Laboratory Guide for Teachers

Chapter

Scientific Investigation

Chapter

Energy and Chemical Changes

1.2 Unguided Experiment Warn students to be careful when handling boiling water. Take the initial temperature as soon as the boiling water has been poured into the three containers.
Chapter

5.1 Inquiry Activity In Activity A, (i) do not sniff the gas produced from the heating of iron and sulphur as it is poisonous. (ii) if the iron sulphide produced gets stuck to the crucible and is difficult to be removed, pour some nitric acid into the crucible to dissolve it. In Activity E, (i) Remember to remove the test tube filled with lime water before turning off the flame, in order to prevent the lime water from being sucked into the cooling test tube. 5.4 Inquiry Activity When testing the reactivity of sodium and calcium with water, do not hold the metals with bare hands. Use forceps. Sodium reacts vigorously with water, so use only a small grain (the size of a paddy seed) of sodium. You may put the transparent basin on the OHP so that the whole process is projected on the screen and the whole class is able to see it. When testing the reactivity of a metal with oxygen, remember to heat the metal strongly before heating the potassium manganate(VII). Most metals only react when they are hot enough. 5.8 Inquiry Activity This activity should be carried out in the fume chamber because the bromine gas produced is poisonous. Lead(II) bromide needs to be heated strongly in order to melt. 5.9 Inquiry Activity The surfaces of the coin and the copper plate should be cleaned with sandpaper to remove the layers of oxide on them. To ensure that they are really clean, they should also be immersed in nitric acid and then rinsed with distilled water.

Body Coordination

2.3 Inquiry Activity Do not allow students to tap the part below the kneecap with any sharp objects. Advise students not to tap too hard on the part below the kneecap.
Chapter

Matter and Substance

4.2 Activity Use beads of three different colours to represent protons, neutrons and electrons. Cut colour paper into rings to represent electron orbits. 4.4 Inquiry Activity Remove the thermometer as soon as the lead or lead(II) bromide begins to melt. Sulphur burns easily, so use a low flame. Lead(II) bromide has a high melting point, therefore strong heating is required. 4.7 Inquiry Activity Alcohol is highly inflammable. The boiling point of alcohol is 78C whereas the boiling point of water is 100C. So, alcohol will be distilled before water. Fill up the Liebig condenser with cool water by allowing tap water to go in through the lower opening.

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5.10 Activity Both the zinc and copper plates should be cleaned with sandpaper before being used for the activity. Remind students to observe the reading of the ammeter as soon as the circuit is closed. The reading of the ammeter may drop after a while due to the build-up of a layer of copper on the zinc plate.
Chapter

7.8 Inquiry Activity Coloured lights can be obtained by placing filters of the respective colours in front of the light projector.
Chapter

Chemicals in Industry

8.1 Inquiry Activity

Light, Colour and Sight

7.7 Inquiry Activity Instead of powdered milk and water, sulphuric acid and sodium thiosulphate solution or starch and boiling water can be used for the activity.

In order to obtain salts that do not contain any acids or alkalis, the volume and molarity of the acids and the ammonia solution must be accurate.

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