SUMMARY OF EN 1992-2 CONCRETE BRIDGES 2007

Relaxation loss of low relaxation prestressing tendon.

Class 1: Class 2: Class 3:

( ( (

) ) )

Strand class (given) t = long term relaxation losses period in hours (given, exp 57 yrs take as 500,000 hrs) Cover for deck slab Where, = Minimum cover requirement (table 4.4-2) = Bar size (given) = 0 mm (additional safety element) = 0 mm (minimum cover, in use of stainless steel) = 0 mm (additional protection, exp coating)

,where

= 10 mm (recommended) and

= Previous step.

Effective flange width for a box girder a) Considering mid-span first i. For cantilever portion, l0 = 0.7l2 ,where beff,i= 0.2bi + 0.1l0< 0.2l0 ii. For internal flange, beff,i= 0.2bi + 0.1l0< 0.2l0 where bi for internal flange = bi/2 *Also compare with the available width of internal flange, bi for internal flange = bi/2. If bi/2 is less than than the calculated at i and ii, so the least value will be taken. iii. Make Conclusion. (compare with available width)

b) Considering the supports i. l0 = 0.15(l1+ l2) ii. The cantilever portion has effective width given by : beff,i= 0.2bi + 0.1l0< 0.2l0 iii. Similarly, the internal flange associated with the web has effective width : beff,i= 0.2bi + 0.1l0< 0.2l0 ; bi for internal flange = bi/2 iv. Finally, the total width of flange acting with an outer web is: beff,i= beff,I + bw iv. Make Conclusion. (compare with available width) Effective length of cantilevering pier, l0 lo = l . max * Where, k = ( ) ( ) < 0.1 and ( ) = rad/kNm , ( ) = kNm/rad ( ) +

Slenderness about the minor axis, lim ,where lim = = , where i =

and

; fcd =

where

= 0.85 ,

= 1.5

Final Moment at the base of the pier clause 5.8.7 Kc = ,where k1 = and k2 = 0.2

Ecd =

(in MPa) where

= 1.2, EI = KcEcdIc + KsEsIs (in Nmm2) , NB = and 0 = (unit in mm)

(in kN)

li . i = l . 0 . h where h = MEd =

, and M0Ed = lateral load x length +axial load x li . i

Final Moment at the base of the pier clause 5.8.8 = , where yd = and E = 200GPa , d = , = , is = i

K = 1 + .ef ; where = 0.35 + = Kr . K . , where Kr = 1.0

( )

M2 = NEd . e2 where e2 =

and c = and 0 = (unit in mm)

li . i = l . 0 . h where h =

MEd = M0Ed + M2 , M0Ed = lateral load x length +axial load x li . i Immediate loss of prestress in a concrete box girder Stressing force per tendon, Stress in the concrete, 3 conditions : i. ii. iii. Average stress, End supports Midspan Piers

where where P0 = no. of tendon x Pmax ;Where the equation is for

Losses due to the elastic deformation of concrete, Pel Pel = ApEp * ] , where elastic loss ,

*Make a conclusion about the loss and convert to percentage. Compare with stress limit = 0.6fck. Sketch the diagram of loss of prestress from friction and anchorage draw-in. The value in the diagram can be calculated as ; P(x) / Pmax = e-( + kx) , For small value of ( + kx), equation can be written as

P(x) / Pmax = 1 - kx Aad = adEpAp , where Ep= 200 x 103 where ad = 6mm to 12mm * Make a conclusion about the shaded region. Construct force-distance diaghram and compare with formulae Aad. Time-dependent loss of prestress in a concrete box girder *Shrinkage from clause 3.1.4 Remaining autogeneous shrinkage = (1- as) x ca( where , and after 30days, ( ) Remaining drying shrinkage = (1-ds) x (kh . cd,0) ,where where ts = 3

Total Shrinkage, cs = Remaining autogeneous shrinkage + Remaining drying shrinkage

*Creep Coefficient from clause 3.1.4 or Annex B - can be referred to creep coefficient calculation above. *Relaxation from clause 3.3.2

i)Concrete stress at the tendon centroid, ii)Concrete stress at the extreme fibre,

* *

+ ,where + ,where

where A = 0.945 and B = 0.956

*Compare with clause 5.10.2.2(5) and similar to clause 7.2.If c,QP and bot 0.6fck and 0.45fck, the creep factor would have need adjustment according to clause 3.1.4, basic the calculation on the stress at the extreme fibre.

For Midspan, (t,ts) = 1.5 and Ap = no.of tendon x area

, where Ep = 200GPa ,

*convert to percentage, p,c + s + r / n . Pmax , where n = no. of tendon. Finally, find total loss from elastic loss, friction and draw-in and creep, shrinkage and relaxation. Simply supported pre-tensioned beam with straight, fully bonded tendon ( (i) ) (clause 3.1.3(3)) where and refer to table.

Stresses at transfer at beam end (critical location) Elastic loss of prestress force, , where , where steel relaxation is assuming 1% to take place before transfer , and P0 = n . %stress . CTS where n = no of strands

OR, more accurately,

Pmo = 0.99 . P0 - Pel *Bottom fibre stress = fck(t) = fcm(t) 8 [Clause 5.10.2.2(5)] *Top fibre stress = (ii) Final serviceability stresses at midspan

(take the lowest)

compressive limit of

where

*short term losses Make some explanation on short-term losses *Long term losses i) The total steel Relaxation : ii) Concrete shrinkage remaining after transfer is found to be 300 x 10-6 [ clause 3.1.4] iii) Stresses due to beam self-weight alone are : *Bottom fibre stress = - M / wp,1 *Top fibre stress = M / wp,2 (iii) Sketch stress diagram combine of Stresses at transfer at beam end (critical location) + Final serviceability stresses at midspan

(iv)

Compare the maximum concrete stress with 0.4 fck(t). If the maximum stress > 0.4 fck(t), redesign by reduce the creep factor OR replaced fcm(t) with fck(t).

Reinforced concrete deck slab

( )

,where Kav = M/bd2fav

*To ensure reinforcement is yielding, check limit with this formulae;

*Check again the x/d using this equation ; withz = d x *Decide to use the size of bar. The As of bar need to be larger than the calculated. *The average stress, favand centroid ratio, : i) Parabolic rectangular fav = fcd ( 1 =1ii) Bilinear fav = fcd ( 1 0.5 =1iii) Simplified rectangular fav = fcd =/2 )

* Calculate back Kavand x/d , Kav = ( 1 ) = ( )2 ( )

*Reinforcement will yield by inspection with x = ( ) x 200 ( in unit mm) and z = d x. * Recalculate steel area, As , withz = d x

* Check on the moment resistance with the new steel area, As M = Asfydd( 1 Voided reinforced concrete deck slab *Determine the slab depth above hole = slab depth below hole and effective depth, d D = h cover link bar /2 As = x (bar /2)2 x ( b / Asgiven) ; Asgiven = in diagram The average stress, favand centroid ratio, : i) Parabolic rectangular fav = fcd ( 1 =1ii) Bilinear fav = fcd ( 1 0.5 =1iii) Simplified rectangular fav = fcd =/2 where = ) ) , unit in kNm/m

*Check against limit to ensure reinforcement is yielding ; and make conclusion

Doubly Reinforced Concrete [clause 6.1] ;

If the value less than x/d,

For compression reinforcement to yield : ;

Taking moments about top fibre to find moment of resistance :

Flanged reinforced concrete beam ( ; ) ; ; ;

; ; * ( (

+ }

) ) + ;

Prestressed concrete M beam. [clause 6.1(2) P] [clause 6.1] *Assume initil stressing to 75% fpk *Allow 10% losses at transfer and a further 20% long-term losses. Prestrain = long term strand stress / Ep

, fpd can be taken [clause 6.2.2]

Fs = n As fpd where n = no. of strands uk = ( M= Reinforced concrete pier.

cu2

) ,

given

, cu2 = 0.0035 Mpa (compression)

) (find As with given As)

Post-tensioned concrete box girder ( ( ) )

( (

) )

(MNm) Reinforced concrete deck slab.

d = h cover link bar /2

kN/m

Reinforced concrete column.

(kN)

Post-tensioned concrete box girder, un-cracked in flexure. where tendons As fpk 0.70 0.75 10-3

((

Voided reinforced concrete deck slab

If VEd>VRd,c therefore design shear resistance is required. (a) Try vertical links =90 =45 ( )

(b) Consider =45 =45 ( )

(c) =90 =21.8

))

Post-tensioned concrete box girder without tendon drape (a) Consider =90 =45

(b) By using =90 =41.5

If

so the arrangements is adequate

(c) By using =45 =29.5

Take the lowest VRd