh'^or atticmo Verbs cijatlii>i>i6 graecisao
mus.so patrisNO

pi/tmo sicelmd {drTLKL^o)

etc.).

So in Plautus

modern In

TpaTre^t'rr;?),

editors write badissd {/BaBi^o)) tarpesslta (MSS. trapezlta, and, for initial ^, s, sdmia sona {^n/j,ia ^covij).
initial
;

earlier Latin

resina riscus rosa ruta

later

p was represented by r, raphanus by rJi, (as in a Corcyraean inrln'tbr

scription

PHOFAIZI
rh/jf/imicus.

= /aoato-i),

rhinoceros

rhombus

rhomphaca

The slang
recognition
:

dialect

sometimes distorted words almost beyond

'

calicndruin

'

wig
'

for *cal!iiifrum. from

'

KuWvvTpov

orna-

ment

'
:

sandapila
*a7;^aA,iy87;9
'

would suggest, for *sancaliha from bed cf. Laconian aKxaXi^ap (on *a;^aXt')3?;9,
bier,'

'

'

the

Atfrication

(/8)

some

see sec. 10.) in Hesychius. In pure Latin c cannot stand before a nasal so in borrowed words (1) in early times we have in such
:

'

cases either dvdTTTv^t<i,

drachuma (better written dracuma)

techina

SpaxM,

lucinus=Xvxvo<i,

(better tecina)=Texvri\ or,

12
in

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.
the unaccented third

E.

R.

WHARTON.
of
c

syllable,
:

loss

with vowelbefore

lengthening, ardnea
g, ci/g>n(s=KVKvo'i

= apd')(VT)

(2)

later, c

becomes
t,

c,

and

as Progue^^Tlpoicvr}. so in exanclo (i^avrXeco)

In
:

before n becomes

Latin

citrus is older
c

than cedrus

{KSpo<;).

becomes Between a nasal and

r

d before

a dental,

and p are sometimes

:

droj^t, e.g. in quindus-quintiis,

tempto-tento

The

so spinier ^acficjKryjp, lanter-na=.\an7nrjp. Latins sometimes object to r in two syllables of the same
r./ap'^/apeoiv
:

word, compare giirgulio with

sec. 4,

so balatro beside

^dpaOpov ergastulum=^*epyaaTpov (7) Popular Etymology changes

^ in plagusia ' from plaga ' net
c to
: '

sec. 9.

a fish

'

{*7r\aKovaLa sec. 9), as though

g to c in amiirca (d/xopyr]), spelunca (o-7n]Xvyya sec. 8 fin.), because Latin had an ending -ca [fabrica juvenca pedica), but

no ending -ga
t

:
*

io c

va.

scrihhta
'

cheesecake

'

{^arpel3\lT7}^ sec. 9), as

'
:

though from
2)

scrlho,

marked, notched

to

in ahsinthiuhi

{d^Lvdiov), obsonium
r to

{oyjrooviov),

as

though from ab and ob : I to d in adeps {aKei(^a

' '

sec.

6)

d in cdduceum

(KTjpvKLov) apparently (as I have suggested) as though from cdducum, a stick of fallen wood A to s in serpgUum {epirvXKov) through the etymological
:

connexion of serpb and epirco. consonant is omitted, I would suggest, in laena for *claena {')(\aiva) as though from Idna 'wool,' and in Idterna

beside lanterna as though from Idta 'carried': Metathesis ' in pistrix ' sea-monster (beside ptristis, Trplarc^) as though

from pzso
(8)
:

'

pound, crush.'
aifects especially the

Analogy

terminations of borrowed
see

for the words sec. 471-507.

ordinary changes

Roby's
:

Grammar

Nouns show
(a)

three favourite terminations

-a

caepa (beside carpe)

herba, pausa
sc, terra,

and

cerintha
after

[KrjpLvOov) are

formed

after

[iravaL^)

causa;
sc.

we have

arglUa {dpylWo<i)

corona (p^opwfo?)

taenia, crocbta

(KpoKoiTo^) sc. testis.

LOAN-WORUS
(/3)

IN LA'llN.

E.

K.

WHARTON.
irdvos;)

13
are

-/-

conoids

{K6'y)(o<i)

and
;

jidnis

(Messapian

formed after Adjectives in -is hilaris (beside hilariis, iKapos:) and dapsilis (SaylnXi]<;) after fa cilis caepe for *caepium {*Ki]7riov from Ac^TTo?, cf. Ilesychius' KuTria garlic '), and sirpe for
; '

*sirpiHm
(7)
-r,

{*(Tip(^i,ov sec. 10),

after

Neuters like

turjye nie.

Neuter

mannor

{fiup/xapo^) is
^j//jc;'

hnccar (*/3dKKapt, sec. 10)

and

formed after aequor, (TreVe/Dt) have lost a final

vowel and follow the analogy of ciccr papdrcr, and so on the analogy of mcl Gen. mellis Yergil forms from p.e\i, a vtel Gen. melis and uses 'melis phylla' ixs=/j.eXi(l>uWa 'balm.'
' Similarly ce/ux yacht' (/ceA.???) takes the termination ofvel-bx, enge {eir^e) that of pulcre : draconeni konem beside BpuKovra XiovTU are formed from the Nominatives (h'oco led.

All loan Verbs from the Greek

tion, not only

are of the first conjuga-

the Greek form corresponds with the Latin, boo gitberiiu harpagd {*dp7raydQ)) stranyulo subo {*av/3doi)
coinans (from Ko/ideo), but also from Verbs in exanclo cxinfero i^i^evrepew) obsoiio 2)aratrar/oed6 ther-eo)
:

when

mopoto
-^co
:

{*6epfj,o7roTCii)

atUciHHo etc., badissu, see sec. 7

-vco: propliiu {TrpoTTlvw).

Sometimes the meaning of the Greek ending was misunderstood

:

(a) the Neuter >}toi? was taken for Masculine (Plant, cetum Ace), the Neuters yXavKcofxa axvi^<^ for Feminine (Plant.

schemam Ace), the Neuters Plural oarpea j3a\avela jeppa (f)d\apa for Fern. Sing, (whence ostrca Sing., balineae
gJauciimani

gerrae phalerae Plur.) the Accusatives (/3)

:

fyv-\lrov

kokkov kocttov

fieBi/xvov fxvOov

^varov *6piy^a\Kov (sec. 9) TTeirXov adXov (nrdprov (ToopaKov were turned into Nominatives Neuter, gypsum etc.; the Accusatives KpdT?]pa irdvOripa TrXaKovvra (sec. G) cnrifKirfia
(see note)

ararripa <pd\ayya into Nominatives Feminine, crufira etc. *dl3o\i} *d/j.(f)opci, Ace. of d^o\ev<; Sing., plialiingac Plur. into the Nominatives *aboIa (sec. 4) amphora. d/j,(f)opev^,
;

' Except apage, an Inipfvative, psallo with its piinly Greek bejjinning, and purpurissum wrongly formed from the Participle irop(pvpiCov muttio trom muttum (fivdov, Havct in Mem. Soc. Ling. vi. p. 210 sq.) and punio from poena
:

(ttoivii)

are pure Latin, as also dtpsd.

14

LOAX-WORDS IN LATIN.

E.

R.

WHARTON.

(9) Our loan-words prove that the following 93 words, though found in no extant Greek author, were once living Greek words:

Substantives

aXw^opa

'salt

market

'

a\o(f)dvT7]<i 'salt

halagova (Plaut.). informer' halophanta (Plaut.).

'

a.fxa^ayw^/rj'i
'

'carter' Jiamaxagoga (Plaut.).

dperdXoyo';
'

boaster

aretdlogus (Juv.).
'

harpago (Plaut.). aproKpea^ 'distribution of meat' artocreas (Persius). ' ' avarpo<i south wind aiisfer, from avco 'kindle.'
apira'^/wv

grappling-hook

^aXkLarrj<i 'catapult' hallida, about.'

from ^aWi^w

(Sicilian)

'jump

^ovKepo^
/ScdXt^to?
'

/3ovK6pi,o<i
'

'of oxen' bucerus bucerius,

'

cf.

/3ovKepco<;.

mushroom
'

bOlttifs, cf. /3o)XIt7]<;

(Galen).

Savpo^

tree

laurus^ sec. 7.
*pr)hr)

iiTL-prjOLov 'trace' ejnredium, from i7rci)7rl<; puppis, sec. 5 S.

'

(below).

epyaarpov
rj/iLKLX\o<;

workhouse ergastnlum, sec. 7 /3. 'mule' hemicilhis (Cic), from KiXKo<;

'tavern' thermopblium (Plaut.).
'

'

'ass.'

OeppLOTTOikLov

'

KaTaa-TaT7)pia
'

cuddy
' '

casteria (Plaut.), sec. 5

'

/3.

Karaajr)
'

stage

catasta.

Ka')(lvo<i
'

laugh
'

cachinnus,

from

/ca;\^a^&)

to

'

laugh

as

ye\a(xlvo<;

dimple
' '

from
'

'yeXdco.

KlKKO'i 'doit

ClCCUS (Plaut.), cf. KLKKa^Oq.

.

cinnamiim, cf Ktvvdfj.a)fj,ov. KoXuTia 'ripe figs coliitea Persa 88, cf. Kokwrpa (Athenaeus). ' Kopiavhpov coriander coriandnim, cf. Kopiavvov (in Varro
KLvvapLov
' '

cinnamon

L. L.

V.

103 Spengel reads KoXiavBpov).

'

KpoToKiaTpia castanet-dancer crotalistria (Propertius) Kv^ata 'transport' cybaea (Cic), from Kv^r) as a by-form of
. '

'

KVfijBr}

boat.'
'

'

KV7rpe(Tao<;
KxrirdpLcrao^.
'

cypress
'

cv.pressus,

from Hebrew

Tibpher,

cf.

\aycoi<;

grouse
' '

lagois (Hor.).
'

Xdrpwv
'

hireling
(as

guardian

cf. Xdrpit;, from Hebrew natrum from Hebrew nether). Xlrpov

latrb,

uoier

'

'

LOAN-WORDS

IN I-ATIN.

E.

K.

WHARTON.
from

15

XavTOfiiat 'stone-quarries' lautumiae,

Xdrofxiai.
'

*\aOTO/iiat, cf.

/ie^m?

miasma
'

'

mephitis (Verg.)
'

derivation

unknown.

fjbovoTToStop

table with one leg' monopodiuni (Livy).

fioppa 'porcelain
'

murra,

cf.

[xoppia (Pausanias).
'

fjL(bpo<;

(Fern.)
'

mulberry-tree

;>?or2(.s,

cf. fiopov

'mulberry/

foreign.
'

vrjvia

dirge
'
'

neiitn, cf. vr^viarov

'

(Ilipponax), Phrygian.
cf. 6peLX'^'\.Ko<;.

6pi')(^a\Ko<i

copper ore
'

orichalcum,
'

Trarayehv gold edging ' nrXuKovaia a fish pUKjima (Plant.), from ifKaKou^
'

pa fa glum, foreign.

'

flat.'

'

iroTnTvajjia
'

clucking
look-out
'
'

poppy stna (Juv.).

'

7rpq)p/]rrj<i

man

2)^'oreta (Plant.),

cf. Trpcppdrrj^

formed

after
*

7rpv/jivi]T7]<i

steersman.'

irvTcafia
'

p^Sr)

tasting pijtisma (Juv.). ' chariot raeda Gaulish, sec. 12.

:

'

poBia

rosetree
'

'

rosa,

from poSov.
'

craKKOTnjpiov
'TTijpa.

-pocket

sacciperiii7n

(Plaut.),

from

o-a/t/co?-}-

auvvr} 'grimace' sanna,

acivva^.
(jKcopd<i

and
i.e.

aavvlcov 'buffoon' sannio, cf.

'buffoon

'

Hcnrra

*scura sec.

6,

from

*a/cu)p-(f)d'yo<i

(our 'toadeater') as 'Epfxd'i (a slave's

(TTa\djfx.iov
'

name) from' Ep/xoSoopo'i. 'ear-drop' stalaymium (Plaut.), from aTaXajfioi;

siorea,

dropping.'
'

aropla
*

mat'
'

from aTopuvfit
'

'

spread.'

arpe^XiTJj'i twisted.'

cheesecake

scrib/lta sec.

7,

from

o-Tpe/3Xo?

a(piKTpLa<i spintria,

from
'

'

a-cpLyyco

press.'

TOKvX\iQ)v

'

usurer
'

inutive of T0/C09
TOTTta
'

tocuUio (Cic), from *tokvWlov ' interest (as ^vv\Xiov of ^evo<i).

'

Dim-

ornamental gardening

foj>ia,

from

to'tto?

place.'

TpayoKOjfKpSia 'tragicomedy' tragicomoedia (Plant.).

Tpvjovo'i 'sting- ray' trugonus (Plant.), cf rpvycov.
'

'

TvpiiTavoTpC^ri^
'

timbrel-player
'

fi/iNpanofriba (Plant.).
:

so pasceolus (Plant.), cf. <})daKcoXo<i purse Dioscorides has (f)aaLoXo<i (Columella's phaseolus) for (f)dar]Xo'i
(^acr/cioXof
'

bean.'

16

LOAN-WORDS
'

IN LATIN.
'

E.

R.

WHARTON.
sec.

(})pvyia)v

embroiderer
'

phyrgib (Plaut.),

10,

from
'

^pvyia.
(pv\aKiaW]<i 'jailer
2)hylacista (Plaut.),
'

from

(jivXaKL^co

im'

prison.'
'

')(api(Tria

family banquet

charistia,

from

'xapl^oixai

in-

dulge.'
-y^epaypa

'gout' cheragva, from

^
:

')(ep-

\-aypa,

cf.

'^^eipdypa

(late Greek.)

Diminutives

from eXeyo^ elegy.' evhvaiov 'smock' indusium sec. 5 fin., from evhvafi 'dress'
iXeyelSLov elegldium (Persius)

'

(Septuagint).
fiupod/jiccov myrotJieciuni

(Cic.)

from

'

/jLvpod)]Krj

unguent-

case.'

vd^Xiov nabiium (Ovid) from vd/3\a 'harp,' Hebrew nebhel

'flute.'

Adjectives
aSafidvTeio<;

:
'

'

of steel
'

adamanteus (Ovid).

dKOivovor}To<i

witbout

common

sense

'

acoenonoetiis

Juv.

yii. 218.
jBovixaaro'i

witb large breasts' bumastus (Yerg.). 'eastern' eiirous (Yerg.). evpojo<; 6a\aaaLK6<i 'of the sea' t/ialassicus (Plaut.).
'

'

Kr,p6ei<;

like wax,'
'
'

Fem. Kripovaaa cermm 'white

'

lead.'

hair, foliage.' /co/i?; koixt]t6<=; leafy ' Xa^vpivOeio^ of the labyrinth' labyrintheiis (Catullus). of the Muses' musaeiis (Lucr.), cf. fxovaio<;. fjbovaalo'^
'

comdtns, from

'carried by eight men' odbphorus (Cic). patlikus from 7rd6o<; passion.' TraA-yz'To? sprinkled,' v^hence j)olenta sec. 6 from Trakivco.
oKr(>j)opo<i
'

ira9iK6<i

'

7r\aTa\eo<;

'broad,'

whence

j^Iatalea

'spoonbill'

(Cic.)

;-

from

TrXuTV'i.

1 "Words are so seldom coined absolutely de novo (Plautus' titivillitium is the only indubitable instance in Latin) that the seven spice-names in Pseudolus 831-836 must have had an oritrin, though we cannot fully trace it. Thus,

a7raAoi|/JS hapalopf^ifs is

from o7raA.aJs o-n-rav roast moderately,' KarapaKTpta catarfrom KarapaKTris rushing down as it is sprinkled cepoJendrum (the first element :=K7)7ros) clcilendrum cicimandrum draw their termination from coriandrum : y.i.KKi% maccis (cf. Dioscorides' fiaKep) and cravKawTis saucaptis must be of un- Greek origin.
actria
' '
:

'

LOAN-WORDS
'

IN LATIN.

K.

R.

WHARTON.

17

7ro\To0a7O9
7rTrjvo6r]piK(j<i
'

i)u\se-e'dt'mg^ piilliphrif/Hs (Plaut,).

'

of birds and beasts

'

'

(if

Goetz

is

right in
:

conjecturing
pentethronica).

pugna ptenotherica

in

Poenulus 471

MSS.

from crvficpoypia. avfx^oyvtaKO'i 'singing' s//mp/iu>iiaciis (Cic), ' salt fish and 'of cheese fi/rofarlc/ios (Cic).
rvpoTapix^'i Xa^v^ijio-i 'of steel' clialijheiHS (Ovid), from -xciXv^.

Interjections

euaf euax (Plaut.) from

euyeiral eur/cpae (Plaut.)
oltl oiei

evol, as TroTraf

from

ttqttol.

from

eir/e

(iraJTral.

Miles Gloriosus 1406,

cf. olol.

Yerbs

apTTaydco 'steal' karpagd (Plaut.) from apirayrj 'plunder.' i^evrepio) 'eviscerate' exinterd (Plaut.), cf. e^evrept^w (Dioacorides).
eua'o)
'

shout,' euans Participle (pure Latin ovans).

OepfxoTToreQ}

cold water')
Oep/xoTTOTT]^

warm drink (cf. \^v)(^poTrork(ii drink thevmopoto 'warm with drink' (Plant.), from
*

drink

'

'

(Athenaeus).

KcofMi^o) coDtissor,
'

from
after

Ko>fxo<i 'revel,'

as Kco/xd^o)

from

/cco/xt;

village.'
'
'

TTOTp/^o)

take

the

father

2Jcifrissd

(Plaut.),

cf.

TraTptd^o) (Pollux).

(Ilesychius). (10) Dialectic variations proved by our loan-words to have once existed in Greek are the following, 57 in number:^
stibd,

av/Sdw

from av^a<i

'

lewd

'

(a)

a for o

(cf.

/jLaXaxil'M-oXoxv)

'

*'cd\i^ calix for *k6\l^

(whence kvXi^,
(b)
*TrorjT)](;
:

cf. fivXr)

from

*/j,6X7},

Lat. mola)
:

for 01 before a

vowel

(cf.

iroiew-Troew)

*TT6T]fxapoe)a,

(c)

poefa Ionic t; for d:

'

*'7r)]Xa^

paclex sec. 5

/S
(cf.

(seen in irpo-

irrjXaKlt.ai

insult

')=Doric TrdXXa^ 'boy'

*KdpvKiov

Doric KaXXd
:

for Ionic
(d)

KdXd

or, as it

should be written, Kt]Xd)

Doric original d:
5 a

cdduccum
11

sec.

fin.,

*KXa6poi

cldtrl sec. 6, *SetXdu6<; sildnus sec.

:

fin.,

*aLvd'iTv<t

si nap is sec.
*

The forms
;

asterisk

which in

so substantiated are here, to sec. 9 was not necessary.

avoid confusion, marked with an

18

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.
(e)

E.

R.

WHARTON.
:

Doric
K"^

= Ionic
;!^

ov

*KcopdXiov cdralinm
cf.

^poK^o'^ for ^po^o<i) *^paK-)(iov hracchlum (vowel shortened before vowel), beside

if)

for

('Affrication,'

^pa-)(laiv:
((/)

Ionic

for t before

*vavaia nausea,

*pr}alvr)

realna,

So *aaivo^ asiniis (cf. aaiXXa yoke Simonides 163) presupposes a Doric *aTivo<{ from Hebrew atJion she-ass,' while ovo'i must be a different
*(f)pevr]cn'i
'

phrenesis (beside ^pevlrL<;).

' '

word
(//)

preserved

before
:

(cf.

Cretan

irdvad^^^irdad'i):

*6r]vaavp6^ ihensaurus
(i)

Metathesis with p (cf. Kaphia-Kpahirj) *Tap'ire^lT'q<i tarpesslta sec. 7 (in Plautus the metre sometimes requires
:

and never excludes it). So in the un-Greek words more original form than KpoKcoro';, from Hebrew karkom saffron'), *(f)vp'yicov p/ii/rgio {*<ppv'ylaiv sec. 9,
tarp-,

*KopKcoT6^ corcbta (a
'

Wagner's Aulularia
{j)
p.
^/j,
:

p. Ixii)

for

a/jL:

*^/jidpaySo<i

zmaragdas,

Ellis'

Catullus

345
(k)

Medial aspiration preserved

:

*euol euhoe (euol), *evio^

eiihius (evio<;)
(/)

Medial
cf.

preserved

*eXaiFov olivum, *^oFd(o bovo

(Ennius),

So

*/ipyetFot Arglvi, ^^^(aLFol Aclnvl. especially in words which in Greek itself

:

were

foreign
()

for

a,

*d(f)X.oaTov apluHtrum {d<^\acnov)

^rplofKpo'i
v,

trmmp/iKS
soccus
(b)

{6piap.^o<;, sec.

see below) sec. Oa, or for

:

*a6K)(^o<i

{<TVK-)(os:)

e for
:

t,

*fxev6a menta (fiivOa).

:

for

e,

*7rLTrpi

piper

(jreTrepL
(c)

Sanskrit pippalT)
7,

K for
:

*K6jypo^ conger (7677/: 09) *K(opvT6^

cory (us

{y'opvT6<i)
(d)

K, *7y9a/3aT09 grdhatns {/cpdl3dT0<i) *yv^pvdci) guherno {KvjSepvdw) *'yu>/3i6<; gohius {kw^lo^). So /3 for tt, *j3v^o<i huxus (ttu^o?) *Kdp/3aao^ carhnsus (KapTraaoi;)
:

7 for

(e)

for

(cf.

Kpl ^avo<;-K\r l3avo<;

{Kav6y'j\Lo<i)

aTpyL<i-aTe\yL<;)
sirpe

*Kav6i]pio^
sec. 8)
:

cantherius

*aip(piov
:

[aCk^iov,

conversely *\ei\iov hlium {Xeiptov)

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.

E.

R.

WHARTON.

19

(/) Initial aspiration preserved, *^euo<i hehenm

from TIebrow hobnim).

(fxirvT])
:

Aspiration

(e^vo<;

transposed

(of.

irddvri-

*Tpio/j,(f)o<i

(riutt/phus (see above).

Sometimes the
in termination
(a)
;

sugrffested

and the extant Greek form

differ

we

infer

from Latin the existence of

consonant stems
:

stems in

-o- beside

*a^aKo^ abacus

*dp)(^iTKTo<; archifecftis *^pd')(lov hracchiuin *8eX(f)lvo<; delp/iinus

*iXe(f)q^vTO'i

elephantus beside d/Ba^ dp'^^ireKTcov ^pa-)(loov heX^li/

eXecfid^
(b)

Masc. beside Neut.,

*KXf}6poi
lacjbna

Fern, beside

Masc,
;

^Tutycovr}

datri beside KXf]9pa *Xayvvr] lagoena sec. 6

;

beside Xdyvvo<; Neut. beside Masc, * fiapydplTov marganhun beside fiapyaptTi]'?, or Fem., *dpTt]piov arteriuni *auXa2ou

aulaeum *oiav7rov oesi/pum beside dpTrjpid avXald olcrinrr) *l3dKKapc baccar (c) Neuter stems in -t- beside others:
:

sec.

8 7 ^yavaaTTi (jaumpe *Td7rr]Ti tapete

Ttt7r7;9.

sec.

/3

beside

^dKKapi<; yavcraTTO^

(11) Many of our loan-words prove that the Greek equivalents had once a larger meaning than appears in extant Greek literature
:

(a) the following,

Adjectives in Greek, are used in Latin as

Substantives

Masc.

of shellfish. KoyxtTT]<; shelly, conchlta catcher

supplying, parochus purveyor. TTvpcoTToq fiery, pyropus bronze.

'n-dpo')(o<i

aapKo^dyo<; carnivorous, sarcophagus

TpaTTr)T6<i

coflln.

newly

pressed, frapetus oil mill.

Fem.

St/3a(/)09
Sio)TO<i

double-dyed, dibaphus purple robe.

two-eared, diofa jar. the footrace, endromis wrap. ivSpo/xl<i for

KVKXd<i lying around, eyclas robe. wine. fivppivT] of myrrh, niurrina spiced obrussa test. ojBpv^r] pure,
depfiai

warm, thermae baths.

xerampelinae scarlet robes.

^rjpafjLTreXivai scarlet,

20
Neut.
:

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.

E.

R.

WHARTON.

avajKatov necessary, anancaeum cup drained on a wager. BiKpoTov double-oared, dicrotimi bireme.
fiaKpoKcoXov long-legged, macrocblum a kind of paper. IxrjKivov yellow, melinum yellow robe.

vdphivov of nard, nardinum spiced wine.

TrXdyiov crooked, plagium kidnapping. a-rjrdvLov of this year, setanium medlar.

^^

afxedvanva of amethyst, amethi/stina purple robes. Krjpiva wax-coloured, cerina yellow robes, reaaapa four, tessera tally, each side being a square.
Tpe')(ehei7rva

running
:

to dinner, trechedlpna light robes.

Conversely the following. Substantives in Greek, are used in Latin as Adjectives

eirUpoKov a garment, epicrocum transparent.

palm branch, sj^ddix brown. the (/3) following, abstract in meaning in Greek, are in Latin concrete
oTrdSl^
:

d/jiv^iv,

amussim

sec.

a.

fyeveai^ birth, genesis birth-star.

e\e7%09 refutation, eknchiis ear-pendant (why?). cnrovh'), sponda sec. 3 note. Conversely the following, concrete in meaning in Greek, are in Latin abstract
:

r^eppa

wickerwork, gerrae nonsense.

stomach, stomachus displeasure.
dancing-school, choregimn preparing a chorus.

aTo/xa'^o';
')(ppr)^Lov

(7)

the
:

etymologically

possible

meaning

comes

out

differently

/ji^6\Lov

'thrown
exit
'

in

'= javelin, emboUum

interlude (Aris-

totle's i/x/36\i/xov).

= finale of a tragedy, exodium farce. = grebe, colmnhus pigeon. k6Xv/x/3o<; 'ducking = stage, logeum archives. words of Xoyetov 'place = softness fjLokaKLa effeminacy, malacia dead calm. = sailors vavrla 'of seasickness, nautea bilgewater. quicksigh ted = eagle, ophthalmias a kind 6(f)6aXfila<;
'

i^ohiov

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

of

fish.

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.
'

E.

R.

WHARTON.

21

TTT^jfia

fixture
'

'

')(a\Kdvdr]

bronze-flower
'

= framework, pC'fjma bookcase, stage. = sulphate of copper, calt/ta

'

pot-

marigold.
'Xeikodi
(sec.
(8)

'use a

lip

= surround

with

a rim,

in-cild

grin

fin.).

the Latin meaning is extended from the Greek (on /Q\at<709 hlcBSHS see sec. 3 note)
:

ypa(f)i,K6<;

picturesque, graphicus exquisite.

6pLa/j,/3o<;

hymn

to

Bacchus, triumphus procession.

Ki<no(^6po<i chest-bearer, cisiophorus a coin.

Xdrpt^ hired servant, latro robber.

trough, lenunculiis skiff. ovv^ onyx, ouyx casket made of onyx. rrapdeviKy') maiden, j^nii/ienice a plant.
XT]v6<i

TToBiov little foot,

(TTe/xfia

podium balcony. wreath, stemma pedigree, from wreaths

hung on

images of ancestors.
^daijko^ bean, phaseliis boat, from its shape. SeiXrjvo'i Silenus, sildnus fountain with a head of Silenus.
^iXnnro<; Philip, philippus a coin. Conversely pifhecium in Latin means
in (late)
(12)
*

little ape,' 7n6)]Kiop

Greek

'

a machine.'

We

may now

turn to the un-Greek loan-words within

our province.
foreign,

The following 90 words, if no more, seem though we cannot tell where they came from ac/i/s
:

(sec. 3) d/ea dice

'

'

pickle
'

andnhata

blindfolded gladiator

asllm beta 'beet' hracfen 'gold-leaf brassica buri-s 'plough' ' cdseus caupo cibus clniex caliga cdJo soldier's servant ' cort'ma colontra crdpula (sec. 3) cuspis dolium cippiis biestings

beam

'

ebuhim

'

dwarf elder' epulae excetra

'

'

snake faex falx

'

'

fetidles
'

'

fiscm fuscina gnlbinm

gladius grdvastellm 'old
' '

green

gdnca

underground room
'

man'

heUtio hibrida hirnea 'jug' horia

'

' 'fishing-smack' Ilex jiiba jubar lappa Idrua ghost, mask later ' ' * llxa Inus lemures lessum wailing liber inner bark brick '

sutler
'

'

lodix
Itirco

'

blanket
glutton

'

lorea

'

after- wine
'

'

lutnbricus

'

earthmeles

worm

'

'

lutuDi

woad

'

marra

'

hoe

'

'badger' miles
'

naucum
'

'trifle' ocrca
'

pantex paunch pirum papa

orea 'jar' paliimbes ' assistant popular preciae priest's

ofa

22
*

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.
'

'

E.

R.

WHARTON.
'

a grape-vine
'

proeliiim rdna 7"una

'

'

dart

sagitta sepelio serra

'

silex shiiim

bowl
'

situla
'

'

bucket
'

spolium sudis sulfur taeda

'

tarmes
tlnus
'

'

woodworm

iaxillus
(sec.

die

taxua

temetum
'

'

wine

a plant

tzpula

3)

tiro

titulus trichila

bower

'

tugurium vagina.

The following may with some confidence be referred to about 69 are from Aryan and 32 from nonAryan languages. A. Aryan
definite sources
:
:

(a)

Umbro-Sabellian
:

2 1 words

Umbrian
arbiter
'

arbitratu witness/ cf. Umbr. a^pufrafi second vowel of each word is ii, Latin Yocalism ' sec. 2
'
'

'

(the
fin.),

from ad
rufus
'

a root gret

'

red,' cf.

Umbr.

speak,' Gothic qithan, Eng. quoth. ' ' rofa rufas : the Roman form would

be *rubus.
sili-cernium
*
'

feast at

which they
is

sat,' cf.

Umbr.

gersnatur

cenati

'
:

the

first

element

Latin

sedeo.
:

Oscan (which the

bos,

cf

/3o{}<?

the

Roman grammarians often call Sabine) Roman form would be ^'vos from *vous.
'

crepusculum
curis 'spear,'

twilight
'

(Varro),

cf.

creper below.

quoted by Ovid.
(Festus),
also

meddzx

magistrate
'fine' (Yarro).

written metd{ix) or

meddiss, sec. 7a.

muhta
oris
'

sheep,' cf. 6L<i i.e. oFa to remain in avena ' oats.'

the

Roman form
iv. 4).

*avis is said

strena 'health

'

(Lydus de mensibus

sublica 'stake,' Volscian (Festus).

supparniii 'smock, topsail' (Varro), (the first vowel of each word is ii).

cf.

slparium 'curtain'

tesqua 'wastes' (Scholiast

on Hor. Epp.
s

term

it

proves that qu after

i. 14. 19) an augural did not, as in other positions

in Oscan,
trabea
i.
'

become^.
state robe,' introduced

by
'

Numa

(Lj^dus ut supra
'

19).

Adjectives
'

caseus

'

old,' catus

sharp,' croper

dark,' dirus
to

evil,' sollus

'

whole,' are said

by

the

Roman grammarians

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.
be Sabine
;

E.

R.

WHARTON.
*

23
')

tutlcun

'

'

public

(of.

Gothic theuda
'

people

is

Campanian (Livy). Verb haeto (also

:

spelt beto or hlto)

go,' cf.

Oscan

haiteis

'

comest.'
(/3)

Celtic
:

perhaps 43 words, some also quoted in Greek

Gaulish
(1)

names

for

wheeled vehicles

carpentum (Florus).
carrus (Irish carr).

petor-ritum (Festus
rith 'course').

cf.

Welsh
:

^)ef/<ra;'

'four

'

+ Old- Irish

raeda

*pi]Sr] sec.

9 (Quintilian

cf.

Old-Irish rlad 'journey-

ing

').

also cw/2^/>i and sarrdc urn ; with. j)ld.i'cn ton 'wagonbox (Catullus xcvii. 6) and, I would suggest, the cognate word plaaslrum wagon,' i.e. *plaux-tn(m from a root qlaug-s, Celtic *2y^o(j, whence owv jjlough.

Probably
'

'

(2) military

terms

Welsh amaeth husbandman,' with Latin ambisent about.' Hence Gothic + agd, cognate
amhadus
'

'vassal' (Festus), cf.

'

'

andbahts
*

servant,' the first sjdlable of

'

it

as

though from and

v.

towards.'

bard or vclrd
(.Tahn
'
:

soldier's servant,' Scholiast

on Persius

138

Biicheler omits the passage).

'

caterva

troop,' see Isidore's Origines ix. 3. 4G, cf. Old-Irish

*

cath

fight.'

harnessed combatants,' quoted by Tacitus. matara or madaris pike (Hesychius).

cnippelldn'i
' '

'

ponto 'punt

(Caesar)
*

from

it
'

sagum
saguliim.

adyo'i

military cloak
'

(Isidore)

comes the Eng. word. Eng. sail from

:

soldurii a-iXoSovpot,
:

retainers,'

quoted by Caesar.
Lat.

(3) other words amellus starwort,' loved by bees, for *ampcllm see Stokes in Bezz. Beitr. ix. p. 194. apis)
'
:

(cf.

brdcac

'

breeches
cf.

'

(Diodorus Siculus)
britch
'

said to be borrowed

from Teutonic,

German

trowsers.'

cucuUus 'hood,' whence Eng.

coicl:

Santonic, Juv.

viii.

145.

24

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.

E.

R.

WHARTON.

(Philoxenus). ' fur pelisse (Yarro). ' saliunca Celtic nard,' Dioscorides' aXiovdaKa.
triple

omasum
rend
'

'

'

urus

tucetum 'beef (Isidore), TJmbrian toco. ovpo<i 'wild ox' (Macrobius): said to be borrowed from
cf.

Teutonic,
cock.'

German
'

mier-ochs

'

wild ox,' auer-hahn

'

black-

'

I would (Servius), add warden-pears.'

aquipenser

volaeimis (Adj.)

fine

'

whence Vergil's volaema

the

first

element

is

aKKLTn^aia (i.e. *dKfL7n]v<no^) 'sturgeon': cognate with Lat. aqua.

'

cabailiis /ca^dXXrj'i

horse,'

whence French
'

cheval,

Welsh

ceffyl

vdtes (the
ovdT6L'i
'

Latin form would be

'

*rdfes)

seer,
*

poet,' Celtic

priests

(Strabo),
p.

Irish faith

prophet,'

Rhys'

Hibbert Lectures
ix. 34.

278

a shepherds' term, Yerg. Buc.

saliva, all

Probably also bdsiiim gingiva

Belgic
:

three introduced by

Catullus, a native of Transpadane Gaul,

covinnus 'war-chariot'

(Lucan), for *co-reg-nos,

'

cognate

with Lat.

co--\-veho, cf.

Welsh

cy-icain

convey.'

essedum 'war-chariot' (Yerg.). British

:

hascauda

'

tub

'

(nothing to do with our basket, whence

call Iberian)

Welsh

basged).
:

Spanish (which the Greeks

caetra Kairpia
'

shield

'

(Hesychius).

cantJius Kav66<i 'tire' of a

wheel (Quintilian).
'

cunlculus KvvtK\o<i
'

'

rabbit
Kvva.

(Aelian)

properly, I would

suggest,
faldrica

little
'

dog,'

cf.

fiery arrow,' used

'

gaesum

ryaiao<;

'javelin
'

by the Saguntines, (Athenaeus), Old Irish

'

gai.

lancea 'spear' (Yarro),

mantum
mantele
'

'

cloak

whence Eng. launch. (Isidore), whence mantelum

cf.

mantle

'

and

napkin.'
the river- name
iI//'>i/?(5,

minium 'vermilion' (Propertius),

now Minho.

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.
'

E.

R.

WHARTON.

25

pllentim p. 399.
(7)

chariot

'

See Diefenbach's Origines Europaeae

Teutonic
'

harditus

5 words war cry (Tacitus),

:

whence
420.
cateja

'

irepdoo

perliaps from a root hherdh, v. p. ravage,' Stokes in Mem, Soc. Ling.

'

'

'

spear

(Verg.

according to Servius Gaulish),

framea 'spear' (Tacitus). glaesiim 'amber' (Pliny), Anglosaxon spams spear,' Anglosaxon spar, Eng,
*

glaere.

spar.

Perhaps, originally, also B. Non-Aryan

:

brCicae urns, see

above.

perhaps 13 words: dtrium 'hall' (Yarro) cf. the Etruscan town-name Atria (and the relation of fxiyapov hall to Meyapa).
(a)

Etruscan

'

'

halteus
cassis

belt

'

(Varro),

'helmet' (Isidore).

catamlfus, Etrusc. eatmite

from

*Kard[XL(j6o<i

venal.*

fala 'pillar' (Festus), ' ' histrio actor (Livy), Etrusc. hister.
Jdiis
'

'EtrxxBC.

falandum 'sky.'
:

middle of the month,' Etrusc. itits (Yarro alphabet having no d). lituus trumpet,' an Etruscan invention.
'

their

ohba obiia

'

cup,' Etrusc.

tijlea,

Bugge

in Bezz. Beitr. x. p,

110

sq.
^

satelks foWovrer,' Etrusc, zatlad,

Bugge

ut supra xi. p. 1 sq.

a bodyguard

first

introduced by Tarquinius Superbus, an

*

Etruscan by origin.

Perhaps
histrio)

also tensa

car for images of gods,' and (besides

'

the scenic words Uicar

* '

actors' pay,'

'

'

pulpitum
'
'

stage

but hardly capra

sec.
'

she-goat
'

(Hesychius), lanlsta (Isidore)

(Festus), poliuceo
ofier
'

7,

ncp)bs

spendthrift

(which
sacrifi-

Bugge
cavit
(/3)
').

ut supra p. 43 connects with Etrusc. pultace

Basque

mannus

'

cob,' dialectic for

*mandus
.

(as
, .

grunnio
et dis-

for grundio,
tennite),
(7)

cf.

Miles Gloriosus 1407 dispennite

'

Basque mando
:

mule,'
:

Phoenician

13 words

'wrA 22

26

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.
*

E.

R.

AVHARTON.

amhuhaja fluteplaver,' though from Lat. amhi-.

fucus
(]\Iasc.)

cf.

Syrian dvuvo 'pipe'

formed as

'rock-lichen,'
'

Hebrew ^mkh

'paint,'

whence

also <^vKo<i (Xeut.)

intibus

seaweed.'
'

(whence vtv/3ov) endive/ Arabic hindihd. alia 'huts/ Heb. mdgor 'habitation/ whence also /jbejapov. mag
mastruca manstruga (Poenulus 1313, Goetz) sheepskin,' Sardinian (Quintilian). palma palm-tree,' Heb. tamar : for the inserted / cf.
' '

adkafidvhpa beside Persian semender, ^dXa-afMov from Heb.

besem.
'

pdvo

peacock,' Arabic fdus,

whence

also

raw?

for the

cf.

the preceding.

sufes 'consul,'

Heb.
Heb.

s/iofet

'judge.'

tunica

'

shirt,'

k^tJionetk,

whence

also

')(LTOi)v.

Punic: mapdlia 'huts'

tilian), tilpicum 'leek'

(Fe&in?,),

mappa 'napkin' (Quin'

(Columella), and perhaps crux instrument of punishment). (a Carthaginian

(S)

cross'

African
'

'

hut

(first

scorpion (Festus), and perhaps attegia ' ' xiv. 196), Idserplcium Juv. silphium (Maurorum, grown at Cyrene, PKny xvi. 143). Egyptian ebur
'
:

'

nepa

'ivory' (Egyptian db). Indian (but not Aryan): barrus 'elephant' (Isidore). (e)

Syllabus of Contents.
Loan-words in (a) Greek
:

classical

Latin

(sec. 1)

"Words really Greek

(sec. 2), really

Latin

(sec. 3),

partly

Greek and partly Latin

(sec. 4).

Transliteration of short vowels (sec. 5), long vowels and diphthongs (sec. 6), consonants (sec. 7) terminations
:

(sec. 8).

Lost words
(/3)

(sec. 9),

by-forms

(sec. 10),

meanings

(sec. 11).

Un-Greek

(sec. 12).

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