Exp.

11 Aim: To find the focal length of a convex mirror using a convex lens Apparatus: An optical bench with four uprights, a convex mirror, a convex lens, a knitting needle Theory: Let a convex lens L is interposed between a convex mirror M and object needle O as shown in figure. When the relative positions of M, L, and O are adjusted in such a way that there is no parallax between the object needle O and its image I, then in that position, the rays will fall normally on the mirror M. The rays which fall normally on the mirror should meet at the centre of the curvature C of the mirror when produced. Half of the radius of curvature gives the focal length of the mirror. Hence focal length

Observations: Determination of focal length Leave 8 lines

Result: The focal length of the given convex mirror is =____________.

Precautions: The line joining the pole of the mirror, the centre of the lens L and the tip of the needle should be parallel to the length of the optical bench. The lens L should have sufficiently large focal length. The parallax should be removed tip to tip and while removing parallax, the eye should be kept at the least distance of vision i.e.,25 cm away fro the needle.

Exp. 12 Aim: To draw I-V characteristics curve of a P-N junction diode in forwardbias and reverse-bias. Apparatus: A P-N junction diode, 3V and 50 V battery, rheostat, Voltmeter, Ammeter, connecting wires Theory: Forward bias characteristics: for f.b., the p section of diode should be connected to +ve terminal of the battery and n section should be connected to ve terminal of the battery. When increase in bias voltage, the forward current increases slowly in the beginning and then rapidly. Reverse bias characteristics: for r.b., the p section of diode should be connected to -ve terminal of the battery and n section should be connected to +ve terminal of the battery. When increase in bias voltage, the reverse current remains almost zero in the beginning and then for a high value of reverse voltage the reverse current increases to a large value. Observations: (a)For forward bias Least count of voltmeter =______ Least count of milli ammeter =______ Table for fb voltage and forward current

Leave 8 lines

(b) For reverse bias Least count of voltmeter =______ Least count of micro ammeter =______ Table for rb voltage and reverse current Leave 8 lines

Result: The V I characteristic curves (forward and reverse) are found as shown in graphs. The junction resistance for forward bias =_____. The junction resistance for reverse bias =_____. Precautions: All connections should be neat and clean. Forward bias voltage beyond breakdown should not be applied. Reverse bias voltage beyond breakdown should not be applied.

Exp.13 Aim: To draw I-V characteristics curves of a zener diode and to determine the reverse breakdown voltage. Apparatus A zener diode, a 10 volt battery, a rheostat, voltmeter, milli ammeter, connecting wires Theory: Zener diode is a heavily doped semiconductor diode. Due to heavy doping it has low value of reverse breakdown voltage. The reverse breakdown voltage of a zener diode is called zener voltage. Observations: Least count of voltmeter =____ Least count of milli ammeter =____ Table for reverse voltage and current Leave 8 lines

Result: The reverse breakdown voltage of the zener diode is=_____. Precautions: All connections should be neat and clean. Key should be used in the circuit and opened when the circuit is no being used.

Exp.14 Aim: To determine the refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope Apparatus: A marker, a glass slab, travelling microscope, lycopodium powder Theory: When light rays enter from one medium to another medium then it just deviates from its original path. It is called refraction. The bottom surface of a vessel containing a refracting liquid appears to be raised, such that apparent depth is less than the real depth. Refractive index of the liquid is defined as :

If reading of real depth at the bottom of the slab is r1, if the reading at cross due to refraction is r2 and at the top of slab is r3 , then : Real depth Apparent depth Observations: Least count of travelling microscope= XXX leave two lines XXX Leave 8 lines =r3-r1 =r2-r1

Result:

The refractive index of the glass slab by using travelling microscope is determined as _________. Precautions: Least count of the microscope should be carefully calculated. Microscope once focused on the cross mark, the focusing should not be disturbed throughout the experiment. Only rack and pinion screw should be turned to move the microscope upward. Eyepiece should be adjusted such that cross wires are distinctly seen.

Exp. 15 (a) Aim: To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter of a desired range and to verify the same Apparatus: A Weston type galvanometer whose resistance and figure of merit is given, a constantan or manganin wire, a screw gauge , a battery of 2 V, rheostat, a milli ammeter, connecting wires Theory: To convert a galvanometer in to an ammeter , a small resistance called shunt is being connected in parallel with galvanometer. The value of shunt resistance can be calculated b using following formula:

Where

k=figure of merit of the galvanometer No=number of divisions on either side of the galvanometer G=resistance of the galvanometer Io=desired range of ammeter

Observations: Resistance of the galvanometer=_______ Figure of merit of the galvanometer=___________ Total number of division on either side of the galvanometer=__________ Required range of the ammeter=__________ Value of shut resistance=__________

 Current indicated by full scale deflection of converted ammeter=_______ Least count of the converted ammeter k=I0/No=___ verification: Leave 8 lines

Result: Current for full scale deflection=______ The value of shunt required to convert the galvanometer=__________ As error I-I is very small hence the conversion is verified. Precautions: All the connection should be neat and clean. While connecting the shunt across the galvanometer, care should be taken to see that only the exact required length of wire should lies between the binding screws. The ammeter should be connected in series. The ammeter selected for verification should have the same range as the converted ammeter.