Ijest11 03 06 015 - 2

P. Syeda Noori Banu et al.
/ International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
Simulation and empirical modeling of a Design of Cyclonic separator to combat air pollution
P. SYEDA NOORI BANU
Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering A.V.N. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University-Hyderabad (JNTUH) Paelguda,Ragannaguda, Koheda Road, Ibrahimpatnam Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
P. SYEDA ARSHI BANU

Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Gopal Ramalingam Memorial Engineering College, Affiliated to Anna University Panappakkam, Chennai Abstract In all the countries, the cause of air pollution are several, one of the major contributing factors being automobiles exhaust. Today, there are millions of vehicles allover the world. There has been a rapid increase in vehicle numbers in the world. The import of technologies and transport policy we pursued, are the most important reasons for this development. The main pollutant from internal combustion engines are carbondioxide(CO2), unburned hydrocarbons(UHC), oxides if nitrogen(NOX), lead and carbonmonaxide(CO) and other particulate emissions[Haagen-Smit (1952)]. Because of the pollutant of engines in the atmosphere causes harmful to the human. Cyclonic separator is a dust collector which can be used to collect particles from engine exhaust. In the current study, with the help of this program an analytical study of the effect of variables such as cyclone diameter, number in parallel, Inlet gas velocity and exhaust gas temperature on particle cut and pressure drop of the cyclone has been made. Key words: Cyclonic separator, performance characteristics, empirical modeling 1. Introduction The use of cyclonic separator has been demonstrated to be a cheap and reasonably effective method for controlling the particulate emission of a diesel engine. In the present work, a cyclonic separator has been designed and fabricated for collecting particle of size upto 3m to suit the exhaust system of 3.68Kw, single cylinder, stationary, kirloskar engine. Mild steel of 1.25mm thickness has been used to fabricate the cyclonic separator. The separator was able to remove 62.96 percent of particulate matter at full load of the engine without much loss of the fuel economy. In the present work, a computer program has been developed to design a cyclonic separator. Using this computer program, one can design a cyclonic separator to suit the exhaust system of any I.C engine. With the help of this program, an analytical study of the effect of variables such as cyclone diameter, number in parallel, inlet gas velocity and exhaust gas temperature on particle cut and pressure drop of the cyclone has been conducted. There are about thousand chemicals in the motor vehicle exhaust. I have already discussed the Pollutant formation in diesel engines, Diesel particulate types, Diesel particulate formation, Particle generation, Particle growth, Particulate emission control Thermal in stream oxidation, Catalytic stream oxidation, Trap Oxidizers, Cyclonic Separator in my article [Noori Banu (2011)] and in this article describes the design, fabrication and testing of a cyclonic separator suitable for a stationary constant speed 3.68kw C.I. engine.
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P. Syeda Noori Banu et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
1.1 Cyclonic Separator Cyclonic separator is a dust collector, which can be used to collect particles from diesel engine exhaust as shown in fig(1). The dust laden gas stream channels tangentially into the cyclone barrel which imparts a spinning vertexed flow pattern to the gas particulate mixture [Gimbun et al (2005a, 2005b)]. Centrifugal force separates the particulates from the gas stream and the particulates travels first to the walls of the barrel then down along the conical section to the dust outlet. The spinning gas also travels down along the walls towards the apex of the cone but reverses direction in the center of the cone and leaves the cyclone through the gas outlet tube at the top. Thus the gas and particulates are withdrawn at opposite ends of the cyclone. Some advantages of cyclone are. 1. 2. 3. In the cyclone dust separation is possible without introducing any separation agent such as liquid spray. The cyclone is a dry dust separator that does not generate any new pollution problem. The cyclone designed for a continuous separation process with continuous withdrawal of gas and particulates. Low maintenance and low cost device is best suited for Indian conditions.
The experimental set up of cyclonic separator as shown in fig.
Clean Gas
Exhaust Gas
IC ENGINE
Exhaust pipe
Cyclonic separator
Particulate
Fig1.Experimental setup of cyclonic separator with IC Engine
1.2 Analytical study of cyclonic separator: The important factors to be considered in the design and estimation of the performance of a cyclonic separator fixed to the exhaust system of an IC engine are: the back pressure entered on the engine and collection efficiency of the separator. Despite numerous efforts to produce a theoretical prediction of cyclone performance, no fundamental relationship to calculate the pressure drop and collection efficiency has yet been developed and received general acceptance. Theoretical models make a number of assumptions which are not confirmed experimentally and the predictions are approximated.
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1.2.1Design procedure of cyclonic separator already discussed in my article [Noori Banu (2011)]. The important features to be considered in the design of cyclonic separator are 1. 2. Collection efficiency of separator. Pressure drop in the cyclonic separator. Remaining design variables are generally related to these factors.
Technical data: Engine 3.68kw water cooled Kirloskar Diesel Engine. 1500rpm, Stroke 110mm, 0.6, 24mm, 31cm.
Number of cylinders 1, Speed Bore Cooling Belt thickness
80mm, Coefficient of discharge (Cd) water cooling, Orifice diameter 6mm, Brake drum diameter
Theoretical maximum load= 14.833 kg(f) 1. 2.2 PREDICTION OF COLLECTION EFFICIENCY Several attempts have been made to predict the Critical Particle diameter, the size of the smallest particle that will be theoretically separated from the gas stream with 100% efficiency. At first the particle cut size prediction was made by Rosin, Rammler and Intelmann (1932). They assumed that the gas stream undergoes a fixed number of turns at a constant spiral velocity equal to the average velocity in the cyclone inlet without any turbulence or mixing action and that stocks law holds for the motion of a particle in the centrifugal field [Rosin et al (1932)]. The assumptions that are made in the theoretical derivations for critical particle diameter are not confirmed in practice. Methods for calculating cyclone efficiency based on empirical expressions have been found to be more reliable. Lapple(1951) presents an empirical expression for the collection efficiency of a cyclonic separator. This expression is based on the particle size for which the collection efficiency is 50% designated as d0.5 and referred to as particle at size [Lapple (1951)]. Cyclone dimension proportions given by lapple (shown on table) give the empirical weight collection efficiency curve shown in fig.2. Leith and Mehta (1973) have also made similar attempts to produce theoretical model cyclone performance that will be applicable to tangential inlet cyclones [Leith and Mehta (1973)]. Calculation of Collection efficiency: The inlet width of the cyclonic is first determined from the Lapple empirical expression for the collection efficiency of a cyclonic separator. This efficiency expression is based on the particle size for which collection efficiency is 0.5, designed here as d.5 and referred to as particle cut size. Lapple expression d.5 is d.5= 9eB 2NsC p
(1)
Where = dynamic viscosity of exhaust gas (N-s/m2) B = Inlet width (m) Ns = Effective number of turns made by gas stream in cyclone C= Cyclone inlet velocity p = density of particulate present in the exhaust
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If number of cyclones used is one, Ve= C xA = C x B x H1 Where A = Cyclone inlet area H1 = Height of cyclone inlet Ve= Volume flow rate of exhaust gas Substituting equation 10 in equation 8 9eB 2 H1 2NsVe p
(2) (3)
d.5=
(4)
Assuming inlet height (H1) is twice the inlet width (B) of the cyclone equation 4. Can be written as B= d.52x 2x xNsxVex p 9xex 2
1/3
(5)
Assuming a suitable value of d5 (depending on the application of cyclonic separator) inlet width (B) of the cyclone can be calculated using equation 5. In equation 5 values of Ve and e has to be found out as described below. Calculation of the volume flow rate of exhaust gas (Ve). Volume flow rate of exhaust gas increase with in load. Finding volume flow rate of exhaust gas at full load involves the following steps. Volume flow rate of air entering the engine can be determined by using an orifice. Va= Cd A (2gh)1/2 (6)
Where Cd = Coefficient of discharge A= Area of orifice (Cross- section) H= Pressure difference across the orifice in meters of air column Density of air can be calculated using ideal gas law. 1= P1/ (Rx T1) P1= Suction pressure T1= Suction temperature The mass flow rate of exhaust gas (mf) Mf= 1x Va+ f x Vf Where, f = Density of fuel Vf = Volume flow rate of fuel The density of the exhaust gas (2 ) can be calculated using ideal gas law. 2 = P2/(RxT2) (9) (8) (7)
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Where, P2= Exhaust pressure at full load T2= Exhaust temperature (K) at full load. If, Manometric Reading =X cm of water column Maximum load= Y kg(f) Time taken for 10cc of fuel consumption =Z sec. Speed, N = P rpm Room temperature= RT0C Then, head of air column = (Xx1000) / (ax100) =h meters of air Mass flow through orifice= a60x CdA (2gh)1/2 kg/min Fuel consumption F.C= (10x1000xSp. Gravity of Fuel x 3600) / (106xZ) Hence the volume flow rate of exhaust gas Ve= mf/ 2 (10) (11) (12) (13)
(b) The dynamic viscosity of exhaust gas (e) can be calculated using following relationship e= air/( 1+ 0.0027) Where, = equivalent ratio air=dynamic viscosity of air=3.3x10-7XT20.7 (14)
(15)
1.2.3 PREDICTION OF PRESSURE DROP Another major factor in evaluation of cyclone performance is cyclone pressure drop. Pressure drop occurs due to the following factors. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Friction losses at the entrance of inlet pipe of the cyclonic separator. Losses due to gas expansion or compression at entry. Losses due to friction at walls. Kinetic energy losses in the cyclone. Losses at the entrance to the exit pipe of the cyclonic separator.
Several attempts have been made to calculate the pressure drop from fundamental consideration. None is very satisfactory while Stairmand (1951) presented detailed theories which include all the above sources of the pressure losses [Stairmand (1951)]. Shepherd, Lapple (1940) [Stepherd and Lapple (1940)] and Ter Linden (1949) [Ter Linden (1949)] believe that the kinetic energy losses by the gases in the cyclone are relatively large compared to the other sources stated above and that this is only one that has to be taken into consideration. A review of pressure drop theories reveals that the approach of Shepard and Lapple is the simplest and is of reasonable accuracy compared to the more complex ones. Calculations of pressure drop The pressure drop in the cyclone can be calculated using the empirical relationship given by Sheppard and Lapple (1940) P= (0.00513x 2C2x KxBx H1)/ De2 cm of water P= (0.4931x 2C2x KxBx H1)/ De2 N/m2 Where, De= Outlet diameter of the cyclone K= Constant having a value described below. (16) (17)
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With the normal arrangement in which the rectangular angular inlet terminates at the outer elements of the cyclone body K was found to have a value of 16.0. If the inlet duct was extended past the cyclone cylinder wall and into the angular space half way to the opposite wall to form an inlet vane K was found to have a value of 7.5. If the calculated pressure drop is higher (for this required application) one should select large cut particle size (d.5) and then calculated the pressure drop again. 1.2.4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPED FOR THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE Numerical calculations necessary to design the cyclonic separator and estimate the effect of operating variables on cyclone performance are voluminous. So a computer program has been developed for the purpose of calculation, the program has been written and developed in C-language which is a mid level language invented by Dennis Ritch and further developed by Bell Laboratories( Present AT & T).
The program 1 consists of 4 modes of calculations. Switch statement has been used in the program. We can select any one of the following modes in a program1: Mode 1:- The mode calculates of variations in size (inlet width of cyclonic separator) number of cyclones in parallel and pressure drop satisfying the specified particle cut size. Input: Particle size Output: Inlet breadth of cyclonic separator Number of cyclones Pressure drop Mode 2:- The mode calculates the variations in size, pressure drop and particle cut size which are satisfying the specifying the specified number of cyclones in parallel Input: Number of Cyclones Output: Inlet breadth of cyclonic separator Inlet velocity Particle size, Pressure drop Mode 3:- This mode calculates the cut particle size and the pressure drop satisfying the specified number of cyclones and cyclone size (Inlet width) Input: Number of Cyclones, Inlet breadth of cyclonic separator Output: Particle size Pressure drop Mode 4:- This mode calculates the part load performance of cyclonic separator. In this mode Input: Number of Cyclones, Inlet breadth of cyclonic separator Output: Particle size Pressure drop Exhaust temperature Exhaust pressure The Graphical representation of this program 1 (Flow Chart) has been developed and shown in fig 4. Using this program can design a cyclonic separator suitable for the exhaust system of any I.C. Engine. Program 2 is also developed for the designing of a cyclonic separator. And its flow representation of program flow chart is shown in fig 5 The designing of cyclonic separator requires the following data. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Engine suction temperature, Suction pressure. Exhaust temperature and exhaust pressure Engine speed, cylinder bore and stroke. Volume flow rate of air Volume flow rate of fuel Density of fuel and density of particulates present in the exhaust gas. Value of pressure drop constant (K) Number of cyclones In this mode In this mode In this mode
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9. Particulate cut size 10. K1 = 0.5 for 4-stroke = 1 for 2-stroke
Particle-size ratio(Dp/d.5)
Fig.2.Empirical Fractional Efficiency Curve Applicable to cyclone dimensions given by Lapple(11)
Ns
Inlet velocity (m/s2)

Fig.3.Correlation between effective number of spiral turns and inlet velocity of the cyclone.
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FLOW CHART-I START
READ SUCTIONTEMPERATURE(T1),PRESSURE(P1), VOLUME FLOW RATE OF AIR (Va), FUEL(Vf), DENSITY OF FUEL(Rf), EXHAUST TEMPERATURE(T2), EXHAUST PRESSURE(P2), DENSITY OF PARTICULATES(Rp), PRESSURE DROP CONSTANT(K)
Pi r Pii
0.8 287 22/7
COMPUTE DYNAMIC VISCOSITY OF EXHAUST()=f(T2) TOTAL MASS FLOW RATE(m)= f(T1,P1,Va, Vf, Rf) EXHAUST GAS DENSITY(Re) = f(P2,r,T2) EXHAUST GAS VOLUME=Ve= f(m,Re)
READ MODE NO
IS MODE NO = 1
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P. Syeda Noori Banu et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST) a
IS MODE NO=2
YES c
NO
YES
IS MODE NO=3
NO
IS MODE NO=4
YES e
NO
STOP
END
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READ PARTICLE CUT SIZE (d5)
NUMBEROF SPIRALS(Ns)=f(c) INLET WIDTH(B) = f(d5,T2,Rp, Ns, C, e) INLET AREA (A)=2(B**2) VPLUME FLOW RATE PER CYCLONE(V1)= A*C NO OF CYCLONES (Cn) =Ve/V1 PRESSURE DROP (Ap) = f(c,k)
WRITE B,C,Cn,Ap
C+1
YES
NO IS C>=30
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READ Cn
V1=Ve/Cn
INITIALIZE C
COMPUTE Ns= f(c) B= f(V1,C) D5= f(B,C,Rp,T2,Ns,e) Ap= f(C, K)
WRITE B,C,d5,Ap
C= C+1
YES
IS C>= 30
NO
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d
READ Cn, B
COMPUTE V1=Ve/Cn C= f( V1,B) Ns= f(c) D5= f(C,B,T2,Ns,Rp,e) Ap= f( C,K)
WRITE d5, Ap
READ T2,P2, AT PART LOAD Cn, B
e = f(T2) V1= Ve/Cn C= f(B, V1) Ns = f(c) D5 = f( Ns,T2,B,C,Rp, e) Ap= f(C,K)
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WRITE T2, P2, Ap,d5 \
STOP
END
Fig.4.Flow Chart-I
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FLOW CHART-II
START
BORE(b), STROKE( t), Sp. GRAVIY(spgr), INLET TEMP (T1), EXHAUST TEMP(T2), NO.OF SPIRALS(Ns), TIME FOR 20C.C F.C (t), INLET PRESSURE (P1), DENSITY OF PARTICULATE(p), PARTICULATE CUT SIZE(d5), Cd, MANOMETRIC HEAD(X), DENSITY OF EXHAUST(e), EQUIVALENCE RATIO( ), PRESSURE DROP CONST(K), LOAD(W), EFFECTIVE DIA(D), CALORIFIC VALUE(CV) ORIFICE DIA(d)
r = 287 Pii= 22/7.0 Ki= 0.5
COMPUTE DENSITY OF AIR =a =Pi /(r*T1) A = AREA OF ORIFICE= (Pii* b*b)/4.0 MANOMETRIC HEAD(AIR COLUMN)= 1000* x/(100*a) ma = a * 60* Cd* A SQRT(2*g*h) mf=20*1000* spgr*60/(106*t) m= ma+mf Ve= m/ e a= 3.3*10-7(T2)0.7 e= a/ (1+(0.0027*Pi)) B= INLET WIDTH = f(d5,Pii,Ns, a, e) C= f(Ve, B)
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BODY DIA = Dc = 4B ILET HEIGHT = H1 = 0.5Dc OUT LET LENGTH = 0.625Dc OUT LET DIA= De= 0.5Dc CYLINDER HEIGHT= H2=2Dc CONE HEIGHT=2Dc BOTTOM DIA= Db= 0.25Dc Dp= f(p,C,K,B,H1,De) vol = f( ma, a,l,b,N,Ki) B.P= f(W,D,N,Pii) bth = f(B.P,C.V,mf)
WRITE B,Dc,H1,H4,De,H2,H3,Db, bth, vol, B.P,Dp
STOP
END
Fig.5.Flow Chart-II
2. ANALYTICAL RESULTS: A software program was developed to explain the various variables such as cyclone diameter, number of cyclone in parallel, inlet gas velocity, Exhaust gas temperature, on particle cut size and pressure drop of cyclone. The flow chart also developed for the program shown in fig.4&fig.5, the computer programs listed in the Appendix. The results of the study are presented in fig6 to fig9.
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From the program-1: We can select anyone of the mode out of four modes. The four modes inputs and out puts are given below: Mode 1:- The mode calculates of variations in size (inlet width of cyclonic separator) number of cyclones in parallel and pressure drop satisfying the specified particle cut size. Input: Particle size Output: Inlet breadth of cyclonic separator Number of cyclones Pressure drop Mode 2:- The mode calculates the variations in size, pressure drop and particle cut size which are satisfying the specifying the specified number of cyclones in parallel Input: Number of Cyclones Output: Inlet breadth of cyclonic separator Inlet velocity Particle size Pressure drop Mode 3:- This mode calculates the cut particle size and the pressure drop satisfying the specified number of cyclones and cyclone size(Inlet width) Input: Number of Cyclones, Inlet breadth of cyclonic separator Output: Particle cut size,Pressure drop Mode 4:- This mode calculates the part load performance of cyclonic separator. In this mode Input: Number of Cyclones, Inlet breadth of cyclonic separator Output: Particle size Pressure drop Exhaust temperature Exhaust pressure From the program-2: Input: by entering mode4 output of the first program that is particle size, pressure drop, Exhaust temperature, exhaust pressure and other variable Output: Diameter of cyclone, inlet height, cone height, brake thermal efficiency, mass of air required, mass of fuel required, inlet height and inlet width can be obtained i.e. complete dimensions of cyclonic separator can be obtained. In this mode In this mode In this mode
The following graphs are drawn by substituting various inputs and getting various output of the above two programs. Fig.6. shows the effect of cyclone diameter on particle out size, for a given volume flow rate (0.01041m3/sec) from the fig. it is clear that one should select smaller diameter cyclones, for the collection of smaller size particle. Fig.7. shows the effect of cyclone diameter on pressure drop for a given volume flow rate (0.01041m3/sec) from the fig. It is clear that pressure drop decrease with increase in cyclone diameter can be reduced by using more that one cyclone in parallel for a given volume flow rate (0.01041m3/sec) and chosen particle cut size(3m). Fig.8.shows the relationship between pressure drop and number of cyclones used in parallel for a given volume flow rate (0.01041m3/sec) and chosen particle cut size (3m). From this, it is clear that the pressure drop can be reduced by using more than one cyclone in parallel for a given flow rate (0.01041m3/sec) and chosen particle cut size(3m). Fig.9. shows the effect of exhaust inlet temperature on pressure drop for a given cyclone, the increase in exhaust temperature results in increased volume flow rate (0.01041m3/sec) which in turn result in increased pressure drop because of higher gas velocity.
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12 Cyclone dia (cm) 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 particle cut size(m)

Fig.6. Variation of particle cut size w ith cyclone diameter for a given volume flow rate of 0.01041 cu.m/s
PRESSURE DROP (Bar)
0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 CYCLONE DIAMETER (cm)
Fig.7.variation of pressure drop w ith cyclone diameter for volumeflow rate of 0.01401cu.m/s
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Number of cycloness
0.012 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Pressure drop (bar)

Fig.8.Variation of pressure drop w ith number of cyclones for constant flow rate of 0.01041cu.m/s
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 Exhaust temperature (K)
Fig.9.Variation of pressure drop w ith exhaust temperature for a given cyclone of inlet w idth 0.02435m
Cyclonic separators are robust devices that can combat the global problem of air pollution at a reasonable cost. Manufacturers are interested in models that predict the performance parameters, collection efficiency and pressure drop to facilitate bulk synthesis. Several models were proposed to predict the performance of cyclonic separators. The classical view of a steady flow that can be calculated as a clean gas, single-phase flow corrected by mass loading effects has been relatively successful. Many algebraic models and semiempirical formulas have been developed throughout the years; among them, the more complex models of Muschelknautz for pressure drop [Muschelknautz and Grief (1997)], and Trefz and Muschelknautz for collection efficiency [Trefz and Muschelknautz (1993)] give most accurate results as compared to experimental data. Inorder to capture the complexity of the flow due to the double-vortex structure that makes the basic flow unstable, unsteady simulation methods (LES or URANS) are needed that are very costly. In the current study, we have developed a C-language based software program for simulation and empirical modeling of cyclonic separator that can predict performance parameters. This simulation method is cost-effective and is consistent with experimental data. This model demonstrates that smaller diameter cyclones are effective for the collection of smaller size particulates. Pressure drop decrease with increase in cyclone diameter was found to be reduced by using more than one cyclone in parallel for a given flow rate and chosen particle size. Further, increase in exhaust temperature was found to increase volume flow rate and increase in pressure drop.
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Conclusion The C-language based program for simulation and empirical modeling of cyclonic separators was effective in predicting the performance characteristics near to experimental data and will be useful tool for bulk manufacturing of such devices.
Appendix: To study the effect of variables such as cyclone diameter, number of cyclones in parallel, volume flowrate of exhaust gas on the performance of cyclonic separator. Program 1 #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> main() { Float T1,P1,Va,Vf,T2,P2,Rp,Miea,Miee,R1,Mf,R2,Ve,D5,C,K,Cn,Dp,B,V1,Ns,A,De,Rf,g; Int modno, Pi,R; Pi= 0.8; R=287; clrscr(); printf( give the following\n); printf(give suction temp in k\n); scanf(%f,&T1); printf(give suction pressure in Pa\nflow rate of air in kg/min\n); scanf(%f%f,&P1,&Va); printf(flow rate of fuel kg/h\n); scanf(%f,&Vf); printf(density of fuel kg/m**3\n exhaust gas temp in k\n); scanf(%f%f,&Rf,&T2); printf(density of particulates kg/m**3\n pressure drop const in k\n); scanf(%f%f,&Rp,&K); P2=101325.0; g= log(T2); Miea=3.3*pow(10,-7)*exp(0.7*g); Miee= Miea/(1+(0.027*Pi)); R1=P1/(R*T1); Mf=(R1*Va)+(Rf*Vf/60.0); R2=P2/(R*T2); Ve=Mf/R2; printf(\n selecte modno\n); scanf(%d,&modno); switch(modno) { case 1: printf(give particle size\n); scanf(%f,&D5) do{ Ns=1.986*exp(-4*log(10))*C*C+3.09785*LOG(C); B=((D5*D5)*2*3.147*Ns*C*Rp)/(9.0*Miee); A=2*B; V1=A*C; Cn=Ve/(60.0*V1); De=2*B; Dp= (0.4931*R2*C*C*K*B*2*B)/(De*De); printf(\n inlet breadth is :%f,B);
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printf(\t no of cyclones are :%f,Cn); printf(\t pressure drop:%f, Dp); C=C+1; }while(C<=10); Break; Case2: printf(\n give the no of cyclones\n); Scanf(%f,&Cn); V1= (Ve*Cn/60.0); C=5.0; do { Ns= 1.986*exp(-4*log(10))*C*C+3.09785*log(C); B= sqrt(V1/(2.0*C)); D5=sqrt((9.0*Miee*B)/(2.0*3.147*Ns*C*Rp)); Dp= (0.4931*R2*C*C*K*B*2.0*B)/(4.0*B*B); printf(\n inlet width is :%f,B); printf(\n inlet velocity is :%f,C); printf(\n particle cut size is :%f,D5); printf(\n pressure drop: %f,Dp); C= C+1; } while(C<=10); break; case3: printf(\n give no of cyclones:\n); scanf(%f,&Cn); printf(\ngive inlet width:\n); scanf(%f,&B); V1=Ve/(60.0*Cn); C =V1/(2.0*B*B); Ns=1.986*exp(-4log(10))*C*C+3.09785*log(C); D5=sqrt((9.0*Miee*B)/(2.0*3.147*C*Rp)); Dp=(0.4931*R2*C*C*K*B*2.0*B)/(4.0*B*B); printf(\n particle cut size:%f,D5); printf(\n particle drop:%f,Dp); getch(); break; case4: printf(\n give no of cyclones:\n); scanf(%f,&Cn); printf(\ngive inlet width:\n); scanf(%f,&B); Miea=3.3*pow(10,-7)*exp(0.7*g); Miee= Miea/(1+(0.027*Pi)); V1=Ve/(60.0*Cn); C =V1/(2.0*B*B); Ns=1.986*exp(-4log(10))*C*C+3.09785*log(C); D5=sqrt((9.0*Miee*B)/(2.0*3.147*C*Rp)); Dp=(0.4931*R2*C*C*K*B*2.0*B)/(4.0*B*B); printf(\n exhaust temp%f, T2); printf(\n exhaust pressure%f, p2); printf(\n particle cut size%f, D5); printf(\n pressure drop%f, Dp); getch(); break; } /*printf(if you want to verifie another modno give in between 1 and 4);*/ }
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Designing procedure used in Present Case PROGRAM 2 # include<conio.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<math.h> main() { int ns,n,T2,t1,t2,t; float cd,b,l,spgr,y,pl,ve,rhop,d3,rhoe,pii,p,k1,k,w,d,cv,d5,h,a,D,A,Dp,rhoa,o,ma,mf,m,Mair,Me,B,c,Dc,h1,h4,De,h2 ,h3,Db,nvol,BP,nbth,rho2,mn,x,r,T1; double B3; clrscr(); printf(\n enter the values of bore, stroke-in meters,speed in rpm\n); scanf(%f%f%d,&b,&l,&n); printf(\n enter sp.gravity,inlet temp in degrees centigrade\n); scanf(%f%d,&spgr,&t1); printf(\n enter exhaust temp in degrees centigrade, density of exhaust\n); scanf(%d%f,&t2,&rhoe); printf(\n enter no.of.cyclones\n); scanf(%d, &ns); printf(\n enter time taken for 20cc F.C, inlet pressure in pascal\n); scanf(%d%f,&t,&p1); printf(\n enter particle cut size in meters, density of particulates\n); scanf(%f%f,&d5,&rhop); printf(\n enter manometric head in cm\n); scanf(%f,&x); printf(\n enter equilense ratio, pressure const.\n); scanf(%f%f,&p,&k); printf(\nenter load in kgf,effective dia\n); scanf(%f%f,&w,&D); printf(\n enter c.v of fuel in kj/kg,cd, orifice dia in m\n); scanf(%f%f%f,&cv,&cd,&d3); printf(\nenterk1 value as 0.5 for four-stroke 1 for two-stroke:); scanf(%f,&k1); r=287.0; Pii=22/7.0; T1=t1+273.0; rhoa=p1/(r*T1); A=Pii*d3*d3/4.0; h= (1000*x)/(100*rhoa); mn=19.62*h; y=sqrt(mn); ma=rhoa*60*cd*A*y; mf=1000*spgr*3600*20/(1000000*t); m=ma+(mf/60.0); ve=m/rhoe; T2=t2+273; Mair=3.3*pow(10,-7)*exp(0.7*log(T2)); Me=Mair/(1+(0.027*p)); B3=d5*d5*2*pii*ns*(ve/60.0)*rhop/(9*Me*2); O=log(B3); B=exp((1/3.0)*o); C=ve/(60.0*2.0*B*B); /*BY ADOPTING LAPPLE PROPORTIONS*/ Dc= 4*B; h1= 0.5*Dc;
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h4=0.625*Dc; De=0.5*Dc; h2=2*Dc; h3=2*Dc; Db=0.25*Dc; Dp=(0.4931*rhoe*c*c*k*B*h1)/(De*De); nvol=ma/(rhoa*l*(pii/4.0)*b*b*n*k1); BP=pii*D*w*9.81*n/(60000.0); nbth=BP*3600/(cv*mf); printf(\nBP in kw:%f\nMass of air in kg/min:%f\n); printf(mass of fuel mf in kg/h:%f\n,BP,ma,mf); printf(\n body dia :%f\n inlet height:%f\n inlet width:%f,Dc,h1,B); printf(\noutlet length:%f\n outlet dia :%f,h4,De); printf(\n cylinder height:%f\n cone height:%f,h2,h3); printf(\n bottom dia:%f\n brake thermal efficiency:%f,Db,nbth); printf(\nvolumetric efficiency:%f\n pressure drop in pa:%f,nvol,Dp); getch(); } References
Gimbun J, Chuah TG, Choong TSY, Fakhrul-Razi A. (2005): Prediction of the effects of cone tip diameter on the cyclone performance. J. Aerosol Sci. 36, pp.1056-1065. [2] Gimbun J, Chuah TG, Fakhrul-Razi A, Choong TSY. (2005): The influence of temperature and inlet velocity on cyclone pressure drop: a CFD study. Chem. Eng. Process. 44, pp.7-12. [3] Lapple C E. (1951): Processes use many collector types. Chemical Eng. 58(5): 144-151. [4] Leith D, and Mehta D. (1973): Cyclone performance and design. Atmospheric Environ. 7: 527-549. [5] Muschelknautz E, Greif V. (1997): Cyclones and other gas-solids separators, in Eds. Grace, J.R., Avidan, A.A., Knowlton, T.M., Circulating Fluidized Beds, Blackie, London, pp. 61816213. [6] Noori Banu P S. (2011): Design and development of cyclonic device for diesel engine. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST). 3(4): 3283-3303. [7] Rosin P, Rammler E, and Intelmann E. 1932: V.D.I. (Ver. Deut. Ing.) Z. 76: 433. [8] Shepherd C B, and Lapple C E. (1940): Flow pattern and pressure drop in cyclone dust collectors. Industrial and Eng. Chemistry. 32: 1246-1248. [9] Stairmand C J. (1951): The design and performance of cyclone separators. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 29: 357-383. [10] Ter Linden A J. (1949): Investigation into cyclone dust collectors. Ins. Mech. Engrs. 160: 233-240. [11] Trefz M, Muschelknautz E. (1993): Extended cyclone theory for gas flows with high solids concentrations. Chem. Eng. Tech. 16: 153160. [1]
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P. Syeda Noori Banu et al.

/ International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

P. SYEDA ARSHI BANU

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

The experimental set up of cyclonic separator as shown in fig.

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

Number of cylinders 1, Speed Bore Cooling Belt thickness

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

9. Particulate cut size 10. K1 = 0.5 for 4-stroke = 1 for 2-stroke

Inlet velocity (m/s2)

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

FLOW CHART-I START

0.8 287 22/7

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Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

READ PARTICLE CUT SIZE (d5)

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

COMPUTE Ns= f(c) B= f(V1,C) D5= f(B,C,Rp,T2,Ns,e) Ap= f(C, K)

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

COMPUTE V1=Ve/Cn C= f( V1,B) Ns= f(c) D5= f(C,B,T2,Ns,Rp,e) Ap= f( C,K)

READ T2,P2, AT PART LOAD Cn, B

e = f(T2) V1= Ve/Cn C= f(B, V1) Ns = f(c) D5 = f( Ns,T2,B,C,Rp, e) Ap= f(C,K)

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

WRITE T2, P2, Ap,d5 \

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

r = 287 Pii= 22/7.0 Ki= 0.5

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

WRITE B,Dc,H1,H4,De,H2,H3,Db, bth, vol, B.P,Dp

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

12 Cyclone dia (cm) 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 particle cut size(m)

PRESSURE DROP (Bar)

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

0.012 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Pressure drop (bar)

Pressure drop (bar)

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Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

Vol. 3 No. 6 June 2011

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